1
|
Jackson HM, Rendall MS. Lifetime abortion incidence when abortion care is covered by Medicaid: Maryland versus five comparison states. Health Serv Res 2024; 59:e14358. [PMID: 39009037 PMCID: PMC11366969 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the association of Medicaid coverage of abortion care with cumulative lifetime abortion incidence among women insured by Medicaid. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING We use 2016-2019 (Pre-Dobbs) data from the Survey of Women studies that represent women aged 18-44 living in six U.S. states. One state, Maryland, has a Medicaid program that has long covered the cost of abortion care. The other five states, Alabama, Delaware, Iowa, Ohio, and South Carolina, have Medicaid programs that do not cover the cost of abortion care. Our sample includes 8972 women residing in the study states. STUDY DESIGN Our outcome, cumulative lifetime abortion incidence, is identified using an indirect survey method, the double list experiment. We use a multivariate regression of cumulative lifetime abortion on variables including whether women were Medicaid-insured and whether they were residing in Maryland versus in one of the other five states. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS This study used secondary survey data. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We estimate that Medicaid coverage of abortion care in Maryland is associated with a 37.0 percentage-point (95% CI: 12.3-61.4) higher cumulative lifetime abortion incidence among Medicaid-insured women relative to women not insured by Medicaid compared with those differences by insurance status in states whose Medicaid programs do not cover the cost of abortion care. CONCLUSIONS We found that Medicaid coverage of abortion care is associated with a much higher lifetime incidence of abortion among individuals insured by Medicaid. We infer that Medicaid coverage of abortion care costs may have a very large impact on the accessibility of abortion care for low-income women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heide M. Jackson
- Maryland Population Research CenterUniversity of Maryland at College ParkCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Michael S. Rendall
- Maryland Population Research Center and Department of SociologyUniversity of Maryland at College ParkCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Satinsky EN, Kakuhikire B, Baguma C, Cooper-Vince CE, Rasmussen JD, Ashaba S, Perkins JM, Ahereza P, Ayebare P, Kim AW, Puffer ES, Tsai AC. Caregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline of children in rural Uganda. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2024; 39:861-874. [PMID: 38962696 PMCID: PMC11218336 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-023-00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Physically harsh discipline is associated with poor developmental outcomes among children. These practices are more prevalent in areas experiencing poverty and resource scarcity, including in low- and middle-income countries. Designed to limit social desirability bias, this cross-sectional study in rural Uganda estimated caregiver preferences for physically harsh discipline; differences by caregiver sex, child sex, and setting; and associations with indicators of household economic stress and insecurity. Method Three-hundred-fifty adult caregivers were shown six hypothetical pictographic scenarios depicting children whining, spilling a drink, and kicking a caregiver. Girls and boys were depicted engaging in each of the three behaviors. Approximately half of the participants were shown scenes from a market setting and half were shown scenes from a household setting. For each scenario, caregivers reported the discipline strategy they would use (time out, beating, discussing, yelling, ignoring, slapping). Results Two thirds of the participants selected a physically harsh discipline strategy (beating, slapping) at least once. Women selected more physically harsh discipline strategies than men (b = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26 to 0.54). Participants shown scenes from the market selected fewer physically harsh discipline strategies than participants shown scenes from the household (b = -0.51; 95% CI, -0.69 to -0.33). Finally, caregivers selected more physically harsh discipline strategies in response to boys than girls. Indicators of economic insecurity were inconsistently associated with preferences for physically harsh discipline. Conclusions The high prevalence of physically harsh discipline preferences warrant interventions aimed at reframing caregivers' approaches to discipline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Satinsky
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles Baguma
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Phionah Ahereza
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Andrew W. Kim
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Eve S. Puffer
- Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perkins JM, Nyakato V, Kakuhikire B, Sriken J, Schember CO, Baguma C, Namara EB, Ahereza P, Ninsiima I, Comfort AB, Audet CM, Tsai AC. Misperception of Norms About Intimate Partner Violence as a Driver of Personal IPV Attitudes and Perpetration: A Population-Based Study of Men in Rural Uganda. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241254143. [PMID: 38842209 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241254143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a global public health problem. Conceptual frameworks suggest misperceived norms around IPV might drive perpetration of violence against women in southern and eastern Africa. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of all men residing in a rural parish in southwest Uganda, eliciting their endorsement of IPV in five hypothetical scenarios and their reported frequency of perpetration of violence against their wife/main partner. They also reported their perceptions about the extent to which most other men in their villages endorsed and/or perpetrated IPV, which we compared against the population data to measure the primary explanatory variable of interest: whether individuals misperceived norms around IPV. We fitted multivariable Poisson regression models specifying personal IPV endorsement and IPV perpetration as the outcomes. Overall, 765 men participated in the study (90% response rate): 182 (24%) personally endorsed IPV, and 78 of 456 partnered men (17%) reported perpetrating one or more acts of IPV at least once per month. Although most men neither endorsed nor reported perpetrating IPV, 342 (45%) men mistakenly thought that most other men in their villages endorsed IPV and 365 (48%) men mistakenly thought that most other men perpetrate IPV at least monthly. In multivariable regression models, men who misperceived most men to endorse IPV were more likely to endorse IPV themselves (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 2.44; 95% CI [1.66, 3.59]; p < .001). Among partnered men, those who misperceived IPV perpetration to be normative were more likely to perpetrate IPV themselves (aRR = 4.38; [2.53, 7.59]; p < .001). Interventions to correct misperceived norms about IPV may be a promising method for reducing violence against women in rural Uganda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Perkins
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Viola Nyakato
- Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Charles Baguma
- Mbarara University of Science & Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander C Tsai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cust H, Lépine A, Treibich C, Powell‐Jackson T, Radice R, Tidiane Ndour C. Trading HIV for sheep: Risky sexual behavior and the response of female sex workers to Tabaski in Senegal. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2024; 33:153-193. [PMID: 37916862 PMCID: PMC10952657 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We use a cohort of female sex workers (FSWs) in Senegal to show how large anticipated economic shocks lead to increased risky sexual behavior. Exploiting the exogenous timing of interviews, we study the effect of Tabaski, the most important Islamic festival celebrated in Senegal, in which most households purchase an expensive animal for sacrifice. Condom use, measured robustly via the list experiment, falls by between 27.3 percentage points (pp) (65.5%) and 43.1 pp (22.7%) in the 9 days before Tabaski, or a maximum of 49.5 pp (76%) in the 7 day period preceding Tabaski. The evidence suggests the economic pressures from Tabaski are key to driving the behavior change observed through the price premium for condomless sex. Those most exposed to the economic pressure from Tabaski were unlikely to be using condoms at all in the week before the festival. Our findings show that Tabaski leads to increased risky behaviors for FSWs, a key population at high risk of HIV infection, for at least 1 week every year and has implications for FSWs in all countries celebrating Tabaski or similar festivals. Because of the scale, frequency, and size of the behavioral response to shocks of this type, policy should be carefully designed to protect vulnerable women against anticipated shocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Cust
- Global Health Economics CentreLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Aurélia Lépine
- University College LondonInstitute for Global HealthLondonUK
| | - Carole Treibich
- University Grenoble AlpesCNRS, INRAEGrenoble INPGAELGrenobleFrance
| | | | | | - Cheikh Tidiane Ndour
- Division de Lutte contre le Sida et les ISTInstitut d'hygiène SocialeDakarSenegal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanton C, Bhatia A, Pearlman J, Devries K. Increasing disclosure of school-related gender-based violence: lessons from a systematic review of data collection methods and existing survey research. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1012. [PMID: 37254071 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15526-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) includes sexual, physical or psychological violence occurring in and around schools often perpetrated by teachers or peers. In this review, we focus on studies comparing how data collection methodologies affect children's disclosures of SRGBV. METHODS We conducted a systematic review, searching nine databases for studies from high, middle and low-income countries using search terms related to violence, disclosure and data collection methodology. Records were initially screened by abstract and then full-texts were retrieved and data from eligible reports extracted. In this paper, we draw on results from this larger systematic review highlighting studies conducted with children which either collected data in schools or asked about violence in schools. We also describe methods compared and results of studies that were not conducted in schools, but that included children and young people. Finally, we describe how multi-country nationally representative surveys conducted in at least one low and middle-income country measure children's experiences of SRGBV. RESULTS We screened 28,780 records, of which fourteen are included in this article. Only four studies compared data collection methodologies in schools or about violence in schools. These showed a 0 to more than 500-percent variation in the prevalence of violence measured using different data collection methodologies. An additional ten studies which were not conducted in schools, examined disclosure of violence in children and young people that was not specifically school-related. We assessed five multi-country national surveys that measured SRGBV. This limited evidence suggests that methods allowing increased anonymity (e.g. audio computer assisted self-interview, online surveys) may result in higher disclosure of violence, including SRGBV, than face-to-face interviewing. No studies included reported on safety, experiences of young people, or the costs of different methods. Multi-country national surveys used self-completion methods if completed in schools or face-to-face interviewing if completed in households, to measure SRGBV. CONCLUSION Evidence on the impact of data collection method on SRGBV disclosure is limited, however current prevalence of SRGBV in international surveys used to monitor SDG progress may be underestimated due to data collection methods used. Further research on SRGBV should aim to test the effects of data collection methodology on the disclosure of violence. Efforts to improve the measurement of SRGBV is central to understanding the epidemiology, monitoring changes, and developing school and community-based programs as well as policies to prevent and respond to SRGBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Tanton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Amiya Bhatia
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Jodie Pearlman
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Karen Devries
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Castilla C, Murphy DMA. Bidirectional intimate partner violence: Evidence from a list experiment in Kenya. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2023; 32:175-193. [PMID: 36221234 DOI: 10.1002/hec.4616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) continues to be a major public health concern that can both respond to economic policies and affect economic outcomes. Few studies regarding IPV, however, take a gender inclusive approach towards its identification. Using a sample of both men and women from rural Kenya, we are the first, to our knowledge, to conduct a list experiment with cohabiting married couples to identify the prevalence of physical violence on both men and women. We find that 14 percent of respondents agree with the statement "my spouse regularly hits me". In contrast to other survey evidence that uses direct elicitation, we find no differences in the prevalence of male-to-female and female-to-male violence. We provide supporting evidence that bidirectional IPV accounts for the lack of gender differences. A complete understanding of the typology of IPV can be crucial for policies seeking IPV reduction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Barteit S, Hachaturyan V, Beleites F, Kühn T, Favaretti C, Adam M, Bärnighausen T. The effect of a short, animated story-based video on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A study protocol for an online randomized controlled trial. Front Public Health 2022; 10:939227. [PMID: 36081470 PMCID: PMC9448293 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.939227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to a high volume of vaccine misinformation on social media can have a negative effect on vaccine confidence and rates. To counteract misinformation, we designed a collage of three short, animated story-based (SAS) videos to convey scientifically informed and accessible information about COVID-19 vaccine applicable to a social media context. Methods and analysis We will conduct an online randomized controlled trial primarily to: (1) determine the effectiveness of SAS videos in improving COVID-19 vaccine knowledge; (2) evaluate the effectiveness of SAS videos in increasing behavioral intent for COVID-19 vaccination; and (3) quantify people's interest in watching SAS videos about the COVID-19 vaccine. We also aim to identify barriers and facilitators to COIVD-19 vaccinations that have been shown to minimize vaccine hesitancy between vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. Using a web-based recruitment platform, a total of 10,000 adults from the United States will be recruited and randomly assigned to (1) a SAS video collage arm, (2) an attention placebo control video arm, or (3) no intervention arm (1:1:1). Furthermore, we will measure behavioral intent to obtain information on vaccination regarding COVID-19. At the end of the trial, participants randomized to arm 2 and arm 3 will be given the option of watching one of the intervention videos voluntarily to assess participant engagement with SAS videos. Finally, we will assess individual factors associated with vaccine hesitancy - hope, optimism, COVID-19 perceived risks and benefits, self-efficacy, perceived social norms, and trust - and compare vaccinated and unvaccinated participants across the three arms. Discussions Evidence-based information from official channels can be complex and inaccessible to the general public, whereas false information on social media is frequently shared in brief postings, images, or videos that can easily reach the general public, thereby rapidly disseminating (mis-)information. To avoid the spread of misinformation, social media may be used to deliver evidence-based and emotionally compelling information in a readily accessible format in order to pre-empt misinformation. Our findings may help inform future SAS efforts addressing COVID-19 and other important public health challenges. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by the Heidelberg University Hospital's Ethics Committee (S-163/2022). The trial was registered with German Clinical Trials Register (www.drks.de) on 5 January 2022: number DRKS00027938. Findings of the study will be published in peer-reviewed scientific publications and possibly presented at scientific conferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barteit
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Sandra Barteit
| | - Violetta Hachaturyan
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Beleites
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Favaretti
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Professorship of Behavioral Science for Disease Prevention and Health Care, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maya Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa,Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kissling A, Jackson HM. Estimating Prevalence of Abortion Using List Experiments: Findings from a Survey of Women in Delaware and Maryland. Womens Health Issues 2021; 32:33-40. [PMID: 34556399 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Widespread underreporting of abortion persists in survey data. The list experiment, a measurement tool designed to elicit truthful responses to sensitive questions, may alleviate underreporting. METHODS Using The Statewide Survey of Women of Reproductive Age in Delaware and Maryland (n = 2,747), we estimate the prevalence of abortion in Maryland and Delaware using a double list experiment. RESULTS We find 21% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.8%-25.3%) of respondents aged 18 to 44 ever had an abortion and we identify disparities in abortion prevalence by age, race, education, income, marital status, and insurance status. Respondents who were Black (37.0%; 95% CI: 27.1%-46.8%), had less than a college degree (24.8%; 95% CI: 18.3%-31.3%), were in a cohabiting relationship (39.0%; 95% CI: 29.1%-48.9%), were living in households with incomes less than $50,000 (28.6%; 95% CI: 19.7%-37.5%), and were currently covered by Medicaid (42.8%; 95% CI: 27.6%-58.0%) were more likely than their counterparts to have ever had an abortion. CONCLUSIONS List experiments yield estimates of abortion substantially higher than those obtained from direct questions. Findings demonstrate external validity through consistency with estimates from administrative data sources and gold standard abortion provider survey data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kissling
- University of Maryland-College Park, Population Research Center, College Park, Maryland.
| | - Heide M Jackson
- University of Maryland-College Park, Population Research Center, College Park, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Porter C, Favara M, Sánchez A, Scott D. The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on physical domestic violence: Evidence from a list randomization experiment. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100792. [PMID: 33948480 PMCID: PMC8080075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantify the increase in physical domestic violence (family or intimate partner violence) experienced by young people aged 18-26 during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns in Peru. To do this we use an indirect methodology, the double list randomization experiment. The list experiment was embedded in a telephone survey to participants of the Young Lives study, a long-standing cohort survey. We find that 8.3% of the sample experienced an increase in physical violence within their households during the lockdown period. Those who had already reported experiencing domestic violence in the last round of (in-person) data collection in 2016 are more likely to have experienced increased physical violence during the COVID-19 lockdown, with 23.6% reporting an increase during this time. The reported increase in violence does not differ significantly by gender. List experiments, if carefully conducted, may be a relatively cheap and feasible way to elicit information about sensitive issues during a phone survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan Sánchez
- Grupo de Análisis para El Desarrollo (GRADE), Peru
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ranganathan M, Heise L, Peterman A, Roy S, Hidrobo M. Cross-disciplinary intersections between public health and economics in intimate partner violence research. SSM Popul Health 2021; 14:100822. [PMID: 34095429 PMCID: PMC8164083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on intimate partner violence (IPV) has progressed in the last decade in the fields of public health and economics, with under-explored potential for cross-fertilisation. We examine the theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches that each discipline uses to conceptualise and study IPV and offer a perspective on their relative advantages. Public health takes a broad theoretical perspective anchored in the socio-ecological framework, considering multiple and synergistic drivers of IPV, while economics focuses on bargaining models which highlight individual power and factors that shape this power. These perspectives shape empirical work, with public health examining multi-faceted interventions, risk and mediating factors, while economics focuses on causal modelling of specific economic and institutional factors and economic-based interventions. The disciplines also have differing views on measurement and ethics in primary research. We argue that efforts to understand and address IPV would benefit if the two disciplines collaborated more closely and combined the best traditions of both fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ranganathan
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH, London, UK
| | - Lori Heise
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E4644, 21205, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amber Peterman
- Department of Public Policy, Abernathy Hall CB #3435, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Shalini Roy
- Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, 1201 I St NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| | - Melissa Hidrobo
- Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, 1201 I St NW, Washington, DC, 20005, USA
| |
Collapse
|