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So WY, Han W. Gene therapy targeting key beta cell regulators as a potential intervention for diabetes. EMBO Mol Med 2024; 16:1490-1494. [PMID: 38844555 PMCID: PMC11251273 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this Comment, Wing Yan So and Weiping Han discuss the recent achievements and therapeutic potential of gene therapy targeting beta cell regulators for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
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2
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Yin J, Huang Y, Wang K, Zhong Q, Liu Y, Ji Z, Liao Y, Ma Z, Bei W, Wang W. Ginseng extract improves pancreatic islet injury and promotes β-cell regeneration in T2DM mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407200. [PMID: 38989151 PMCID: PMC11234855 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (Araliaceae; Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), a traditional plant commonly utilized in Eastern Asia, has demonstrated efficacy in treating neuro-damaging diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, its precise roles and mechanism in alleviating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) need further study. The objective of this study is to explore the pharmacological effects of ginseng extract and elucidate its potential mechanisms in protecting islets and promoting β-cell regeneration. Methods The T2DM mouse model was induced through streptozotocin combined with a high-fat diet. Two batches of mice were sacrificed on the 7th and 28th days following ginseng extract administration. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and glucose tolerance were detected. Morphological changes in the pancreatic islets were examined via H & E staining. Levels of serum insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and inflammatory factors were measured using ELISA. The ability of ginseng extract to promote pancreatic islet β-cell regeneration was evaluated through insulin & PCNA double immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the mechanism behind β-cells regeneration was explored through insulin & glucagon double immunofluorescence staining, accompanied by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analyses. Results and Discussion The present research revealed that ginseng extract alleviates symptoms of T2DM in mice, including decreased blood glucose levels and improved glucose tolerance. Serum levels of insulin, GLP-1, and IL-10 increased following the administration of ginseng extract, while levels of glucagon, TNF-α, and IL-1β decreased. Ginseng extract preserved normal islet morphology, increased nascent β-cell population, and inhibited inflammatory infiltration within the islets, moreover, it decreased α-cell proportion while increasing β-cell proportion. Mechanistically, ginseng extract might inhibit ARX and MAFB expressions, increase MAFA level to aid in α-cell to β-cell transformation, and activate AKT-FOXM1/cyclin D2 to enhance β-cell proliferation. Our study suggests that ginseng extract may be a promising therapy in treating T2DM, especially in those with islet injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Yin
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Zhong
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zirui Ji
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiwen Liao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Baishan Institute of Science and Technology, Baishan, Jilin, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Spezani R, Reis-Barbosa PH, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Update on the transdifferentiation of pancreatic cells into functional beta cells for treating diabetes. Life Sci 2024; 346:122645. [PMID: 38614297 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence and associated comorbidities need innovative approaches for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention and treatment. Genetics contributes significantly to T2DM susceptibility, and genetic counseling is significant in detecting and informing people about the diabetic risk. T2DM is also intricately linked to overnutrition and obesity, and nutritional advising is beneficial to mitigate diabetic evolution. However, manipulating pancreatic cell plasticity and transdifferentiation could help beta cell regeneration and glucose homeostasis, effectively contributing to the antidiabetic fight. Targeted modulation of transcription factors is highlighted for their roles in various aspects of pancreatic cell differentiation and function, inducing non-beta cells' conversion into functional beta cells (responsive to glucose). In addition, pharmacological interventions targeting specific receptors and pathways might facilitate cell transdifferentiation aiming to maintain or increase beta cell mass and function. However, the mechanisms underlying cellular reprogramming are not yet well understood. The present review highlights the primary transcriptional factors in the endocrine pancreas, focusing on transdifferentiation as a primary mechanism. Therefore, islet cell reprogramming, converting one cell type to another and transforming non-beta cells into insulin-producing cells, depends, among others, on transcription factors. It is a promising fact that new transcription factors are discovered every day, and their actions on pancreatic islet cells are revealed. Exploring these pathways associated with pancreatic development and islet endocrine cell differentiation could unravel the molecular intricacies underlying transdifferentiation processes, exploring novel therapeutic strategies to treat diabetes. The medical use of this biotechnology is expected to be achievable within a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Reis-Barbosa
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Biology, Biomedical Center, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Dahiya S, Saleh M, Rodriguez UA, Rajasundaram D, R Arbujas J, Hajihassani A, Yang K, Sehrawat A, Kalsi R, Yoshida S, Prasadan K, Lickert H, Hu J, Piganelli JD, Gittes GK, Esni F. Acinar to β-like cell conversion through inhibition of focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3740. [PMID: 38702347 PMCID: PMC11068907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insufficient functional β-cell mass causes diabetes; however, an effective cell replacement therapy for curing diabetes is currently not available. Reprogramming of acinar cells toward functional insulin-producing cells would offer an abundant and autologous source of insulin-producing cells. Our lineage tracing studies along with transcriptomic characterization demonstrate that treatment of adult mice with a small molecule that specifically inhibits kinase activity of focal adhesion kinase results in trans-differentiation of a subset of peri-islet acinar cells into insulin producing β-like cells. The acinar-derived insulin-producing cells infiltrate the pre-existing endocrine islets, partially restore β-cell mass, and significantly improve glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. These findings provide evidence that inhibition of the kinase activity of focal adhesion kinase can convert acinar cells into insulin-producing cells and could offer a promising strategy for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakti Dahiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uylissa A Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jorge R Arbujas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arian Hajihassani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ranjeet Kalsi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiho Yoshida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Krishna Prasadan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George K Gittes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bourgeois S, Coenen S, Degroote L, Willems L, Van Mulders A, Pierreux J, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Staels W. Harnessing beta cell regeneration biology for diabetes therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38644094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic scale of diabetes mellitus is alarming, its complications remain devastating, and current treatments still pose a major burden on those affected and on the healthcare system as a whole. As the disease emanates from the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, a real cure requires their restoration and protection. An attractive strategy is to regenerate β-cells directly within the pancreas; however, while several approaches for β-cell regeneration have been proposed in the past, clinical translation has proven challenging. This review scrutinizes recent findings in β-cell regeneration and discusses their potential clinical implementation. Hereby, we aim to delineate a path for innovative, targeted therapies to help shift from 'caring for' to 'curing' diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Coenen
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Degroote
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Willems
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Pierreux
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Willem Staels
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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6
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Oropeza D, Herrera PL. Glucagon-producing α-cell transcriptional identity and reprogramming towards insulin production. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:180-197. [PMID: 37626005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
β-Cell replacement by in situ reprogramming of non-β-cells is a promising diabetes therapy. Following the observation that near-total β-cell ablation in adult mice triggers the reprogramming of pancreatic α-, δ-, and γ-cells into insulin (INS)-producing cells, recent studies are delving deep into the mechanisms controlling adult α-cell identity. Systematic analyses of the α-cell transcriptome and epigenome have started to pinpoint features that could be crucial for maintaining α-cell identity. Using different transgenic and chemical approaches, significant advances have been made in reprogramming α-cells in vivo into INS-secreting cells in mice. The recent reprogramming of human α-cells in vitro is an important step forward that must now be complemented with a comprehensive molecular dissection of the mechanisms controlling α-cell identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Luis Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Pirsadeghi A, Namakkoobi N, Behzadi MS, Pourzinolabedin H, Askari F, Shahabinejad E, Ghorbani S, Asadi F, Hosseini-Chegeni A, Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Kamrani MH. Therapeutic approaches of cell therapy based on stem cells and terminally differentiated cells: Potential and effectiveness. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203904. [PMID: 38316293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy, as a promising regenerative medicine approach, has been a promising and effective strategy to treat or even cure various kinds of diseases and conditions. Generally, two types of cells are used in cell therapy, the first is the stem cell, and the other is a fully differentiated cell. Initially, all cells in the body are derived from stem cells. Based on the capacity, potency and differentiation potential of stem cells, there are four types: totipotent (produces all somatic cells plus perinatal tissues), pluripotent (produces all somatic cells), multipotent (produces many types of cells), and unipotent (produces a particular type of cells). All non-totipotent stem cells can be used for cell therapy, depending on their potency and/or disease state/conditions. Adult fully differentiated cell is another cell type for cell therapy that is isolated from adult tissues or obtained following the differentiation of stem cells. The cells can then be transplanted back into the patient to replace damaged or malfunctioning cells, promote tissue repair, or enhance the targeted organ's overall function. With increasing science and knowledge in biology and medicine, different types of techniques have been developed to obtain efficient cells to use for therapeutic approaches. In this study, the potential and opportunity of use of all cell types, both stem cells and fully differentiated cells, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pirsadeghi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Negar Namakkoobi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahtab Sharifzadeh Behzadi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hanieh Pourzinolabedin
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Askari
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; USERN Office, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Erfan Shahabinejad
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; USERN Office, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ghorbani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Asadi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Cancer and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Hosseini-Chegeni
- Cancer and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Yousefi-Ahmadipour
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Cancer and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Kamrani
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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8
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Cao TM, Chen D, Barnard GC, Shen A. Recombinant adeno-associated virus production evaluation in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:395-402. [PMID: 37902721 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The gene therapy field has advanced in recent years with five recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) based products winning Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. As the number of therapeutic applications and overall production demands for rAAV increase, it is valuable to evaluate rAAV production in different production cells. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been a robust host for biomolecule manufacturing for more than 35 years. However, there is no report to our knowledge describing the use of CHO cells for rAAV production. In this study, we examined the ability of CHO cells to produce rAAV using a transient plasmid transfection approach. Our results demonstrated that CHO is capable of producing rAAV with detectable viral fundamental components including viral RNAs, proteins, and rAAV viral particles. We identified the expression of cap proteins as one of the limiting factors for rAAV production in CHO cells. We therefore added an additional cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Cap plasmid to the CHO transfection. After increasing cap protein expression, we detected rAAV titers as high as 3 × 108 viral genomes for every 2 × 109 capsids in CHO cells using a quintuple transfection method (standard AAV2 Rep/Cap, helper, gene of interest plasmids, plus CMV-E1, and CMV-Cap plasmids) with comparable full particle percent (average 15%) to that of human embryo kidney (HEK)-derived rAAV. Our study provides a foundation for potential rAAV production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu M Cao
- Department of Cell Culture Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dayue Chen
- Department of Cell Therapy and Engineering Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavin C Barnard
- Department of Cell Culture Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amy Shen
- Department of Cell Culture Bioprocess Operations, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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Narayan G, Ronima K R, Agrawal A, Thummer RP. An Insight into Vital Genes Responsible for β-cell Formation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1450:1-27. [PMID: 37432546 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells, when disturbed, will result in diabetes mellitus. Replacement of dysfunctional or lost β-cells with fully functional ones can tackle the problem of β-cell generation in diabetes mellitus. Various pancreatic-specific genes are expressed during different stages of development, which have essential roles in pancreatogenesis and β-cell formation. These factors play a critical role in cellular-based studies like transdifferentiation or de-differentiation of somatic cells to multipotent or pluripotent stem cells and their differentiation into functional β-cells. This work gives an overview of crucial transcription factors expressed during various stages of pancreas development and their role in β-cell specification. In addition, it also provides a perspective on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ronima K R
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Akriti Agrawal
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Himuro M, Wakabayashi Y, Taguchi T, Katahira T, Suzuki L, Iida H, Ogihara T, Nishida Y, Sasaki S, Lynn FC, Hiraoka Y, Oshima S, Okamoto R, Fujitani Y, Watada H, Miyatsuka T. Novel time-resolved reporter mouse reveals spatial and transcriptional heterogeneity during alpha cell differentiation. Diabetologia 2024; 67:156-169. [PMID: 37870650 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06028-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-expressing pancreatic alpha cells have attracted much attention for their plasticity to transdifferentiate into insulin-producing beta cells; however, it remains unclear precisely when, and from where, alpha cells emerge and what regulates alpha cell fate. We therefore explored the spatial and transcriptional heterogeneity of alpha cell differentiation using a novel time-resolved reporter system. METHODS We established the mouse model, 'Gcg-Timer', in which newly generated alpha cells can be distinguished from more-differentiated cells by their fluorescence. Fluorescence imaging and transcriptome analysis were performed with Gcg-Timer mice during the embryonic and postnatal stages. RESULTS Fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry demonstrated that green fluorescence-dominant cells were present in Gcg-Timer mice at the embryonic and neonatal stages but not after 1 week of age, suggesting that alpha cell neogenesis occurs during embryogenesis and early neonatal stages under physiological conditions. Transcriptome analysis of Gcg-Timer embryos revealed that the mRNAs related to angiogenesis were enriched in newly generated alpha cells. Histological analysis revealed that some alpha cells arise close to the pancreatic ducts, whereas the others arise away from the ducts and adjacent to the blood vessels. Notably, when the glucagon signal was suppressed by genetic ablation or by chemicals, such as neutralising glucagon antibody, green-dominant cells emerged again in adult mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Novel time-resolved analysis with Gcg-Timer reporter mice uncovered spatiotemporal features of alpha cell neogenesis that will enhance our understanding of cellular identity and plasticity within the islets. DATA AVAILABILITY Raw and processed RNA sequencing data for this study has been deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE229090.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Himuro
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Wakabayashi
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Taguchi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takehiro Katahira
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Luka Suzuki
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iida
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogihara
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishida
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Sasaki
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuichi Hiraoka
- Laboratory of Genome Editing for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
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11
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Sepyani S, Momenzadeh S, Safabakhsh S, Nedaeinia R, Salehi R. Therapeutic approaches for Type 1 Diabetes: Promising cell-based approaches to achieve ultimate success. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:23-33. [PMID: 37977308 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by pancreatic β-cells destruction. Despite substantial advances in T1DM treatment, lifelong exogenous insulin administration is the mainstay of treatments, and constant control of glucose levels is still a challenge. Endogenous insulin production by replacing insulin-producing cells is an alternative, but the lack of suitable donors is accounted as one of the main obstacles to its widespread application. The research and trials overview demonstrates that endogenous production of insulin has started to go beyond the deceased-derived to stem cells-derived insulin-producing cells. Several protocols have been developed over the past couple of years for generating insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from various stem cell types and reprogramming fully differentiated cells. A straightforward and quick method for achieving this goal is to investigate and apply the β-cell specific transcription factors as a direct strategy for IPCs generation. In this review, we emphasize the significance of transcription factors in IPCs development from different non-beta cell sources, and pertinent research underlies the marked progress in the methods for generating insulin-producing cells and application for Type 1 Diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sepyani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Momenzadeh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saied Safabakhsh
- Micronesian Institute for Disease Prevention and Research, 736 Route 4, Suite 103, Sinajana, GU 96910, United States
| | - Reza Nedaeinia
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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12
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Tanday N, Tarasov AI, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Pancreatic islet cell plasticity: Pathogenic or therapeutically exploitable? Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:16-31. [PMID: 37845573 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of pancreatic islet endocrine cells is a tightly regulated process leading to the generation of distinct cell types harbouring different hormones in response to small changes in environmental stimuli. Cell differentiation is driven by transcription factors that are also critical for the maintenance of the mature islet cell phenotype. Alteration of the insulin-secreting β-cell transcription factor set by prolonged metabolic stress, associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity or pregnancy, results in the loss of β-cell identity through de- or transdifferentiation. Importantly, the glucose-lowering effects of approved and experimental antidiabetic agents, including glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics, novel peptides and small molecules, have been associated with preventing or reversing β-cell dedifferentiation or promoting the transdifferentiation of non-β-cells towards an insulin-positive β-cell-like phenotype. Therefore, we review the manifestations of islet cell plasticity in various experimental settings and discuss the physiological and therapeutic sides of this phenomenon, focusing on strategies for preventing β-cell loss or generating new β-cells in diabetes. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning islet cell plasticity is a prerequisite for more targeted therapies to help prevent β-cell decline in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Tanday
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
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13
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So WY, Liao Y, Liu WN, Rutter GA, Han W. Paired box 6 gene delivery preserves beta cells and improves islet transplantation efficacy. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17928. [PMID: 37933577 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic beta cells is the central feature of all forms of diabetes. Current therapies fail to halt the declined beta cell mass. Thus, strategies to preserve beta cells are imperatively needed. In this study, we identified paired box 6 (PAX6) as a critical regulator of beta cell survival. Under diabetic conditions, the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1, db/db mouse and human islets displayed dampened insulin and incretin signalings and reduced beta cell survival, which were alleviated by PAX6 overexpression. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated PAX6 overexpression in beta cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and db/db mice led to a sustained maintenance of glucose homeostasis. AAV-PAX6 transduction in human islets reduced islet graft loss and improved glycemic control after transplantation into immunodeficient diabetic mice. Our study highlights a previously unappreciated role for PAX6 in beta cell survival and raises the possibility that ex vivo PAX6 gene transfer into islets prior to transplantation might enhance islet graft function and transplantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yilie Liao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, Guangdong, 528400, China
- Center for Neurometabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Bioland Laboratories, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510530, China
| | - Wai Nam Liu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lee Kong Chian Imperial Medical School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Kang RB, Lee J, Varela M, Li Y, Rosselot C, Zhang T, Karakose E, Stewart AF, Scott DK, Garcia-Ocana A, Lu G. Human Pancreatic α-Cell Heterogeneity and Trajectory Inference Analysis Using Integrated Single Cell- and Single Nucleus-RNA Sequencing Platforms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.19.567715. [PMID: 38014078 PMCID: PMC10680843 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that pancreatic α-cells can transdifferentiate into β-cells, and that β-cells de-differentiate and are prone to acquire an α-cell phenotype in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the specific human α-cell and β-cell subtypes that are involved in α-to-β-cell and β-to-α-cell transitions are unknown. Here, we have integrated single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single nucleus RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) of isolated human islets and human islet grafts and provide additional insight into α-β cell fate switching. Using this approach, we make seven novel observations. 1) There are five different GCG -expressing human α-cell subclusters [α1, α2, α-β-transition 1 (AB-Tr1), α-β-transition 2 (AB-Tr2), and α-β (AB) cluster] with different transcriptome profiles in human islets from non-diabetic donors. 2) The AB subcluster displays multihormonal gene expression, inferred mostly from snRNA-seq data suggesting identification by pre-mRNA expression. 3) The α1, α2, AB-Tr1, and AB-Tr2 subclusters are enriched in genes specific for α-cell function while AB cells are enriched in genes related to pancreatic progenitor and β-cell pathways; 4) Trajectory inference analysis of extracted α- and β-cell clusters and RNA velocity/PAGA analysis suggests a bifurcate transition potential for AB towards both α- and β-cells. 5) Gene commonality analysis identifies ZNF385D, TRPM3, CASR, MEG3 and HDAC9 as signature for trajectories moving towards β-cells and SMOC1, PLCE1, PAPPA2, ZNF331, ALDH1A1, SLC30A8, BTG2, TM4SF4, NR4A1 and PSCK2 as signature for trajectories moving towards α-cells. 6) Remarkably, in contrast to the events in vitro , the AB subcluster is not identified in vivo in human islet grafts and trajectory inference analysis suggests only unidirectional transition from α-to-β-cells in vivo . 7) Analysis of scRNA-seq datasets from adult human T2D donor islets reveals a clear unidirectional transition from β-to-α-cells compatible with dedifferentiation or conversion into α-cells. Collectively, these studies show that snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq can be leveraged to identify transitions in the transcriptional status among human islet endocrine cell subpopulations in vitro , in vivo , in non-diabetes and in T2D. They reveal the potential gene signatures for common trajectories involved in interconversion between α- and β-cells and highlight the utility and power of studying single nuclear transcriptomes of human islets in vivo . Most importantly, they illustrate the importance of studying human islets in their natural in vivo setting.
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15
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McCarty SM, Clasby MC, Sexton JZ. Automated high-throughput, high-content 3D imaging of intact pancreatic islets. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2023; 28:316-324. [PMID: 37527729 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes poses a global health crisis affecting individuals across age groups and backgrounds, with a prevalence estimate of 700 million people worldwide by 2045. Current therapeutic strategies primarily rely on insulin therapy or hypoglycemic agents, which fail to address the root cause of the disease - the loss of pancreatic insulin-producing beta-cells. Therefore, bioassays that recapitulate intact islets are needed to enable drug discovery for beta-cell replenishment, protection from beta-cell loss, and islet-cell interactions. Standard cancer insulinoma beta-cell lines MIN6 and INS-1 have been used to interrogate beta-cell metabolic pathways and function but are not suitable for studying proliferative effects. Screening using primary human/rodent intact islets offers a higher level of physiological relevance to enhance diabetes drug discovery and development. However, the 3-dimensionality of intact islets have presented challenges in developing robust, high-throughput assays to detect beta-cell proliferative effects. Established methods rely on either dissociated islet cells plated in 2D monolayer cultures for imaging or reconstituted pseudo-islets formed in round bottom plates to achieve homogeneity. These approaches have significant limitations due to the islet cell dispersion process. To address these limitations, we have developed a robust, intact ex vivo pancreatic islet bioassay in 384-well format that is capable of detecting diabetes-relevant endpoints including beta-cell proliferation, chemoprotection, and islet spatial morphometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M McCarty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin C Clasby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Center for Drug Repurposing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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16
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Hirano M, Yamada Y. Reprogramming of pancreatic islet cells for regeneration and rejuvenation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 82:102099. [PMID: 37611379 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic β cell, which produces insulin, is a terminally differentiated cell type that divides rarely. Consequently, the regenerative ability of β cells is limited and irreversible diabetes occurs after severe loss of β-cell function. In view of such poor regenerative capacity, considerable research efforts have been made to promote the expansion of functional insulin-producing cells as a regenerative therapy for diabetes. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the robust expansion of functional mature islet cells both in vivo and ex vivo through MYCL-mediated reprogramming. We also describe the potential prospects for the application of reprogramming technologies to regenerative therapy and rejuvenation of islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitada Hirano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Ortega-Pineda L, Guilfoyle E, Rincon-Benavides MA, Anaparthi AL, Lemmerman LR, Cuellar-Gaviria TZ, Lawrence W, Buss JL, Deng B, Blackstone BN, Salazar-Puerta A, McComb DW, Powell H, Gallego-Perez D, Higuita-Castro N. Engineered extracellular vesicles from human skin cells induce pro-β-cell conversions in pancreatic ductal cells. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023; 3:2200173. [PMID: 38911285 PMCID: PMC11192446 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct nuclear reprogramming has the potential to enable the development of β cell replacement therapies for diabetes that do not require the use of progenitor/stem cell populations. However, despite their promise, current approaches to β cell-directed reprogramming rely heavily on the use of viral vectors. Here we explored the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) as novel non-viral carriers of endocrine cell-patterning transcription factors, to transfect and transdifferentiate pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDCs) into hormone-expressing cells. Electrotransfection of HDFs with expression plasmids for Pdx1, Ngn3, and MafA (PNM) led to the release of EVs loaded with PNM at the gene, mRNA, and protein level. Exposing PDC cultures to PNM-loaded EVs led to successful transfection and increased PNM expression in PDCs, which ultimately resulted in endocrine cell-directed conversions based on the expression of insulin/c-peptide, glucagon, and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2). These findings were further corroborated in vivo in a mouse model following intraductal injection of PNM- vs sham-loaded EVs. Collectively these findings suggest that dermal fibroblast-derived EVs could potentially serve as a powerful platform technology for the development and deployment of non-viral reprogramming-based cell therapies for insulin-dependent diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Guilfoyle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Luke R. Lemmerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - William Lawrence
- Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jill L Buss
- Department of Hematology and the Bloomfield Center for Leukemia Outcomes Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Binbin Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Britani N. Blackstone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Ana Salazar-Puerta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - David W. McComb
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Heather Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Shriners Hospitals-Ohio, Dayton, OH 45404, USA
| | - Daniel Gallego-Perez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Surgery, -The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Natalia Higuita-Castro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Surgery, -The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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18
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Sun B, Wu W, Narasipura EA, Ma Y, Yu C, Fenton OS, Song H. Engineering nanoparticle toolkits for mRNA delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115042. [PMID: 37536506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of using mRNA to produce its own medicine in situ in the body makes it an ideal drug candidate, holding great potential to revolutionize the way we approach medicine. The unique characteristics of mRNA, as well as its customizable biomedical functions, call for the rational design of delivery systems to protect and transport mRNA molecules. In this review, a nanoparticle toolkit is presented for the development of mRNA-based therapeutics from a drug delivery perspective. Nano-delivery systems derived from either natural systems or chemical synthesis, in the nature of organic or inorganic materials, are summarised. Delivery strategies in controlling the tissue targeting and mRNA release, as well as the role of nanoparticles in building and boosting the activity of mRNA drugs, have also been introduced. In the end, our insights into the clinical and translational development of mRNA nano-drugs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weixi Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eshan A Narasipura
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yutian Ma
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Owen S Fenton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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19
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de Koning EJP, Carlotti F. Human stomach tissue as alternative source of insulin-producing cells. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:503-504. [PMID: 37386156 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Transplantation Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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20
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Wang F, Li R, Zhang L, Nie X, Wang L, Chen L. Cell Transdifferentiation: A Challenging Strategy with Great Potential. Cell Reprogram 2023; 25:154-161. [PMID: 37471050 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2023.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With the discovery and development of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and induced pluripotent stem cells, cell transdifferentiation research has presented unique advantages and stimulated a heated discussion worldwide. Cell transdifferentiation is a phenomenon by which a cell changes its lineage and acquires the phenotype of other cell types when exposed to certain conditions. Indeed, many adult stem cells and differentiated cells were reported to change their phenotype and transform into other lineages. This article reviews the differentiation of stem cells and classification of transdifferentiation, as well as the advantages, challenges, and prospects of cell transdifferentiation. This review discusses new research directions and the main challenges in the use of transdifferentiation in human cells and molecular replacement therapy. Overall, such knowledge is expected to provide a deep understanding of cell fate and regulation, which can change through differentiation, dedifferentiation, and transdifferentiation, with multiple applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Runting Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
| | - Limeng Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
| | - Xiaoning Nie
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
| | - Linqing Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
| | - Longxin Chen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou China
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21
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Ingrosso DMF, Quarta MT, Quarta A, Chiarelli F. Prevention of Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Worthy Challenge? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5962. [PMID: 37297566 PMCID: PMC10252671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of new immuno-therapeutic drugs has made it possible to alter the course of many autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease with a progressive dependence on exogenous insulin administration. The ability to intercept individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes is the first step toward the development of therapies that can delay the process of β-cell destruction, thus permitting a better glycemic control and reducing the incidence of ketoacidosis. The knowledge of the main pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the three stages of the disease may be helpful to identify the best immune therapeutic approach. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the most important clinical trials conducted during the primary, secondary and tertiary phases of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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22
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Song SH, Han D, Park K, Um JE, Kim S, Ku M, Yang J, Yoo TH, Yook JI, Kim NH, Kim HS. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 attenuates pancreatic damage under diabetic conditions and prevents progression to diabetic nephropathy via inhibition of ferroptosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1172199. [PMID: 37293506 PMCID: PMC10244744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1172199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 30% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy, a representative microvascular complication. Although the etiological mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, renal tubular damage by hyperglycemia-induced expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is known to be involved. Recently, a new type of cell death by iron metabolism called ferroptosis was reported to be involved in kidney damage in animal models of diabetic nephropathy, which could be induced by TGF-β. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) is a well-known antagonist of TGF-β inhibiting TGF-β-induced fibrosis in many organs. Further, BMP7 has been reported to play a role in the regeneration of pancreatic beta cells in diabetic animal models. Methods We used protein transduction domain (PTD)-fused BMP7 in micelles (mPTD-BMP7) for long-lasting in vivo effects and effective in vitro transduction and secretion. Results mPTD-BMP7 successfully accelerated the regeneration of diabetic pancreas and impeded progression to diabetic nephropathy. With the administration of mPTD-BMP7, clinical parameters and representative markers of pancreatic damage were alleviated in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. It not only inhibited the downstream genes of TGF-β but also attenuated ferroptosis in the kidney of the diabetic mouse and TGF-β-stimulated rat kidney tubular cells. Conclusion BMP7 impedes the progression of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the canonical TGF-β pathway, attenuating ferroptosis, and helping regenerate diabetic pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Song
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawool Han
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeonghui Park
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Eun Um
- R&D Center, MET Life Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Kim
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- R&D Center, MET Life Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Systems Molecular Radiological Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sil Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Liu G, Li Y, Li M, Li S, He Q, Liu S, Su Q, Chen X, Xu M, Zhang ZN, Shao Z, Li W. Charting a high-resolution roadmap for regeneration of pancreatic β cells by in vivo transdifferentiation from adult acinar cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2183. [PMID: 37224239 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammals have limited capacity to regenerate functional cells. Promisingly, in vivo transdifferentiation heralds the possibility of regeneration by lineage reprogramming from other fully differentiated cells. However, the process of regeneration by in vivo transdifferentiation in mammals is poorly understood. Using pancreatic β cell regeneration as a paradigm, we performed a single-cell transcriptomic study of in vivo transdifferentiation from adult mouse acinar cells to induced β cells. Using unsupervised clustering analysis and lineage trajectory construction, we uncovered that the cell fate remodeling trajectory was linear at the initial stage and the reprogrammed cells either evolved to induced β cells or toward a "dead-end" state after day 4.Moreover, functional analyses identified both p53 and Dnmt3a that acted as reprogramming barriers during the process of in vivo transdifferentiation. Collectively, we decipher a high-resolution roadmap of regeneration by in vivo transdifferentiation and provide a detailed molecular blueprint to facilitate mammalian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Yana Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mushan Li
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sheng Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Qing He
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Qiang Su
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Xiangyi Chen
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Minglu Xu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
| | - Zhen Shao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weida Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao 266073, China
- Reg-Verse Therapeutics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China
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24
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Guo P, Zhang T, Lu A, Shiota C, Huard M, Whitney KE, Huard J. Specific reprogramming of alpha cells to insulin-producing cells by short glucagon promoter-driven Pdx1 and MafA. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:355-365. [PMID: 36879848 PMCID: PMC9984919 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous reprogramming of pancreas-derived non-beta cells into insulin-producing cells is a promising approach to treat type 1 diabetes (T1D). One strategy that has yet to be explored is the specific delivery of insulin-producing essential genes, Pdx1 and MafA, to pancreatic alpha cells to reprogram the cells into insulin-producing cells in an adult pancreas. In this study, we used an alpha cell-specific glucagon (GCG) promoter to drive Pdx1 and MafA transcription factors to reprogram alpha cells to insulin-producing cells in chemically induced and autoimmune diabetic mice. Our results showed that a combination of a short glucagon-specific promoter with AAV serotype 8 (AAV8) can be used to successfully deliver Pdx1 and MafA to pancreatic alpha cells in the mouse pancreas. Pdx1 and MafA expression specifically in alpha cells were also able to correct hyperglycemia in both induced and autoimmune diabetic mice. With this technology, targeted gene specificity and reprogramming were accomplished with an alpha-specific promotor combined with an AAV-specific serotype and provide an initial basis to develop a novel therapy for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Aiping Lu
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthieu Huard
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Whitney
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Center for Regenerative & Personalized Medicine, Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO 81657, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
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25
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Cell Replacement Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Patients: Potential Mechanisms Leading to Stem-Cell-Derived Pancreatic β-Cell Loss upon Transplant. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050698. [PMID: 36899834 PMCID: PMC10000642 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy using stem-cell-derived insulin-producing β-like cells (sBCs) has been proposed as a practical cure for patients with type one diabetes (T1D). sBCs can correct diabetes in preclinical animal models, demonstrating the promise of this stem cell-based approach. However, in vivo studies have demonstrated that most sBCs, similarly to cadaveric human islets, are lost upon transplantation due to ischemia and other unknown mechanisms. Hence, there is a critical knowledge gap in the current field concerning the fate of sBCs upon engraftment. Here we review, discuss effects, and propose additional potential mechanisms that could contribute toward β-cell loss in vivo. We summarize and highlight some of the literature on phenotypic loss in β-cells under both steady, stressed, and diseased diabetic conditions. Specifically, we focus on β-cell death, dedifferentiation into progenitors, trans-differentiation into other hormone-expressing cells, and/or interconversion into less functional β-cell subtypes as potential mechanisms. While current cell replacement therapy efforts employing sBCs carry great promise as an abundant cell source, addressing the somewhat neglected aspect of β-cell loss in vivo will further accelerate sBC transplantation as a promising therapeutic modality that could significantly enhance the life quality of T1D patients.
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26
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Melamed JR, Yerneni SS, Arral ML, LoPresti ST, Chaudhary N, Sehrawat A, Muramatsu H, Alameh MG, Pardi N, Weissman D, Gittes GK, Whitehead KA. Ionizable lipid nanoparticles deliver mRNA to pancreatic β cells via macrophage-mediated gene transfer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1444. [PMID: 36706177 PMCID: PMC9882987 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery to organs outside the liver, spleen, and lungs remains challenging. To overcome this issue, we hypothesized that altering nanoparticle chemistry and administration routes may enable mRNA-induced protein expression outside of the reticuloendothelial system. Here, we describe a strategy for delivering mRNA potently and specifically to the pancreas using lipid nanoparticles. Our results show that delivering lipid nanoparticles containing cationic helper lipids by intraperitoneal administration produces robust and specific protein expression in the pancreas. Most resultant protein expression occurred within insulin-producing β cells. Last, we found that pancreatic mRNA delivery was dependent on horizontal gene transfer by peritoneal macrophage exosome secretion, an underappreciated mechanism that influences the delivery of mRNA lipid nanoparticles. We anticipate that this strategy will enable gene therapies for intractable pancreatic diseases such as diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Mariah L. Arral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samuel T. LoPresti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Namit Chaudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Anuradha Sehrawat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George K. Gittes
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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27
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Narayan G, Ronima K R, Thummer RP. Direct Reprogramming of Somatic Cells into Induced β-Cells: An Overview. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:171-189. [PMID: 36515866 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent shortage of insulin-producing islet mass or β-cells for transplantation in the ever-growing diabetic population worldwide is a matter of concern. To date, permanent cure to this medical complication is not available and soon after the establishment of lineage-specific reprogramming, direct β-cell reprogramming became a viable alternative for β-cell regeneration. Direct reprogramming is a straightforward and powerful technique that can provide an unlimited supply of cells by transdifferentiating terminally differentiated cells toward the desired cell type. This approach has been extensively used by multiple groups to reprogram non-β-cells toward insulin-producing β-cells. The β-cell identity has been achieved by various studies via ectopic expression of one or more pancreatic-specific transcription factors in somatic cells, bypassing the pluripotent state. This work highlights the importance of the direct reprogramming approaches (both integrative and non-integrative) in generating autologous β-cells for various applications. An in-depth understanding of the strategies and cell sources could prove beneficial for the efficient generation of integration-free functional insulin-producing β-cells for diabetic patients lacking endogenous β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Narayan
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ronima K R
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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28
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Đorđević M, Stepper P, Feuerstein-Akgoz C, Gerhauser C, Paunović V, Tolić A, Rajić J, Dinić S, Uskoković A, Grdović N, Mihailović M, Jurkowska RZ, Jurkowski TP, Jovanović JA, Vidaković M. EpiCRISPR targeted methylation of Arx gene initiates transient switch of mouse pancreatic alpha to insulin-producing cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1134478. [PMID: 37008919 PMCID: PMC10063207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1134478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beta cell dysfunction by loss of beta cell identity, dedifferentiation, and the presence of polyhormonal cells are main characteristics of diabetes. The straightforward strategy for curing diabetes implies reestablishment of pancreatic beta cell function by beta cell replacement therapy. Aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) gene encodes protein which plays an important role in the development of pancreatic alpha cells and is a main target for changing alpha cell identity. RESULTS In this study we used CRISPR/dCas9-based epigenetic tools for targeted hypermethylation of Arx gene promoter and its subsequent suppression in mouse pancreatic αTC1-6 cell line. Bisulfite sequencing and methylation profiling revealed that the dCas9-Dnmt3a3L-KRAB single chain fusion constructs (EpiCRISPR) was the most efficient. Epigenetic silencing of Arx expression was accompanied by an increase in transcription of the insulin gene (Ins2) mRNA on 5th and 7th post-transfection day, quantified by both RT-qPCR and RNA-seq. Insulin production and secretion was determined by immunocytochemistry and ELISA assay, respectively. Eventually, we were able to induce switch of approximately 1% of transiently transfected cells which were able to produce 35% more insulin than Mock transfected alpha cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we successfully triggered a direct, transient switch of pancreatic alpha to insulin-producing cells opening a future research on promising therapeutic avenue for diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Đorđević
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Stepper
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clarissa Feuerstein-Akgoz
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Gerhauser
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verica Paunović
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anja Tolić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Rajić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Dinić
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Uskoković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Grdović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Mihailović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tomasz P. Jurkowski
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Tomasz P. Jurkowski, ; Jelena Arambašić Jovanović, ; Melita Vidaković,
| | - Jelena Arambašić Jovanović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Tomasz P. Jurkowski, ; Jelena Arambašić Jovanović, ; Melita Vidaković,
| | - Melita Vidaković
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Tomasz P. Jurkowski, ; Jelena Arambašić Jovanović, ; Melita Vidaković,
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Abstract
The islets of Langerhans are highly organized structures that have species-specific, three-dimensional tissue architecture. Islet architecture is critical for proper hormone secretion in response to nutritional stimuli. Islet architecture is disrupted in all types of diabetes mellitus and in cadaveric islets for transplantation during isolation, culture, and perfusion, limiting patient outcomes. Moreover, recapitulating native islet architecture remains a key challenge for in vitro generation of islets from stem cells. In this review, we discuss work that has led to the current understanding of determinants of pancreatic islet architecture, and how this architecture is maintained or disrupted during tissue remodeling in response to normal and pathological metabolic changes. We further discuss both empirical and modeling data that highlight the importance of islet architecture for islet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Adams
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barak Blum
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- CONTACT Barak Blum Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53705, USA
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30
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Ebrahim N, Shakirova K, Dashinimaev E. PDX1 is the cornerstone of pancreatic β-cell functions and identity. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1091757. [PMID: 36589234 PMCID: PMC9798421 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1091757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has been a worldwide healthcare problem for many years. Current methods of treating diabetes are still largely directed at symptoms, aiming to control the manifestations of the pathology. This creates an overall need to find alternative measures that can impact on the causes of the disease, reverse diabetes, or make it more manageable. Understanding the role of key players in the pathogenesis of diabetes and the related β-cell functions is of great importance in combating diabetes. PDX1 is a master regulator in pancreas organogenesis, the maturation and identity preservation of β-cells, and of their role in normal insulin function. Mutations in the PDX1 gene are correlated with many pancreatic dysfunctions, including pancreatic agenesis (homozygous mutation) and MODY4 (heterozygous mutation), while in other types of diabetes, PDX1 expression is reduced. Therefore, alternative approaches to treat diabetes largely depend on knowledge of PDX1 regulation, its interaction with other transcription factors, and its role in obtaining β-cells through differentiation and transdifferentiation protocols. In this article, we review the basic functions of PDX1 and its regulation by genetic and epigenetic factors. Lastly, we summarize different variations of the differentiation protocols used to obtain β-cells from alternative cell sources, using PDX1 alone or in combination with various transcription factors and modified culture conditions. This review shows the unique position of PDX1 as a potential target in the genetic and cellular treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ebrahim
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ksenia Shakirova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erdem Dashinimaev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russia,*Correspondence: Erdem Dashinimaev,
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31
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Wakabayashi Y, Miyatsuka T, Miura M, Himuro M, Taguchi T, Iida H, Nishida Y, Fujitani Y, Watada H. STAT3 suppression and β-cell ablation enhance α-to-β reprogramming mediated by Pdx1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21419. [PMID: 36496541 PMCID: PMC9741642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As diabetes results from the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, possible methods to efficiently generate surrogate β cells have attracted a lot of efforts. To date, insulin-producing cells have been generated from various differentiated cell types in the pancreas, such as acinar cells and α cells, by inducing defined transcription factors, such as PDX1 and MAFA, yet it is still challenging as to how surrogate β cells can be efficiently generated for establishing future regenerative therapies for diabetes. In this study, we demonstrated that the exogenous expression of PDX1 activated STAT3 in α cells in vitro, and STAT3-null PDX1-expressing α cells in vivo resulted in efficient induction of α-to-β reprogramming, accompanied by the emergence of α-cell-derived insulin-producing cells with silenced glucagon expression. Whereas β-cell ablation by alloxan administration significantly increased the number of α-cell-derived insulin-producing cells by PDX1, STAT3 suppression resulted in no further increase in β-cell neogenesis after β-cell ablation. Thus, STAT3 modulation and β-cell ablation nonadditively enhance α-to-β reprogramming induced by PDX1, which may lead to the establishment of cell therapies for curing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Wakabayashi
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyatsuka
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Masaki Miura
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miwa Himuro
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Taguchi
- grid.410786.c0000 0000 9206 2938Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iida
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishida
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- grid.256642.10000 0000 9269 4097Laboratory of Developmental Biology & Metabolism, Institute for Molecular & Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Center for Identification of Diabetic Therapeutic Targets, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Moriyama H, Moriyama M, Ozawa T, Tsuruta D, Hayakawa T. Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Cells with A Single Tet-Off Lentiviral Vector System. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:705-714. [PMID: 36527342 PMCID: PMC9790068 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.557533.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hASC) constitute an attractive source of stem cells for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering as they are easy to acquire from lipoaspirate, expansion, and genetic modification ex vivo. The combination of Pdx-1, MafA, and NeuroD1 has been indicated to possess the ability to reprogram various types of cells into insulin-producing cells. The aim of this study is to investigate whether MafA and NeuroD1 would cooperate with Pdx-1 in the differentiation of hASC into insulin-producing cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, we generated polycistronic expression vectors expressing Pdx1 and MafA/NeuroD1 with a reporter from a human EF-1α promoter using 2A peptides in a single tet-off lentiviral vector system. Briefly, hASC were transduced with the lentiviral vectors and allowed to differentiate into insulin-producing cells in vitro and in vivo. Thereafter, RNA expression, dithizone staining, and immunofluorescent analysis were conducted. RESULTS Cleaved transcriptional factors from a single tet-off lentiviral vector were functionally equivalent to their native proteins and strictly regulated by doxycycline (Dox). Insulin gene expression in hASC transduced with Pdx1, Pdx1/ MafA, and Pdx1/NeuroD1 in differentiation medium were successfully increased by 1.89 ± 0.39, 4.81 ± 0.98, 5.51 ± 0.63, respectively, compared to venus-transduced, control hASC. These cells could form dithizone-positive cell clusters in vitro and were found to express insulin in vivo. CONCLUSION Using our single tet-off lentiviral vector system, Pdx-1 and MafA/NeuroD1 could be simultaneously expressed in the absence of Dox. Further, this system allowed the differentiation of hASC into insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Moriyama
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan,Pharmaceutical Research and Technology InstituteKindai University3-4-1 KowakaeHigashi-OsakaOsaka 577-8502Japan
| | - Mariko Moriyama
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolita University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-Ku,
Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolita University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-Ku,
Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takao Hayakawa
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Institute, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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33
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Xu L, Jois S, Cui H. Metformin and Gegen Qinlian Decoction boost islet α-cell proliferation of the STZ induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:193. [PMID: 35858880 PMCID: PMC9301855 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Chinese medicine Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), as well as metformin, had been reported with anti-diabetic effects in clinical practice. Objective To verify whether these two medicines effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia caused by deficiency of islet β-cell mass which occurs in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods SD rats were injected with a single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg) to induce β-cell destruction. The rats were then divided into control, diabetes, GQD and metformin group. GQD and metformin groups were administered with GQD extract or metformin for 6 weeks. The islet α-cell or β-cell mass changes were tested by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. The potential targets and mechanisms of GQD and metformin on cell proliferation were tested using in silico network pharmacology. Real-time PCR was performed to test the expression of islet cells related genes and targets related genes. Results Both GQD and metformin did not significantly reduce the FBG level caused by β-cell mass reduction, but alleviated liver and pancreas histopathology. Both GQD and metformin did not change the insulin positive cell mass but increased α-cell proliferation of the diabetic rats. Gene expression analysis showed that GQD and metformin significantly increased the targets gene cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and insulin receptor substrate (Irs1) level. Conclusion This research indicates that GQD and metformin significantly increased the α-cell proliferation of β-cell deficiency induced diabetic rats by restoring Cdk4 and Irs1 gene expression.
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PDX-1: A Promising Therapeutic Target to Reverse Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121785. [PMID: 36551213 PMCID: PMC9775243 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic duodenum homeobox-1 (PDX-1) is a transcription factor encoded by a Hox-like homeodomain gene that plays a crucial role in pancreatic development, β-cell differentiation, and the maintenance of mature β-cell functions. Research on the relationship between PDX-1 and diabetes has gained much attention because of the increasing prevalence of diabetes melitus (DM). Recent studies have shown that the overexpression of PDX-1 regulates pancreatic development and promotes β-cell differentiation and insulin secretion. It also plays a vital role in cell remodeling, gene editing, and drug development. Conversely, the absence of PDX-1 increases susceptibility to DM. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the role of PDX-1 in pancreatic development and the pathogenesis of DM. A better understanding of PDX-1 will deepen our knowledge of the pathophysiology of DM and provide a scientific basis for exploring PDX-1 as a potential target for treating diabetes.
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35
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Challenges with Cell-based Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 19:601-624. [PMID: 36434300 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, lifelong metabolic disease. It is characterised by the autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells in the islets of Langerhans (β-islets), resulting in disrupted glucose homeostasis. Administration of exogenous insulin is the most common management method for T1D, but this requires lifelong reliance on insulin injections and invasive blood glucose monitoring. Replacement therapies with beta cells are being developed as an advanced curative treatment for T1D. Unfortunately, this approach is limited by the lack of donated pancreatic tissue, the difficulties in beta cell isolation and viability maintenance, the longevity of the transplanted cells in vivo, and consequently high costs. Emerging approaches to address these limitations are under intensive investigations, including the production of insulin-producing beta cells from various stem cells, and the development of bioengineered devices including nanotechnologies for improving islet transplantation efficacy without the need for recipients taking toxic anti-rejection drugs. These emerging approaches present promising prospects, while the challenges with the new techniques need to be tackled for ultimately clinical treatment of T1D. This review discussed the benefits and limitations of the cell-based therapies for beta cell replacement as potential curative treatment for T1D, and the applications of bioengineered devices including nanotechnology to overcome the challenges associated with beta cell transplantation.
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36
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Goode RA, Hum JM, Kalwat MA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Proliferation, Regeneration, and Replacement. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6836713. [PMID: 36412119 PMCID: PMC9923807 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic islet β-cells or a loss of β-cells themselves. Restoration of regulated insulin production is a predominant goal of translational diabetes research. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the fields of β-cell proliferation, regeneration, and replacement. The discovery of therapeutic targets and associated small molecules has been enabled by improved understanding of β-cell development and cell cycle regulation, as well as advanced high-throughput screening methodologies. Important findings in β-cell transdifferentiation, neogenesis, and stem cell differentiation have nucleated multiple promising therapeutic strategies. In particular, clinical trials are underway using in vitro-generated β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Significant challenges remain for each of these strategies, but continued support for efforts in these research areas will be critical for the generation of distinct diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Goode
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Kalwat
- Correspondence: Michael A. Kalwat, PhD, Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1210 Waterway Blvd, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. or
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37
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Gene Delivery of Manf to Beta-Cells of the Pancreatic Islets Protects NOD Mice from Type 1 Diabetes Development. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101493. [PMID: 36291702 PMCID: PMC9599570 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, dysfunctional glucose regulation occurs due to the death of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets. Initiation of this process is caused by the inheritance of an adaptive immune system that is predisposed to responding to beta-cell antigens, most notably to insulin itself, coupled with unknown environmental insults priming the autoimmune reaction. While autoimmunity is a primary driver in beta-cell death, there is growing evidence that cellular stress participates in the loss of beta-cells. In the beta-cell fragility model, partial loss of islet mass requires compensatory upregulation of insulin production in the remaining islets, driving a cellular stress capable of triggering apoptosis in the remaining cells. The Glis3-Manf axis has been identified as being pivotal to the relative fragility or robustness of stressed islets, potentially operating in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Here, we have used an AAV-based gene delivery system to enhance the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Manf in the beta-cells of NOD mice. Gene delivery substantially lowered the rate of diabetes development in treated mice. Manf-treated mice demonstrated minimal insulitis and superior preservation of insulin production. Our results demonstrating the therapeutic potential of Manf delivery to enhance beta-cell robustness and avert clinical diabetes.
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38
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Colarusso JL, Zhou Q. Direct Reprogramming of Different Cell Lineages into Pancreatic β-Like Cells. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:252-258. [PMID: 35838597 PMCID: PMC9634980 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One major goal of regenerative medicine is the production of pancreatic endocrine islets to treat insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Among the different methods developed to achieve this goal, a particularly promising approach is direct lineage reprogramming, in which non-β-cells are directly converted to glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting β-like cells. Efforts by different research groups have led to critical insights in the inducing factors necessary and types of somatic tissues suitable for direct conversion to β-like cells. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying direct cell fate conversion. Significant challenges also remain in translating discoveries into therapeutics that will eventually benefit diabetic patients. This review aims to cover the advances made in the direct reprogramming of somatic cells into β-like cells and discuss the remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Colarusso
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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39
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Reprogramming—Evolving Path to Functional Surrogate β-Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182813. [PMID: 36139388 PMCID: PMC9496933 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cell sources are being explored to replenish functional β-cell mass since the proof-of -concept for cell therapy of diabetes was laid down by transplantation of islets. Many of these cell sources have been shown to possess a degree of plasticity permitting differentiation along new lineages into insulin-secreting β-cells. In this review, we explore emerging reprograming pathways that aim to generate bone fide insulin producing cells. We focus on small molecules and key transcriptional regulators that orchestrate phenotypic conversion and maintenance of engineered cells.
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40
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Pancreatic Transdifferentiation Using β-Cell Transcription Factors for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142145. [PMID: 35883588 PMCID: PMC9315695 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic illness in which the native beta (β)-cell population responsible for insulin release has been the subject of autoimmune destruction. This condition requires patients to frequently measure their blood glucose concentration and administer multiple daily exogenous insulin injections accordingly. Current treatments fail to effectively treat the disease without significant side effects, and this has led to the exploration of different approaches for its treatment. Gene therapy and the use of viral vectors has been explored extensively and has been successful in treating a range of diseases. The use of viral vectors to deliver β-cell transcription factors has been researched in the context of type 1 diabetes to induce the pancreatic transdifferentiation of cells to replace the β-cell population destroyed in patients. Studies have used various combinations of pancreatic and β-cell transcription factors in order to induce pancreatic transdifferentiation and have achieved varying levels of success. This review will outline why pancreatic transcription factors have been utilised and how their application can allow the development of insulin-producing cells from non β-cells and potentially act as a cure for type 1 diabetes.
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41
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Wang RR, Qiu X, Pan R, Fu H, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Chen H, Wu QQ, Pan X, Zhou Y, Shan P, Wang S, Guo G, Zheng M, Zhu L, Meng ZX. Dietary intervention preserves β cell function in mice through CTCF-mediated transcriptional reprogramming. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213256. [PMID: 35652891 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell plasticity is the primary determinant of disease progression and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the dynamic nature of β cell adaptation remains elusive. Here, we establish a mouse model exhibiting the compensation-to-decompensation adaptation of β cell function in response to increasing duration of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. Comprehensive islet functional and transcriptome analyses reveal a dynamic orchestration of transcriptional networks featuring temporal alteration of chromatin remodeling. Interestingly, prediabetic dietary intervention completely rescues β cell dysfunction, accompanied by a remarkable reversal of HFD-induced reprogramming of islet chromatin accessibility and transcriptome. Mechanistically, ATAC-based motif analysis identifies CTCF as the top candidate driving dietary intervention-induced preservation of β cell function. CTCF expression is markedly decreased in β cells from obese and diabetic mice and humans. Both dietary intervention and AAV-mediated restoration of CTCF expression ameliorate β cell dysfunction ex vivo and in vivo, through transducing the lipid toxicity and inflammatory signals to transcriptional reprogramming of genes critical for β cell glucose metabolism and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Ran Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ran Pan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongxing Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziyin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qintao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haide Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing-Qian Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanping Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengfei Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shusen Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,NHC Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guoji Guo
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Zhu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo-Xian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Chronic Disease Research Institute, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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42
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Zhang S, Plummer D, Lu L, Cui J, Xu W, Wang M, Liu X, Prabhakar N, Shrinet J, Srinivasan D, Fraser P, Li Y, Li J, Jin F. DeepLoop robustly maps chromatin interactions from sparse allele-resolved or single-cell Hi-C data at kilobase resolution. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1013-1025. [PMID: 35817982 PMCID: PMC10082397 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mapping chromatin loops from noisy Hi-C heatmaps remains a major challenge. Here we present DeepLoop, which performs rigorous bias correction followed by deep-learning-based signal enhancement for robust chromatin interaction mapping from low-depth Hi-C data. DeepLoop enables loop-resolution, single-cell Hi-C analysis. It also achieves a cross-platform convergence between different Hi-C protocols and micrococcal nuclease (micro-C). DeepLoop allowed us to map the genetic and epigenetic determinants of allele-specific chromatin interactions in the human genome. We nominate new loci with allele-specific interactions governed by imprinting or allelic DNA methylation. We also discovered that, in the inactivated X chromosome (Xi), local loops at the DXZ4 'megadomain' boundary escape X-inactivation but the FIRRE 'superloop' locus does not. Importantly, DeepLoop can pinpoint heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms and large structure variants that cause allelic chromatin loops, many of which rewire enhancers with transcription consequences. Taken together, DeepLoop expands the use of Hi-C to provide loop-resolution insights into the genetics of the three-dimensional genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Biomedical Sciences Training Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dylan Plummer
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leina Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wanying Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Biomedical Sciences Training Program, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nachiketh Prabhakar
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Divyaa Srinivasan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Peter Fraser
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Fulai Jin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Computer and Data Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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43
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Kuang J, Huang T, Pei D. The Art of Reprogramming for Regenerative Medicine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:927555. [PMID: 35846373 PMCID: PMC9280648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.927555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional pharmaceuticals in the forms of small chemical compounds or macromolecules such as proteins or RNAs have provided lifesaving solutions to many acute and chronic conditions to date. However, there are still many unmet medical needs, especially those of degenerative nature. The advent of cell-based therapy holds the promise to meet these challenges. In this review, we highlight a relatively new paradigm for generating or regenerating functional cells for replacement therapy against conditions such as type I diabetes, myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases and liver fibrosis. We focus on the latest progresses in cellular reprogramming for generating diverse functional cell types. We will also discuss the mechanisms involved and conclude with likely general principles underlying reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Kuang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Duanqing Pei,
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44
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Glucagon-receptor-antagonism-mediated β-cell regeneration as an effective anti-diabetic therapy. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110872. [PMID: 35649369 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a chronic disease with potentially severe complications, and β-cell deficiency underlies this disease. Despite active research, no therapy to date has been able to induce β-cell regeneration in humans. Here, we discover the β-cell regenerative effects of glucagon receptor antibody (anti-GcgR). Treatment with anti-GcgR in mouse models of β-cell deficiency leads to reversal of hyperglycemia, increase in plasma insulin levels, and restoration of β-cell mass. We demonstrate that both β-cell proliferation and α- to β-cell transdifferentiation contribute to anti-GcgR-induced β-cell regeneration. Interestingly, anti-GcgR-induced α-cell hyperplasia can be uncoupled from β-cell regeneration after antibody clearance from the body. Importantly, we are able to show that anti-GcgR-induced β-cell regeneration is also observed in non-human primates. Furthermore, anti-GcgR and anti-CD3 combination therapy reverses diabetes and increases β-cell mass in a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes.
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45
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Abstract
The pancreatic β-cells are essential for regulating glucose homeostasis through the coordinated release of the insulin hormone. Dysfunction of the highly specialized β-cells results in diabetes mellitus, a growing global health epidemic. In this review, we describe the development and function of β-cells the emerging concept of heterogeneity within insulin-producing cells, and the potential of other cell types to assume β-cell functionality via transdifferentiation. We also discuss emerging routes to design cells with minimal β-cell properties and human stem cell differentiation efforts that carry the promise to restore normoglycemia in patients suffering from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natanya Kerper
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Sudipta Ashe
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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46
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Ganji C, Farran B. Current clinical trials for epigenetic targets and therapeutic inhibitors for pancreatic cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1404-1410. [PMID: 34952224 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive disease characterized by high mortality. Diagnosis at advanced stage, resistance, and recurrence are major hurdles for PC therapy and contribute to poor survival rate. Mutations in tumor-promoting kinases and epigenetic dysregulation in tumor suppressor genes are hallmarks of PC and can be used for diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we highlight dysregulated genes associated with epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, involved in PC progression and resistance. We also explore epigenetic drugs currently in clinical trials. Combining epigenetic drugs and targeted therapies might represent a promising approach for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Batoul Farran
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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47
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Tran A, Yang P, Yang JYH, Ormerod JT. scREMOTE: Using multimodal single cell data to predict regulatory gene relationships and to build a computational cell reprogramming model. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac023. [PMID: 35300460 PMCID: PMC8923006 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell reprogramming offers a potential treatment to many diseases, by regenerating specialized somatic cells. Despite decades of research, discovering the transcription factors that promote cell reprogramming has largely been accomplished through trial and error, a time-consuming and costly method. A computational model for cell reprogramming, however, could guide the hypothesis formulation and experimental validation, to efficiently utilize time and resources. Current methods often cannot account for the heterogeneity observed in cell reprogramming, or they only make short-term predictions, without modelling the entire reprogramming process. Here, we present scREMOTE, a novel computational model for cell reprogramming that leverages single cell multiomics data, enabling a more holistic view of the regulatory mechanisms at cellular resolution. This is achieved by first identifying the regulatory potential of each transcription factor and gene to uncover regulatory relationships, then a regression model is built to estimate the effect of transcription factor perturbations. We show that scREMOTE successfully predicts the long-term effect of overexpressing two key transcription factors in hair follicle development by capturing higher-order gene regulations. Together, this demonstrates that integrating the multimodal processes governing gene regulation creates a more accurate model for cell reprogramming with significant potential to accelerate research in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Tran
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pengyi Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jean Y H Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
| | - John T Ormerod
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2006, Australia
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48
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Wei T, Wei R, Hong T. Regeneration of β cells from cell phenotype conversion among the pancreatic endocrine cells. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2022; 8:1-4. [PMID: 35620156 PMCID: PMC9128562 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Peking University Third Hospital Beijing 100191 China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Peking University Third Hospital Beijing 100191 China
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Peking University Third Hospital Beijing 100191 China
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49
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Transcriptional control of pancreatic β-cell identity and plasticity during the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:316-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Wendt A, Eliasson L. Pancreatic alpha cells and glucagon secretion: Novel functions and targets in glucose homeostasis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102199. [PMID: 35245797 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of dysregulation of both insulin and glucagon. Still, insulin has attracted much more attention than glucagon. Glucagon is released from alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low glucose and certain amino acids. Drugs with the primary aim of targeting glucagon signalling are scarce. However, glucagon is often administered to counteract severe hypoglycaemia, and commonly used diabetes medications such as GLP-1 analogues, sulfonylureas and SGLT2-inhibitors also affect alpha cells. Indeed, there are physiological and developmental similarities between the alpha cell and the insulin-secreting beta cell and new data confirm that alpha cells can be converted into insulin-secreting cells. These aspects and attributes, the need to find novel therapies targeting the alpha cell and more are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wendt
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden.
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