1
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Schmidt S, Klampfleuthner FAM, Renkawitz T, Diederichs S. Cause and chondroprotective effects of prostaglandin E2 secretion during mesenchymal stromal cell chondrogenesis. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151412. [PMID: 38608422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that are promising for cartilage tissue engineering secrete high amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an immunoactive mediator involved in endochondral bone development. This study aimed to identify drivers of PGE2 and its role in the inadvertent MSC misdifferentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. PGE2 release, which rose in the first three weeks of MSC chondrogenesis, was jointly stimulated by endogenous BMP, WNT, and hedgehog activity that supported the exogenous stimulation by TGF-β1 and insulin to overcome the PGE2 inhibition by dexamethasone. Experiments with PGE2 treatment or the inhibitor celecoxib or specific receptor antagonists demonstrated that PGE2, although driven by prohypertrophic signals, exerted broad autocrine antihypertrophic effects. This chondroprotective effect makes PGE2 not only a promising option for future combinatorial approaches to direct MSC tissue engineering approaches into chondral instead of endochondral development but could potentially have implications for the use of COX-2-selective inhibitors in osteoarthritis pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schmidt
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felicia A M Klampfleuthner
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Experimental Orthopaedics, Research Centre for Molecular and Regenerative Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Diederichs S, Dreher SI, Nüesch SA, Schmidt S, Merle C, Richter W. Mesenchymal stromal cell chondrogenesis under ALK1/2/3-specific BMP inhibition: a revision of the prohypertrophic signalling network concept. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:98. [PMID: 38581019 PMCID: PMC10998299 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) driven by the essential chondro-inducer transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is instable and yields undesired hypertrophic cartilage predisposed to bone formation in vivo. TGF-β can non-canonically activate bone morphogenetic protein-associated ALK1/2/3 receptors. These have been accused of driving hypertrophic MSC misdifferentiation, but data remained conflicting. We here tested the antihypertrophic capacity of two highly specific ALK1/2/3 inhibitors - compound A (CompA) and LDN-212854 (LDN21) - in order to reveal potential prohypertrophic contributions of these BMP/non-canonical TGF-β receptors during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis. METHODS Standard chondrogenic pellet cultures of human bone marrow-derived MSCs were treated with TGF-β and CompA (500 nM) or LDN21 (500 nM). Daily 6-hour pulses of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP[1-34], 2.5 nM, from day 7) served as potent antihypertrophic control treatment. Day 28 samples were subcutaneously implanted into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS All groups underwent strong chondrogenesis, but GAG/DNA deposition and ACAN expression were slightly but significantly reduced by ALK inhibition compared to solvent controls along with a mild decrease of the hypertrophy markers IHH-, SPP1-mRNA, and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When corrected for the degree of chondrogenesis (COL2A1 expression), only pulsed PTHrP but not ALK1/2/3 inhibition qualified as antihypertrophic treatment. In vivo, all subcutaneous cartilaginous implants mineralized within 8 weeks, but PTHrP pretreated samples formed less bone and attracted significantly less haematopoietic marrow than ALK1/2/3 inhibitor groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data show that BMP-ALK1/2/3 inhibition cannot program mesenchymal stromal cells toward stable chondrogenesis. BMP-ALK1/2/3 signalling is no driver of hypertrophic MSC misdifferentiation and BMP receptor induction is not an adverse prohypertrophic side effect of TGF-β that leads to endochondral MSC misdifferentiation. Instead, the prohypertrophic network comprises misregulated PTHrP/hedgehog signalling and WNT activity, and a potential contribution of TGF-β-ALK4/5-mediated SMAD1/5/9 signalling should be further investigated to decide about its postulated prohypertrophic activity. This will help to successfully engineer cartilage replacement tissues from MSCs in vitro and translate these into clinical cartilage regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany.
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Sarah Anna Nüesch
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Sven Schmidt
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
| | - Christian Merle
- Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Orthopädische Klinik Paulinenhilfe, Diakonieklinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic University Hospital, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, Heidelberg, 69118, Germany
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3
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Gill JK, Rehsia SK, Verma E, Sareen N, Dhingra S. Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: past, present, and future. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:161-179. [PMID: 38226807 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac disorders remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current clinical strategies, including drug therapy, surgical interventions, and organ transplantation offer limited benefits to patients without regenerating the damaged myocardium. Over the past decade, stem cell therapy has generated a keen interest owing to its unique self-renewal and immune privileged characteristics. Furthermore, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types, has made them a popular therapeutic tool against various diseases. This comprehensive review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of different types of stem cells in reference to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on the advantages and limitations associated with each cell type. An in-depth analysis of the challenges associated with stem cell research and the hurdles for its clinical translation and their possible solutions have also been elaborated upon. It examines the controversies surrounding embryonic stem cells and the emergence of alternative approaches, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac therapeutic applications. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers involved in the field of regenerative medicine, guiding the development of safe and effective stem cell-based therapies to revolutionize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Kaur Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R2H2A6, Canada
| | - Sargun Kaur Rehsia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R2H2A6, Canada
| | - Elika Verma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R2H2A6, Canada
| | - Niketa Sareen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R2H2A6, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, R2H2A6, Canada
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4
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Velot É, Balmayor ER, Bertoni L, Chubinskaya S, Cicuttini F, de Girolamo L, Demoor M, Grigolo B, Jones E, Kon E, Lisignoli G, Murphy M, Noël D, Vinatier C, van Osch GJVM, Cucchiarini M. Women's contribution to stem cell research for osteoarthritis: an opinion paper. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1209047. [PMID: 38174070 PMCID: PMC10762903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1209047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Velot
- Laboratory of Molecular Engineering and Articular Physiopathology (IMoPA), French National Centre for Scientific Research, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Elizabeth R. Balmayor
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic, Trauma, and Reconstructive Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lélia Bertoni
- CIRALE, USC 957, BPLC, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Flavia Cicuttini
- Musculoskeletal Unit, Monash University and Rheumatology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio, Orthopaedic Biotechnology Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Magali Demoor
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN, Caen, France
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio RAMSES, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department ofBiomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mary Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Danièle Noël
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, Inserm, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Vinatier
- Nantes Université, Oniris, INSERM, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Nantes, France
| | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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5
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Pei YA, Mikaeiliagah E, Wang B, Zhang X, Pei M. The matrix microenvironment influences but does not dominate tissue-specific stem cell lineage differentiation. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100805. [PMID: 37766896 PMCID: PMC10519827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, with their clinical application often hindered by cell senescence during ex vivo expansion. Recent studies suggest that MSC-deposited decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) offers a conducive microenvironment that fosters cell proliferation and accentuates stem cell differentiation. However, the ability of this matrix environment to govern lineage differentiation of tissue-specific stem cells remains ambiguous. This research employs human adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) and synovium-derived MSCs (SDSCs) as models for adipogenesis and chondrogenesis differentiation pathways, respectively. Genetically modified dECM (GMdECM), produced by SV40LT-transduced immortalized cells, was studied for its influence on cell differentiation. Both types of immortalized cells displayed a reduction in chondrogenic ability but an enhancement in adipogenic potential. ADSCs grown on ADSC-deposited dECM showed stable chondrogenic potential but increased adipogenic capacity; conversely, SDSCs expanded on SDSC-generated dECM displayed elevated chondrogenic capacity and diminished adipogenic potential. This cell-dependent response was confirmed through GMdECM expansion, with SDSCs showing enhanced chondrogenesis. However, ADSCs did not exhibit improved chondrogenic potential on GMdECM, suggesting that the matrix microenvironment does not dictate the final differentiation path of tissue-specific stem cells. Potential molecular mechanisms, such as elevated basement membrane protein expression in GMdECMs and dynamic TWIST1 expression during expansion and chondrogenic induction, may underpin the strong chondrogenic differentiation of GMdECM-expanded SDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Amy Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elmira Mikaeiliagah
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Bin Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Foot and Hand Surgery, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- WVU Cancer Institute, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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6
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Mahajan A, Nengroo MA, Datta D, Katti DS. Converse modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during expansion and differentiation phases of Infrapatellar fat pad-derived MSCs for improved engineering of hyaline cartilage. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122296. [PMID: 37696204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates in cell-based therapy for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, during chondrogenic differentiation, MSCs undergo undesirable hypertrophic maturation. This poses a risk of ossification in the neo-tissue formed that eventually impedes the clinical use of MSCs for cartilage repair. TGF-β is a potent growth factor used for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, however, its role in hypertrophy remains ambiguous. In the present work, we decipher that TGF-β activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through SMAD3 and increases the propensity of Infrapatellar fat pad derived MSCs (IFP-MSCs) towards hypertrophy. Notably, inhibiting TGF-β induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses hypertrophic progression and enhances chondrogenic ability of IFP-MSCs in plasma hydrogels. Additionally, we demonstrate that activating Wnt signaling during expansion phase, promotes proliferation and reduces senescence, while improving stemness of IFP-MSCs. Thus, conversely modulating Wnt signaling in vitro during expansion and differentiation phases generates hyaline-like cartilage with minimal hypertrophy. Importantly, pre-treatment of IFP-MSCs encapsulated in plasma hydrogel with Wnt modulators followed by subcutaneous implantation in nude mice resulted in formation of a cartilage tissue with negligible calcification. Overall, this study provides technological advancement on targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a 3D scaffold, while maintaining the standard chondro-induction protocol to overcome the challenges associated with the clinical use of MSCs to engineer hyaline cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mushtaq A Nengroo
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Li CH, Zhao J, Zhang HY, Wang B. Banking of perinatal mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for stem cell-based personalized medicine over lifetime: Matters arising. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:105-119. [PMID: 37181005 PMCID: PMC10173813 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are currently applied in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Numerous clinical studies have indicated that MSCs from different tissue sources can provide therapeutic benefits for patients. MSCs derived from either human adult or perinatal tissues have their own unique advantages in their medical practices. Usually, clinical studies are conducted by using of cultured MSCs after thawing or short-term cryopreserved-then-thawed MSCs prior to administration for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and medical disorders. Currently, cryogenically banking perinatal MSCs for potential personalized medicine for later use in lifetime has raised growing interest in China as well as in many other countries. Meanwhile, this has led to questions regarding the availability, stability, consistency, multipotency, and therapeutic efficiency of the potential perinatal MSC-derived therapeutic products after long-term cryostorage. This opinion review does not minimize any therapeutic benefit of perinatal MSCs in many diseases after short-term cryopreservation. This article mainly describes what is known about banking perinatal MSCs in China and, importantly, it is to recognize the limitation and uncertainty of the perinatal MSCs stored in cryobanks for stem cell medical treatments in whole life. This article also provides several recommendations for banking of perinatal MSCs for potentially future personalized medicine, albeit it is impossible to anticipate whether the donor will benefit from banked MSCs during her/his lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hai Li
- Stem Cell Program of Clinical Research Center, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China.
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8
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Li M, Li T, Yin J, Xie C, Zhu J. Evaluation of toxicological effects of bisphenol S with an in vitro human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell: Implications for bone health. Toxicology 2023; 484:153408. [PMID: 36565802 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the use of bisphenol A (BPA) has been restricted in consumer products, bisphenol S (BPS) is one major alternative to BPA for various materials, leading to growing concerns about its health risks in human beings. However, little is known about the toxic effects of BPS on bone health. We employed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) for the in vitro assessment of BPS on cell proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal. Our study revealed that BPS at concentrations of 10-10-10-7 M increased cell viability but induced the morphological changes of hBMSCs. Moreover, BPS decreased ROS generation and increased Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, BPS not only activated ERα/β expression but also increased β-catenin expression and induced the replicative senescence of hBMSCs. Furthermore, we found that the upregulation of β-catenin induced by BPS was mediated, in part, by ER signaling. Overall, our results suggested BPS exposure caused the homeostatic imbalance of hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tenglong Li
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Juan Yin
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Jianyun Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China.
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9
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Luo W, Geng Y, Gao M, Cao M, Wang J, Yang J, Sun C, Yan X. Isolation and Identification of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Forest Musk Deer. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010017. [PMID: 36611625 PMCID: PMC9817501 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is an endangered animal that produces musk that is utilized for medical applications worldwide, and this species primarily lives in China. Animal-derived musk can be employed as an important ingredient in Chinese medicine. To investigate the properties of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from the bone marrow of forest deer for future application, MSCs were isolated and cultivated in vitro. The properties and differentiation of these cells were assessed at the cellular and gene levels. The results show that 81,533 expressed genes were detected by RNA sequencing, and marker genes of MSCs were expressed in the cells. Karyotype analysis of the cells determined the karyotype to be normal, and marker proteins of MSCs were observed to be expressed in the cell membranes. Cells were differentiated into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts. The expression of genes related to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts was observed to be increased. The results of this study demonstrate that the properties of the cells isolated from bone marrow were in keeping with the characteristics of MSCs, providing a possible basis for future research.
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10
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Broeders M, van Rooij J, Oussoren E, van Gestel T, Smith C, Kimber S, Verdijk R, Wagenmakers M, van den Hout J, van der Ploeg A, Narcisi R, Pijnappel W. Modeling cartilage pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis VI using iPSCs reveals early dysregulation of chondrogenic and metabolic gene expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:949063. [PMID: 36561048 PMCID: PMC9763729 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.949063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a metabolic disorder caused by disease-associated variants in the Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) gene, resulting in ARSB enzyme deficiency, lysosomal glycosaminoglycan accumulation, and cartilage and bone pathology. The molecular response to MPS VI that results in cartilage pathology in human patients is largely unknown. Here, we generated a disease model to study the early stages of cartilage pathology in MPS VI. We generated iPSCs from four patients and isogenic controls by inserting the ARSB cDNA in the AAVS1 safe harbor locus using CRISPR/Cas9. Using an optimized chondrogenic differentiation protocol, we found Periodic acid-Schiff positive inclusions in hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI. Genome-wide mRNA expression analysis showed that hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI downregulated expression of genes involved in TGF-β/BMP signalling, and upregulated expression of inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Expression of genes involved in apoptosis and growth was upregulated, while expression of genes involved in glycosaminoglycan metabolism was dysregulated in hiPSC-derived chondrogenic cells with MPS VI. These results suggest that human ARSB deficiency in MPS VI causes changes in the transcriptional program underlying the early stages of chondrogenic differentiation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Broeders
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jgj van Rooij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - E. Oussoren
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tjm van Gestel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ca Smith
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sj Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rm Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maem Wagenmakers
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jmp van den Hout
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - At van der Ploeg
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - R. Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wwmp Pijnappel
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Stage-Dependent Activity and Pro-Chondrogenic Function of PI3K/AKT during Cartilage Neogenesis from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192965. [PMID: 36230927 PMCID: PMC9563299 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiating mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into articular chondrocytes (ACs) for application in clinical cartilage regeneration requires a profound understanding of signaling pathways regulating stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophic degeneration. Classifying endochondral signals into drivers of chondrogenic speed versus hypertrophy, we here focused on insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Aware of its proliferative function during early but not late MSC chondrogenesis, we aimed to unravel the late pro-chondrogenic versus pro-hypertrophic PI3K/AKT role. PI3K/AKT activity in human MSC and AC chondrogenic 3D cultures was assessed via Western blot detection of phosphorylated AKT. The effects of PI3K inhibition with LY294002 on chondrogenesis and hypertrophy were assessed via histology, qPCR, the quantification of proteoglycans, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Being repressed by ACs, PI3K/AKT activity transiently rose in differentiating MSCs independent of TGFβ or endogenous BMP/WNT activity and climaxed around day 21. PI3K/AKT inhibition from day 21 on equally reduced chondrocyte and hypertrophy markers. Proving important for TGFβ-induced SMAD2 phosphorylation and SOX9 accumulation, PI3K/AKT activity was here identified as a required stage-dependent driver of chondrogenic speed but not of hypertrophy. Thus, future attempts to improve MSC chondrogenesis will depend on the adequate stimulation and upregulation of PI3K/AKT activity to generate high-quality cartilage from human MSCs.
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Kurenkova AD, Romanova IA, Kibirskiy PD, Timashev P, Medvedeva EV. Strategies to Convert Cells into Hyaline Cartilage: Magic Spells for Adult Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911169. [PMID: 36232468 PMCID: PMC9570095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged hyaline cartilage gradually decreases joint function and growing pain significantly reduces the quality of a patient’s life. The clinically approved procedure of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for treating knee cartilage lesions has several limits, including the absence of healthy articular cartilage tissues for cell isolation and difficulties related to the chondrocyte expansion in vitro. Today, various ACI modifications are being developed using autologous chondrocytes from alternative sources, such as the auricles, nose and ribs. Adult stem cells from different tissues are also of great interest due to their less traumatic material extraction and their innate abilities of active proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. According to the different adult stem cell types and their origin, various strategies have been proposed for stem cell expansion and initiation of their chondrogenic differentiation. The current review presents the diversity in developing applied techniques based on autologous adult stem cell differentiation to hyaline cartilage tissue and targeted to articular cartilage damage therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia D. Kurenkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
| | - Irina A. Romanova
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Kibirskiy
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V. Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia or
- Correspondence:
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13
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Xie M, Zhang Y, Xiong Z, Hines S, Shangjiang Y, Clark KL, Tan S, Alexander PG, Lin H. Generation of hyaline-like cartilage tissue from human mesenchymal stromal cells within the self-generated extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:150-166. [PMID: 35779770 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytic hypertrophy, a phenotype not observed in healthy hyaline cartilage, is often concomitant with the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). This undesired feature represents one of the major obstacles in applying hMSCs for hyaline cartilage repair. Previously, we developed a method to induce hMSC chondrogenesis within self-generated extracellular matrix (mECM), which formed a cartilage tissue with a lower hypertrophy level than conventional hMSC pellets. In this study, we aimed to test the utility of hypoxia and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) on further reducing hypertrophy. MSC-mECM constructs were first subjected to chondrogenic culture in normoxic or hypoxic (5%) conditions. The results indicated that hMSC-derived cartilage formed in hypoxic culture displayed a significantly reduced hypertrophy level than normoxic culture. However, hMSC chondrogenesis was also suppressed under hypoxic culture, partially due to the reduced activity of the IGF1 pathway. IGF1 was then supplemented in the chondrogenic medium, which promoted remarkable hMSC chondrogenesis under hypoxic culture. Interestingly, the IGF1-enhanced hMSC chondrogenesis, under hypoxic culture, was not at the expense of promoting significantly increased hypertrophy. Lastly, the cartilage tissues created by hMSCs with different conditions were implanted into osteochondral defect in rats. The results indicated that the tissue formed under hypoxic condition and induced with IGF1-supplemented chondrogenic medium displayed the best reparative results with minimal hypertrophy level. Our results demonstrate a new method to generate hyaline cartilage-like tissue from hMSCs without using exogenous scaffolds, which further pave the road for the clinical application of hMSC-based cartilage tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, hyaline cartilage-like tissues were generated from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), which displayed robust capacity in repairing the osteochondral defect in rats. In particular, the extracellular matrix created by hMSCs was used, so no exogenous scaffold was needed. Through a series of optimization, we defined that hypoxic culture and supplementation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in chondrogenic medium resulted in robust cartilage formation with minimal hypertrophy. We also demonstrated that hypoxic culture suppressed chondrogenesis and hypertrophy through modulating the Wnt/β-catenin and IGF1 pathways, respectively. Our results demonstrate a new method to generate hyaline cartilage-like tissue from hMSCs without using exogenous scaffolds, which will further pave the road for the clinical application of hMSCs-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zixuan Xiong
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Sophie Hines
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Yingzi Shangjiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Karen L Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA
| | - Susheng Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Swanson School of Engineering, and Petersen Institute of NanoScience and Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Room 217, Pittsburgh, PA 15217, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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14
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Highly Porous Type II Collagen-Containing Scaffolds for Enhanced Cartilage Repair with Reduced Hypertrophic Cartilage Formation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060232. [PMID: 35735475 PMCID: PMC9220058 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate damaged cartilage capable of long-term performance in an active joint remains an unmet clinical challenge in regenerative medicine. Biomimetic scaffold biomaterials have shown some potential to direct effective cartilage-like formation and repair, albeit with limited clinical translation. In this context, type II collagen (CII)-containing scaffolds have been recently developed by our research group and have demonstrated significant chondrogenic capacity using murine cells. However, the ability of these CII-containing scaffolds to support improved longer-lasting cartilage repair with reduced calcified cartilage formation still needs to be assessed in order to elucidate their potential therapeutic benefit to patients. To this end, CII-containing scaffolds in presence or absence of hyaluronic acid (HyA) within a type I collagen (CI) network were manufactured and cultured with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro under chondrogenic conditions for 28 days. Consistent with our previous study in rat cells, the results revealed enhanced cartilage-like formation in the biomimetic scaffolds. In addition, while the variable chondrogenic abilities of human MSCs isolated from different donors were highlighted, protein expression analysis illustrated consistent responses in terms of the deposition of key cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Specifically, CI/II-HyA scaffolds directed the greatest cell-mediated synthesis and accumulation in the matrices of type II collagen (a principal cartilage ECM component), and reduced deposition of type X collagen (a key protein associated with hypertrophic cartilage formation). Taken together, these results provide further evidence of the capability of these CI/II-HyA scaffolds to direct enhanced and longer-lasting cartilage repair in patients with reduced hypertrophic cartilage formation.
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15
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Yang X, Tian S, Fan L, Niu R, Yan M, Chen S, Zheng M, Zhang S. Integrated regulation of chondrogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells and differentiation of cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:169. [PMID: 35488254 PMCID: PMC9052535 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is the formation of chondrocytes and cartilage tissues and starts with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) recruitment and migration, condensation of progenitors, chondrocyte differentiation, and maturation. The chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs depends on co-regulation of many exogenous and endogenous factors including specific microenvironmental signals, non-coding RNAs, physical factors existed in culture condition, etc. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exhibit self-renewal capacity, pluripotency and cellular plasticity, which have the potential to differentiate into post-mitotic and benign cells. Accumulating evidence has shown that CSCs can be induced to differentiate into various benign cells including adipocytes, fibrocytes, osteoblast, and so on. Retinoic acid has been widely used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Previous study confirmed that polyploid giant cancer cells, a type of cancer stem-like cells, could differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. In this review, we will summarize signaling pathways and cytokines in chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Understanding the molecular mechanism of chondrogenic differentiation of CSCs and cancer cells may provide new strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Niu
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yan
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Franco RAG, McKenna E, Robey PG, Shajib MS, Crawford RW, Doran MR, Futrega K. Inhibition of BMP signaling with LDN 193189 can influence bone marrow stromal cell fate but does not prevent hypertrophy during chondrogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:616-632. [PMID: 35180395 PMCID: PMC9039850 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cascades are upregulated during bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSC) chondrogenesis, contributing to hypertrophy and preventing effective BMSC-mediated cartilage repair. Previous work demonstrated that a proprietary BMP inhibitor prevented BMSC hypertrophy, yielding stable cartilage tissue. Because of the significant therapeutic potential of a molecule capable of hypertrophy blockade, we evaluated the capacity of a commercially available BMP type I receptor inhibitor with similar properties, LDN 193189, to prevent BMSC hypertrophy. Using 14-day microtissue chondrogenic induction cultures we found that LDN 193189 permitted BMSC chondrogenesis but did not prevent hypertrophy. LDN 193189 was sufficiently potent to counter mineralization and adipogenesis in response to exogenous BMP-2 in osteogenic induction cultures. LDN 193189 did not modify BMSC behavior in adipogenic induction cultures. Although LDN 193189 is effective in countering BMP signaling in a manner that influences BMSC fate, this blockade is insufficient to prevent hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Ann G Franco
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Eamonn McKenna
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Md Shaffiulah Shajib
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ross W Crawford
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael R Doran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Futrega
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen J, Qian D, Gao P, Qin T, Jiang T, Yi J, Xu T, Huang Y, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Bao T, Zhao X, Liu H, Zheng Z, Fan J, Zhao S, Li Q, Yin G. Exosomes derived from platelet-rich plasma administration in site mediate cartilage protection in subtalar osteoarthritis. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:56. [PMID: 35093078 PMCID: PMC8801111 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSubtalar osteoarthritis (STOA) is often secondary to chronic ankle sprains, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Due to its etiology and pathogenesis was not studied equivocally yet, there is currently a lack of effective conservative treatments. Although they have been used for tissue repair, platelet-rich plasma-derived exosomes (PRP-Exo) have the disadvantage of low retention and short-lived therapeutic effects. This study aimed to determine whether incorporation of PRP-Exo in thermosensitive hydrogel (Gel) increased their retention in the joint and thereby playing a therapeutic role on STOA due to chronic mechanical instability established by transecting lateral ligaments (anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)/calcaneal fibular ligament (CFL)). PRP-Exo incorporated Gel (Exo-Gel) system, composed of Poloxamer-407 and 188 mixture-based thermoresponsive hydrogel matrix in an optimal ratio, was determined by its release ability of Exo and rheology of Gel response to different temperature. The biological activity of Exo-Gel was evaluated in vitro, and the therapeutic effect of Exo-Gel on STOA was evaluated in vivo. Exo released from Exo-Gel continuously for 28 days could promote the proliferation and migration of mouse bone mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) and chondrocytes, at the same time enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of mBMSCs, and inhibit inflammation-induced chondrocyte degeneration. In vivo experiments confirmed that Exo-Gel increased the local retention of Exo, inhibited the apoptosis and hypertrophy of chondrocytes, enhanced their proliferation, and potentially played the role in stem cell recruitment to delay the development of STOA. Thus, Delivery of PRP-Exo incorporated in thermosensitive Gel provides a novel approach of cell-free therapy and has therapeutic effect on STOA.
Graphical Abstract
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18
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Wang X, Guan Y, Xiang S, Clark KL, Alexander PG, Simonian LE, Deng Y, Lin H. Role of Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Regulating Chondrocytic Hypertrophy in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812081. [PMID: 35141220 PMCID: PMC8820467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 3 decades, the cartilage repair potential of mesenchymal stromal cells, or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has been widely examined in animal studies. Unfortunately, the phenotype and physical properties of MSC-derived cartilage tissue are not comparable to native hyaline cartilage. In particular, chondrocytic hypertrophy, a phenotype that is not observed in healthy hyaline cartilage, is concomitant with MSC chondrogenesis. Given that hypertrophic chondrocytes potentially undergo apoptosis or convert into osteoblasts, this undesired phenotype needs to be prevented or minimized before MSCs can be used to repair cartilage injuries in the clinic. In this review, we first provide an overview of chondrocytic hypertrophy and briefly summarize current methods for suppressing hypertrophy in MSC-derived cartilage. We then highlight recent progress on modulating the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway for inhibiting hypertrophy. Specially, we discuss the potential crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin with other pathways in regulating hypertrophy. Lastly, we explore future perspectives to further understand the role of Wnt/β-catenin in chondrocytic hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Karen L. Clark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter G. Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren E. Simonian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hang Lin, ; Yuhao Deng,
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hang Lin, ; Yuhao Deng,
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19
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Lehmann J, Narcisi R, Franceschini N, Chatzivasileiou D, Boer CG, Koevoet WJLM, Putavet D, Drabek D, van Haperen R, de Keizer PLJ, van Osch GJVM, Ten Berge D. WNT/beta-catenin signalling interrupts a senescence-induction cascade in human mesenchymal stem cells that restricts their expansion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:82. [PMID: 35048158 PMCID: PMC8770385 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Senescence, the irreversible cell cycle arrest of damaged cells, is accompanied by a deleterious pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescence and the SASP are major factors in aging, cancer, and degenerative diseases, and interfere with the expansion of adult cells in vitro, yet little is known about how to counteract their induction and deleterious effects. Paracrine signals are increasingly recognized as important senescence triggers and understanding their regulation and mode of action may provide novel opportunities to reduce senescence-induced inflammation and improve cell-based therapies. Here, we show that the signalling protein WNT3A counteracts the induction of paracrine senescence in cultured human adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We find that entry into senescence in a small subpopulation of MSCs triggers a secretome that causes a feed-forward signalling cascade that with increasing speed induces healthy cells into senescence. WNT signals interrupt this cascade by repressing cytokines that mediate this induction of senescence. Inhibition of those mediators by interference with NF-κB or interleukin 6 signalling reduced paracrine senescence in absence of WNT3A and promoted the expansion of MSCs. Our work reveals how WNT signals can antagonize senescence and has relevance not only for expansion of adult cells but can also provide new insights into senescence-associated inflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lehmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja Franceschini
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danai Chatzivasileiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy G Boer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy J L M Koevoet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Putavet
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Harbour Biomed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Harbour Biomed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter L J de Keizer
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Section Molecular Cancer Research, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derk Ten Berge
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Li M, Sun D, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wang Y. Application and development of 3D bioprinting in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5430-5458. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00709f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting technology can build complex tissue structures and has the potential to fabricate engineered cartilage with bionic structures for achieving cartilage defect repair/regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Li
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Daocen Sun
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yanen Wang
- Industry Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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21
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Ekram S, Khalid S, Salim A, Khan I. Regulating the fate of stem cells for regenerating the intervertebral disc degeneration. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1881-1904. [PMID: 35069988 PMCID: PMC8727226 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain is a leading cause of disability and is one of the reasons for the substantial socioeconomic burden. The etiology of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is complicated, and its mechanism is still not completely understood. Factors such as aging, systemic inflammation, biochemical mediators, toxic environmental factors, physical injuries, and genetic factors are involved in the progression of its pathophysiology. Currently, no therapy for restoring degenerated IVD is available except pain management, reduced physical activities, and surgical intervention. Therefore, it is imperative to establish regenerative medicine-based approaches to heal and repair the injured disc, repopulate the cell types to retain water content, synthesize extracellular matrix, and strengthen the disc to restore normal spine flexion. Cellular therapy has gained attention for IVD management as an alternative therapeutic option. In this review, we present an overview of the anatomical and molecular structure and the surrounding pathophysiology of the IVD. Modern therapeutic approaches, including proteins and growth factors, cellular and gene therapy, and cell fate regulators are reviewed. Similarly, small molecules that modulate the fate of stem cells for their differentiation into chondrocytes and notochordal cell types are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Ekram
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shumaila Khalid
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Asmat Salim
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
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22
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Liao G, Liao Y, Li D, Fu Z, Wu S, Cheng D, Ouyang Q, Tang Z, Zeng G, Liang X, Xu S, Hu J, Liu M. Human Platelet Lysate Maintains Stemness of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Promote Lung Repair in Rat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722953. [PMID: 34858970 PMCID: PMC8631747 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show potential for treating preclinical models of newborn bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but studies of their therapeutic effectiveness have had mixed results, in part due to the use of different media supplements for MSCs expansion in vitro. The current study sought to identify an optimal culture supplement of umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) for BPD therapy. In this study, we found that UC-MSCs cultured with human platelet lysate (hPL-UCMSCs) were maintained a small size from Passage 1 (P1) to P10, while UC-MSCs cultured with fetal bovine serum (FBS-UCMSCs) became wide and flat. Furthermore, hPL was associated with lower levels of senescence in UC-MSCs during in vitro expansion compared with FBS, as indicated by the results of β-galactosidase staining and measures of senescence-related genes (CDKN2A, CDKN1A, and mTOR). In addition, hPL enhanced the proliferation and cell viability of the UC-MSCs and reduced their doubling time in vitro. Compared with FBS-UCMSCs, hPL-UCMSCs have a greater potential to differentiate into osteocytes and chondrocytes. Moreover, using hPL resulted in greater expression of Nestin and specific paracrine factors (VEGF, TGF-β1, FGF2, IL-8, and IL-6) in UC-MSCs compared to using FBS. Critically, we also found that hPL-UCMSCs are more effective than FBS-UCMSCs for the treatment of BPD in a rat model, with hPL leading to improvements in survival rate, lung architecture and fibrosis, and lung capillary density. Finally, qPCR of rat lung mRNA demonstrated that hPL-UCMSCs had lower expression levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and a key chemokine (MCP-1) at postnatal day 10, and there was significant reduction of CD68+ macrophages in lung tissue after hPL-UCMSCs transplantation. Altogether, our findings suggest that hPL is an optimal culture supplement for UC-MSCs expansion in vitro, and that hPL-UCMSCs promote lung repair in rat BPD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilian Liao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Liao
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Duanduan Li
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeqin Fu
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiduo Wu
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Danling Cheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiuxing Ouyang
- Neurological Rehabilitation for Children, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zan Tang
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Guifang Zeng
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaokun Xu
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Junyuan Hu
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Muyun Liu
- National-Local Associated Engineering Laboratory for Personalized Cell Therapy, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Ebhodaghe SO. Natural Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:2144-2194. [PMID: 34328068 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1958185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural polymeric scaffolds can be used for tissue engineering applications such as cell delivery and cell-free supporting of native tissues. This is because of their desirable properties such as; high biocompatibility, tunable mechanical strength and conductivity, large surface area, porous- and extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicked structures. Specifically, their less toxicity and biocompatibility makes them suitable for several tissue engineering applications. For these reasons, several biopolymeric scaffolds are currently being explored for numerous tissue engineering applications. To date, research on the nature, chemistry, and properties of nanocomposite biopolymers are been reported, while the need for a comprehensive research note on more tissue engineering application of these biopolymers remains. As a result, this present study comprehensively reviews the development of common natural biopolymers as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications such as cartilage tissue engineering, cornea repairs, osteochondral defect repairs, and nerve regeneration. More so, the implications of research findings for further studies are presented, while the impact of research advances on future research and other specific recommendations are added as well.
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24
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Lee MS, Stebbins MJ, Jiao H, Huang HC, Leiferman EM, Walczak BE, Palecek SP, Shusta EV, Li WJ. Comparative evaluation of isogenic mesodermal and ectomesodermal chondrocytes from human iPSCs for cartilage regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf0907. [PMID: 34138734 PMCID: PMC8133756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Generating phenotypic chondrocytes from pluripotent stem cells is of great interest in the field of cartilage regeneration. In this study, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells into the mesodermal and ectomesodermal lineages to prepare isogenic mesodermal cell-derived chondrocytes (MC-Chs) and neural crest cell-derived chondrocytes (NCC-Chs), respectively, for comparative evaluation. Our results showed that both MC-Chs and NCC-Chs expressed hyaline cartilage-associated markers and were capable of generating hyaline cartilage-like tissue ectopically and at joint defects. Moreover, NCC-Chs revealed closer morphological and transcriptional similarities to native articular chondrocytes than MC-Chs. NCC-Ch implants induced by our growth factor mixture demonstrated increased matrix production and stiffness compared to MC-Ch implants. Our findings address how chondrocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells through mesodermal and ectomesodermal differentiation are different in activities and functions, providing the crucial information that helps make appropriate cell choices for effective regeneration of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Song Lee
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hongli Jiao
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hui-Ching Huang
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ellen M Leiferman
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Brian E Walczak
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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25
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Wu CL, Dicks A, Steward N, Tang R, Katz DB, Choi YR, Guilak F. Single cell transcriptomic analysis of human pluripotent stem cell chondrogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:362. [PMID: 33441552 PMCID: PMC7806634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic application of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for cartilage regeneration is largely hindered by the low yield of chondrocytes accompanied by unpredictable and heterogeneous off-target differentiation of cells during chondrogenesis. Here, we combine bulk RNA sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses, including weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA), to investigate the gene regulatory networks regulating hiPSC differentiation under chondrogenic conditions. We identify specific WNTs and MITF as hub genes governing the generation of off-target differentiation into neural cells and melanocytes during hiPSC chondrogenesis. With heterocellular signaling models, we further show that WNT signaling produced by off-target cells is responsible for inducing chondrocyte hypertrophy. By targeting WNTs and MITF, we eliminate these cell lineages, significantly enhancing the yield and homogeneity of hiPSC-derived chondrocytes. Collectively, our findings identify the trajectories and molecular mechanisms governing cell fate decision in hiPSC chondrogenesis, as well as dynamic transcriptome profiles orchestrating chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lung Wu
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Amanda Dicks
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nancy Steward
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ruhang Tang
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dakota B Katz
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yun-Rak Choi
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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26
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Takam Kamga P, Bazzoni R, Dal Collo G, Cassaro A, Tanasi I, Russignan A, Tecchio C, Krampera M. The Role of Notch and Wnt Signaling in MSC Communication in Normal and Leukemic Bone Marrow Niche. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:599276. [PMID: 33490067 PMCID: PMC7820188 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.599276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch and Wnt signaling are highly conserved intercellular communication pathways involved in developmental processes, such as hematopoiesis. Even though data from literature support a role for these two pathways in both physiological hematopoiesis and leukemia, there are still many controversies concerning the nature of their contribution. Early studies, strengthened by findings from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), have focused their investigation on the mutations in genes encoding for components of the pathways, with limited results except for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in because in other leukemia the two pathways could be hyper-expressed without genetic abnormalities. As normal and malignant hematopoiesis require close and complex interactions between hematopoietic cells and specialized bone marrow (BM) niche cells, recent studies have focused on the role of Notch and Wnt signaling in the context of normal crosstalk between hematopoietic/leukemia cells and stromal components. Amongst the latter, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) play a pivotal role as multipotent non-hematopoietic cells capable of giving rise to most of the BM niche stromal cells, including fibroblasts, adipocytes, and osteocytes. Indeed, MSCs express and secrete a broad pattern of bioactive molecules, including Notch and Wnt molecules, that support all the phases of the hematopoiesis, including self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. Herein, we provide an overview on recent advances on the contribution of MSC-derived Notch and Wnt signaling to hematopoiesis and leukemia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Takam Kamga
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- EA4340-BCOH, Biomarker in Cancerology and Onco-Haematology, UVSQ, Université Paris Saclay, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Dal Collo
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriana Cassaro
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Tanasi
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Russignan
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Tecchio
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Krampera
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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27
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Anderson-Baron M, Liang Y, Kunze M, Mulet-Sierra A, Osswald M, Ansari K, Seikaly H, Adesida AB. Suppression of Hypertrophy During in vitro Chondrogenesis of Cocultures of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Nasal Chondrocytes Correlates With Lack of in vivo Calcification and Vascular Invasion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:572356. [PMID: 33469528 PMCID: PMC7813892 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.572356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Human nasal septal chondrocytes (NC) are a promising minimally invasive derivable chondrogenic cell source for cartilage repair. However, the quality of NC-derived cartilage is variable between donors. Coculture of NC with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mitigates the variability but with undesirable markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy, such as type X collagen, and the formation of unstable calcifying cartilage at ectopic sites. In contrast, monoculture NC forms non-calcifying stable cartilage. Formation of a stable NC-MSC coculture cartilage is crucial for clinical application. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) hormone to suppress chondrocyte hypertrophy in NC-MSC cocultures and form stable non-calcifying cartilage at ectopic sites. Methods Human NC and bone marrow MSCs, and cocultures of NC and MSC (1:3 ratio) were aggregated in pellet form and subjected to in vitro chondrogenesis for 3 weeks in chondrogenic medium in the presence and absence of PTHrP. Following in vitro chondrogenesis, the resulting pellets were implanted in immunodeficient athymic nude mice for 3 weeks. Results Coculture of NC and MSC resulted in synergistic cartilage matrix production. PTHrP suppressed the expression of hypertrophy marker, type X collagen (COL10A1), in a dose-dependent fashion without affecting the synergism in cartilage matrix synthesis, and in vivo calcification was eradicated with PTHrP. In contrast, cocultured control (CC) pellets without PTHrP treatment expressed COL10A1, calcified, and became vascularized in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Anderson-Baron
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yan Liang
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Melanie Kunze
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aillette Mulet-Sierra
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Osswald
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Institute for Reconstructive Sciences in Medicine, Misericordia Community Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalid Ansari
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adetola B Adesida
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Futrega K, Robey PG, Klein TJ, Crawford RW, Doran MR. A single day of TGF-β1 exposure activates chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation pathways in bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:29. [PMID: 33398032 PMCID: PMC7782775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually all bone marrow-derived stromal cell (BMSC) chondrogenic induction cultures include greater than 2 weeks exposure to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), but fail to generate cartilage-like tissue suitable for joint repair. Herein we used a micro-pellet model (5 × 103 BMSC each) to determine the duration of TGF-β1 exposure required to initiate differentiation machinery, and to characterize the role of intrinsic programming. We found that a single day of TGF-β1 exposure was sufficient to trigger BMSC chondrogenic differentiation and tissue formation, similar to 21 days of TGF-β1 exposure. Despite cessation of TGF-β1 exposure following 24 hours, intrinsic programming mediated further chondrogenic and hypertrophic BMSC differentiation. These important behaviors are obfuscated by diffusion gradients and heterogeneity in commonly used macro-pellet models (2 × 105 BMSC each). Use of more homogenous micro-pellet models will enable identification of the critical differentiation cues required, likely in the first 24-hours, to generate high quality cartilage-like tissue from BMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Futrega
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pamela G Robey
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Travis J Klein
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ross W Crawford
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R Doran
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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29
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Expansion and Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2221:15-28. [PMID: 32979195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0989-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSC) are adult multipotent progenitor cells that can be isolated from bone marrow. BM-MSCs have the ability to be expanded and differentiated into the chondrogenic lineage in vitro. Here we describe a standardized method to expand and chondrogenically differentiate human BM-MSCs, highlighting how to overcome technical challenges and indicating the most common readout parameters to evaluate the chondrogenic differentiation capacity.
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30
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Promoting Effect of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010300. [PMID: 33396695 PMCID: PMC7796036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial mesenchymal stem cell (SMSC) is the promising cell source of cartilage regeneration but has several issues to overcome such as limited cell proliferation and heterogeneity of cartilage regeneration ability. Previous reports demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can promote proliferation and cartilage differentiation potential of MSCs in vitro, although no reports show its beneficial effect in vivo. The purpose of this study is to investigate the promoting effect of bFGF on cartilage regeneration using human SMSC in vivo. SMSCs were cultured with or without bFGF in a growth medium, and 2 × 105 cells were aggregated to form a synovial pellet. Synovial pellets were implanted into osteochondral defects induced in the femoral trochlea of severe combined immunodeficient mice, and histological evaluation was performed after eight weeks. The presence of implanted SMSCs was confirmed by the observation of human vimentin immunostaining-positive cells. Interestingly, broad lacunae structures and cartilage substrate stained by Safranin-O were observed only in the bFGF (+) group. The bFGF (+) group had significantly higher O’Driscoll scores in the cartilage repair than the bFGF (−) group. The addition of bFGF to SMSC growth culture may be a useful treatment option to promote cartilage regeneration in vivo.
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31
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Zhao Y, Liu H, Zhao C, Dang P, Li H, Farzaneh M. Paracrine Interactions Involved in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Differentiation into Chondrocytes. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:233-242. [PMID: 31889496 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666191224122058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), as a degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of joint disorder that causes pain, stiffness, and other symptoms associated with OA. Various genetic, biomechanical, and environmental factors have a relevant role in the development of OA. To date, extensive efforts are currently being made to overcome the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. Despite the pivotal role of chondrocytes, their proliferation and repair capacity after tissue injury are limited. Therefore, the development of new strategies to overcome these constraints is urgently needed. Recent advances in regenerative medicine suggest that pluripotent stem cells are promising stem cell sources for cartilage repair. Pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the capacity to differentiate into different types of cells and can self-renew indefinitely. In the past few decades, numerous attempts have been made to regenerate articular cartilage by using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The potential applications of patient-specific iPSCs hold great promise for regenerative medicine and OA treatment. However, there are different culture conditions for the preparation and characterization of human iPSCs-derived chondrocytes (hiChondrocytes). Recent biochemical analyses reported that several paracrine factors such as TGFb, BMPs, WNT, Ihh, and Runx have been shown to be involved in cartilage cell proliferation and differentiation from human iPSCs. In this review, we summarize and discuss the paracrine interactions involved in human iPSCs differentiation into chondrocytes in different cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics III, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Honghao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics III, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics III, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Peng Dang
- Department of Orthopedics III, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Haijian Li
- Department of Orthopedics III, Zhoukou Central Hospital, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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32
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Kobayashi M, Chijimatsu R, Hart DA, Hamamoto S, Jacob G, Yano F, Saito T, Shimomura K, Ando W, Chung UI, Tanaka S, Yoshikawa H, Nakamura N. Evidence that TD-198946 enhances the chondrogenic potential of human synovium-derived stem cells through the NOTCH3 signaling pathway. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 15:103-115. [PMID: 33169924 DOI: 10.1002/term.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human synovium-derived stem cells (hSSCs) are an attractive source of cells for cartilage repair. At present, the quality of tissue and techniques used for cartilage regeneration have scope for improvement. A small compound, TD-198946, was reported to enhance chondrogenic induction from hSSCs; however, other applications of TD-198946, such as priming the cell potential of hSSCs, remain unknown. Our study aimed to examine the effect of TD-198946 pretreatment on hSSCs. HSSCs were cultured with or without TD-198946 for 7 days during expansion culture and then converted into a three-dimensional pellet culture supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) and/or transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGFβ3). Chondrogenesis in cultures was assessed based on the GAG content, histology, and expression levels of chondrogenic marker genes. Cell pellets derived from TD-198946-pretreated hSSCs showed enhanced chondrogenic potential when chondrogenesis was induced by both BMP2 and TGFβ3. Moreover, cartilaginous tissue was efficiently generated from TD-198946-pretreated hSSCs using a combination of BMP2 and TGFβ3. Microarray analysis revealed that NOTCH pathway-related genes and their target genes were significantly upregulated in TD-198946-treated hSSCs, although TD-198946 alone did not upregulate chondrogenesis related markers. The administration of the NOTCH signal inhibitor diminished the effect of TD-198946. Thus, TD-198946 enhances the chondrogenic potential of hSSCs via the NOTCH3 signaling pathway. This study is the first to demonstrate the gradual activation of NOTCH3 signaling during chondrogenesis in hSSCs. The priming of NOTCH3 using TD-198946 provides a novel insight regarding the regulation of the differentiation of hSSCs into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shuichi Hamamoto
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - George Jacob
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimomura
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ando
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norimasa Nakamura
- Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan
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Torgomyan A, Saroyan M. Molecular Mechanisms of Chondro- and Osteogenesis Disturbance in Osteoarthritis and Ways of Their Correction. CYTOL GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Voskamp C, Koevoet WJLM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, Lefebvre V, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Enhanced Chondrogenic Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells After TNFα Pre-treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:658. [PMID: 32714905 PMCID: PMC7344141 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cells to treat cartilage defects due to their chondrogenic differentiation potential. However, an inflammatory environment during differentiation, such as the presence of the cytokine TNFα, inhibits chondrogenesis and limits the clinical use of MSCs. On the other hand, it has been reported that exposure to TNFα during in vitro expansion can increase proliferation, migration, and the osteogenic capacity of MSCs and therefore can be beneficial for tissue regeneration. This indicates that the role of TNFα on MSCs may be dependent on the differentiation stage. To improve the chondrogenic capacity of MSCs in the presence of an inflamed environment, we aimed to determine the effect of TNFα on the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs. Here, we report that TNFα exposure during MSC expansion increased the chondrogenic differentiation capacity regardless of the presence of TNFα during chondrogenesis and that this effect of TNFα during expansion was reversed upon TNFα withdrawal. Interestingly, pre-treatment with another pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, did not increase the chondrogenic capacity of MSCs indicating that the pro-chondrogenic effect is specific for TNFα. Finally, we show that TNFα pre-treatment increased the levels of SOX11 and active β-catenin suggesting that these intracellular effectors may be useful targets to improve MSC-based cartilage repair. Overall, these results suggest that TNFα pre-treatment, by modulating SOX11 levels and WNT/β-catenin signaling, could be used as a strategy to improve MSC-based cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Voskamp
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wendy J L M Koevoet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo A Somoza
- Department of Biology and Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Department of Biology and Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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35
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Nakayama N, Pothiawala A, Lee JY, Matthias N, Umeda K, Ang BK, Huard J, Huang Y, Sun D. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors for cartilage tissue engineering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2543-2563. [PMID: 31915836 PMCID: PMC11104892 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cartilage of joints, such as meniscus and articular cartilage, is normally long lasting (i.e., permanent). However, once damaged, especially in large animals and humans, joint cartilage is not spontaneously repaired. Compensating the lack of repair activity by supplying cartilage-(re)forming cells, such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal stromal cells, or by transplanting a piece of normal cartilage, has been the basis of therapy for biological restoration of damaged joint cartilage. Unfortunately, current biological therapies face problems on a number of fronts. The joint cartilage is generated de novo from a specialized cell type, termed a 'joint progenitor' or 'interzone cell' during embryogenesis. Therefore, embryonic chondroprogenitors that mimic the property of joint progenitors might be the best type of cell for regenerating joint cartilage in the adult. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are expected to differentiate in culture into any somatic cell type through processes that mimic embryogenesis, making human (h)PSCs a promising source of embryonic chondroprogenitors. The major research goals toward the clinical application of PSCs in joint cartilage regeneration are to (1) efficiently generate lineage-specific chondroprogenitors from hPSCs, (2) expand the chondroprogenitors to the number needed for therapy without loss of their chondrogenic activity, and (3) direct the in vivo or in vitro differentiation of the chondroprogenitors to articular or meniscal (i.e., permanent) chondrocytes rather than growth plate (i.e., transient) chondrocytes. This review is aimed at providing the current state of research toward meeting these goals. We also include our recent achievement of successful generation of "permanent-like" cartilage from long-term expandable, hPSC-derived ectomesenchymal chondroprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakayama
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Azim Pothiawala
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John Y Lee
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Matthias
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Katsutsugu Umeda
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bryan K Ang
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, 1825 Pressler St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Weil Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnny Huard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Steadman Philippon Research Institute, Vail, CO, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deqiang Sun
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
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Al Hosni R, Shah M, Cheema U, Roberts HC, Luyten FP, Roberts SJ. Mapping human serum-induced gene networks as a basis for the creation of biomimetic periosteum for bone repair. Cytotherapy 2020; 22:424-435. [PMID: 32522398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.03.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periosteum is a highly vascularized, collagen-rich tissue that plays a crucial role in directing bone repair. This is orchestrated primarily by its resident progenitor cell population. Indeed, preservation of periosteum integrity is critical for bone healing. Cells extracted from the periosteum retain their osteochondrogenic properties and as such are a promising basis for tissue engineering strategies for the repair of bone defects. However, the culture expansion conditions and the way in which the cells are reintroduced to the defect site are critical aspects of successful translation. Indeed, expansion in human serum and implantation on biomimetic materials has previously been shown to improve in vivo bone formation. AIM This study aimed to develop a protocol to allow for the expansion of human periosteum derived cells (hPDCs) in a biomimetic periosteal-like environment. METHODS The expansion conditions were defined through the investigation of the bioactive cues involved in augmenting hPDC proliferative and multipotency characteristics, based on transcriptomic analysis of cells cultured in human serum. RESULTS Master regulators of transcriptional networks were identified, and an optimized periosteum-derived growth factor cocktail (PD-GFC; containing β-estradiol, FGF2, TNFα, TGFβ, IGF-1 and PDGF-BB) was generated. Expansion of hPDCs in PD-GFC resulted in serum mimicry with regard to the cell morphology, proliferative capacity and chondrogenic differentiation. When incorporated into a three-dimensional collagen type 1 matrix and cultured in PD-GFC, the hPDCs migrated to the surface that represented the matrix topography of the periosteum cambium layer. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed a down-regulated WNT and TGFβ signature and an up-regulation of CREB, which may indicate the hPDCs are recreating their progenitor cell signature. CONCLUSION This study highlights the first stage in the development of a biomimetic periosteum, which may have applications in bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawiya Al Hosni
- Department of Materials and Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Mittal Shah
- Department of Materials and Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Umber Cheema
- Department of Materials and Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - Helen C Roberts
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Tissue Engineering Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Department of Materials and Tissue, Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Stanmore, UK; Skeletal Biology and Tissue Engineering Centre, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium and; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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37
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Díaz-Payno PJ, Browe DC, Cunniffe GM, Kelly DJ. The identification of articular cartilage and growth plate extracellular matrix-specific proteins supportive of either osteogenesis or stable chondrogenesis of stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:285-291. [PMID: 32473752 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can play a key role in regulating the fate of stem cells and can potentially be utilized for therapeutic applications. Realising this potential requires further characterization of the diversity of biomolecules present in tissue-specific ECMs and an evaluation of their role as regulatory cues for regenerative medicine applications. The goal of this study was to identify specific soluble factors within the ECM of articular cartilage (AC) and growth plate (GP) that may impart chondro-inductivity or osteo-inductivity respectively. To this end, the significantly different proteins between both matrisomes were searched against the STRING database platform, from which C-type lectin domain family-11 member-A (CLEC11A) and S100 calcium-binding protein-A10 (S100A10) were identified as potential candidates for supporting osteogenesis, and Gremlin-1 (GREM1) and TGF-β induced gene human clone-3 (βIGH3) were identified as potential candidates for supporting stable chondrogenesis. Stimulation of chondrogenically-primed bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) with the AC-specific proteins GREM1 and βIGH3 had no noticeable effect on the deposition of collagen-II, a marker of chondrogenesis, but appeared to suppress the production of the hypertrophic marker collagen-X, particularly for higher concentrations of GREM1. Stimulation with GREM1 was also found to suppress the direct osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs. In contrast, stimulation with the GP-specific factors CLEC11A and S100A10 was found to enhance osteogenesis of BMSCs, increasing the levels of mineralization, particularly for higher concentration of CLEC11A. Together these results demonstrate that AC- and GP-specific proteins may play a key role in developing novel strategies for engineering phenotypically stable articular cartilage or enhancing the regeneration of critically-sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Díaz-Payno
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David C Browe
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne M Cunniffe
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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38
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Tavakoli S, Ghaderi Jafarbeigloo HR, Shariati A, Jahangiryan A, Jadidi F, Jadidi Kouhbanani MA, Hassanzadeh A, Zamani M, Javidi K, Naimi A. Mesenchymal stromal cells; a new horizon in regenerative medicine. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9185-9210. [PMID: 32452052 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) biomedical utilizing has attracted worldwide growing attention. After the first report of the human MSCs obtaining from the bone marrow (BM) tissue, these cells were isolated from wide types of the other tissues, ranging from adipose tissue to dental pulp. Their specific characteristics, comprising self-renewality, multipotency, and availability accompanied by their immunomodulatory properties and little ethical concern denote their importance in the context of regenerative medicine. Considering preclinical studies, MSCs can modify immune reactions during tissue repair and restoration, providing suitable milieu for tissue recovery; on the other hand, they can be differentiated into comprehensive types of the body cells, such as osteoblast, chondrocyte, hepatocyte, cardiomyocyte, fibroblast, and neural cells. Though a large number of studies have investigated MSCs capacities in regenerative medicine in varied animal models, the oncogenic capability of unregulated MSCs differentiation must be more assessed to enable their application in the clinic. In the current review, we provide a brief overview of MSCs sources, isolation, and expansion as well as immunomodulatory activities. More important, we try to collect and discuss recent preclinical and clinical research and evaluate current challenges in the context of the MSC-based cell therapy for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Tavakoli
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Shariati
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Jahangiryan
- Immunology Department, Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine (IBTO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Jadidi
- Student Research Committee, Zarand School of Nursing, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammd Amin Jadidi Kouhbanani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Kamran Javidi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Adel Naimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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39
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Volleman TNE, Schol J, Morita K, Sakai D, Watanabe M. Wnt3a and wnt5a as Potential Chondrogenic Stimulators for Nucleus Pulposus Cell Induction: A Comprehensive Review. Neurospine 2020; 17:19-35. [PMID: 32252152 PMCID: PMC7136098 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040040.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain remains a highly prevalent pathology engendering a tremendous socioeconomic burden. Low back pain is generally associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a process involving the deterioration of nucleus pulpous (NP) cells and IVD matrix. Scientific interest has directed efforts to restoring cell numbers as a strategy to enable IVD regeneration. Currently, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being explored as cell therapy agents, due to their easy accessibility and differentiation potential. For enhancement of MSCs, growth factor supplementation is commonly applied to induce differentiation towards a chondrogenic (NP) cell phenotype. The wnt signaling pathways play a crucial role in chondrogenesis, nonetheless, literature appears to present controversies with regard to wnt3a and wnt5a for the induction of NP cells, chondrocytes, and MSCs. This review aims to summarize the reporting on wnt3a/wnt5a mediated NP cell differentiation, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved in wnt3a and wnt5a mediated chondrogenesis for potential application as cell therapy supplements for IVD regeneration. Our review suggests that wnt3a, subsequently replaced with a chondrogenic stimulating growth factor, can enhance the chondrogenic potential of MSCs in vitro. Contrariwise, wnt5a is suggested to play a role in maintaining cell potency of differentiated NP or chondrogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibo Nico Emmie Volleman
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy Schol
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Morita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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40
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Li Z, Xiang S, Li EN, Fritch MR, Alexander PG, Lin H, Tuan RS. Tissue Engineering for Musculoskeletal Regeneration and Disease Modeling. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 265:235-268. [PMID: 33471201 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal injuries and associated conditions are the leading cause of physical disability worldwide. The concept of tissue engineering has opened up novel approaches to repair musculoskeletal defects in a fast and/or efficient manner. Biomaterials, cells, and signaling molecules constitute the tissue engineering triad. In the past 40 years, significant progress has been made in developing and optimizing all three components, but only a very limited number of technologies have been successfully translated into clinical applications. A major limiting factor of this barrier to translation is the insufficiency of two-dimensional cell cultures and traditional animal models in informing the safety and efficacy of in-human applications. In recent years, microphysiological systems, often referred to as organ or tissue chips, generated according to tissue engineering principles, have been proposed as the next-generation drug testing models. This chapter aims to first review the current tissue engineering-based approaches that are being applied to fabricate and develop the individual critical elements involved in musculoskeletal organ/tissue chips. We next highlight the general strategy of generating musculoskeletal tissue chips and their potential in future regenerative medicine research. Exemplary microphysiological systems mimicking musculoskeletal tissues are described. With sufficient physiological accuracy and relevance, the human cell-derived, three-dimensional, multi-tissue systems have been used to model a number of orthopedic disorders and to test new treatments. We anticipate that the novel emerging tissue chip technology will continually reshape and improve our understanding of human musculoskeletal pathophysiology, ultimately accelerating the development of advanced pharmaceutics and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiqi Xiang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eileen N Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madalyn R Fritch
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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41
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Voskamp C, van de Peppel J, Gasparini S, Giannoni P, van Leeuwen JPTM, van Osch GJVM, Narcisi R. Sorting living mesenchymal stem cells using a TWIST1 RNA-based probe depends on incubation time and uptake capacity. Cytotechnology 2019; 72:37-45. [PMID: 31728801 PMCID: PMC7002702 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) are multipotent progenitors of particular interest for cell-based tissue engineering therapies. However, one disadvantage that limit their clinical use is their heterogeneity. In the last decades a great effort was made to select BMSC subpopulations based on cell surface markers, however there is still no general consensus on which markers to use to obtain the best BMSCs for tissue regeneration. Looking for alternatives we decided to focus on a probe-based method to detect intracellular mRNA in living cells, the SmartFlare technology. This technology does not require fixation of the cells and allows us to sort living cells based on gene expression into functionally different populations. However, since the technology is available it is debated whether the probes specifically recognize their target mRNAs. We validated the TWIST1 probe and demonstrated that it specifically recognizes TWIST1 in BMSCs. However, differences in probe concentration, incubation time and cellular uptake can strongly influence signal specificity. In addition we found that TWIST1high expressing cells have an increased expansion rate compared to TWIST1low expressing cells derived
from the same initial population of BMSCs. The SmartFlare probes recognize their target gene, however for each probe and cell type validation of the protocol is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Voskamp
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simona Gasparini
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Generation of qualified clinical-grade functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:763. [PMID: 31601782 PMCID: PMC6787193 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes have been successfully generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the cost-effective and clinical-grade generation of hepatocytes from hPSCs still need to be improved. In this study, we reported the production of functional hepatocytes from clinical-grade human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) under good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements. We sequentially generated primitive streak (PS), definitive endoderm (DE), hepatoblasts and hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs in the different stages with completely defined reagents. During hepatoblast differentiation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), transferrin, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (Vc-Mg), insulin, and sodium selenite were used instead of cytokines and FBS/KOSR. Then, hepatoblasts were differentiated into HLCs that had a typical hepatocyte morphology and possessed characteristics of mature hepatocytes, such as metabolic-related gene expression, albumin secretion, fat accumulation, glycogen storage, and inducible cytochrome P450 activity in vitro. HLCs integrated into the livers of Tet-uPA Rag2–/– Il2rg–/– (URG) mice, which partially recovered after transplantation. Furthermore, a series of biosafety-related experiments were performed to ensure future clinical applications. In conclusion, we developed a chemically defined system to generate qualified clinical-grade HLCs from hESCs under GMP conditions. HLCs have been proven to be safe and effective for treating liver failure. This efficient platform could facilitate the treatment of liver diseases using hESC-derived HLCs transplantation.
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3875-3889. [PMID: 30980110 PMCID: PMC11105731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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van Geffen EW, van Caam APM, Vitters EL, van Beuningen HM, van de Loo FA, van Lent PLEM, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM. Interleukin-37 Protects Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Formation in an Inflammatory Osteoarthritis-Like Microenvironment. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 25:1155-1166. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elly Louise Vitters
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Maria van Beuningen
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons Adrianus van de Loo
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marije Ingrid Koenders
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Mario van der Kraan
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Larson BL, Yu SN, Park H, Estes BT, Moutos FT, Bloomquist CJ, Wu PB, Welter JF, Langer R, Guilak F, Freed LE. Chondrogenic, hypertrophic, and osteochondral differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on three-dimensionally woven scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:1453-1465. [PMID: 31115161 DOI: 10.1002/term.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of mechanically functional cartilage and bone tissue constructs of clinically relevant size, as well as their integration with native tissues, remains an important challenge for regenerative medicine. The objective of this study was to assess adult human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in large, three-dimensionally woven poly(ε-caprolactone; PCL) scaffolds in proximity to viable bone, both in a nude rat subcutaneous pouch model and under simulated conditions in vitro. In Study I, various scaffold permutations-PCL alone, PCL-bone, "point-of-care" seeded MSC-PCL-bone, and chondrogenically precultured Ch-MSC-PCL-bone constructs-were implanted in a dorsal, ectopic pouch in a nude rat. After 8 weeks, only cells in the Ch-MSC-PCL constructs exhibited both chondrogenic and osteogenic gene expression profiles. Notably, although both tissue profiles were present, constructs that had been chondrogenically precultured prior to implantation showed a loss of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) as well as the presence of mineralization along with the formation of trabecula-like structures. In Study II of the study, the GAG loss and mineralization observed in Study I in vivo were recapitulated in vitro by the presence of either nearby bone or osteogenic culture medium additives but were prevented by a continued presence of chondrogenic medium additives. These data suggest conditions under which adult human stem cells in combination with polymer scaffolds synthesize functional and phenotypically distinct tissues based on the environmental conditions and highlight the potential influence that paracrine factors from adjacent bone may have on MSC fate, once implanted in vivo for chondral or osteochondral repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Larson
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sarah N Yu
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hyoungshin Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | | | | | - Patrick B Wu
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Skeletal Research Center and Case Center for Multimodal Evaluation of Engineered Cartilage, Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert Langer
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Cytex Therapeutics, Inc., Durham, NC.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lisa E Freed
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
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Lehmann J, Nürnberger S, Narcisi R, Stok KS, van der Eerden BCJ, Koevoet WJLM, Kops N, Ten Berge D, van Osch GJ. Recellularization of auricular cartilage via elastase-generated channels. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035012. [PMID: 30921774 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized tissue matrices are promising substrates for tissue generation by stem cells to replace poorly regenerating tissues such as cartilage. However, the dense matrix of decellularized cartilage impedes colonisation by stem cells. Here, we show that digestion of elastin fibre bundles traversing auricular cartilage creates channels through which cells can migrate into the matrix. Human chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells efficiently colonise elastin-treated scaffolds through these channels, restoring a glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix and improving mechanical properties while maintaining size and shape of the restored tissue. The scaffolds are also rapidly colonised by endogenous cartilage-forming cells in a subcutaneously implanted osteochondral biopsy model. Creating channels for cells in tissue matrices may be a broadly applicable strategy for recellularization and restoration of tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lehmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Diederichs S, Tonnier V, März M, Dreher SI, Geisbüsch A, Richter W. Regulation of WNT5A and WNT11 during MSC in vitro chondrogenesis: WNT inhibition lowers BMP and hedgehog activity, and reduces hypertrophy. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES : CMLS 2019. [PMID: 30980110 DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐019‐03099‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-directing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) chondrogenesis towards a non-hypertrophic articular chondrocyte-(AC)-like phenotype is important for improving articular cartilage neogenesis to enhance clinical cartilage repair strategies. This study is the first to demonstrate that high levels of non-canonical WNT5A followed by WNT11 and LEF1 discriminated MSC chondrogenesis from AC re-differentiation. Moreover, β-catenin seemed incompletely silenced in differentiating MSCs, which altogether suggested a role for WNT signaling in hypertrophic MSC differentiation. WNT inhibition with the small molecule IWP-2 supported MSC chondrogenesis according to elevated proteoglycan deposition and reduced the characteristic upregulation of BMP4, BMP7 and their target ID1, as well as IHH and its target GLI1 observed during endochondral differentiation. Along with the pro-hypertrophic transcription factor MEF2C, multiple hypertrophic downstream targets including IBSP and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced by IWP-2, demonstrating that WNT activity drives BMP and hedgehog upregulation, and MSC hypertrophy. WNT inhibition almost matched the strong anti-hypertrophic capacity of pulsed parathyroid hormone-related protein application, and both outperformed suppression of BMP signaling with dorsomorphin, which also reduced cartilage matrix deposition. Yet, hypertrophic marker expression under IWP-2 remained above AC level, and in vivo mineralization and ectopic bone formation were reduced but not eliminated. Overall, the strong anti-hypertrophic effects of IWP-2 involved inhibition but not silencing of pro-hypertrophic BMP and IHH pathways, and more advanced silencing of WNT activity as well as combined application of IHH or BMP antagonists should next be considered to install articular cartilage neogenesis from human MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvig Diederichs
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Tonnier
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie März
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon I Dreher
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geisbüsch
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Richter
- Research Center for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sun Z, Luo ZJ. Osteoporosis therapies might lead to intervertebral disc degeneration via affecting cartilage endplate. Med Hypotheses 2019; 125:5-7. [PMID: 30902151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) are both age-related diseases of the musculoskeletal system. With the average life expectancy longer than ever, the morbidity caused by these two diseases is increasing. Nowadays, treatment strategies for osteoporosis are mainly aimed at increasing the mineral density of the bone. Some of these therapies, including vitamin D, calcium, bisphosphonates, Wnt signal activators and parathyroid hormone regulators, have been suggested to be capable of causing calcification of the cartilage endplate in the intervertebral disc. This alteration could block nutrient and oxygen transportation to the center part of the disc, thus lead to intervertebral disc degeneration. Consequently, we hypothesize that osteoporosis therapies might be a potential risk for IDD. This assumption indicates that we should take the alterations of the cartilage endplate into consideration in further osteoporosis treatment to avoid IDD in the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhuo-Jing Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, West Changle Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Liu F, Huang X, Luo Z, He J, Haider F, Song C, Peng L, Chen T, Wu B. Hypoxia-Activated PI3K/Akt Inhibits Oxidative Stress via the Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Human Dental Pulp Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6595189. [PMID: 30728888 PMCID: PMC6343138 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6595189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to use stem cells as a resource for tissue regeneration, it is necessary to induce expansion in vitro. However, during culture, stem cells often lose functional properties and become senescent. Increasing evidence indicates that hypoxic preconditioning with physiological oxygen concentration can maintain the functional properties of stem cells in vitro. The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that hypoxic preconditioning with physiological oxygen concentration can maintain the functional properties of stem cells in culture by reducing oxidative stress. In vitro studies were performed in primary human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). Reduced levels of oxidative stress and increased cellular "stemness" in response to physiological hypoxia were dependent upon the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequently, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed the increased expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling in culture, a pathway which regulates oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found evidence that PI3K/Akt signaling might affect intracellular ROS production by negatively regulating expression of the downstream protein Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) and Caspase 3. Collectively, our data show that the PI3K/Akt pathway is activated in response to hypoxia and inhibits oxidative stress in a ROS-dependent manner. This study identified redox-mediated hypoxic preconditioning regulatory mechanisms that may be significant for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- College of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- International Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jingjun He
- International Medical Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Farhan Haider
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ci Song
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Buling Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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