1
|
Khan R, Zhuang W. The implications of internet-based Chinese language courses on online classes. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1203136. [PMID: 38504906 PMCID: PMC10949863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1203136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactionist and social-cultural perspectives on second language acquisition suggest that interactions between teachers and students offer promising avenues for acquiring Chinese as a second language, which the vast majority of international students consider difficult. Computer-mediated communication is far safer than face-to-face encounters during the present pandemic. Three aims are being investigated here. It is important to first analyze the differences between traditional classroom and online learning by different modes, then analyze the various ways teachers use computer-mediated communication, and finally analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by online Chinese as a second language courses using qualitative research methods. Three teachers and 84 students are analyzed statistically in terms of their multimodal interactions, and the quality of their weekly classroom exchanges is assessed through an interpretive analysis of questionnaire data, all in the name of a mixed-methods approach. Particular attention was paid to the challenges of online tutoring for students, the discrepancy between instructor and student understandings, and the use of several teaching strategies with international students. The online classroom environment places unique demands on the quality of student-teacher communication. Different strategies must be used when teaching non-native speakers of Chinese as a second language compared to teaching in a traditional classroom setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabnawaz Khan
- School of Finance and Economics, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Zhuang
- School of Internet Economics and Business, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crooks N, Debra A, Coleman D, Sosina W, Singer R, Jeremiah R, Green B, Johnson W, Caldwell C, Patil C, Matthews AK, Donenberg G. Application of ADAPT-ITT: adapting an evidence-based HIV/STI mother-daughter prevention intervention for Black male caregivers and girls. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1426. [PMID: 37491213 PMCID: PMC10369809 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black girls are disproportionately impacted by HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), underscoring the urgent need for innovative strategies to enhance the adoption and maintenance of HIV/STI prevention efforts. Historically, Black male caregivers have been left out of girls' programming, and little guidance exists to inform intervention development for Black girls and their male caregivers. Engaging Black male caregivers in Black girls' sexual and reproductive health may reduce sexual risk-taking and improve the sustainability of preventative behaviors. OBJECTIVE This paper describes the formative phases, processes, and methods used to adapt an evidence-based mother-daughter sexual and reproductive health intervention for Black girls 9-18 years old and their male caregivers. METHODS We used the ADAPT-ITT model to tailor IMARA for Black girls and their male caregivers. Diverse qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups, and theater testing) were used throughout the adaption process. RESULTS Findings support using the ADAPT-ITT model to tailor an evidence-based HIV/STI intervention for Black girls and their Black male caregivers. Findings highlight the importance of community engagement and the use of qualitative methods to demonstrate the acceptability and feasibility of the adapted intervention. Key lessons learned are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Adapting evidence-based interventions to incorporate Black girls and their Black male caregivers should be driven by a relevant theoretical framework that aligns with the target population(s). Adapting the intervention in partnership with the community has been shown to improve acceptability and feasibility as it is responsive to community needs. Using a systematic process like the ADAPT-ITT model will ensure that the new program is ready for efficacy trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Crooks
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Alyssa Debra
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Diamond Coleman
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL USA
| | | | - Randi Singer
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rohan Jeremiah
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Betty Green
- Chicago Lawndale AMACHI Mentoring Program, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Waldo Johnson
- Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy, and Practice, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Crystal Patil
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Geri Donenberg
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crooks N, Barrie R, Singer R, Donenberg G. The Role of the Strong Black Woman in Black Female Sexual Development. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:1389-1402. [PMID: 36652135 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Black girls and women are disproportionately impacted by sexual health disparities, including an increased risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI). Early sexual development among Black females heightens their risk of HIV/STI. Utilizing the Becoming a Sexual Black Woman (SBW) framework, this study sought to understand how early sexual development and stereotype messages may underpin HIV/STI risk, building on and furthering the discussion of the consequences of the SBW schema. To better understand this phenomenon, we conducted a secondary thematic data analysis from two previously completed grounded theory studies with Black girls and women ranging in age from 11 to 62 (N = 40). Findings revealed that Black women have been socialized to be strong and independent and yet are highly vulnerable to HIV/STI. This clash between Black girl's and women's ideals of strength and heightened vulnerability to HIV/STI presents a paradox that may help explain disparities in HIV/STI risk. Four themes emerged among both Black girls and women: complex construction of the SBW schema, burden and consequences of strength, pressure to be strong, and being strong and sexual. Findings also highlight how becoming both a strong and sexual Black woman occurs over the life course and is inherent to Black female sexual development. We discuss the implications of these findings for parents, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers with the aim to improve sexual health outcomes for Black females across the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Room 816, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Rabiatu Barrie
- School of Public Health, Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Randi Singer
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue, Room 816, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Geri Donenberg
- Department of Medicine, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sauter SR, Ratnayake A, Campbell MB, Kissinger PJ. Sexual Networks and STI Infection Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Women in a Southern U.S. City. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:730-736. [PMID: 36599759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.11.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The configuration of one's sexual network has been shown to influence sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition in some populations. Young Black men who have sex with women (MSW) have high rates of STIs, yet little is known about their sexual networks. The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of sexual networks and their association with selected STI infections among young Black MSW. METHODS Black MSW aged 15-26 years who were enrolled in the New Orleans community-based screening program named Check It from March 2018 to March 2020 were tested for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infection and asked about the nature of their sexual partnerships. Sexual partnerships with women were defined as dyadic, somewhat dense (either themselves or their partner had multiple partners), and dense (both they and their partner(s) had multiple partners). RESULTS Men (n = 1,350) reported 2,291 sex partners. The percentage of men who reported their networks were dyadic, somewhat dense, and dense was 48.7%, 27.7%, and 23.3%, respectively; 11.2% were STI-positive and 39.2% thought their partner(s) had other partners. Compared to men in dyadic relationships, those in somewhat dense network did not have increased risk of STI infection, but those in dense networks were more likely to have an STI (adjusted odds ratio = 2.06, 95% confidence interval [1.35-3.13]). DISCUSSION Young Black MSW, who had multiple partners and who thought their partner(s) had other sex partners were at highest risk for STIs. Providers should probe not only about the youth's personal risk but should probe about perceived sexual partners' risk for more targeted counseling/STI testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney R Sauter
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Aneeka Ratnayake
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Mary Beth Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Patricia J Kissinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
OjiNjideka Hemphill N, Crooks N, Zhang W, Fitter F, Erbe K, Rutherford JN, Liese KL, Pearson P, Stewart K, Kessee N, Reed L, Tussing-Humphreys L, Koenig MD. Obstetric experiences of young black mothers: An intersectional perspective. Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115604. [PMID: 36549014 PMCID: PMC9854070 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chicago, maternal morbidity and mortality is six times more likely among Black birthing people than white, despite policy initiatives to promote maternal health equity. Disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality reflect experiences of structural inequities - including limited quality obstetric care, implicit bias, and racism resulting patient mistrust in the health care system, inadequate social support, and financial insecurity. Although there is published literature on Black women's experiences with obstetric care, including experiences with individual and structural racism, little is known about the intersection of age and race and experiences with health care. The purpose of this study was to explore the maternal health and pregnancy experiences of young Black women utilizing an intersectional theoretical lens. METHODS In this study, we conducted two focus groups in a sample of 11 young Black pregnant people. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify codes, themes, and subthemes of the data. RESULTS We developed two overarching themes: obstetric racism and obstetric resistance. To elucidate how obstetric racism framed our participants' healthcare experiences, we identified sub-themes: intersectional identities as young Black women, medical mistrust, and pregnancy trauma. The second major theme describes ways in which participants protected themselves against obstetric racism to engender positive health experiences. These methods of resistance included identifying advocates and relying on trusted providers. CONCLUSIONS The current standard of obstetric care in the US is suboptimal due to individual and structural racism. This study provides unique data on the experiences with health care for young, Black pregnant individuals and delivers valuable insight into how individual and structural racism impacts obstetric care for young Black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nefertiti OjiNjideka Hemphill
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Wenqiong Zhang
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Fareeha Fitter
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago 601 S. Morgan St., 4th Floor UH, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Katherine Erbe
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Julienne N Rutherford
- Biobehavioral Health Science Division at the University of Arizona, PO Box 210203, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
| | - Kylea L Liese
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Pamela Pearson
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Karie Stewart
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Nicollette Kessee
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | | | - Lisa Tussing-Humphreys
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago 1747 W Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA.
| | - Mary Dawn Koenig
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Ave. MC 802, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Budge M, Opara I, Weser VU, Sands BE, Hieftje KD. Black Adolescent Females' Perceptions of PrEP for HIV Risk Reduction. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2023; 22:23259582231206934. [PMID: 37853731 PMCID: PMC10588402 DOI: 10.1177/23259582231206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention is approved for use in adolescents, though uptake remains low. Black adolescent females experience higher rates of HIV transmission compared to adolescent females of other racial/ethnic groups. Increasing PrEP awareness and education among this population may be an effective strategy to mitigate disparities in HIV transmission among Black adolescent females. Twenty-seven Black adolescent females participated in focus groups which were coded using the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis to identify major themes: (1) PrEP is not commonly framed as an HIV prevention strategy for heterosexual Black adolescent females, (2) PrEP use among peers is perceived as mostly positive, (3) Adoption of PrEP among Black adolescent females is impeded by perceived barriers such as stigma, negative side effects, and adherence concerns. These findings may inform the development of targeted culturally tailored marketing and educational campaigns centered on Black heterosexual adolescent females to increase PrEP awareness and uptake in this population disproportionately affected by HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ijeoma Opara
- Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Characterization of HIV-1 Transmission Clusters Inferred from the Brazilian Nationwide Genotyping Service Database. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122768. [PMID: 36560771 PMCID: PMC9783618 DOI: 10.3390/v14122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of HIV-1 transmission networks inferred from viral genetic data can be used to clarify important factors about the dynamics of HIV-1 transmission, such as network growth rate and demographic composition. In Brazil, HIV transmission has been stable since the early 2000s and the study of transmission clusters can provide valuable data to understand the drivers of virus spread. In this work, we analyzed a nation-wide database of approximately 53,000 HIV-1 nucleotide pol sequences sampled from genotyped patients from 2008-2017. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed for the HIV-1 subtypes B, C and F1 in Brazil and transmission clusters were inferred by applying genetic distances thresholds of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%, as well as high (>0.9) cluster statistical support. An odds ratio test revealed that young men (15-24 years) and individuals with more years of education presented higher odds to cluster. The assortativity coefficient revealed that individuals with similar demographic features tended to cluster together, with emphasis on features, such as place of residence and age. We also observed that assortativity weakens as the genetic distance threshold increases. Our results indicate that the phylogenetic clusters identified here are likely representative of the contact networks that shape HIV transmission, and this is a valuable tool even in sites with low sampling density, such as Brazil.
Collapse
|
8
|
Crooks N, King B, Tluczek A. Being fast or cautious? Sociocultural conditions influencing the sexual pathways of Black females in the United States. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:69. [PMID: 35282822 PMCID: PMC8919573 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Black females in the United States face unique sociocultural conditions that impact their sexual development and increase their risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI), including but not limited to chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV. Research has not adequately explained how sociocultural conditions contribute to this increased risk. The purpose of our investigation was to explore the sociocultural conditions that influence Black cisgender females risk for STI. Methods This grounded theory study involved in-depth audio-recorded interviews with 20, primarily heterosexual, Black females ages 19–62. Results Findings informed a conceptual model that builds on previous theory about the sexual development of Black females and explains how sociocultural conditions impact two, participant identified, sexual pathways: Fast and Cautious. Movement on these sexual pathways was not always a linear trajectory; some participants shifted between pathways as their sociocultural contexts changed (i.e., sexual assault, STI, and level of protection). The Fast sexual pathway often led to greater STI risk. Conclusions This model may inform future research designed to prevent STI/HIV and promote the sexual health of Black females across the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Crooks
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 S. Damen Avenue Room 816, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Barbara King
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Audrey Tluczek
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arnold EA, Campbell CK, Koester KA. The innovative use of qualitative and mixed methods research to advance improvements along the HIV prevention and care continua. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:106-111. [PMID: 35067594 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite enormous advances in prevention and care modalities, HIV continues to burden populations around the globe and is largely driven by social and behavioral processes. Mixed methods and qualitative research endeavors are best suited to uncovering and making sense of these dynamics, producing unique and actionable findings to alleviate the burden of HIV. We reviewed the global literature published on PubMed from 2020 to 2021 to identify studies that produced new insights into the social and behavioral dynamics that drive the HIV epidemic, focusing on mixed methods or purely qualitative study designs. RECENT FINDINGS Mixed methods and qualitative studies have revealed important nuances in the social and behavioral dynamics associated with the HIV prevention and care continua, from preexposure prophylaxis uptake and adherence to engagement in HIV care and treatment, and have important implications for attaining goals for controlling the epidemic. SUMMARY Articles reviewed contribute to advancing our understanding of complex social dynamics, structural level factors such as healthcare systems and policy, as well as the research endeavor itself and the need to diversify and sustain research to truly represent the perspectives of those most impacted by HIV. Numerous studies represent the unique ability of qualitative and mixed methods research to expand our understanding of and empathy for individuals living with and affected by HIV, offering new insights to help alleviate the burden of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Arnold
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abubakari GM, Smith MDR, Boyd DT, Ramos SR, Johnson C, Benavides JL, Threats M, Allen JL, Quinn CR. Assessing Different Types of HIV Communication and Sociocultural Factors on Perceived HIV Stigma and Testing among a National Sample of Youth and Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1003. [PMID: 35055823 PMCID: PMC8776079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19021003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, racial/ethnic and sexual youth and young adults (YYA) of color are disproportionately affected by HIV. Subsequently, YYA experience HIV stigma and engage in increased risk behaviors and reduced HIV testing. HIV communication has been identified as a potential buffer to HIV stigma, resulting in health-seeking behaviors, such as HIV testing. In this study, we respond to a meaningful gap in the literature by examining different types of HIV communication and their impact on HIV stigma and HIV testing in a diverse sample of YYA. We analyzed secondary data from the Kaiser Family Foundation National Survey of Teens and Young Adults on HIV/AIDS. A 40-question, web-based survey was conducted with 1437 youth (ages 15-24). Recruitment included a dual sampling method from households with: (1) listed phone numbers, (2) unlisted phone numbers, (3) telephones, (4) no telephone, and (5) only cell phone access. The purpose of the survey was to establish participants' HIV knowledge, communication, experiences, and testing behaviors. Findings suggested an association between intimate-partner HIV communication, increased HIV testing, and reduced HIV stigma. We also identified differentials in HIV testing and stigma based on gender, income, age, and sexual minority status, explained by HIV communication. Further research is needed that examines ways to use intimate-partner HIV communication to reduce stigma and increase HIV testing among YYA of different sociodemographic characteristics and sexual orientations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamji M’Rabiu Abubakari
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.R.R.); (M.T.)
| | | | - Donte T. Boyd
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.R.R.); (M.T.)
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (C.R.Q.)
| | - S. Raquel Ramos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.R.R.); (M.T.)
- School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT 06477, USA
| | - Courtney Johnson
- Ryan Chelsea-Clinton Community Health Center, New York, NY 10036, USA;
| | - Juan L. Benavides
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (C.R.Q.)
| | - Megan Threats
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA), School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (S.R.R.); (M.T.)
- School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Junior L. Allen
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Camille R. Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (J.L.B.); (C.R.Q.)
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA
| |
Collapse
|