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McQuaid JH, Mandavia A, Cassidy G, Silva MA, Esmail K, Aragula S, Gamez G, McKenzie K. Persecution as stigma-driven trauma: Social determinants, stigma, and violence in asylum seekers in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2024; 350:116761. [PMID: 38701637 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Existing literature documents high rates of experienced violence in asylum seekers. Despite this high prevalence, experiences of traumatic stress are neither necessary nor sufficient grounds for claiming asylum, without documented experiences of persecution. The aim of the current study is to better understand the role of co-occurring pre-migratory social determinants, stigma, and trauma on the experiences of persecution among asylum seekers in the United States. METHOD We conducted a retrospective file review of legal declarations submitted by 25 asylum seekers who participated in forensic mental health evaluations at a pro-bono asylum clinic. We coded de-identified data for co-occurring events of trauma, social determinants of health, and components of "discrimination" from the legal definition of persecution - conceptualizing persecution as stigma-driven infliction of violence. Data was analyzed using a tiered deductive and inductive reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Findings suggest pre-migratory social determinants included demographics, neighborhood, economic, environmental, and social and cultural level disparities across various grounds for seeking asylum, and experiences of stigma were associated with the specific acts of violence and harm. CONCLUSIONS Our findings - specific to asylum seekers who have obtained legal representation and completed applications for asylum in the United States - describe the co-occurrence of social determinants, stigma and traumatic experiences among asylum seekers. To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to bridge the existing legal framework of asylum to a psychological construct incorporating trauma, stigma, and social determinants of health, lending support for the conceptualization of persecution as stigma-driven trauma.
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Gonçalves Tasca B, Bousmah MAQ, Coulibaly K, Gosselin A, Ravalihasy A, Desgrées du Loû A, Melchior M. Depression and loneliness among Sub-Saharan immigrants living in the greater Paris area: results from the MAKASI empowerment stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02665-7. [PMID: 38584200 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The MAKASI intervention aimed to empower Sub-Saharan African immigrants living in precarious situations in the Paris metropolitan area. Because there are factors specifically related to immigration that may increase the risk for common mental disorders, the present study aimed to examine participants' levels of depression and loneliness and analyze the effect of the intervention on depression and loneliness. METHODS The MAKASI study was designed as a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. Study participants were recruited through an outreach program led by a nongovernmental organization and randomly assigned to two clusters, with an intervention delay of 3 months between them. Participants were assessed for 6 months after inclusion and the effect of the intervention on depression and loneliness was assessed using generalized linear mixed models. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2021 and took in consideration whether being interviewed during one of the Covid-19 confinement had an effect on the results. RESULTS Between 2018 and 2021 a total of 821 subjects participated in the Makasi study. High levels of depression and loneliness were found in the study population. We found no effect of the intervention on depression [95% CI 0.77 to 2.40]. Similarly, no effect of the intervention was found on loneliness [95% CI 0.87 to 2.54]. CONCLUSIONS The intervention tested did not appear to improve the level of depression and loneliness among participants. However, the high prevalence of mental and emotional problems in the study population suggests a public health crisis among immigrants in the greater Paris area. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04468724 (July 13, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Gonçalves Tasca
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale (ERES), Paris, France.
| | - Marwân-Al-Qays Bousmah
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Ceped, 75006, Paris, France
- CNRS, French Collaborative Institute On Migrations, Aubervilliers, France
- IRD, UMR LEDa-DIAL, PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Karna Coulibaly
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Ceped, 75006, Paris, France
- CNRS, French Collaborative Institute On Migrations, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Anne Gosselin
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Ceped, 75006, Paris, France
- CNRS, French Collaborative Institute On Migrations, Aubervilliers, France
- Ined, National Institute for Demographic Studies, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Andrainolo Ravalihasy
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Ceped, 75006, Paris, France
- CNRS, French Collaborative Institute On Migrations, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Annabel Desgrées du Loû
- Université Paris Cité, IRD, Inserm, Ceped, 75006, Paris, France
- CNRS, French Collaborative Institute On Migrations, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Équipe de Recherche en Épidémiologie Sociale (ERES), Paris, France
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Fernández Capriles I, Armijos A, Angulo A, Schojan M, Wainberg ML, Bonz AG, Tol WA, Greene MC. Improving Retention in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Interventions: An Analysis of Completion Rates across a Multi-Site Trial with Refugee, Migrant, and Host Communities in Latin America. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:397. [PMID: 38673310 PMCID: PMC11049853 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Research on mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) interventions within refugee and migrant communities has increasingly focused on evaluating implementation, including identifying strategies to promote retention in services. This study examines the relationship between participant characteristics, study setting, and reasons for intervention noncompletion using data from the Entre Nosotras feasibility trial, a community-based MHPSS intervention targeting refugee, migrant, and host community women in Ecuador and Panama that aimed to promote psychosocial wellbeing. Among 225 enrolled women, approximately half completed the intervention, with varying completion rates and reasons for nonattendance across study sites. Participants who were older, had migrated for family reasons, had spent more time in the study community, and were living in Panamá (vs. Ecuador) were more likely to complete the intervention. The findings suggest the need to adapt MHPSS interventions to consider the duration of access to the target population and explore different delivery modalities including the role of technology and cellular devices as reliable or unreliable source for engaging with participants. Engaging younger, newly arrived women is crucial, as they showed lower completion rates. Strategies such as consulting scheduling preferences, providing on-site childcare, and integrating MHPSS interventions with other programs could enhance intervention attendance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Fernández Capriles
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | | | | | - Milton L. Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Annie G. Bonz
- HIAS, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; (M.S.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Wietse A. Tol
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Athena Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Claire Greene
- Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Wimer G, Larrea M, Streeter J, Hassan A, Angulo A, Armijos A, Bonz A, Tol WA, Greene MC. Accessibility and Perceived Impact of a Group Psychosocial Intervention for Women in Ecuador: A Comparative Analysis by Migration Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:380. [PMID: 38673293 PMCID: PMC11049989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
There is increasing guidance promoting the provision of mental health and psychosocial support programs to both migrant and host community members in humanitarian settings. However, there is a lack of information on the respective experiences and benefits for migrant and host community members who are participating in mental health and psychosocial support programming. We evaluated a community-based psychosocial program for migrant and host community women, Entre Nosotras, which was implemented with an international non-governmental organization in Ecuador in 2021. Data on participant characteristics and psychosocial wellbeing were collected via pre/post surveys with 143 participants, and qualitative interviews were conducted with a subset (n = 61) of participants. All quantitative analyses were conducted in STATA, and qualitative analysis was done in NVivo. Attendance was higher for host community members. Specifically, 71.4% of host community members attended 4-5 sessions, whereas only 37.4% of migrants attended 4-5 sessions (p = 0.004). Qualitative analysis shows that the intervention was less accessible for migrants due to a variety of structural barriers. However, this analysis also demonstrated that both groups of women felt a greater sense of social connectedness after participating in the program and expressed gratitude for the bonds they formed with other women. Some migrant women described negative experiences with the host community because they felt as though they could not confide in host community women and speak freely in front of them. These results underscore how the migratory context influences the implementation of mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) programs. As humanitarian guidelines continue to emphasize the integration of host community members and displaced persons, it is critical to account for how the same intervention may impact these populations differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Wimer
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | | | - Amir Hassan
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | | | - Andrea Armijos
- HIAS, Silver Spring, MD 62471, USA; (A.A.); (A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Annie Bonz
- HIAS, Silver Spring, MD 62471, USA; (A.A.); (A.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Wietse A. Tol
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - M. Claire Greene
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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Greene MC, Wimer G, Larrea M, Mejia Jimenez I, Armijos A, Angulo A, Guevara ME, Vega C, Heard EW, Demis L, Benavides L, Corrales C, de la Cruz A, Lopez MJ, Moyano A, Murcia A, Noboa MJ, Rodriguez A, Solis J, Vergara D, Andersen LS, Cristobal M, Wainberg M, Bonz AG, Tol W. Strategies to improve the implementation and effectiveness of community-based psychosocial support interventions for displaced, migrant and host community women in Latin America. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2024; 11:e32. [PMID: 38572247 PMCID: PMC10988141 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2024.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
As evidence supporting the effectiveness of mental health and psychosocial interventions grows, more research is needed to understand optimal strategies for improving their implementation in diverse contexts. We conducted a qualitative process evaluation of a multicomponent psychosocial intervention intended to promote well-being among refugee, migrant and host community women in three diverse contexts in Ecuador and Panamá. The objective of this study is to describe the relationships among implementation determinants, strategies and outcomes of this community-based psychosocial intervention. The five implementation strategies used in this study included stakeholder engagement, promoting intervention adaptability, group and community-based delivery format, task sharing and providing incentives. We identified 10 adaptations to the intervention and its implementation, most of which were made during pre-implementation. Participants (n = 77) and facilitators (n = 30) who completed qualitative interviews reported that these strategies largely improved the implementation of the intervention across key outcomes and aligned with the study's intervention and implementation theory of change models. Participants and facilitators also proposed additional strategies for improving reach, implementation and maintenance of this community-based psychosocial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Claire Greene
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wimer
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Larrea
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ingrid Mejia Jimenez
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Vega
- HIAS Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emily W. Heard
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lina Demis
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lena S. Andersen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Milton Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Wietse Tol
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Athena Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Greene MC, Muro M, Kane JC, Young E, Paniagua-Avila A, Miller-Suchet L, Nouel M, Bonz AG, Cristobal M, Schojan M, Ventevogel P, Cheng B, Martins SS, Ponce de Leon JC, Verdeli H. Task Sharing and Remote Delivery of Brief Interpersonal Counseling for Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees Living in Peru during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:166. [PMID: 38397657 PMCID: PMC10888378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Refugees and migrants experience an elevated risk for mental health problems and face significant barriers to receiving services. Interpersonal counseling (IPC-3) is a three-session intervention that can be delivered by non-specialists to provide psychological support and facilitate referrals for individuals in need of specialized care. We piloted IPC-3 delivered remotely by eight Venezuelan refugee and migrant women living in Peru. These counselors provided IPC-3 to Venezuelan refugee and migrant clients in Peru (n = 32) who reported psychological distress. Clients completed assessments of mental health symptoms at baseline and one-month post-intervention. A subset of clients (n = 15) and providers (n = 8) completed post-implementation qualitative interviews. Results showed that IPC-3 filled a gap in the system of mental health care for refugees and migrants in Peru. Some adaptations were made to IPC-3 to promote its relevance to the population and context. Non-specialist providers developed the skills and confidence to provide IPC-3 competently. Clients displayed large reductions in symptoms of depression (d = 1.1), anxiety (d = 1.4), post-traumatic stress (d = 1.0), and functional impairment (d = 0.8). Remote delivery of IPC-3 by non-specialists appears to be a feasible, acceptable, and appropriate strategy to address gaps and improve efficiency within the mental health system and warrants testing in a fully powered effectiveness study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Claire Greene
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Jeremy C. Kane
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Erin Young
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | | | - Lucy Miller-Suchet
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Ventevogel
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Cheng
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Helen Verdeli
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10026, USA
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Serrano Córdova C, Torres I, López-Cevallos D. Exploring the impact of Ecuador's policies on the right to health of Venezuelan migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:1099-1112. [PMID: 37572095 PMCID: PMC10566316 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuela's ongoing economic and political crisis has forced >6 million people to emigrate from the country since 2014. In the Andean region, Ecuador is one of the main host countries for Venezuelan migrants and refugees. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, specific measures were implemented in the country to control the spread of the disease and its associated impacts. In this context, we conducted a scoping review to understand how policies implemented by the Ecuadorian government during the pandemic impacted Venezuelan migrants' right to health. The literature search focused on scientific and grey publications between 2018 and 2022 in electronic databases and institutional websites, complemented by snowball sampling and expert advice. Our thematic analysis revealed discrepancies between the rights granted to migrants in Ecuador's legal framework and their practical implementation during the pandemic, with several instances of policy and programmatic infringement. The disruption of services further complicated migrant's options for regularization. Some measures, like border closures, negatively impacted migrants' health, including increased exposure to abuse and violence. While migrants were included in the country's COVID-19 vaccination plan, they were excluded from other national aid programmes. There are indications of an increase in xenophobia and discrimination stigmatizing migrants as 'disease carriers' and 'resource takers', resulting in a prioritization of services for the Ecuadorian population. We found limited research on the emergent topic of migrants' vulnerability and related health system challenges. Future research should include working in border zones, consider socioeconomic factors and further explore the poor implementation of Ecuador's legal framework towards upholding migrants' right to health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Torres
- Fundacion Octaedro, El Zurriago E8-28 y Shyris, Quito 170505, Ecuador
| | - Daniel López-Cevallos
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 715 N Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Greene MC, Bonz AG, Cristobal M, Angulo A, Armijos A, Guevara ME, Vega C, Benavides L, Corrales C, de la Cruz A, Lopez MJ, Moyano A, Murcia A, Noboa MJ, Rodriguez A, Solis J, Vergara D, Bollman EB, Andersen LS, Wainberg M, Tol WA. Mixed-methods evaluation of a group psychosocial intervention for refugee, migrant and host community women in Ecuador and Panamá: Results from the Entre Nosotras cluster randomized feasibility trial. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2023; 10:e42. [PMID: 37854436 PMCID: PMC10579653 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2023.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-based psychosocial interventions are key elements of mental health and psychosocial support; yet evidence regarding their effectiveness and implementation in humanitarian settings is limited. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility and safety of conducting a cluster randomized trial evaluating two versions of a group psychosocial intervention. Nine community clusters in Ecuador and Panamá were randomized to receive the standard version of the Entre Nosotras intervention, a community-based group psychosocial intervention co-designed with community members, or an enhanced version of Entre Nosotras that integrated a stress management component. In a sample of 225 refugees, migrants and host community women, we found that both versions were safe, acceptable and appropriate. Training lay facilitators to deliver the intervention was feasible. Challenges included slow recruitment related to delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, high attrition due to population mobility and other competing priorities, and mixed psychometric performance of psychosocial outcome measures. Although the intervention appeared promising, a definitive cluster randomized comparative effectiveness trial requires further adaptations to the research protocol. Within this pilot study we identified strategies to overcome these challenges that may inform adaptations. This comparative effectiveness design may be a model for identifying effective components of psychosocial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Claire Greene
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carolina Vega
- HIAS Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - E. Brennan Bollman
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lena S. Andersen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Milton Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wietse A. Tol
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Athena Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Del Real D, Crowhurst-Pons F, Olave L. The Work, Economic, and Remittance Stress and Distress of the COVID-19 Pandemic Containment Policies: The Case of Venezuelan Migrants in Argentina and Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3569. [PMID: 36834263 PMCID: PMC9960645 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the social stress process model, global crises are macro-level stressors that generate physiological stress and psychological distress. However, existing research has not identified immigrants' COVID-19 containment policy stressors or examined the social stress of sending remittances amid crises. Drawing on in-depth longitudinal interviews with 46 Venezuelan immigrants-half before and half during the pandemic-in Chile and Argentina, we identified the COVID-19 containment policies' stressors. We focused on Venezuelan immigrants because they constitute one of the largest internationally displaced populations, with most migrating within South America. We found that the governmental COVID-19 containment measures in both countries generated four stressors: employment loss, income loss, devaluation of employment status, and inability to send needed remittances. Moreover, sending remittances helped some migrants cope with concerns about loved ones in Venezuela. However, sending remittances became a social stressor when immigrants struggled to simultaneously sustain their livelihoods and send financial support to relatives experiencing hardships in Venezuela. For some immigrants, these adversities generated other stressors (e.g., housing instability) and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Broadly, for immigrants, the stressors of global crises transcend international borders and generate high stress, which strains their psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Del Real
- Sociology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Felipe Crowhurst-Pons
- Departamento de Ciencia Política y Políticas Públicas, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610315, Chile
| | - Lizeth Olave
- Escuela Interdisciplinaria de Estudios Sociales, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín 1650, Argentina
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Carroll HA, Kvietok A, Pauschardt J, Freier LF, Bird M. Prevalence of common mental health disorders in forcibly displaced populations versus labor migrants by migration phase: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2023; 321:279-289. [PMID: 36367496 PMCID: PMC9831668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Migration is not an event, but an interactive process whereby individuals on the move make decisions in their social and political contexts. As such, one expects migrant mental health to change over time. To examine this relationship, we conducted a meta-analysis, the first to our knowledge, to identify the impact of migration phase and migration type on the prevalence of mental health in migrant populations. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Embase for studies published between January 1, 2010, and January 1, 2020 (Prospero ID: 192751). We included studies with international migrants reporting prevalence rates for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and/or anxiety. The authors extracted data from eligible studies and tabulated mental health prevalence rates, relevant migration condition (e.g., migration type or phase), and methods (e.g., sample size). Full text review resulted in n = 269 manuscripts included in the meta-analysis examining PTSD (n = 149), depression (n = 218), and anxiety (n = 104). Overall prevalence was estimated for PTSD (30.54 %, I2 = 98.94 %, Q = 10,443.6), depression (28.57 %, I2 = 99.17 %, Q = 13,844.34), and anxiety (25.30 %, I2 = 99.2 %, Q = 10,416.20). We also estimated the effect of methodological and migration factors on prevalence in PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Our findings reveal increased prevalence of mental health due to forced migration and being in the journey phase of migration, even when accounting for the influence of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley A Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrea Kvietok
- Department of Sociology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Julia Pauschardt
- Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa F Freier
- Department of Social and Political Science, Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru
| | - Matthew Bird
- Graduate School, Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru
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Baeza-Rivera MJ, Salazar-Fernández C, Manríquez-Robles D, Salinas-Oñate N, Smith-Castro V. Acculturative Stress, Perceived Social Support, and Mental Health: The Mediating Effect of Negative Emotions Associated with Discrimination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416522. [PMID: 36554406 PMCID: PMC9779091 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of perceived social support in the acculturation process of immigrants remains unclear. In this study, we jointly evaluated the associations between acculturative stress and negative emotions associated with discrimination as antecedents of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms in 283 immigrants living in Chile. Three competing models were tested via structural equation modelling to assess (1) the association among these variables and mental health symptoms and (2) to clarify the role of perceived social support. The third model was theoretically more adequate, showed a better fit, and explained 42.7% of the variance of mental health symptoms. In this model, perceived social support was associated with acculturative stress by reducing mental health symptomatology. Moreover, a direct relationship and an indirect relationship were found between acculturative stress (through negative emotions associated with discrimination) and mental health symptomatology. These results contribute to the understanding of the acculturation process experienced by immigrants in Chile and provide empirical evidence to be used to improve migration policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Baeza-Rivera
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
- Laboratorio de Interacción, Cultura y Salud, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Interacción, Cultura y Salud, Temuco 4813302, Chile
- Departamento de Análisis de Datos, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4810101, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Diego Manríquez-Robles
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile
- Laboratorio de Interacción, Cultura y Salud, Temuco 4813302, Chile
| | - Natalia Salinas-Oñate
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Educación, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile
| | - Vanessa Smith-Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501, Costa Rica
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12
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Blukacz A, Cabieses B, Obach A, Madrid P, Carreño A, Pickett KE, Markkula N. "If I get sick here, I will never see my children again": The mental health of international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277517. [PMID: 36445885 PMCID: PMC9707751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of international migrants globally. Chile has managed its response to the pandemic in an ongoing context of social unrest and combined regional migratory and humanitarian crisis. The country's population presents a high prevalence of common mental disorders and a high suicide rate, with limited access to mental healthcare. International migrants in Chile represent 8% of the total population, and although a socioeconomically heterogenous group, they face social vulnerability, a range of mental health stressors and additional barriers to access mental healthcare. This study describes the mental health outcomes, stressors, response, and coping strategies perceived by international migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. METHODS AND FINDINGS A qualitative case study was carried out through individual online interviews to 30 international migrants living in Chile during the pandemic and 10 experts of the social and health care sectors. An inductive content analysis was carried out, a process during which the researchers sought to identify patterns and themes derived from the data. Participants experienced mainly negative mental health outcomes, including anxiety and depression symptomatology. Stressors included the virus itself, work, living and socioeconomic conditions, discrimination, fear for their family and distance caring. Institutional responses to address the mental health of international migrants during the pandemic in Chile were limited and participants relied mainly on individual coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS The pandemic can represent an important opportunity to strengthen mental health systems for the general population as well as for population groups experiencing social vulnerability, if the issues identified and the lessons learned are translated into action at national, regional, and international level. Promoting the mental health of international migrants means recognising migration as a social determinant of mental health and adopting a cross-cultural as well as a Human Rights approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Blukacz
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandra Obach
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Madrid
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Carreño
- Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Niina Markkula
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Salas-Wright CP, Maldonado-Molina MM, Pérez-Gómez A, Trujillo JM, Schwartz SJ. The Venezuelan diaspora: Migration-related experiences and mental health. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101430. [PMID: 35985072 PMCID: PMC9870179 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Since 2015, the Venezuelan diaspora has poured forth from the Venezuelan sending context into an array of (mostly) middle-income receiving countries and into the United States (US) as well. For many Venezuelan migrants, post-migration reception has been mixed, and multiple studies suggest that mental health is an important challenge with discrimination and negative context reception contributing to mental health burden in terms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. Cross-national research points to important sociodemographic differences between Venezuelan migrants resettled in South American contexts and in the US, and suggests that-on average-migration-related cultural stress is lower and mental health outcomes are better among those resettling in South Florida and elsewhere in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mildred M Maldonado-Molina
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, College of Health & Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Seth J Schwartz
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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14
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Chen Y, Rafful C, Mercado M, Carte L, Morales-Miranda S, Cheristil J, Rocha-Jiménez T. Hoping for a Better Future during COVID-19: How Migration Plans Are Protective of Depressive Symptoms for Haitian Migrants Living in Chile. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9977. [PMID: 36011611 PMCID: PMC9408526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the migration experiences, perceived COVID-19 impacts, and depression symptoms among Haitian migrants living in Santiago, Chile. Ninety-five participants from eight neighborhoods with a high density of Haitian migrants were recruited. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and logistic regression analysis were conducted. Chi-squared tests were used to confirm univariate results. We found that 22% of participants had major depressive symptoms based on the CESD-R-20 scale, 87% reported major life changes due to COVID-19, and 78% said their migration plans had changed due to the pandemic. Factors associated with more depressive symptoms were being in debt (OR = 3.43) and experiencing discrimination (ORs: 0.60 to 6.19). Factors associated with less odds of depressive symptoms were social support (ORs: 0.06 to 0.25), change in migration plans due to COVID-19 (OR = 0.30), and planning to leave Chile (OR = 0.20). After accounting for relevant factors, planning to leave Chile is significantly predictive of fewer symptoms of depression. Haitian migrants living in Chile had a high prevalence of depression. Planning to leave Chile was a significant protector against depressive symptoms. Future studies should explore how nuanced experiences of uncertainty play out in migrants' lives, mental well-being, and planning for their future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Chen
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Claudia Rafful
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Ciudad Universitaria Avenida, C.U., Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Center for Global Mental Health, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calz México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia, Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Mercado
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Lindsey Carte
- Núcleo de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de la Frontera, Francisco Salazar 1450, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Sonia Morales-Miranda
- Consorcio de Investigación sobre VIH SIDA TB CISIDAT, Dwight W. Morrow 8, Apt. 7, Centro, Cuernavaca 62000, Mexico
| | - Judeline Cheristil
- Project “When Reality Overcomes the Intention”, Las Condes 7560908, Chile
| | - Teresita Rocha-Jiménez
- Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Artes, Universidad Mayor, Las Condes 4780000, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Las Condes 7560908, Chile
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15
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Mattar S, Gellatly R. Refugee mental health: Culturally relevant considerations. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 47:101429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Greene MC, Bonz A, Cristobal M, Vega C, Andersen LS, Angulo A, Armijos A, Guevara ME, Benavides L, de la Cruz A, Lopez MJ, Moyano A, Murcia A, Noboa MJ, Rodriguez A, Solis J, Vergara D, Scharf J, Dutt P, Wainberg M, Tol WA. Evaluating the feasibility of a group psychosocial intervention for migrant and host community women in Ecuador and Panamá: protocol for a multi-site feasibility cluster trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2022; 8:126. [PMID: 35706068 PMCID: PMC9198203 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-022-01085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community- and strengths-based psychosocial interventions are central to mental health and psychosocial support guidelines, but rigorous evidence regarding the effectiveness of these interventions is limited. The complexity and variability that is inherent to many community-based psychosocial interventions requires innovative strategies in order to facilitate the comparability and synthesis across research studies without compromising the fit and appropriateness of interventions to specific study populations and context. Entre Nosotras is a community-based psychosocial intervention developed for migrant and host community women that is designed to be flexible enough to enable integration of external intervention components and adaptable to diverse study contexts and populations. This protocol describes a study that aims to evaluate the appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility of integrating a standardized stress management intervention into Entre Nosotras. METHODS This study will evaluate the appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility, and safety of intervention and research procedures for a cluster randomized comparative effectiveness trial conducted in Ecuador and Panamá with migrant and host community women. In this feasibility trial, we will allocate communities nested within the three study sites to the integrated Entre Nosotras + stress management intervention versus Entre Nosotras alone through stratified randomization. Migrant and host community women residing in these study communities who report low to moderate levels of distress will be allocated to the intervention condition that their community is assigned (n = 220 total). We will collect quantitative measures of psychosocial wellbeing, psychological distress, coping, social support, and functioning from study participants. We will collect quantitative measures of fidelity and facilitator competencies through observation and facilitator self-assessment. Data on appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility, and safety will be gathered from participants and facilitators through quantitative assessments at 0, 5, and 10 weeks post-enrollment and qualitative interviews conducted with all facilitators and a subset of 70 study participants during the post-intervention follow-up period. DISCUSSION Results from this feasibility trial will determine whether a multi-site cluster randomized comparative effectiveness trial of an adaptable community-based psychosocial intervention for migrant and host community women is relevant, acceptable, and feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05130944 . Registered November 23, 2021-retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Claire Greene
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Lena S Andersen
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jodi Scharf
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, USA
| | - Priya Dutt
- Program on Forced Migration and Health, Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York City, USA
| | - Milton Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City, USA
| | - Wietse A Tol
- Global Health Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Xiong M, Hu ZQ, Ye YD. Association of relative deprivation with social withdrawal and its underlying mechanisms: A large cross-sectional study among Chinese migrant adolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Cigrand DL, Fawcett M, Miyakuni R, Arredondo P, Onderak G. A phenomenological study of perseverance and resilience through the migration journey. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Fawcett
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
| | - Rieko Miyakuni
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
| | | | - Gail Onderak
- Counselor Education Department Winona State University Winona Minnesota USA
- All New Directions Rochester Minnesota USA
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19
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Okumura
A, Espinoza
MDC, Boudesseul
J, Heimark
K. Venezuelan Forced Migration to Peru During Sociopolitical Crisis: an Analysis of Perceived Social Support and Emotion Regulation Strategies. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2021; 23:1277-1310. [PMID: 34512194 PMCID: PMC8424410 DOI: 10.1007/s12134-021-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While many studies have examined the impact of forced migration on Venezuelan migrants in Latin America, to date scholars have not examined the effect of certain coping mechanisms, namely social support and emotion regulation. Using data from 386 Venezuelan migrants living in Peru (M = 20.22 years, SD = 1.33, 46.4% women), we investigated whether perceived social support from three different sources (family, friends, and significant other) correlated with emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and suppression) while controlling for the type of cohabitation and time of residence. The results (1) confirmed the originally proposed internal structure of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, showing reliability and validity even in a sample of migrants. Findings demonstrated that (2) perceived social support from family positively predicted cognitive reappraisal strategy when including friends and significant other as covariates; (3) Venezuelans who have resided longer in Peru compared to more recent migrants used cognitive reappraisal strategy at a higher rate despite perceiving low family social support; (4) Venezuelans who resided in Peru for a longer period of time reported higher suppression strategy use when having low significant other support; and (5) there were gender differences regarding cognitive reappraisal as a dependent variable. More specifically, in men, family was a better predictor than friend or significant other support, while among women, family and significant other had the biggest impact. These results demonstrate the importance of social support elements and time of residence on the healthy management of emotions under difficult circumstances, such as forced migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro
Okumura
- Universidad de Lima, Av. Javier Prado Este 4600 – Surco, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Katrina
Heimark
- Universidad de Lima, Av. Javier Prado Este 4600 – Surco, Lima, Perú
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20
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McQuaid JH, Silva MA, McKenzie KC. Surviving violent, traumatic loss after severe political persecution: lessons from the evaluation of a Venezuelan asylum seeker. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e239025. [PMID: 33758042 PMCID: PMC7993358 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In July 2019, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) released a report urging the Venezuelan government to take immediate action to address the 'grave violations of economic, social, civil, political and cultural rights' occurring in the country. This case study highlights the human rights violations occurring in Venezuela through the case of a Venezuelan woman who experienced political persecution and traumatic loss resulting from her opposition to the ruling socialist party. As the clinical team of evaluators explored the mental health effects of surviving threats on her own life and the politically motivated assassination of her husband, it was agreed that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition did not fully capture the extent of her suffering. Case discussion broadens the lens beyond the client's experiences of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression to include persistent complex bereavement disorder, and emphasises the importance of addressing the sequelae of traumatic loss in a multifaceted way that broadens understanding of emotional functioning postmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H McQuaid
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Katherine C McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Vos SR, Clark‐Ginsberg A, Puente‐Duran S, Salas‐Wright CP, Duque MC, Herrera IC, Maldonado‐Molina MM, Castillo MN, Lee TK, Garcia MF, Fernandez CA, Hanson M, Scaramutti C, Schwartz SJ. The family crisis migration stress framework: A framework to understand the mental health effects of crisis migration on children and families caused by disasters. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2021; 2021:41-59. [DOI: 10.1002/cad.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia R. Vos
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria C. Duque
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Ivonne Calderón Herrera
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | | | - Melissa N. Castillo
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Tae Kyoung Lee
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Garcia
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Cristina A. Fernandez
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Marissa Hanson
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Carolina Scaramutti
- Department of Public Health The University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami Florida USA
| | - Seth J. Schwartz
- Departments of Kinesiology, Health Education, and Educational Psychology, College of Education University of Texas at Austin Texas USA
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22
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Freier LF, Pérez LM. Nationality-Based Criminalisation of South-South Migration: the Experience of Venezuelan Forced Migrants in Peru. EUROPEAN JOURNAL ON CRIMINAL POLICY AND RESEARCH 2021; 27:113-133. [PMID: 33462528 PMCID: PMC7807400 DOI: 10.1007/s10610-020-09475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article examines how Venezuelan forced migrants in Peru experience xenophobic discrimination, which has become increasingly linked to their criminalisation as thieves and murderers. Based on 12 months of qualitative fieldwork, including 72 in-depth interviews, five focus groups, and a survey (N116) in five Peruvian cities, we explore how Venezuelans experience, and make sense of, discrimination and criminalisation in everyday life. First, we discuss how criminalisation compares to general xenophobic discrimination, and other types of discrimination experiences. Second, we juxtapose the prevalence of xenophobic discrimination and criminalisation experiences across the five cities of our study, and between public spaces and the workspace. We then move to the qualitative discussion of the criminalisation experience in these different spaces. Fourth, we discuss how Venezuelan migrants perceive this criminalising discrimination as linked to their villanisation in the media and political discourses. Finally, we discuss our findings and make suggestion for further research. The paper contributes to the literature on migrant criminalisation by exploring how criminalisation processes play out in the context of large-scale intraregional forced displacement in the global South.
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23
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Mougenot B, Amaya E, Mezones-Holguin E, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cabieses B. Immigration, perceived discrimination and mental health: evidence from Venezuelan population living in Peru. Global Health 2021; 17:8. [PMID: 33413505 PMCID: PMC7791752 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association between international migration and mental health is conditioned to several factors, and discrimination may play a significant role. Currently, Peru is one of the principal Venezuelan migrant-receiving countries in Latin America. There are around one million Venezuelan refugees and migrants in the country. This study evaluates the association between self-perceived discrimination and mental health problems in Venezuelan population living in Peru. Method We analyzed data from the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru Survey 2018, a nationally representative urban sample aimed at collecting information on several dimensions of Venezuelan population wellbeing. We applied logistic regression models to assess the association between self-perceived discrimination and mental health problems. Moreover, we applied the propensity score matching method as a robustness check of our results. Results Of 9487 Venezuelans surveyed, 6806 included complete information. From this sample, 6.3% reported mental health problems related to fear, anger, anxiety, or stress. Logistic regression models showed that Venezuelans who perceived being discriminated against had 2.4 higher odds of presenting mental health problems than their non-discriminated counterparts. Moreover, propensity score matching models showed that Venezuelans who perceived being discriminated against increased by 3.5 percentage points their probability of presenting mental health problems compared to their non-discriminated counterparts. Conclusions There is evidence that self-perceived discrimination is associated with mental health deterioration in Venezuelan migrants living in Peru. Our findings are relevant in the current geopolitical context and could be useful in the decision making processes in international health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-020-00655-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Mougenot
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Elard Amaya
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
| | - Edward Mezones-Holguin
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.,Epi-gnosis Solutios, Piura, Peru
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Báltica Cabieses
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Espinel Z, Chaskel R, Berg RC, Florez HJ, Gaviria SL, Bernal O, Berg K, Muñoz C, Larkin MG, Shultz JM. Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:653-655. [PMID: 32711697 PMCID: PMC7377810 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelde Espinel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Roberto Chaskel
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia; School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ryan C Berg
- Latin America Studies Program, American Enterprise Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Hermes Jose Florez
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Silvia L Gaviria
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia; Department of Psychiatry, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Oscar Bernal
- Department of Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kim Berg
- Center for Humanitarian Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Muñoz
- Miami Transplant Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marisa G Larkin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James M Shultz
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Mude W, Mwanri L. Negotiating Identity and Belonging in a New Space: Opportunities and Experiences of African Youths in South Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155484. [PMID: 32751346 PMCID: PMC7432209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper was part of a large study that aimed to explore determinants of increased suicides among African youths in South Australia. As part of this larger study, narratives from participants indicated that identity crisis could be a potential determinant of suicide. This paper reports on how African youths negotiate and form identity in Australia. A qualitative inquiry was undertaken with 31 African youths using a focus group and individual interviews. Data analysis was guided by a framework for qualitative research. These youths negotiated multiple identities, including those of race, gender, ethnicity and their origin. ‘Freedom and opportunity’, ‘family relationships’, ‘neither belonging here nor there’ and ‘the ability to cope against the paradox of resourcefulness in Australia’ appeared to be important themes in negotiating individual identities. An opportunity was used to acknowledge privileges available in Australia relative to Africa. However, the extent to which individuals acted on these opportunities varied, affecting a person’s sense of purpose, identity formation and belonging in Australia. The loss of social networks following migration, and cultural differences between African and Australian societies, shaped the experience of belonging and identity formation. These findings are crucial as they indicate the need for policies and practices that consider experiences of youths as they form their identity in Australia. Further studies with large numbers of participants are needed to explore these issues further among African youths in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mude
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
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