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Grewal A, Hepburn KJ, Lear SA, Adshade M, Card KG. The impact of housing prices on residents' health: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:931. [PMID: 38561729 PMCID: PMC10983630 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rising housing prices are becoming a top public health priority and are an emerging concern for policy makers and community leaders. This report reviews and synthesizes evidence examining the association between changes in housing price and health outcomes. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review by searching the SCOPUS and PubMed databases for keywords related to housing price and health. Articles were screened by two reviewers for eligibility, which restricted inclusion to original research articles measuring changes in housing prices and health outcomes, published prior to June 31st, 2022. RESULTS Among 23 eligible studies, we found that changes in housing prices were heterogeneously associated with physical and mental health outcomes, with multiple mechanisms contributing to both positive and negative health outcomes. Income-level and home-ownership status were identified as key moderators, with lower-income individuals and renters experience negative health consequences from rising housing prices. This may have resulted from increased stress and financial strain among these groups. Meanwhile, the economic benefits of rising housing prices were seen to support health for higher-income individuals and homeowners - potentially due to increased wealth or perception of wealth. CONCLUSIONS Based on the associations identified in this review, it appears that potential gains to health associated with rising housing prices are inequitably distributed. Housing policies should consider the health inequities born by renters and low-income individuals. Further research should explore mechanisms and interventions to reduce uneven economic impacts on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Grewal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr. , Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Kirk J Hepburn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr. , Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr. , Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Marina Adshade
- Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiffer G Card
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Dr. , Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Schwartz GL, Leifheit KM, Arcaya MC, Keene D. Eviction as a community health exposure. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116496. [PMID: 38091853 PMCID: PMC11249083 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that being evicted harms health. Largely ignored in the existing literature is the possibility that evictions exert community-level health effects, affecting evicted individuals' social networks and shaping broader community conditions. In this narrative review, we summarize evidence and lay out a theoretical model for eviction as a community health exposure, mediated through four paths: 1) shifting ecologies of infectious disease and health behaviors, 2) disruption of neighborhood social cohesion, 3) strain on social networks, and 4) increasing salience of eviction risk. We describe methods for parsing eviction's individual and contextual effects and discuss implications for causal inference. We conclude by addressing eviction's potentially multilevel consequences for policy advocacy and cost-benefit analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Schwartz
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Urban Health Collaborative & Department of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Leifheit
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariana C Arcaya
- Department of Urban Studies & Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Danya Keene
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Tan W. The association of demographic and socioeconomic factors with COVID-19 during pre- and post-vaccination periods: A cross-sectional study of Virginia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32607. [PMID: 36607863 PMCID: PMC9828584 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sociodemographic factors have been found to be associated with the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), yet most studies focused on the period before the proliferation of vaccination and obtained inconclusive results. In this cross-sectional study, the infections, deaths, incidence rates, case fatalities, and mortalities of Virginia's 133 jurisdictions during the pre-vaccination and post-vaccination periods were compared, and their associations with demographic and socioeconomic factors were studied. The cumulative infections and deaths and medians of incidence rates, case fatalities, and mortalities of COVID-19 in 133 Virginia jurisdictions were significantly higher during the post-vaccination period than during the pre-vaccination period. A variety of demographic and socioeconomic risk factors were significantly associated with COVID-19 prevalence in Virginia. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that demographic and socioeconomic factors contributed up to 80% of the variation in the infections, deaths, and incidence rates and up to 53% of the variation in the case fatalities and mortalities of COVID-19 in Virginia. The demographic and socioeconomic determinants differed during the pre- and post-vaccination periods. The developed multiple linear regression models could be used to effectively characterize the impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the infections, deaths, and incidence rates of COVID-19 in Virginia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Tan
- College of Life Sciences, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- * Correspondence: Wanli Tan, College of Life Sciences, The University of California, Class of 2026, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (e-mail: )
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McCosker LK, Ware RS, Maujean A, Seale H, Downes MJ. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, and of government responses to the pandemic, on people who are homeless in Australia: Mapping perceptions of a national sample of homelessness service workers. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e6553-e6563. [PMID: 36373278 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
People who are homeless are disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and by government responses to the pandemic. This study maps the perceptions of homelessness service workers in Australia, about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and government responses to it on people who are homeless. An electronic survey was distributed to homelessness service across Australia in June/July 2020, following Australia's 'first wave' of COVID-19. Fifty-nine homelessness services from all eight states/territories responded. Perceptions of impacts on people who are homeless were mapped in six themes: (1) changes in the types of people presenting, (2) overall impacts on peoples' lives, (3) impacts on mental health, (4) impacts of changes in service delivery, (5) impacts of government support and (6) ongoing impacts. The COVID-19 pandemic, and government responses to the pandemic, have affected every aspect of the lives of people who are homeless in Australia. There is a continuing need to support people who are homeless as the world transitions to the 'new normal' of COVID-19, particularly as rates of homelessness increase. Understanding impacts is vital to informing relevant and effective health, social and other supports for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K McCosker
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annick Maujean
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin J Downes
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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5
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Mortimer AE, Sabatino MJ, Boama-Nyarko E, Castañeda-Avila M, Goulding M, Julce C, Labossiere S, Mabry G, McCullers A, McNicholas E, Moormann A, Schieber E, Walubita T, Forrester S. Investigating a key structural determinant of health, racism, and related social determinants of health in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:1018186. [PMID: 38455280 PMCID: PMC10910901 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1018186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
A disproportionate burden of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is being shouldered by members of racial and ethnic minorities and socially disadvantaged communities. Structural and social determinants of health have been recognized as key contributors to the inequalities observed. Racism, a major structural determinant of health that patterns related social determinants of health, in the USA, warrants further investigation. In this perspective piece we provide an overview of the historical context of racism, followed by preliminary findings from the ongoing COVIDStory study-a cross-sectional study addressing perceptions of COVID-19 and COVID-19 research-that highlights the experiences of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic identifying adult participants, residing in Worcester Massachusetts, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then discuss these findings in the context of current and past research considering racism and relevant social determinants of health. Our study results suggest that racism and its residuals (residential segregation, economic insecurity, discrimination, bias, and vigilance) are modern challenges for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants, and these findings are supported by the existing literature. It is our hope that this perspective piece provides additional evidence for action on structural and social determinants affecting the health of minoritized people, especially those living in Massachusetts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvis E. Mortimer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Meagan J. Sabatino
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Esther Boama-Nyarko
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Maira Castañeda-Avila
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Melissa Goulding
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Clevanne Julce
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Stephane Labossiere
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Asli McCullers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Eileen McNicholas
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ann Moormann
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Schieber
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Tubanji Walubita
- Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Build Healthier: Post-COVID-19 Urban Requirements for Healthy and Sustainable Living. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought a renewed interest in urban environment and healthy living and the changes in urban environments which can make for a healthier living. Today, more than 50% of the global population lives in urban areas, and in Europe the number is 75%. We present a narrative review to explore considerations and necessary requirements to achieve health and well-being within strategies for healthy design and urban planning whilst rethinking urban spaces for a post-COVID-19 and carbon-neutral future. The achievement of health and well-being demands healthy design strategies, namely, (1) moving from the concept of infrastructure for processes to the infrastructure for healthy living—requirements for healthy places, cycling, walking, disintegrating the role of polluting traffic from the urban environments, social vulnerability and equality; (2) physical space that will achieve standards of ‘liveable communities’—open, green space requirements and standards for any built environment; (3) mainstreaming ‘in-the-walking distance’ cities and neighbourhoods for healthy physical activities for daily living; (4) exploring any of the new concepts that connect the nexus of urban spaces and public health and improving of the population’s well-being. Public health needs to be prioritised systematically in planning of built environments, energy generations, sustainable food production, and nutrition.
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Prophylactic Architecture: Formulating the Concept of Pandemic-Resilient Homes. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lockdown instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn the world’s attention to the importance of homes as integrated structures for practicing all aspects of life. The home has been transformed from a mere place to live into a complete piece of infrastructure accommodating all activities of life, including study, work, shopping, exercise, entertainment, and even telehealth. Although quarantines were necessary to protect against viral infection, we have faced social and psychological challenges due to the failure of the current home design to accommodate the new lockdown lifestyle during the pandemic. Thus, this study aims to set a foundation for the development and design of resilient homes in a post-quarantine world by establishing a comprehensive framework for quarantine-resilient homes. The framework was established on the basis of the relevant literature and proposals from architects and experts. It brings a perspective to the future requirements of homes so as to provide architects, stakeholders, and policymakers with the appropriate knowledge to mitigate the impact of lockdowns on mental health and well-being in residential buildings by focusing on the physical and architectural environment.
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Beltran RM, Holloway IW, Hong C, Miyashita A, Cordero L, Wu E, Burris K, Frew PM. Social Determinants of Disease: HIV and COVID-19 Experiences. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:101-112. [PMID: 35107810 PMCID: PMC8808274 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The differential impact of the COVID-19 and HIV pandemics on marginalized communities has renewed calls for more robust and deeper investigation into structural and social causes of health inequities contributing to these infections, including underlying factors related to systematic racism. Using the Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) framework, we analyzed parallel and divergent factors associated with COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS and the prevalence of disparate disease in diverse communities. We utilized PRISMA guidelines to identify relevant literature (N = 210 articles) that resulted in a review of 125 articles included in our synthesis. RECENT FINDINGS With racial health inequities as a core contributor to disease vulnerability, we also identified other factors such as economic stability, social and community support, the neighborhood and built environment, healthcare access and quality, and education access and quality as important socioecological considerations toward achieving health equity. Our review identifies structural and systematic factors that drive HIV and COVID-19 transmission. Our review highlights the importance of not solely focusing on biomedical interventions as solutions to ending HIV and COVID-19, but rather call for building a more just public health and social service safety net that meets the needs of people at the intersection of multiple vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiza M Beltran
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, UCLA Global HIV Prevention Research Program, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Ian W Holloway
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chenglin Hong
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Miyashita
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luisita Cordero
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wu
- UCLA Hub for Health Intervention, Policy and Practice (HHIPP), CA, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Public Affairs, UCLA Luskin, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- California HIV/AIDS Research Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Burris
- UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Paula M Frew
- UNLV School of Public Health, UNLV Population Health & Health Equity Initiative, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Kamis C, Stolte A, West JS, Fishman SH, Brown T, Brown T, Farmer HR. Overcrowding and COVID-19 mortality across U.S. counties: Are disparities growing over time? SSM Popul Health 2021; 15:100845. [PMID: 34189244 PMCID: PMC8219888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing line of research underscores that sociodemographic factors may contribute to disparities in the impact of COVID-19. Further, stages of disease theory suggests that disparities may grow as the pandemic unfolds and more advantaged areas are better able to apply growing knowledge and mitigation strategies. In this paper, we focus on the role of county-level household overcrowding on disparities in COVID-19 mortality in U.S. counties. We examine this relationship across three theoretically important periods of the pandemic from April–October 2020, that mark both separate stages of community knowledge and national mortality levels. We find evidence that the percentage of overcrowded households is a stronger predictor of COVID-19 mortality during later periods of the pandemic. Moreover, despite a relationship between overcrowding and poverty at the county-level, overcrowding plays an independent role in predicting COVID-19 mortality. Our findings underscore that areas disadvantaged by overcrowding may be more vulnerable to the effects of COVID-19 and that this vulnerability may lead to changing disparities over time. County-level overcrowding is positively associated with COVID-19 mortality rates. The overcrowding-mortality relationship is strongest during June and July. Overcrowding and poverty additively shape county-level COVID-19 mortality. Social disparities in mortality may change with new knowledge and disease spread. Policies must consider how social disadvantages shape COVID-19 mortality over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Stolte
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica S West
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Taylor Brown
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tyson Brown
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather R Farmer
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Bosslet GT, Pollak M, Jang JH, Roll R, Sperling M, Khan B. The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:17-23. [PMID: 33846706 PMCID: PMC8083360 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the county-level effect of in-person primary and secondary school reopening on daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Indiana. Methods This is a county-level population-based study using a panel data regression analysis of the proportion of in-person learning to evaluate an association with community-wide daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases. The study period was July 12-October 6, 2020. We included 73 out of 92 (79.3%) Indiana counties in the analysis, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollment statewide. The primary exposure was the proportion of students returning to in-person instruction. The primary outcome was the daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level. Results There is a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of students attending K-12 schools in-person and the county level daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 28 days later. For all ages, the coefficient of interest (β) is estimated at 3.36 (95% CI: 1.91—4.81; p < 0.001). This coefficient represents the effect of a change the proportion of students attending in-person on new daily cases 28 days later. For example, a 10 percentage point increase in K-12 students attending school in-person is associated with a daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the county equal to 0.336 cases/100,000 residents of all ages. Conclusion In-person primary and secondary school is associated with a statistically significant but proportionally small increase in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Bosslet
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Micah Pollak
- School of Business and Economics, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United States
| | - Jeong Hoon Jang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Rebekah Roll
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark Sperling
- School of Education, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United States
| | - Babar Khan
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Bentley R, Baker E. Housing at the frontline of the COVID-19 challenge: A commentary on "Rising home values and Covid-19 case rates in Massachusetts". Soc Sci Med 2020; 265:113534. [PMID: 33243527 PMCID: PMC7678447 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bentley
- Centre for Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
| | - Emma Baker
- Centre for Research Excellence in Healthy Housing, Healthy Cities Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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