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Bourgeois S, Coenen S, Degroote L, Willems L, Van Mulders A, Pierreux J, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Staels W. Harnessing beta cell regeneration biology for diabetes therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00082-1. [PMID: 38644094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic scale of diabetes mellitus is alarming, its complications remain devastating, and current treatments still pose a major burden on those affected and on the healthcare system as a whole. As the disease emanates from the destruction or dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, a real cure requires their restoration and protection. An attractive strategy is to regenerate β-cells directly within the pancreas; however, while several approaches for β-cell regeneration have been proposed in the past, clinical translation has proven challenging. This review scrutinizes recent findings in β-cell regeneration and discusses their potential clinical implementation. Hereby, we aim to delineate a path for innovative, targeted therapies to help shift from 'caring for' to 'curing' diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Coenen
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Degroote
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Willems
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Pierreux
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium.
| | - Willem Staels
- Genetics, Reproduction, and Development (GRAD), Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Unit, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universiteit Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Ertveldt T, Meulewaeter S, De Vlaeminck Y, Olarte O, Broos K, Van Calenbergh S, Bourgeois S, Deprez J, Heremans Y, Goyvaerts C, Staels W, De Smedt S, Dewitte H, Devoogdt N, Keyaerts M, Verbeke R, Barbé K, Lentacker I, Breckpot K. Nanobody-mediated SPECT/CT imaging reveals the spatiotemporal expression of programmed death-ligand 1 in response to a CD8 + T cell and iNKT cell activating mRNA vaccine. Theranostics 2023; 13:5483-5500. [PMID: 37908728 PMCID: PMC10614673 DOI: 10.7150/thno.85106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although promising responses are obtained in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1), only a fraction of patients benefits from this immunotherapy. Cancer vaccination may be an effective approach to improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy. However, there is a lack of research on the dynamics of PD-L1 expression in response to cancer vaccination. Methods: We performed non-invasive whole-body imaging to visualize PD-L1 expression at different timepoints after vaccination of melanoma-bearing mice. Mice bearing ovalbumin (OVA) expressing B16 tumors were i.v. injected with the Galsome mRNA vaccine: OVA encoding mRNA lipoplexes co-encapsulating a low or a high dose of the atypical adjuvant α-galactosylceramide (αGC) to activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Serial non-invasive whole-body immune imaging was performed using a technetium-99m (99mTc)-labeled anti-PD-L1 nanobody, single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) images were quantified. Additionally, cellular expression of PD-L1 was evaluated with flow cytometry. Results: SPECT/CT-imaging showed a rapid and systemic upregulation of PD-L1 after vaccination. PD-L1 expression could not be correlated to the αGC-dose, although we observed a dose-dependent iNKT cell activation. Dynamics of PD-L1 expression were organ-dependent and most pronounced in lungs and liver, organs to which the vaccine was distributed. PD-L1 expression in lungs increased immediately after vaccination and gradually decreased over time, whereas in liver, vaccination-induced PD-L1 upregulation was short-lived. Flow cytometric analysis of these organs further showed myeloid cells as well as non-immune cells with elevated PD-L1 expression in response to vaccination. SPECT/CT imaging of the tumor demonstrated that the expression of PD-L1 remained stable over time and was overall not affected by vaccination although flow cytometric analysis at the cellular level demonstrated changes in PD-L1 expression in various immune cell populations following vaccination. Conclusion: Repeated non-invasive whole-body imaging using 99mTc-labeled anti-PD-L1 nanobodies allows to document the dynamic nature of PD-L1 expression upon vaccination. Galsome vaccination rapidly induced systemic upregulation of PD-L1 expression with the most pronounced upregulation in lungs and liver while flow cytometry analysis showed upregulation of PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment. This study shows that imaging using nanobodies may be useful for monitoring vaccine-mediated PD-L1 modulation in patients and could provide a rationale for combination therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that visualizes PD-L1 expression upon cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Meulewaeter
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oscar Olarte
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Broos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Bourgeois
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joke Deprez
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Visual and Spatial Tissue Analysis (VSTA) Core Facility, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- Medical Imaging department, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marleen Keyaerts
- Medical Imaging department, In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Nuclear Medicine Department, UZ Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rein Verbeke
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kurt Barbé
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ine Lentacker
- Ghent research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of Physical Pharmacy and General Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Gannoun L, De Schrevel C, Belle M, Dauguet N, Achouri Y, Loriot A, Vanderaa C, Cordi S, Dili A, Heremans Y, Rooman I, Leclercq IA, Jacquemin P, Gatto L, Lemaigre FP. Axon guidance genes control hepatic artery development. Development 2023; 150:dev201642. [PMID: 37497580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Earlier data on liver development demonstrated that morphogenesis of the bile duct, portal mesenchyme and hepatic artery is interdependent, yet how this interdependency is orchestrated remains unknown. Here, using 2D and 3D imaging, we first describe how portal mesenchymal cells become organised to form hepatic arteries. Next, we examined intercellular signalling active during portal area development and found that axon guidance genes are dynamically expressed in developing bile ducts and portal mesenchyme. Using tissue-specific gene inactivation in mice, we show that the repulsive guidance molecule BMP co-receptor A (RGMA)/neogenin (NEO1) receptor/ligand pair is dispensable for portal area development, but that deficient roundabout 2 (ROBO2)/SLIT2 signalling in the portal mesenchyme causes reduced maturation of the vascular smooth muscle cells that form the tunica media of the hepatic artery. This arterial anomaly does not impact liver function in homeostatic conditions, but is associated with significant tissular damage following partial hepatectomy. In conclusion, our work identifies new players in development of the liver vasculature in health and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Gannoun
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Catalina De Schrevel
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Department of Development, Rue Moreau 17, Paris 75012, France
| | - Nicolas Dauguet
- Flow cytometry CYTF platform, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Younes Achouri
- Transgene Technology Platform TRSG, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Belgium 1200
| | - Axelle Loriot
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Christophe Vanderaa
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Sabine Cordi
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Dili
- HPB Surgery Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Site Mont-Godinne, Avenue du Dr. Thérasse 1, Yvoir 5530, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Visual & Spatial Tissue Analysis (VSTA) core facility, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Patrick Jacquemin
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gatto
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Frédéric P Lemaigre
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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4
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Willems M, Olsen C, Caljon B, Heremans Y, Vloeberghs V, De schepper J, Tournaye H, Van Saen D, Goossens E. P-087 Transcriptomic differences between fibrotic and non-fibrotic testicular tissue reveal possible key players in Klinefelter syndrome-related testicular fibrosis. Hum Reprod 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac107.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
Which genes are differentially expressed between patients with and without testicular fibrosis?
Summary answer
This study revealed three X-related genes MXRA5, DCX and VC3BX, which may be involved in Klinefelter-related testicular fibrosis.
What is known already
Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47,XXY) affects 1-2 in 1000 males. Most KS men suffer from azoospermia due to a loss of spermatogonial stem cells. Additionally, testicular fibrosis is detected from puberty onwards. However, mechanisms responsible for fibrosis and germ cell loss remain unknown. Previous genomics studies on KS tissue focused on germ cell loss, however, differential gene expression analyses focused on testicular fibrosis have not been performed before.
This study aimed to identify factors involved in the fibrotic remodeling of KS testes by analyzing the transcriptome of (non-)fibrotic testicular tissue.
Study design, size, duration
Transcriptome analysis on extracted RNA from testicular biopsies was performed. RNA scope analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed as validation for the findings of the transcriptomics study.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
RNA sequencing was performed to compare the genetic profile of testicular biopsies from patients with (KS and testis atrophy) and without (Sertoli cell-only syndrome and fertile controls) testicular fibrosis (n = 5, each). Next, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between KS and testis atrophy samples were compared. To gain insight in potential functions of DEGs (significant when p < 0.01 and log2FC > 2), gene-ontology and KEGG analyses were performed. To validate the gene expression results, immunohistochemistry and RNA scope were performed.
Main results and the role of chance
A first transcriptomic analysis of fibrotic versus non-fibrotic testis tissue resulted in 734 significant DEGs (167 up- and 567 downregulated), of which 26 were X-linked. In the top upregulated biological functions, DEGs involved in the extracellular structure organization were found, including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1). KEGG analysis showed an upregulation of genes involved in the TGF-β pathway.
The second analysis of KS versus testis atrophy samples resulted in 539 significant DEGs (59 up- and 480 downregulated). One of the biological functions found though gene ontology analysis was the chronic inflammatory response. When looking at the overlap of DEGs on the X-chromosome from the first and second analysis, three genes were found: matrix-remodeling associated 5 (MXRA5), doublecortin (DCX) and variable charge X-Linked 3B (VCX3B).
Through validation by immunohistochemistry and RNA scope, an overexpression of VCAM1, MXRA5 and DCX was found within the fibrotic group compared to the non-fibrotic group.
Limitations, reasons for caution
The study included fresh testis tissue from adult KS patients, however these are quite scarce, resulting in a low number of included patients per group (n = 5).
Wider implications of the findings
This study revealed genes which may play a role in testicular fibrosis, including VCAM1. In addition, fibrotic genes on the X-chromosome were revealed: MXRA5, DCX and VCX3B. Up- or downregulation of these genes may prevent testicular fibrosis and thus enhance the chances at retrieving spermatozoa from KS patients.
Trial registration number
NA
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Affiliation(s)
- M Willems
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Biology of the testis , Brussel, Belgium
| | - C Olsen
- UZ Brussel, Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput core BRIGHTcore platform , Brussel, Belgium
| | - B Caljon
- UZ Brussel, Interuniversity Genomics High Throughput core BRIGHTcore platform , Brussel, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratory of Beta Cell Neogenesis , Brussel, Belgium
| | - V Vloeberghs
- UZ Brussel, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Brussel, Belgium
| | - J De schepper
- UZ Brussel, Department of Pediatrics- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology , Brussel, Belgium
| | - H Tournaye
- UZ Brussel, Centre for Reproductive Medicine , Brussel, Belgium
| | - D Van Saen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Biology of the testis , Brussel, Belgium
| | - E Goossens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Biology of the testis , Brussel, Belgium
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5
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Martens S, Coolens K, Van Bulck M, Arsenijevic T, Casamitjana J, Fernandez Ruiz A, El Kaoutari A, Martinez de Villareal J, Madhloum H, Esni F, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Heimberg H, Bouwens L, Jacquemin P, De Paep DL, In't Veld P, D'Haene N, Bouchart C, Dusetti N, Van Laethem JL, Waelput W, Lefesvre P, Real FX, Rovira M, Rooman I. Discovery and 3D imaging of a novel ΔNp63-expressing basal cell type in human pancreatic ducts with implications in disease. Gut 2021; 71:gutjnl-2020-322874. [PMID: 34330784 PMCID: PMC9484383 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aggressive basal-like molecular subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) harbours a ΔNp63 (p40) gene expression signature reminiscent of a basal cell type. Distinct from other epithelia with basal tumours, ΔNp63+ basal cells reportedly do not exist in the normal pancreas. DESIGN We evaluated ΔNp63 expression in human pancreas, chronic pancreatitis (CP) and PDAC. We further studied in depth the non-cancerous tissue and developed a three-dimensional (3D) imaging protocol (FLIP-IT, Fluorescence Light sheet microscopic Imaging of Paraffin-embedded or Intact Tissue) to study formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples at single cell resolution. Pertinent mouse models and HPDE cells were analysed. RESULTS In normal human pancreas, rare ΔNp63+ cells exist in ducts while their prevalence increases in CP and in a subset of PDAC. In non-cancer tissue, ΔNp63+ cells are atypical KRT19+ duct cells that overall lack SOX9 expression while they do express canonical basal markers and pertain to a niche of cells expressing gastrointestinal stem cell markers. 3D views show that the basal cells anchor on the basal membrane of normal medium to large ducts while in CP they exist in multilayer dome-like structures. In mice, ΔNp63 is not found in adult pancreas nor in selected models of CP or PDAC, but it is induced in organoids from larger Sox9low ducts. In HPDE, ΔNp63 supports a basal cell phenotype at the expense of a classical duct cell differentiation programme. CONCLUSION In larger human pancreatic ducts, basal cells exist. ΔNp63 suppresses duct cell identity. These cells may play an important role in pancreatic disease, including PDAC ontogeny, but are not present in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina Martens
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Katarina Coolens
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Mathias Van Bulck
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Tatjana Arsenijevic
- Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Hopital Erasme Service de Gastroenterologie d'Hepato-Pancreatologie et d'Oncologie Digestive, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joan Casamitjana
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Pancreas Regeneration: Pancreatic Progenitors and Their Niche Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, P-CMR[C], Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel Fernandez Ruiz
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Pancreas Regeneration: Pancreatic Progenitors and Their Niche Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, P-CMR[C], Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Abdessamad El Kaoutari
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille - CRCM, INSERM UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, France
- COMPO Unit, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Hediel Madhloum
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Farzad Esni
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yves Heremans
- Laboratory of Beta Cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Laboratory of Beta Cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Laboratory of Beta Cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Patrick Jacquemin
- Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Peter In't Veld
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Nicky D'Haene
- Department of Pathology, Hopital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christelle Bouchart
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, Jules Bordet Institute, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille - CRCM, INSERM UMR1068, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Van Laethem
- Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Hopital Erasme Service de Gastroenterologie d'Hepato-Pancreatologie et d'Oncologie Digestive, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Wim Waelput
- Department of Pathology, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Pierre Lefesvre
- Department of Pathology, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Department of Physiological Science, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Pancreas Regeneration: Pancreatic Progenitors and Their Niche Group, Regenerative Medicine Program, P-CMR[C], Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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6
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Bourgeois S, Sawatani T, Van Mulders A, De Leu N, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Cnop M, Staels W. Towards a Functional Cure for Diabetes Using Stem Cell-Derived Beta Cells: Are We There Yet? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010191. [PMID: 33477961 PMCID: PMC7835995 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a pandemic metabolic disorder that results from either the autoimmune destruction or the dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. A promising cure is beta cell replacement through the transplantation of islets of Langerhans. However, donor shortage hinders the widespread implementation of this therapy. Human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, represent an attractive alternative beta cell source for transplantation. Although major advances over the past two decades have led to the generation of stem cell-derived beta-like cells that share many features with genuine beta cells, producing fully mature beta cells remains challenging. Here, we review the current status of beta cell differentiation protocols and highlight specific challenges that are associated with producing mature beta cells. We address the challenges and opportunities that are offered by monogenic forms of diabetes. Finally, we discuss the remaining hurdles for clinical application of stem cell-derived beta cells and the status of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bourgeois
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Toshiaki Sawatani
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (T.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Annelore Van Mulders
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, 9300 Aalst, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (T.S.); (M.C.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.V.M.); (N.D.L.); (Y.H.); (H.H.)
- Service of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, KidZ Health Castle, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-0-24774473
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Assi MN, Lodewyckx JN, Achouri Y, Gérard C, Dauguet N, Houbracken I, Heremans Y, Tyteca D, Rooman I, Bouwens L, Lemaigre F, Jacquemin P. Abstract A07: Inflammation enables pancreatic acinar cells to overcome resistance to oncogenic Kras by increasing its expression and plasma membrane localization. Mol Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3125.ras18-a07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Kras mutations are not sufficient to induce precancerous lesions in the pancreas, unlike in other organs such as lungs. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) appear when mutated Kras is associated with pancreatitis. Since acinar cells are thought to be the cell origin of PanIN and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), our aim is to understand how acinar cells initially resist to Kras mutations and how pancreatitis enables mutated Kras to promote pancreatic neoplasia. Pancreatitis and associated inflammation were induced by injections of cerulein in tamoxifen-treated Elastase-CreER/LSLKrasG12D mice, in which mutated Kras expression is induced exclusively in acinar cells. RNAseq analysis on FACS-sorted acinar cells revealed that Kras expression and several cancer-associated pathways were rapidly induced in the presence of inflammation. In situ hybridization, RTqPCR, and Western blot (WB) experiments confirmed that Kras and/or KrasG12D mRNA and protein were significantly increased in acinar cells after cerulein treatment. To further explore the control of Kras expression, we generated a novel mouse model in which a citrine gene (a variant of GFP) is fused in frame with the endogenous Kras gene, allowing to detect Kras on tissue sections using a GFP antibody. We demonstrated by WB that the protein expression of Kras, KrasG12D and citrine-Kras fusion was similarly regulated in response to cerulein treatment, suggesting the involvement of the same regulatory elements on all three alleles. The ability of citrine-Kras fusion to bind GTP and translocate to the plasma membrane in acini was not altered compared to wild-type Kras protein. Little or no citrine-Kras was visualized in acinar cells of tamoxifen-treated Elastase-CreER/LSLKrasG12D/citrine-Kras mice. However, a 30-fold increase of citrine-Kras at the cell membrane of neoplastic lesions was detected after cerulein treatment. This indicates that inflammation is required for expression and plasma membrane targeting of Kras and KrasG12D in metaplastic acini. Importantly, protein expression of FT-α/β, Rce1 and ICMT, three enzymes necessary for Kras targeting to the membrane was greatly increased in murine acinar cells during pancreatitis. Basal FT-α/β, Rce1 and ICMT levels were found to be very low in normal mouse and human pancreata, compared to other organs, and their expression increased in primary mouse and human acini grown under conditions inducing the formation of preneoplastic lesions. In addition, computational analysis of a PDAC cohort (n=178) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed a positive correlation between expression of KrasG12D and its regulating enzymes. We conclude that Kras and KrasG12D are normally not present in acinar cells in vivo and that inflammation induces a coordinated program driving their expression and translocation to plasma membrane. Our findings provide a first clue to the long-standing observation that in several organs, Kras mutations, alone, are not sufficient to affect tissue homeostasis.
Citation Format: Mohamad Nabil Assi, Jean-Nicolas Lodewyckx, Younes Achouri, Claude Gérard, Nicolas Dauguet, Isabelle Houbracken, Yves Heremans, Donatienne Tyteca, Ilse Rooman, Luc Bouwens, Frédéric Lemaigre, Patrick Jacquemin. Inflammation enables pancreatic acinar cells to overcome resistance to oncogenic Kras by increasing its expression and plasma membrane localization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Nabil Assi
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
| | | | - Younes Achouri
- 2Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Transgenic Core Facility, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Claude Gérard
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Nicolas Dauguet
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Isabelle Houbracken
- 3Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Cell Differentiation Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Yves Heremans
- 4Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donatienne Tyteca
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Ilse Rooman
- 4Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- 3Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Cell Differentiation Laboratory, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Frédéric Lemaigre
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
| | - Patrick Jacquemin
- 1Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Brussels, Belgium,
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Abstract
Reciprocal signalling between the endothelium and the pancreatic epithelium is crucial for coordinated differentiation of the embryonic endocrine and exocrine pancreas. In the adult pancreas, islets depend on their dense capillary network to adequately respond to changes in plasma glucose levels. Vascular changes contribute to the onset and progression of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Impaired revascularisation of islets transplanted in individuals with type 1 diabetes is linked to islet graft failure and graft loss. This review summarises our understanding of the role of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and endothelial cells in beta cell development, physiology and disease. In addition, the therapeutic potential of modulating VEGF-A levels in beta and beta-like cells for transplantation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Paris, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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Baeyens L, Lemper M, Staels W, De Groef S, De Leu N, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H. (Re)generating Human Beta Cells: Status, Pitfalls, and Perspectives. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1143-1167. [PMID: 29717931 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus results from disturbed glucose homeostasis due to an absolute (type 1) or relative (type 2) deficiency of insulin, a peptide hormone almost exclusively produced by the beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in a tightly regulated manner. Current therapy only delays disease progression through insulin injection and/or oral medications that increase insulin secretion or sensitivity, decrease hepatic glucose production, or promote glucosuria. These drugs have turned diabetes into a chronic disease as they do not solve the underlying beta cell defects or entirely prevent the long-term complications of hyperglycemia. Beta cell replacement through islet transplantation is a more physiological therapeutic alternative but is severely hampered by donor shortage and immune rejection. A curative strategy should combine newer approaches to immunomodulation with beta cell replacement. Success of this approach depends on the development of practical methods for generating beta cells, either in vitro or in situ through beta cell replication or beta cell differentiation. This review provides an overview of human beta cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Baeyens
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Michael S German
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , San Francisco, California ; Genentech Safety Assessment, South San Francisco, California ; Investigative Toxicology, UCB BioPharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium ; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels , Belgium ; and Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
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Staels W, Verdonck Y, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, De Groef S, Heirman C, de Koning E, Gysemans C, Thielemans K, Baeyens L, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Vegf-A mRNA transfection as a novel approach to improve mouse and human islet graft revascularisation. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1804-1810. [PMID: 29789879 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The initial avascular period following islet transplantation seriously compromises graft function and survival. Enhancing graft revascularisation to improve engraftment has been attempted through virus-based delivery of angiogenic triggers, but risks associated with viral vectors have hampered clinical translation. In vitro transcribed mRNA transfection circumvents these risks and may be used for improving islet engraftment. METHODS Mouse and human pancreatic islet cells were transfected with mRNA encoding the angiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) before transplantation under the kidney capsule in mice. RESULTS At day 7 post transplantation, revascularisation of grafts transfected with Vegf-A (also known as Vegfa) mRNA was significantly higher compared with non-transfected or Gfp mRNA-transfected controls in mouse islet grafts (2.11- and 1.87-fold, respectively) (vessel area/graft area, mean ± SEM: 0.118 ± 0.01 [n = 3] in Vegf-A mRNA transfected group (VEGF) vs 0.056 ± 0.01 [n = 3] in no RNA [p < 0.05] vs 0.063 ± 0.02 [n = 4] in Gfp mRNA transfected group (GFP) [p < 0.05]); EndoC-bH3 grafts (2.85- and 2.48-fold. respectively) (0.085 ± 0.02 [n = 4] in VEGF vs 0.030 ± 0.004 [n = 4] in no RNA [p < 0.05] vs 0.034 ± 0.01 [n = 5] in GFP [p < 0.05]); and human islet grafts (3.17- and 3.80-fold, respectively) (0.048 ± 0.013 [n = 3] in VEGF vs 0.015 ± 0.0051 [n = 4] in no RNA [p < 0.01] vs 0.013 ± 0.0046 [n = 4] in GFP [p < 0.01]). At day 30 post transplantation, human islet grafts maintained a vascularisation benefit (1.70- and 1.82-fold, respectively) (0.049 ± 0.0042 [n = 8] in VEGF vs 0.029 ± 0.0052 [n = 5] in no RNA [p < 0.05] vs 0.027 ± 0.0056 [n = 4] in GFP [p < 0.05]) and a higher beta cell volume (1.64- and 2.26-fold, respectively) (0.0292 ± 0.0032 μl [n = 7] in VEGF vs 0.0178 ± 0.0021 μl [n = 5] in no RNA [p < 0.01] vs 0.0129 ± 0.0012 μl [n = 4] in GFP [p < 0.001]). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Vegf-A mRNA transfection before transplantation provides a promising and safe strategy to improve engraftment of islets and other cell-based implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yannick Verdonck
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlo Heirman
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eelco de Koning
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Thielemans
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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Coppens V, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, Staels W, Verdonck Y, Baeyens L, De Leu N, Heimberg H. Semi-automated digital measurement as the method of choice for beta cell mass analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191249. [PMID: 29408875 PMCID: PMC5800540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreas injury by partial duct ligation (PDL) activates beta cell differentiation and proliferation in adult mouse pancreas but remains controversial regarding the anticipated increase in beta cell volume. Several reports unable to show beta cell volume augmentation in PDL pancreas used automated digital image analysis software. We hypothesized that fully automatic beta cell morphometry without manual micrograph artifact remediation introduces bias and therefore might be responsible for reported discrepancies and controversy. However, our present results prove that standard digital image processing with automatic thresholding is sufficiently robust albeit less sensitive and less adequate to demonstrate a significant increase in beta cell volume in PDL versus Sham-operated pancreas. We therefore conclude that other confounding factors such as quality of surgery, selection of samples based on relative abundance of the transcription factor Neurogenin 3 (Ngn3) and tissue processing give rise to inter-laboratory inconsistencies in beta cell volume quantification in PDL pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Coppens
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Antwerp, Belgium
- University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University, Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yannick Verdonck
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta cell Neogenesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Staels W, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Van Gassen N, Salinno C, De Groef S, Cools M, Keshet E, Dor Y, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Conditional islet hypovascularisation does not preclude beta cell expansion during pregnancy in mice. Diabetologia 2017; 60:1051-1056. [PMID: 28299380 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Endothelial-endocrine cell interactions and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A signalling are deemed essential for maternal islet vascularisation, glucose control and beta cell expansion during mouse pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess whether pregnancy-associated beta cell expansion was affected under conditions of islet hypovascularisation. METHODS Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1), a VEGF-A decoy receptor, was conditionally overexpressed in maternal mouse beta cells from 1.5 to 14.5 days post coitum. Islet vascularisation, glycaemic control, beta cell proliferation, individual beta cell size and total beta cell volume were assessed in both pregnant mice and non-pregnant littermates. RESULTS Conditional overexpression of sFLT1 in beta cells resulted in islet hypovascularisation and glucose intolerance in both pregnant and non-pregnant mice. In contrast to non-pregnant littermates, glucose intolerance in pregnant mice was transient. sFLT1 overexpression did not affect pregnancy-associated changes in beta cell proliferation, individual beta cell size or total beta cell volume. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Reduced intra-islet VEGF-A signalling results in maternal islet hypovascularisation and impaired glycaemic control but does not preclude beta cell expansion during mouse pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ciro Salinno
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nico De Leu
- Beta Cell Neogenesis (BENE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, Algemeen Stedelijk Ziekenhuis Aalst, Aalst, Belgium.
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De Groef S, Staels W, Van Gassen N, Lemper M, Yuchi Y, Sojoodi M, Bussche L, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, De Leu N, Van de Casteele M, Baeyens L, Heimberg H. Sources of beta cells inside the pancreas. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1834-7. [PMID: 27053238 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of beta(-like) cells to compensate for their absolute or relative shortage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is an obvious therapeutic strategy. Patients first received grafts of donor islet cells over 25 years ago, but this procedure has not become routine in clinical practice because of a donor cell shortage and (auto)immune problems. Transplantation of differentiated embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells may overcome some but not all the current limitations. Reprogramming exocrine cells towards functional beta(-like) cells would offer an alternative abundant and autologous source of beta(-like) cells. This review focuses on work by our research group towards achieving such a source of cells. It summarises a presentation given at the 'Can we make a better beta cell?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Amin Ardestani and Kathrin Maedler, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3892-9 , and by Heiko Lickert and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3949-9 ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Shanta Persaud (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3870-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Staels W, De Groef S, Bussche L, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, De Leu N, Baeyens L, Heremans Y, Heimberg H. Making β(-like)-cells from exocrine pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18 Suppl 1:144-51. [PMID: 27615144 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Creating an abundant source of β(-like)-cells has been a major goal in diabetes research for many decades. The concept of cell plasticity has inspired many strategies towards regenerative medicine, but its successes have been limited until very recently. Today, most cell types in the pancreas are considered candidates for the generation of β(-like)-cells through transdifferentiation. While β(-like)-cells that are in vitro differentiated from human embryonic stem cells are already being grafted in patients, β(-like)-cells generated by transdifferentiation are not yet ready for clinical application. These cells would however offer several advantages over the current β(-like)-cells generated by directed differentiation, especially concerning safety issues. In addition, perfect control of the transdifferentiation efficiency would through targeted drug delivery support a non-invasive cell therapy for diabetes. Lastly, focusing on the exocrine pancreas as prime candidate makes sense in view of their abundance and high plasticity. Keeping these hopeful perspectives in mind, it is worth to continue focused research on the mechanisms that control transdifferentiation from pancreas exocrine to β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Departments of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
| | - L Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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15
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Sojoodi M, Stradiot L, Tanaka K, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Besson V, Staels W, Van de Casteele M, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Heimberg H, Bonfanti P. The zinc finger transcription factor PW1/PEG3 restrains murine beta cell cycling. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1474-1479. [PMID: 27130279 PMCID: PMC4901110 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pw1 or paternally-expressed gene 3 (Peg3) encodes a zinc finger transcription factor that is widely expressed during mouse embryonic development and later restricted to multiple somatic stem cell lineages in the adult. The aim of the present study was to define Pw1 expression in the embryonic and adult pancreas and investigate its role in the beta cell cycle in Pw1 wild-type and mutant mice. METHODS We analysed PW1 expression by immunohistochemistry in pancreas of nonpregant and pregnant mice and following injury by partial duct ligation. Its role in the beta cell cycle was studied in vivo using a novel conditional knockout mouse and in vitro by lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown. RESULTS We showed that PW1 is expressed in early pancreatic progenitors at E9.5 but becomes progressively restricted to fully differentiated beta cells as they become established after birth and withdraw from the cell cycle. Notably, PW1 expression declines when beta cells are induced to proliferate and loss of PW1 function activates the beta cell cycle. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results indicate that PW1 is a co-regulator of the beta cell cycle and can thus be considered a novel therapeutic target in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leslie Stradiot
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karo Tanaka
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Team, Institute of Cardiology and Nutrition, Inserm UMRS-1166, University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Besson
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Team, Institute of Cardiology and Nutrition, Inserm UMRS-1166, University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Team, Institute of Cardiology and Nutrition, Inserm UMRS-1166, University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Team, Institute of Cardiology and Nutrition, Inserm UMRS-1166, University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paola Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, WC1N 1EH, London, UK.
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Lima MJ, Muir KR, Docherty HM, McGowan NWA, Forbes S, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Casey J, Docherty K. Generation of Functional Beta-Like Cells from Human Exocrine Pancreas. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156204. [PMID: 27243814 PMCID: PMC4887015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor mediated lineage reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine tissue could conceivably provide an unlimited supply of islets for transplantation in the treatment of diabetes. Exocrine tissue can be efficiently reprogrammed to islet-like cells using a cocktail of transcription factors: Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA and Pax4 in combination with growth factors. We show here that overexpression of exogenous Pax4 in combination with suppression of the endogenous transcription factor ARX considerably enhances the production of functional insulin-secreting β-like cells with concomitant suppression of α-cells. The efficiency was further increased by culture on laminin-coated plates in media containing low glucose concentrations. Immunocytochemistry revealed that reprogrammed cultures were composed of ~45% islet-like clusters comprising >80% monohormonal insulin+ cells. The resultant β-like cells expressed insulin protein levels at ~15–30% of that in adult human islets, efficiently processed proinsulin and packaged insulin into secretory granules, exhibited glucose responsive insulin secretion, and had an immediate and prolonged effect in normalising blood glucose levels upon transplantation into diabetic mice. We estimate that approximately 3 billion of these cells would have an immediate therapeutic effect following engraftment in type 1 diabetes patients and that one pancreas would provide sufficient tissue for numerous transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Lima
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenneth R. Muir
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary M. Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W. A. McGowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, EH16 4SU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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Staels W, De Groef S, Heremans Y, Coppens V, Van Gassen N, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, Van Riet I, Luttun A, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Accessory cells for β-cell transplantation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:115-24. [PMID: 26289770 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances, insulin therapy remains a treatment, not a cure, for diabetes mellitus with persistent risk of glycaemic alterations and life-threatening complications. Restoration of the endogenous β-cell mass through regeneration or transplantation offers an attractive alternative. Unfortunately, signals that drive β-cell regeneration remain enigmatic and β-cell replacement therapy still faces major hurdles that prevent its widespread application. Co-transplantation of accessory non-islet cells with islet cells has been shown to improve the outcome of experimental islet transplantation. This review will highlight current travails in β-cell therapy and focuses on the potential benefits of accessory cells for islet transplantation in diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Separation/trends
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/surgery
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Progenitor Cells/transplantation
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/metabolism
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Graft Survival
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/transplantation
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/adverse effects
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/immunology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Neural Crest/immunology
- Neural Crest/pathology
- Neural Crest/transplantation
- Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects
- Stem Cell Transplantation/trends
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
- Transplantation, Autologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Autologous/trends
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/trends
- Transplantation, Homologous/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Homologous/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- W Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Van Riet
- Department Hematology Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, ASZ Aalst, Aalst, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
One of the key promises of regenerative medicine is providing a cure for diabetes. Cell-based therapies are proving their safety and efficiency, but donor beta cell shortages and immunological issues remain major hurdles. Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells towards beta cells would offer a major advantage by providing an abundant and autologous source of beta cells. Over the past decade our understanding of transdifferentiation processes greatly increased allowing us to design reprogramming protocols that fairly aim for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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19
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De Groef S, Leuckx G, Van Gassen N, Staels W, Cai Y, Yuchi Y, Coppens V, De Leu N, Heremans Y, Baeyens L, Van de Casteele M, Heimberg H. Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation. J Vis Exp 2015:e52765. [PMID: 26273954 DOI: 10.3791/52765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide new expandable sources of beta cells to alleviate the donor scarcity in human islet transplantation as therapy for diabetes. Although recent advances have been made towards this aim, mechanisms that regulate beta cell expansion and differentiation from a stem/progenitor cell remain to be characterized. Here, we describe a protocol for an injury model in the adult mouse pancreas that can function as a tool to study mechanisms of tissue remodeling and beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Partial duct ligation (PDL) is an experimentally induced injury of the rodent pancreas involving surgical ligation of the main pancreatic duct resulting in an obstruction of drainage of exocrine products out of the tail region of the pancreas. The inflicted damage induces acinar atrophy, immune cell infiltration and severe tissue remodeling. We have previously reported the activation of Neurogenin (Ngn) 3 expressing endogenous progenitor-like cells and an increase in beta cell proliferation after PDL. Therefore, PDL provides a basis to study signals involved in beta cell dynamics and the properties of an endocrine progenitor in adult pancreas. Since, it still remains largely unclear, which factors and pathways contribute to beta cell neogenesis and proliferation in PDL, a standardized protocol for PDL will allow for comparison across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | | | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | | | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel
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20
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Bonfanti P, Nobecourt E, Oshima M, Albagli-Curiel O, Laurysens V, Stangé G, Sojoodi M, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Scharfmann R. Ex Vivo Expansion and Differentiation of Human and Mouse Fetal Pancreatic Progenitors Are Modulated by Epidermal Growth Factor. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1766-78. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bonfanti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Estelle Nobecourt
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Masaya Oshima
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Albagli-Curiel
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
| | - Veerle Laurysens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphael Scharfmann
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, Paris, France
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21
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Van Gassen N, Staels W, Van Overmeire E, De Groef S, Sojoodi M, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, Van Ginderachter JA, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Concise Review: Macrophages: Versatile Gatekeepers During Pancreatic β-Cell Development, Injury, and Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:555-63. [PMID: 25848123 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Macrophages are classically considered detrimental for pancreatic β-cell survival and function, thereby contributing to β-cell failure in both type 1 (T1D) and 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus. In addition, adipose tissue macrophages negatively influence peripheral insulin signaling and promote obesity-induced insulin resistance in T2D. In contrast, recent data unexpectedly uncovered that macrophages are not only able to protect β cells during pancreatitis but also to orchestrate β-cell proliferation and regeneration after β-cell injury. Moreover, by altering their activation state, macrophages are able to improve insulin resistance in murine models of T2D. This review will elaborate on current insights in macrophage heterogeneity and on the evolving role of pancreas macrophages during organogenesis, tissue injury, and repair. Additional identification of macrophage subtypes and of their secreted factors might ultimately translate into novel therapeutic strategies for both T1D and T2D. SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes mellitus is a pandemic disease, characterized by severe acute and chronic complications. Macrophages have long been considered prime suspects in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. In this concise review, current insights in macrophage heterogeneity and on the, as yet, underappreciated role of alternatively activated macrophages in insulin sensing and β-cell development/repair are reported. Further identification of macrophage subtypes and of their secreted factors might ultimately translate into novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Tahamtani Y, Aghdami N, Azadmanesh K, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Heremans Y, De Leu N, Heimberg H, Ravassard P, Shokrgozar MA, Baharvand H. Inducible VEGF expression by human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells reduces the minimal islet mass required to reverse diabetes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9322. [PMID: 25818803 PMCID: PMC4377549 DOI: 10.1038/srep09322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Islet transplantation has been hampered by loss of function due to poor revascularization. We hypothesize that co-transplantation of islets with human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells that conditionally overexpress VEGF (hESC-MSC:VEGF) may augment islet revascularization and reduce the minimal islet mass required to reverse diabetes in mice. HESC-MSCs were transduced by recombinant lentiviruses that allowed conditional (Dox-regulated) overexpression of VEGF. HESC-MSC VEGF were characterized by tube formation assay. After co-transplantation of hESC-MSC:VEGF with murine islets in collagen-fibrin hydrogel in the omental pouch of diabetic nude mice, we measured blood glucose, body weight, glucose tolerance and serum C-peptide. As control, islets were transplanted alone or with non-transduced hESC-MSCs. Next, we compared functional parameters of 400 islets alone versus 200 islets co-transplanted with hESC-MSC:VEGF. As control, 200 islets were transplanted alone. Metabolic function of islets transplanted with hESC-MSC:VEGF significantly improved, accompanied by superior graft revascularization, compared with control groups. Transplantation of 200 islets with hESC-MSC:VEGF showed superior function over 400 islets alone. We conclude that co-transplantation of islets with VEGF-expressing hESC-MSCs allowed for at least a 50% reduction in minimal islet mass required to reverse diabetes in mice. This approach may contribute to alleviate the need for multiple donor organs per patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hajizadeh-Saffar
- 1] National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran [2] Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Y Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - K Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - M A Shokrgozar
- National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Baharvand
- 1] Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran [2] Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Van Gassen N, Van Overmeire E, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, De Groef S, Cai Y, Elkrim Y, Gysemans C, Stijlemans B, Van de Casteele M, De Baetselier P, De Leu N, Heimberg H, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophage dynamics are regulated by local macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment in injured pancreas. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1482-93. [PMID: 25645754 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas injury by partial duct ligation (PDL) activates a healing response, encompassing β-cell neogenesis and proliferation. Macrophages (MΦs) were recently shown to promote β-cell proliferation after PDL, but they remain poorly characterized. We assessed myeloid cell diversity and the factors driving myeloid cell dynamics following acute pancreas injury by PDL. In naive and sham-operated pancreas, the myeloid cell compartment consisted mainly of two distinct tissue-resident MΦ types, designated MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) MΦs, the latter being predominant. MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) pancreas MΦs differed at the molecular level, with MHC-II(lo) MΦs being more M2-activated. After PDL, there was an early surge of Ly6C(hi) monocyte infiltration in the pancreas, followed by a transient MHC-II(lo) MΦ peak and ultimately a restoration of the MHC-II(hi) MΦ-dominated steady-state equilibrium. These intricate MΦ dynamics in PDL pancreas depended on monocyte recruitment by C-C chemokine receptor 2 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor as well as on macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor-dependent local MΦ proliferation. Functionally, MHC-II(lo) MΦs were more angiogenic. We further demonstrated that, at least in C-C chemokine receptor 2-KO mice, tissue MΦs, rather than Ly6C(hi) monocyte-derived MΦs, contributed to β-cell proliferation. Together, our study fully characterizes the MΦ subsets in the pancreas and clarifies the complex dynamics of MΦs after PDL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvon Elkrim
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Muir KR, Lima MJ, Docherty HM, McGowan NWA, Forbes S, Heremans Y, Forbes SJ, Heimberg H, Casey J, Docherty K. Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Overexpression Initiates a Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition and Redifferentiation of Human Pancreatic Cells following Expansion in Long Term Adherent Culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140352. [PMID: 26457418 PMCID: PMC4601732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A replenishable source of insulin-producing cells has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes. Attempts to culture and expand pancreatic β-cells in vitro have resulted in their transition from insulin-producing epithelial cells to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with high proliferative capacity but devoid of any hormone production. The aim of this study was to determine whether the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), could induce a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) of the cultured cells. Islet-enriched pancreatic cells, allowed to dedifferentiate and expand in adherent cell culture, were transduced with an adenovirus containing KLF4 (Ad-Klf4). Cells were subsequently analysed for changes in cell morphology by light microscopy, and for the presence of epithelial and pancreatic markers by immunocytochemistry and quantitative RT/PCR. Infection with Ad-Klf4 resulted in morphological changes, down-regulation of mesenchymal markers, and re-expression of both epithelial and pancreatic cell markers including insulin and transcription factors specific to β-cells. This effect was further enhanced by culturing cells in suspension. However, the effects of Ad-KLf4 were transient and this was shown to be due to increased apoptosis in Klf4-expressing cells. Klf4 has been recently identified as a pioneer factor with the ability to modulate the structure of chromatin and enhance reprogramming/transdifferentiation. Our results show that Klf4 may have a role in the redifferentiation of expanded pancreatic cells in culture, but before this can be achieved the off-target effects that result in increased apoptosis would need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Muir
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Maria João Lima
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary M. Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil W. A. McGowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Endocrinology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Lemper M, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, German MS, Heimberg H, Bouwens L, Baeyens L. Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells to β-like cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1117-30. [PMID: 25476775 PMCID: PMC4572860 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent acinar cells exhibit a remarkable plasticity as they can transdifferentiate to duct-, hepatocyte- and islet β-like cells. We evaluated whether exocrine cells from adult human pancreas can similarly respond to proendocrine stimuli. Exocrine cells from adult human pancreas were transduced directly with lentiviruses expressing activated MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) and cultured as monolayers or as 3D structures. Expression of STAT3 and MAPK in human exocrine cells activated expression of the proendocrine factor neurogenin 3 in 50% to 80% of transduced exocrine cells. However, the number of insulin-positive cells increased only in the exocrine cells grown initially in suspension before 3D culture. Lineage tracing identified human acinar cells as the source of Ngn3- and insulin-expressing cells. Long-term engraftment into immunocompromised mice increased the efficiency of reprogramming to insulin-positive cells. Our data demonstrate that exocrine cells from human pancreas can be reprogrammed to transplantable insulin-producing cells that acquire functionality. Given the large number of exocrine cells in a donor pancreas, this approach presents a novel strategy to expand cell therapy in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lemper
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Y Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M S German
- Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
| | - H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Bouwens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Baeyens
- 1] Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium [2] Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
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26
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Van de Casteele M, Leuckx G, Cai Y, Yuchi Y, Coppens V, De Groef S, Van Gassen N, Baeyens L, Heremans Y, Wright CVE, Heimberg H. Partial duct ligation: β-cell proliferation and beyond. Diabetes 2014; 63:2567-77. [PMID: 25060885 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Vanderbilt University Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Ding L, Heremans Y, Pipeleers D, Ling Z, Heimberg H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Clinical Immunosuppressants Inhibit Inflammatory, Proliferative, and Reprogramming Potential, But Not Angiogenesis of Human Pancreatic Duct Cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1585-98. [PMID: 25198311 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pancreatic duct cells in clinical islet grafts may affect long-term metabolic success. Human pancreatic duct cells express factors that may exert both protective and damaging effects on islet cells in the graft. Here we studied the potential of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs in islet transplantation-sirolimus, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-to influence the inflammatory and angiogenic capacity of human pancreatic duct cells in addition to their proliferation and reprogramming abilities. Our data show that the expression of specific proinflammatory cytokines by the human pancreatic duct cells was either unaltered or inhibited by the immunosuppressants studied, especially tacrolimus and MMF, whereas expression of chemotactic and angiogenic factors was unaffected. Although none of the immunosuppressants directly led to duct cell death, MMF prevented duct cell proliferation, and sirolimus inhibited neurogenin 3-mediated duct-to-(neuro)endocrine cell reprogramming. Our data indicate that the immunosuppressant tacrolimus was the least aggressive on the angiogenic, proliferative, and reprogramming potential of human pancreatic duct cells, while it was most powerful in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, which may influence the outcome of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Faculty of Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Paganelli M, Nyabi O, Sid B, Evraerts J, El Malmi I, Heremans Y, Dollé L, Benton C, Calderon PB, van Grunsven L, Heimberg H, Campard D, Sokal E, Najimi M. Downregulation of Sox9 Expression Associates with Hepatogenic Differentiation of Human Liver Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1377-91. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Paganelli
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Omar Nyabi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brice Sid
- Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group, PMNT Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Evraerts
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Imane El Malmi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carley Benton
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro-Buc Calderon
- Toxicology and Cancer Biology Research Group, PMNT Unit, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Campard
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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29
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De Leu N, Heremans Y, Coppens V, Van Gassen N, Cai Y, D'Hoker J, Magenheim J, Salpeter S, Swisa A, Khalaileh A, Arnold C, Gradwohl G, Van de Casteele M, Keshet E, Dor Y, Heimberg H. Short-term overexpression of VEGF-A in mouse beta cells indirectly stimulates their proliferation and protects against diabetes. Diabetologia 2014; 57:140-7. [PMID: 24121626 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been recognised by loss-of-function experiments as a pleiotropic factor with importance in embryonic pancreas development and postnatal beta cell function. Chronic, nonconditional overexpression of VEGF-A has a deleterious effect on beta cell development and function. We report, for the first time, a conditional gain-of-function study to evaluate the effect of transient VEGF-A overexpression by adult pancreatic beta cells on islet vasculature and beta cell proliferation and survival, under both normal physiological and injury conditions. METHODS In a transgenicmouse strain, overexpressing VEGF-A in a doxycycline-inducible and beta cell-specific manner, we evaluated the ability of VEGF-A to affect islet vessel density, beta cell proliferation and protection of the adult beta cell mass from toxin-induced injury. RESULTS Short-term VEGF-A overexpression resulted in islet hypervascularisation, increased beta cell proliferation and protection from toxin-mediated beta cell death, and thereby prevented the development of hyperglycaemia. Extended overexpression of VEGF-A led to impaired glucose tolerance, elevated fasting glycaemia and a decreased beta cell mass. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Overexpression of VEGF-A in beta cells time-dependently affects glycometabolic control and beta cell protection and proliferation. These data nourish further studies to examine the role of controlled VEGF delivery in (pre)clinical applications aimed at protecting and/or restoring the injured beta cell mass.
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30
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D'Hoker J, De Leu N, Heremans Y, Baeyens L, Minami K, Ying C, Lavens A, Chintinne M, Stangé G, Magenheim J, Swisa A, Martens G, Pipeleers D, van de Casteele M, Seino S, Keshet E, Dor Y, Heimberg H. Conditional hypovascularization and hypoxia in islets do not overtly influence adult β-cell mass or function. Diabetes 2013; 62:4165-73. [PMID: 23974922 PMCID: PMC3837025 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that vascularization and oxygenation of pancreatic islets are essential for the maintenance of an optimal β-cell mass and function and that signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is crucial for pancreas development, insulin gene expression/secretion, and (compensatory) β-cell proliferation. A novel mouse model was designed to allow conditional production of human sFlt1 by β-cells in order to trap VEGF and study the effect of time-dependent inhibition of VEGF signaling on adult β-cell fate and metabolism. Secretion of sFlt1 by adult β-cells resulted in a rapid regression of blood vessels and hypoxia within the islets. Besides blunted insulin release, β-cells displayed a remarkable capacity for coping with these presumed unfavorable conditions: even after prolonged periods of blood vessel ablation, basal and stimulated blood glucose levels were only slightly increased, while β-cell proliferation and mass remained unaffected. Moreover, ablation of blood vessels did not prevent β-cell generation after severe pancreas injury by partial pancreatic duct ligation or partial pancreatectomy. Our data thus argue against a major role of blood vessels to preserve adult β-cell generation and function, restricting their importance to facilitating rapid and adequate insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke D'Hoker
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kohtaro Minami
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Cai Ying
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Astrid Lavens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Chintinne
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Judith Magenheim
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avital Swisa
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Geert Martens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Susumo Seino
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Eli Keshet
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author: Harry Heimberg,
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31
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Coppens V, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Suenens K, Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen D, Verdonck K, Luttun A, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Reversal of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice by a marginal islet mass together with human blood outgrowth endothelial cells is independent of the delivery technique and blood clot-induced processes. Islets 2013; 5:196-200. [PMID: 24213480 PMCID: PMC4010571 DOI: 10.4161/isl.26778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) are supportive to reverse hyperglycemia in marginal islet mass-transplanted diabetic mice. In this report, we investigated whether the observed effect was evoked by islet packing in a blood clot prior to transplantation or could be mimicked by another method of islet/cell delivery. A marginal islet mass with or without BOEC was grafted underneath the kidney capsule of diabetic recipient mice via a (blood clot-independent) tubing system and compared with previous islet packing in a blood clot. The effect on metabolic outcome of both delivery techniques as well as the additive effect of BOEC was subsequently evaluated. Marginal islet mass transplantation via a tubing system required more islets per recipient than via a blood clot. Using the tubing method, transplantation of a marginal islet mass combined with 5x10 (5) BOEC resulted in reversal of hyperglycemia, improved glucose tolerance and increased kidney insulin content. The present study provides evidence that (1) previous packing in a blood clot results in more effective islet delivery compared with tubing; (2) BOEC exert a beneficial effect on marginal islet transplantation, independent of grafting technique and potential blood clot-induced processes. These data further support the use of BOEC in (pre-) clinical studies that aim to improve current islet transplantation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Krista Suenens
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Kristoff Verdonck
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology; KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences; Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology; KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence to: Nico De Leu,
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Lima MJ, Muir KR, Docherty HM, Drummond R, McGowan NW, Forbes S, Heremans Y, Houbracken I, Ross JA, Forbes SJ, Ravassard P, Heimberg H, Casey J, Docherty K. Suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning enhances ex vivo reprogramming of human exocrine pancreatic tissue toward functional insulin-producing β-like cells. Diabetes 2013; 62:2821-33. [PMID: 23610058 PMCID: PMC3717833 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of tissue available for islet transplantation, new sources of β-cells have been sought for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether the human exocrine-enriched fraction from the islet isolation procedure could be reprogrammed to provide additional islet tissue for transplantation. The exocrine-enriched cells rapidly dedifferentiated in culture and grew as a mesenchymal monolayer. Genetic lineage tracing confirmed that these mesenchymal cells arose, in part, through a process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitioning (EMT). A protocol was developed whereby transduction of these mesenchymal cells with adenoviruses containing Pdx1, Ngn3, MafA, and Pax4 generated a population of cells that were enriched in glucagon-secreting α-like cells. Transdifferentiation or reprogramming toward insulin-secreting β-cells was enhanced, however, when using unpassaged cells in combination with inhibition of EMT by inclusion of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and transforming growth factor-β1 inhibitors. Resultant cells were able to secrete insulin in response to glucose and on transplantation were able to normalize blood glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic NOD/SCID mice. In conclusion, reprogramming of human exocrine-enriched tissue can be best achieved using fresh material under conditions whereby EMT is inhibited, rather than allowing the culture to expand as a mesenchymal monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Lima
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - Kenneth R. Muir
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - Hilary M. Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
| | - Robert Drummond
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Neil W.A. McGowan
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Shareen Forbes
- Endocrinology Unit, University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - James A. Ross
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Injury and Repair Group, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM 975, Paris, France
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John Casey
- Department of Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Kevin Docherty
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K
- Corresponding author: Kevin Docherty,
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Kumar A, Lo Nigro A, Gysemans C, Cai Q, Esguerra C, Nelson-Holte M, Heremans Y, Jiménez-González M, Porciuncula A, Mathieu C, Binas B, Heimberg H, Prosper F, Hering B, Verfaillie CM, Barajas M. Reversal of hyperglycemia by insulin-secreting rat bone marrow- and blastocyst-derived hypoblast stem cell-like cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63491. [PMID: 23671681 PMCID: PMC3650069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell replacement may efficiently cure type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients whose insulin-secreting β-cells have been selectively destroyed by autoantigen-reactive T cells. To generate insulin-secreting cells we used two cell sources: rat multipotent adult progenitor cells (rMAPC) and the highly similar rat extra-embryonic endoderm precursor (rXEN-P) cells isolated under rMAPC conditions from blastocysts (rHypoSC). rMAPC/rHypoSC were sequentially committed to definitive endoderm, pancreatic endoderm, and β-cell like cells. On day 21, 20% of rMAPC/rHypoSC progeny expressed Pdx1 and C-peptide. rMAPCr/HypoSC progeny secreted C-peptide under the stimulus of insulin agonist carbachol, and was inhibited by the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blocker nifedipine. When rMAPC or rHypoSC differentiated d21 progeny were grafted under the kidney capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude mice, hyperglycemia reversed after 4 weeks in 6/10 rMAPC- and 5/10 rHypoSC-transplanted mice. Hyperglycemia recurred within 24 hours of graft removal and the histological analysis of the retrieved grafts revealed presence of Pdx1-, Nkx6.1- and C-peptide-positive cells. The ability of both rMAPC and HypoSC to differentiate to functional β-cell like cells may serve to gain insight into signals that govern β-cell differentiation and aid in developing culture systems to commit other (pluripotent) stem cells to clinically useful β-cells for cell therapy of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anujith Kumar
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Domlur, Bangalore, India
| | - Antonio Lo Nigro
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qing Cai
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila Esguerra
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Molly Nelson-Holte
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - María Jiménez-González
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra and Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Division of Oncology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angelo Porciuncula
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra and Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Division of Oncology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Binas
- Division of Molecular & Life Science, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra and Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Division of Oncology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bernhard Hering
- Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- Stamcel Instituut Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CMV); (MB)
| | - Miguel Barajas
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Hematology and Cell Therapy, Clinica Universidad de Navarra and Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Division of Oncology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CMV); (MB)
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Coppens V, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Suenens K, Jacobs-Tulleneers-Thevissen D, Verdonck K, Lahoutte T, Luttun A, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Human blood outgrowth endothelial cells improve islet survival and function when co-transplanted in a mouse model of diabetes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:382-90. [PMID: 23090187 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS As current islet-transplantation protocols suffer from significant graft loss and dysfunction, strategies to sustain the long-term benefits of this therapy are required. Rapid and adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery by blood vessels improves islet engraftment and function. The present report evaluated a potentially beneficial effect of adult human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOEC) on islet graft vascularisation and function. METHODS Human BOEC, 5 × 10(5), were co-transplanted with a rat marginal-islet graft under the kidney capsule of hyperglycaemic NOD severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, and the effect on metabolic outcome was evaluated. RESULTS Although vessel density remained unaffected, co-transplantation of islets with BOEC resulted in a significant and specific improvement of glycaemia and increased plasma C-peptide. Moreover, in contrast to control mice, BOEC recipients displayed reduced beta cell death and increases in body weight, beta cell proliferation and graft-vessel and beta cell volume. In vivo cell tracing demonstrated that BOEC remain at the site of transplantation and do not expand. The potential clinical applicability was underscored by the observed metabolic benefit of co-transplanting islets with BOEC derived from a type 1 diabetes patient. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The present data support the use of autologous BOEC in translational studies that aim to improve current islet-transplantation protocols for the treatment of brittle type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Coppens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, Belgium
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Swales N, Martens GA, Bonné S, Heremans Y, Borup R, Van de Casteele M, Ling Z, Pipeleers D, Ravassard P, Nielsen F, Ferrer J, Heimberg H. Plasticity of adult human pancreatic duct cells by neurogenin3-mediated reprogramming. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22606327 DOI: 10.137/journal.pone.0037055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Duct cells isolated from adult human pancreas can be reprogrammed to express islet beta cell genes by adenoviral transduction of the developmental transcription factor neurogenin3 (Ngn3). In this study we aimed to fully characterize the extent of this reprogramming and intended to improve it. METHODS The extent of the Ngn3-mediated duct-to-endocrine cell reprogramming was measured employing genome wide mRNA profiling. By modulation of the Delta-Notch signaling or addition of pancreatic endocrine transcription factors Myt1, MafA and Pdx1 we intended to improve the reprogramming. RESULTS Ngn3 stimulates duct cells to express a focused set of genes that are characteristic for islet endocrine cells and/or neural tissues. This neuro-endocrine shift however, is incomplete with less than 10% of full duct-to-endocrine reprogramming achieved. Transduction of exogenous Ngn3 activates endogenous Ngn3 suggesting auto-activation of this gene. Furthermore, pancreatic endocrine reprogramming of human duct cells can be moderately enhanced by inhibition of Delta-Notch signaling as well as by co-expressing the transcription factor Myt1, but not MafA and Pdx1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results provide further insight into the plasticity of adult human duct cells and suggest measurable routes to enhance Ngn3-mediated in vitro reprogramming protocols for regenerative beta cell therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Swales
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Swales N, Martens GA, Bonné S, Heremans Y, Borup R, Van de Casteele M, Ling Z, Pipeleers D, Ravassard P, Nielsen F, Ferrer J, Heimberg H. Plasticity of adult human pancreatic duct cells by neurogenin3-mediated reprogramming. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37055. [PMID: 22606327 PMCID: PMC3351393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Duct cells isolated from adult human pancreas can be reprogrammed to express islet beta cell genes by adenoviral transduction of the developmental transcription factor neurogenin3 (Ngn3). In this study we aimed to fully characterize the extent of this reprogramming and intended to improve it. Methods The extent of the Ngn3-mediated duct-to-endocrine cell reprogramming was measured employing genome wide mRNA profiling. By modulation of the Delta-Notch signaling or addition of pancreatic endocrine transcription factors Myt1, MafA and Pdx1 we intended to improve the reprogramming. Results Ngn3 stimulates duct cells to express a focused set of genes that are characteristic for islet endocrine cells and/or neural tissues. This neuro-endocrine shift however, is incomplete with less than 10% of full duct-to-endocrine reprogramming achieved. Transduction of exogenous Ngn3 activates endogenous Ngn3 suggesting auto-activation of this gene. Furthermore, pancreatic endocrine reprogramming of human duct cells can be moderately enhanced by inhibition of Delta-Notch signaling as well as by co-expressing the transcription factor Myt1, but not MafA and Pdx1. Conclusions/Interpretation The results provide further insight into the plasticity of adult human duct cells and suggest measurable routes to enhance Ngn3-mediated in vitro reprogramming protocols for regenerative beta cell therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Swales
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert A. Martens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Bonné
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rehannah Borup
- Microarray Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Centre de Recherche Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, CNRS UMR7225, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Finn Nielsen
- Microarray Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Genomic Programming of Beta Cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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37
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Swales N, Martens GA, Bonné S, Heremans Y, Borup R, Van de Casteele M, Ling Z, Pipeleers D, Ravassard P, Nielsen F, Ferrer J, Heimberg H. Plasticity of adult human pancreatic duct cells by neurogenin3-mediated reprogramming. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 22606327 DOI: 10.137/journal.pone.0037055.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Duct cells isolated from adult human pancreas can be reprogrammed to express islet beta cell genes by adenoviral transduction of the developmental transcription factor neurogenin3 (Ngn3). In this study we aimed to fully characterize the extent of this reprogramming and intended to improve it. METHODS The extent of the Ngn3-mediated duct-to-endocrine cell reprogramming was measured employing genome wide mRNA profiling. By modulation of the Delta-Notch signaling or addition of pancreatic endocrine transcription factors Myt1, MafA and Pdx1 we intended to improve the reprogramming. RESULTS Ngn3 stimulates duct cells to express a focused set of genes that are characteristic for islet endocrine cells and/or neural tissues. This neuro-endocrine shift however, is incomplete with less than 10% of full duct-to-endocrine reprogramming achieved. Transduction of exogenous Ngn3 activates endogenous Ngn3 suggesting auto-activation of this gene. Furthermore, pancreatic endocrine reprogramming of human duct cells can be moderately enhanced by inhibition of Delta-Notch signaling as well as by co-expressing the transcription factor Myt1, but not MafA and Pdx1. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results provide further insight into the plasticity of adult human duct cells and suggest measurable routes to enhance Ngn3-mediated in vitro reprogramming protocols for regenerative beta cell therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Swales
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Grouwels G, Cai Y, Hoebeke I, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, Ziebold U, Stangé G, Chintinne M, Ling Z, Pipeleers D, Heimberg H, Van de Casteele M. Ectopic expression of E2F1 stimulates beta-cell proliferation and function. Diabetes 2010; 59:1435-44. [PMID: 20299467 PMCID: PMC2874704 DOI: 10.2337/db09-1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generating functional beta-cells by inducing their proliferation may provide new perspectives for cell therapy in diabetes. Transcription factor E2F1 controls G(1)- to S-phase transition during the cycling of many cell types and is required for pancreatic beta-cell growth and function. However, the consequences of overexpression of E2F1 in beta-cells are unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The effects of E2F1 overexpression on beta-cell proliferation and function were analyzed in isolated rat beta-cells and in transgenic mice. RESULTS Adenovirus AdE2F1-mediated overexpression of E2F1 increased the proliferation of isolated primary rat beta-cells 20-fold but also enhanced beta-cell death. Coinfection with adenovirus AdAkt expressing a constitutively active form of Akt (protein kinase B) suppressed beta-cell death to control levels. At 48 h after infection, the total beta-cell number and insulin content were, respectively, 46 and 79% higher in AdE2F1+AdAkt-infected cultures compared with untreated. Conditional overexpression of E2F1 in mice resulted in a twofold increase of beta-cell proliferation and a 70% increase of pancreatic insulin content, but did not increase beta-cell mass. Glucose-challenged insulin release was increased, and the mice showed protection against toxin-induced diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of E2F1, either in vitro or in vivo, can stimulate beta-cell proliferation activity. In vivo E2F1 expression significantly increases the insulin content and function of adult beta-cells, making it a strategic target for therapeutic manipulation of beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Grouwels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Inge Hoebeke
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Ulrike Ziebold
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geert Stangé
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Marie Chintinne
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Daniel Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; and
- Corresponding author: Harry Heimberg,
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Klein T, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Pipeleers D, Madsen OD, Serup P, Heller RS. Investigation and characterization of the duct cell-enriching process during serum-free suspension and monolayer culture using the human exocrine pancreas fraction. Pancreas 2009; 38:36-48. [PMID: 18665014 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181816547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize a serum-free culture system resulting in highly enriched duct cells from human exocrine pancreas. In addition, we tested the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on endothelial cell proliferation and endocrine differentiation of the duct cells. METHODS The exocrine pellet fraction was cultivated in suspension followed by monolayer culture. Time course analysis of multiple acinar and duct cell markers was performed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. The effects of VEGF and placental growth factor on the quantities of endothelial, duct, and endocrine cells and fibroblasts were investigated using computerized imaging analysis. RESULTS Suspension culture of the exocrine material efficiently enriched the cultures for duct cells. Frequent acinar cell death as well as cell selective adherence of acinar cells to the culture dish was the underlying cause of the enrichment. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the virtual absence of cells coexpressing duct cell- and acinar cell-specific markers. The endothelial immunoreactivity of the suspension culture system could be increased 2-fold by VEGF treatment, yet no effect was observed on endocrine cell numbers. CONCLUSIONS We have characterized a serum-free in vitro culture system to enrich human duct cells and further show that the contribution of acinoductal transdifferentiation to the enrichment of duct cells is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Klein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark.
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Prósper F, Lakshmipathy U, Luttun A, Delforge M, Ross J, Mendenhall E, Burns T, Dao M, Bhatia R, Gupta P, Pelacho B, Barajas M, Dylla SJ, Heremans Y, Eckfelt C, Jahagirdar B, Hurley RW, Schwartz R, Kidder B, Salesse S, Ulloa F, Serafini M. Excellent supervision. New Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0262-4079(08)62689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pelacho B, Nakamura Y, Zhang J, Ross J, Heremans Y, Nelson-Holte M, Lemke B, Hagenbrock J, Jiang Y, Prosper F, Luttun A, Verfaillie CM. Multipotent adult progenitor cell transplantation increases vascularity and improves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2008; 1:51-9. [PMID: 18038392 DOI: 10.1002/term.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Progressive contractile dysfunction of viable myocardium that surrounds a large infarct leads to heart failure following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Experimental evidence indicates that cellular transplantation may improve the left ventricular (LV) contractile performance, even though the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Here, we compared the effect of transplantation of murine multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), a population of adult bone marrow-derived cells that differentiate into cells of mesodermal, endodermal and ectodermal origin, with murine bone marrow cells (BMCs) or fibroblasts on post-infarct cardiac function by peri-infarct injection after coronary artery ligation in mice. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the other cell populations, transplantation of MAPCs significantly improved LV contractile function for at least 8 weeks post-transplantation and, although BMCs reduced infarct size, the decrease in scar size was substantially greater in MAPC-treated hearts. As neither MAPCs nor BMCs were present beyond 1 week, the beneficial effect was not due to differentiation and direct contribution of MAPCs to the vascular or cardiomyocyte compartment. Significantly more inflammatory cells were present in MAPC- than BMC-treated hearts at 1 week, which was accompanied by increased vascularity 8 weeks post-transplantation. We hypothesize that MAPCs indirectly contributed to these effects, by secreting inflammatory [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP)-1], and vascular growth factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and transforming growth factor (TGF)beta(1)), and others, resulting in increased angiogenensis and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pelacho
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Sahin MB, Schwartz RE, Buckley SM, Heremans Y, Chase L, Hu WS, Verfaillie CM. Isolation and characterization of a novel population of progenitor cells from unmanipulated rat liver. Liver Transpl 2008; 14:333-45. [PMID: 18306374 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Widespread use of liver transplantation in the treatment of hepatic diseases is restricted by the limited availability of donated organs. One potential solution to this problem would be isolation and propagation of liver progenitor cells or stem cells. Here, we report on the isolation of a novel progenitor cell population from unmanipulated (that is, no prior exposure to chemicals and no injury) adult rat liver. Rat liver cells were cultured following a protocol developed in our laboratory to generate a unique progenitor cell population called liver-derived progenitor cells (LDPCs). LDPCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunostaining and microarray gene expression. LDPCs were also differentiated into hepatocytes and biliary epithelium in vitro and examined for mature hepatic markers and urea and albumin production. These analyses showed that, LDPCs expressed stem cell markers such as cluster domain (CD)45, CD34, c-kit, and Thy 1, similar to hematopoietic stem cells, as well as endodermal/hepatic markers such as hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)3beta, hematopoietically-expressed homeobox gene-1, c-met, and transthyretin. LDPCs were negative for OV-6, cytokeratins (CKs), albumin, and HNF1alpha. The microarray gene expression profile demonstrated that they showed some similarities to known liver progenitor/stem cells such as oval cells. In addition, LDPCs differentiated into functional hepatocytes in vitro as shown by albumin expression and urea production. In conclusion, LDPCs are a population of unique liver progenitors that can be generated from unmanipulated adult liver, which makes them potentially useful for clinical applications, especially for cell transplantation in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Behnan Sahin
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Serafini M, Dylla SJ, Oki M, Heremans Y, Tolar J, Jiang Y, Buckley SM, Pelacho B, Burns TC, Frommer S, Rossi DJ, Bryder D, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, O'Shaughnessy MJ, Nelson-Holte M, Fine GC, Weissman IL, Blazar BR, Verfaillie CM. Hematopoietic reconstitution by multipotent adult progenitor cells: precursors to long-term hematopoietic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:129-39. [PMID: 17227908 PMCID: PMC2118428 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For decades, in vitro expansion of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) has been an elusive goal. Here, we demonstrate that multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs), isolated from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice and expanded in vitro for >40–80 population doublings, are capable of multilineage hematopoietic engraftment of immunodeficient mice. Among MAPC-derived GFP+CD45.2+ cells in the bone marrow of engrafted mice, HSCs were present that could radioprotect and reconstitute multilineage hematopoiesis in secondary and tertiary recipients, as well as myeloid and lymphoid hematopoietic progenitor subsets and functional GFP+ MAPC-derived lymphocytes that were functional. Although hematopoietic contribution by MAPCs was comparable to control KTLS HSCs, approximately 103-fold more MAPCs were required for efficient engraftment. Because GFP+ host-derived CD45.1+ cells were not observed, fusion is not likely to account for the generation of HSCs by MAPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serafini
- Stem Cell Institute and Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Gupta S, Verfaillie C, Chmielewski D, Kren S, Eidman K, Connaire J, Heremans Y, Lund T, Blackstad M, Jiang Y, Luttun A, Rosenberg ME. Isolation and characterization of kidney-derived stem cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:3028-40. [PMID: 16988061 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006030275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is followed by regeneration of damaged renal tubular epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that renal stem cells exist in the adult kidney and participate in the repair process. A unique population of cells that behave in a manner that is consistent with a renal stem cell were isolated from rat kidneys and were termed multipotent renal progenitor cells (MRPC). Features of these cells include spindle-shaped morphology; self-renewal for >200 population doublings without evidence for senescence; normal karyotype and DNA analysis; and expression of vimentin, CD90 (thy1.1), Pax-2, and Oct4 but not cytokeratin, MHC class I or II, or other markers of more differentiated cells. MRPC exhibit plasticity that is demonstrated by the ability of the cells to be induced to express endothelial, hepatocyte, and neural markers by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The cells can differentiate into renal tubules when injected under the capsule of an uninjured kidney or intra-arterially after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Oct4 expression was seen in some tubular cells in the adult kidney, suggesting these cells may be candidate renal stem cells. It is proposed that MRPC participate in the regenerative response of the kidney to acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Harb G, Heremans Y, Heimberg H, Korbutt GS. Ectopic expression of neurogenin 3 in neonatal pig pancreatic precursor cells induces (trans)differentiation to functional alpha cells. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1855-63. [PMID: 16736130 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is needed for endocrine cell development in the embryonic pancreas, has been shown to induce transdifferentiation of duct cells from adult pancreas towards a neuro-endocrine phenotype. Our study explored the endocrine transdifferentiation potential of NEUROG3 in neonatal pancreatic precursor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS A replication-deficient adenovirus expressing Neurog3 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Ad-NEUROG3) was used to infect neonatal pig pancreatic cell preparations enriched for endocrine islet and cytokeratin-positive precursor cells. GFP-positive cells were sorted using flow cytometry on days 3 and 8 after infection and characterised at the transcript and protein level. For in vivo experiments, the total population of Ad-NEUROG3-infected pancreatic cells was transplanted, then later removed for determination of graft hormone content and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Among the GFP-positive cells, the fraction of precursor cells decreased by more than 85% at day 8 after infection, while the fraction of glucagon-positive cells increased 2.5-fold and the beta cell number remained the same. Transplantation of the Ad-NEUROG3-infected pancreatic cell preparation failed to reverse streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia, while non-infected cells and a control cell preparation infected with replication-deficient adenovirus expressing only GFP were able to do so. At day 109 after transplantation, kidneys grafted with Ad-NEUROG3-infected pancreatic cells contained significantly decreased insulin and increased glucagon levels. Abundant glucagon-immunopositive cells were seen in Ad-NEUROG3-infected grafts, which were virtually devoid of proliferating insulin-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In summary, adenoviral delivery of NEUROG3 to pancreatic precursor cells from neonatal pig pancreas promotes alpha cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Harb
- Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, 1074 Dentistry Pharmacy Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N8, Canada
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46
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Liu B, Hao J, Pan Y, Luo B, Westgard B, Heremans Y, Sutherland DER, Hering BJ, Guo Z. Increasing donor chimerism and inducing tolerance to islet allografts by post-transplant donor lymphocyte infusion. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:933-46. [PMID: 16611329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inducing donor chimerism is the most consistently successful approach to achieve transplant tolerance. We found that a low level of donor chimerism, which was induced by a relatively non-toxic approach, induced donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts in chemically induced diabetic mice. However, a similar level of donor chimerism could not protect donor islet allografts in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously developed autoimmune diabetes. Rejection of donor islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice with a low level of donor chimerism was mediated by recurrent autoimmunity. We used post-transplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to increase donor chimerism and to induce tolerance to islet allografts. DLI significantly increased donor chimerism and promoted donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice. Self-tolerance to islet autoantigens was restored and restoring self-tolerance is mediated by immunoregulation. Thus, our data showed that adoptive immunotherapy with post-transplant DLI after establishing a low level of donor chimerism as a platform enhances donor chimerism, induces donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts and restores self-tolerance in the setting of autoimmune diabetes. Our data also showed that central tolerance is not sufficient to induce tolerance and peripheral tolerance through immunoregulation for restoring self-tolerance is required in the setting of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, and Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, China
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Kirchhof N, Shibata S, Wijkstrom M, Kulick DM, Salerno CT, Clemmings SM, Heremans Y, Galili U, Sutherland DER, Dalmasso AP, Hering BJ. Reversal of diabetes in non-immunosuppressed rhesus macaques by intraportal porcine islet xenografts precedes acute cellular rejection. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:396-407. [PMID: 15303976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional response and immunobiology of primarily non-vascularized islet cell xenografts remain poorly defined in non-human primates. METHODS We transplanted 20,000 adult porcine islet equivalents/kg (purified and cultured for 48-h) intraportally into six streptozotocin-diabetic and two non-diabetic rhesus macaques. Two recipients were killed at various intervals post-transplant for histologic examination of livers bearing xenografts. RESULTS Plasma glucose levels in diabetic recipients averaged 94 mg/dl at 12 h, 92 mg/dl at 24 h, 147 mg/dl at 48 h, and 157 mg/dl at 72 h post-transplant. Serum porcine C-peptide was present in eight of eight recipients at 12 h, in five of six at 24 h, in four of four at 48 h, and in one of two at 72 h post-transplant. C3a and SC5b-9 plasma levels increased at 12 h post-transplant and returned to pre-transplant levels by 24 h. IgG, IgM anti-pig and anti-Gal IgG serum antibody levels did not increase post-transplant. Rejection was initiated by IgM and complement deposition on islets. Neutrophils dominated the cellular infiltrate at 12 h; CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were the main infiltrating cells at 24, 48, and 72 h; and macrophages increasingly infiltrated xenografts starting at 24 h post-transplant. Numerous xenoislets were present at all time points; their proportion without intraislet infiltrates decreased from 65% at 24 h to 17% at 72 h post-transplant. CONCLUSIONS Pig-to-primate intraportal islet xenografts reverse diabetes and the majority of intraportally transplanted xenogeneic islets are not subject to hyperacute rejection. They undergo acute cellular rejection mediated by CD4+- and CD8+ T cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kirchhof
- Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Heremans Y, Van De Casteele M, in't Veld P, Gradwohl G, Serup P, Madsen O, Pipeleers D, Heimberg H. Recapitulation of embryonic neuroendocrine differentiation in adult human pancreatic duct cells expressing neurogenin 3. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:303-12. [PMID: 12403815 PMCID: PMC2173047 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200203074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory proteins have been identified in embryonic development of the endocrine pancreas. It is unknown whether these factors can also play a role in the formation of pancreatic endocrine cells from postnatal nonendocrine cells. The present study demonstrates that adult human pancreatic duct cells can be converted into insulin-expressing cells after ectopic, adenovirus-mediated expression of the class B basic helix-loop-helix factor neurogenin 3 (ngn3), which is a critical factor in embryogenesis of the mouse endocrine pancreas. Infection with adenovirus ngn3 (Adngn3) induced gene and/or protein expression of NeuroD/beta2, Pax4, Nkx2.2, Pax6, and Nkx6.1, all known to be essential for beta-cell differentiation in mouse embryos. Expression of ngn3 in adult human duct cells induced Notch ligands Dll1 and Dll4 and neuroendocrine- and beta-cell-specific markers: it increased the percentage of synaptophysin- and insulin-positive cells 15-fold in ngn3-infected versus control cells. Infection with NeuroD/beta2 (a downstream target of ngn3) induced similar effects. These data indicate that the Delta-Notch pathway, which controls embryonic development of the mouse endocrine pancreas, can also operate in adult human duct cells driving them to a neuroendocrine phenotype with the formation of insulin-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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49
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Cardozo AK, Heimberg H, Heremans Y, Leeman R, Kutlu B, Kruhøffer M, Ørntoft T, Eizirik DL. A comprehensive analysis of cytokine-induced and nuclear factor-kappa B-dependent genes in primary rat pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48879-86. [PMID: 11687580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108658200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma, are putative mediators of immune-induced beta-cell death and, under in vitro conditions, cause beta-cell apoptosis. We have recently shown that interleukin-1 beta + interferon-gamma modifies the expression of >200 genes in beta-cells. Several of these genes are putative targets for the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), and in subsequent experiments we showed that NF-kappa B activation is mostly pro-apoptotic in beta-cells. To identify cytokine-induced and NF-kappa B-regulated genes in primary rat beta-cells, we presently combined two experimental approaches: 1) blocking of NF-kappa B activation in cytokine-exposed beta-cells by a recombinant adenovirus (AdI kappa B((SA)2)) containing an inhibitor of NF-kappa B alpha (I kappa Bac) super-repressor (S32A/S36A) and 2) study of gene expression by microarray analysis. We identified 66 cytokine-modified and NF-kappa B-regulated genes in beta-cells. Cytokine-induced NF-kappa B activation decreased Pdx-1 and increased c-Myc expression. This, together with NF-kappa B-dependent inhibition of Glut-2, pro-hormone convertase-1, and Isl-1 expression, probably contributes to the loss of differentiated beta-cell functions. NF-kappa B also regulates several genes encoding for chemokines and cytokines in beta-cells. The present data suggest that NF-kappa B is a key "switch regulator" of transcription factors and gene networks controlling cytokine-induced beta-cell dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Cardozo
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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50
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Heimberg H, Heremans Y, Jobin C, Leemans R, Cardozo AK, Darville M, Eizirik DL. Inhibition of cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activation by adenovirus-mediated expression of a NF-kappaB super-repressor prevents beta-cell apoptosis. Diabetes 2001; 50:2219-24. [PMID: 11574401 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.10.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine-induced beta-cell death is an important event in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and its activity promotes the expression of several beta-cell genes, including pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. To elucidate the role of cytokine (IL-1beta + gamma-interferon [IFN-gamma])-induced expression of NF-kappaB in beta-cell apoptosis, rat beta-cells were infected with the recombinant adenovirus AdIkappaB((SA)2), which contained a nondegradable mutant form of inhibitory kappaB (IkappaB((SA)2), with S32A and S36A) that locks NF-kappaB in a cytosolic protein complex, preventing its nuclear action. Expression of IkappaB((SA)2) inhibited cytokine-stimulated nuclear translocation and DNA-binding of NF-kappaB. Cytokine-induced gene expression of several NF-kappaB targets, namely inducible nitric oxide synthase, Fas, and manganese superoxide dismutase, was prevented by AdIkappaB((SA)2), as established by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, protein blot, and measurement of nitrite in the medium. Finally, beta-cell survival after IL-1beta + IFN-gamma treatment was significantly improved by IkappaB((SA)2) expression, mostly through inhibition of the apoptotic pathway. Based on these findings, we conclude that NF-kappaB activation, under in vitro conditions, has primarily a pro-apoptotic function in beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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