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Cebrian-Silla A, Assis Nascimento M, Mancia W, Gonzalez-Granero S, Romero-Rodriguez R, Obernier K, Steffen DM, Lim DA, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A. Neural Stem Cell Relay from B1 to B2 cells in the adult mouse Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.600695. [PMID: 39005355 PMCID: PMC11244865 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.600695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Neurogenesis and gliogenesis continue in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone (V-SVZ) of the adult rodent brain. B1 cells are astroglial cells derived from radial glia that function as primary progenitors or neural stem cells (NSCs) in the V-SVZ. B1 cells, which have a small apical contact with the ventricle, decline in numbers during early postnatal life, yet neurogenesis continues into adulthood. Here we found that a second population of V-SVZ astroglial cells (B2 cells), that do not contact the ventricle, function as NSCs in the adult brain. B2 cell numbers increase postnatally, remain constant in 12-month-old mice and decrease by 18 months. Transcriptomic analysis of ventricular-contacting and non-contacting B cells revealed key molecular differences to distinguish B1 from B2 cells. Transplantation and lineage tracing of B2 cells demonstrate their function as primary progenitors for adult neurogenesis. This study reveals how NSC function is relayed from B1 to B2 progenitors to maintain adult neurogenesis.
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2
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Labusch M, Thetiot M, Than-Trong E, Morizet D, Coolen M, Varet H, Legendre R, Ortica S, Mancini L, Bally-Cuif L. Prosaposin maintains adult neural stem cells in a state associated with deep quiescence. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:515-528. [PMID: 38518783 PMCID: PMC11096431 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In most vertebrates, adult neural stem cells (NSCs) continuously give rise to neurons in discrete brain regions. A critical process for maintaining NSC pools over long periods of time in the adult brain is NSC quiescence, a reversible and tightly regulated state of cell-cycle arrest. Recently, lysosomes were identified to regulate the NSC quiescence-proliferation balance. However, it remains controversial whether lysosomal activity promotes NSC proliferation or quiescence, and a finer influence of lysosomal activity on NSC quiescence duration or depth remains unexplored. Using RNA sequencing and pharmacological manipulations, we show that lysosomes are necessary for NSC quiescence maintenance. In addition, we reveal that expression of psap, encoding the lysosomal regulator Prosaposin, is enriched in quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) that reside upstream in the NSC lineage and display a deep/long quiescence phase in the adult zebrafish telencephalon. We show that shRNA-mediated psap knockdown increases the proportion of activated NSCs (aNSCs) as well as NSCs that reside in shallower quiescence states (signed by ascl1a and deltaA expression). Collectively, our results identify the lysosomal protein Psap as a (direct or indirect) quiescence regulator and unfold the interplay between lysosomal function and NSC quiescence heterogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Labusch
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Melina Thetiot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Than-Trong
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - David Morizet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marion Coolen
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Platform Biomics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Platform Biomics, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sara Ortica
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laure Mancini
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laure Bally-Cuif
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Zebrafish Neurogenetics Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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Yang Q, Patrick M, Lu J, Chen J, Zhang Y, Hemani H, Lehrmann E, De S, Weng NP. Homeodomain-only protein suppresses proliferation and contributes to differentiation- and age-related reduced CD8 + T cell expansion. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360229. [PMID: 38410516 PMCID: PMC10895957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell activation is a tightly controlled process involving both positive and negative regulators. The precise mechanisms governing the negative regulators in T cell proliferation remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that homeodomain-only protein (HOPX), a homeodomain-containing protein, and its most abundant isoform HOPXb, negatively regulate activation-induced proliferation of human T cells. We found that HOPX expression progressively increased from naïve (TN) to central memory (TCM) to effector memory (TEM) cells, with a notable upregulation following in vitro stimulation. Overexpression of HOPXb leads to a reduction in TN cell proliferation while HOPX knockdown promotes proliferation of TN and TEM cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HOPX binds to promoters and exerts repressive effects on the expression of MYC and NR4A1, two positive regulators known to promote T cell proliferation. Importantly, our findings suggest aging is associated with increased HOPX expression, and that knockdown of HOPX enhances the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in older adults. Our findings provide compelling evidence that HOPX serves as a negative regulator of T cell activation and plays a pivotal role in T cell differentiation and in age-related-reduction in T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Patrick
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Humza Hemani
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nan-ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Holst CB, Brøchner CB, Vitting‐Seerup K, Møllgård K. The HOPX and BLBP landscape and gliogenic regions in developing human brain. J Anat 2023; 243:23-38. [PMID: 36794762 PMCID: PMC10273337 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer radial glial cells (oRGs) give rise to neurons and glial cells and contribute to cell migration and expansion in developing neocortex. HOPX has been described as a marker of oRGs and possible actor in glioblastomas. Recent years' evidence points to spatiotemporal differences in brain development which may have implications for the classification of cell types in the central nervous system and understanding of a range of neurological diseases. Using the Human Embryonic/Fetal Biobank, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, HOPX and BLBP immunoexpression was investigated in developing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital human neocortex, other cortical areas and brain stem regions to interrogate oRG and HOPX regional heterogeneity. Furthermore, usage of high-plex spatial profiling (Nanostring GeoMx® DSP) was tested on the same material. HOPX marked oRGs in several human developing brain regions as well as cells in known gliogenic areas but did not completely overlap with BLBP or GFAP. Interestingly, limbic structures (e.g. olfactory bulb, indusium griseum, entorhinal cortex, fimbria) showed more intense HOPX immunoreactivity than adjacent neocortex and in cerebellum and brain stem, HOPX and BLBP seemed to stain different cell populations in cerebellar cortex and corpus pontobulbare. DSP screening of corresponding regions indicated differences in cell type composition, vessel density and presence of apolipoproteins within and across regions and thereby confirming the importance of acknowledging time and place in developmental neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Bjørnbak Holst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- DCCC Brain Tumor CenterCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christian Beltoft Brøchner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Pathology, Center of Diagnostic InvestigationCopenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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He S, Ding Y, Ji Z, Yuan B, Chen J, Ren W. HOPX is a tumor-suppressive biomarker that corresponds to T cell infiltration in skin cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:122. [PMID: 37344870 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the most threatening type of skin cancer. Approximately 55,000 people lose their lives every year due to SKCM, illustrating that it seriously threatens human life and health. Homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX) is the smallest member of the homeodomain family and is widely expressed in a variety of tissues. HOPX is involved in regulating the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells and is closely related to the development of tumors such as breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, its function in SKCM is unclear, and further studies are needed. METHODS We used the R language to construct ROC (Receiver-Operating Characteristic) curves, KM (Kaplan‒Meier) curves and nomograms based on databases such as the TCGA and GEO to analyze the diagnostic and prognostic value of HOPX in SKCM patients. Enrichment analysis, immune scoring, GSVA (Gene Set Variation Analysis), and single-cell sequencing were used to verify the association between HOPX expression and immune infiltration. In vitro experiments were performed using A375 cells for phenotypic validation. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to further analyze HOPX gene-related genes and their signaling pathways. RESULTS Compared to normal cells, SKCM cells had low HOPX expression (p < 0.001). Patients with high HOPX expression had a better prognosis (p < 0.01), and the marker had good diagnostic efficacy (AUC = 0.744). GO/KEGG (Gene Ontology/ Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis, GSVA and single-cell sequencing analysis showed that HOPX expression is associated with immune processes and high enrichment of T cells and could serve as an immune checkpoint in SKCM. Furthermore, cellular assays verified that HOPX inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of A375 cells and promotes apoptosis and S-phase arrest. Interestingly, tumor drug sensitivity analysis revealed that HOPX also plays an important role in reducing clinical drug resistance. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that HOPX is a blocker of SKCM progression that inhibits the proliferation of SKCM cells and promotes apoptosis. Furthermore, it may be a new diagnostic and prognostic indicator and a novel target for immunotherapy in SKCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song He
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghao Ji
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China.
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, P.R. China.
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Marcy G, Foucault L, Babina E, Capeliez T, Texeraud E, Zweifel S, Heinrich C, Hernandez-Vargas H, Parras C, Jabaudon D, Raineteau O. Single-cell analysis of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ reveals a role for Bmpr1a signaling in silencing pallial germinal activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7553. [PMID: 37146152 PMCID: PMC10162676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) is the largest neurogenic region of the postnatal forebrain, containing neural stem cells (NSCs) that emerge from both the embryonic pallium and subpallium. Despite of this dual origin, glutamatergic neurogenesis declines rapidly after birth, while GABAergic neurogenesis persists throughout life. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of the postnatal dorsal V-SVZ for unraveling the mechanisms leading to pallial lineage germinal activity silencing. We show that pallial NSCs enter a state of deep quiescence, characterized by high bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, reduced transcriptional activity and Hopx expression, while in contrast, subpallial NSCs remain primed for activation. Induction of deep quiescence is paralleled by a rapid blockade of glutamatergic neuron production and differentiation. Last, manipulation of Bmpr1a demonstrates its key role in mediating these effects. Together, our results highlight a central role of BMP signaling in synchronizing quiescence induction and blockade of neuronal differentiation to rapidly silence pallial germinal activity after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Louis Foucault
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Elodie Babina
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Timothy Capeliez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Emeric Texeraud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bioinformatic Platform of the Labex Cortex, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christophe Heinrich
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, UCBL1, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Carlos Parras
- Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
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7
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Clavreul S, Dumas L, Loulier K. Astrocyte development in the cerebral cortex: Complexity of their origin, genesis, and maturation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:916055. [PMID: 36177355 PMCID: PMC9513187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.916055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, astrocytes form a heterogeneous population at the morphological, molecular, functional, intra-, and inter-region levels. In the past, a few types of astrocytes have been first described based on their morphology and, thereafter, according to limited key molecular markers. With the advent of bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, the diversity of astrocytes is now progressively deciphered and its extent better appreciated. However, the origin of this diversity remains unresolved, even though many recent studies unraveled the specificities of astroglial development at both population and individual cell levels, particularly in the cerebral cortex. Despite the lack of specific markers for each astrocyte subtype, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular events underlying cortical astrocyte diversity is nevertheless within our reach thanks to the development of intersectional lineage tracing, microdissection, spatial mapping, and single-cell transcriptomic tools. Here we present a brief overview describing recent findings on the genesis and maturation of astrocytes and their key regulators during cerebral cortex development. All these studies have considerably advanced our knowledge of cortical astrogliogenesis, which relies on a more complex mode of development than their neuronal counterparts, that undeniably impact astrocyte diversity in the cerebral cortex.
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8
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Tatomir A, Cuevas J, Badea TC, Muresanu DF, Rus V, Rus H. Role of RGC-32 in multiple sclerosis and neuroinflammation – few answers and many questions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979414. [PMID: 36172382 PMCID: PMC9510783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have brought into the spotlight the major role played by reactive astrocytes in this condition. Response Gene to Complement (RGC)-32 is a gene induced by complement activation, growth factors, and cytokines, notably transforming growth factor β, that is involved in the modulation of processes such as angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell migration, and cell differentiation. Studies have uncovered the crucial role that RGC-32 plays in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells, a subtype of CD4+ T lymphocytes with an important role in MS and its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The latest data have also shown that RGC-32 is involved in regulating major transcriptomic changes in astrocytes and in favoring the synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix components, growth factors, axonal growth molecules, and pro-astrogliogenic molecules. These results suggest that RGC-32 plays a major role in driving reactive astrocytosis and the generation of astrocytes from radial glia precursors. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how RGC-32 regulates the behavior of Th17 cells and astrocytes in neuroinflammation, providing insight into its role as a potential new biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jacob Cuevas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tudor C. Badea
- Research and Development Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Dafin F. Muresanu
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Violeta Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Neurology Service, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Horea Rus,
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9
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Bourque J, Kousnetsov R, Hawiger D. Roles of Hopx in the differentiation and functions of immune cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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10
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Papes F, Camargo AP, de Souza JS, Carvalho VMA, Szeto RA, LaMontagne E, Teixeira JR, Avansini SH, Sánchez-Sánchez SM, Nakahara TS, Santo CN, Wu W, Yao H, Araújo BMP, Velho PENF, Haddad GG, Muotri AR. Transcription Factor 4 loss-of-function is associated with deficits in progenitor proliferation and cortical neuron content. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2387. [PMID: 35501322 PMCID: PMC9061776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription Factor 4 (TCF4) has been associated with autism, schizophrenia, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. However, how pathological TCF4 mutations affect the human neural tissue is poorly understood. Here, we derive neural progenitor cells, neurons, and brain organoids from skin fibroblasts obtained from children with Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome carrying clinically relevant mutations in TCF4. We show that neural progenitors bearing these mutations have reduced proliferation and impaired capacity to differentiate into neurons. We identify a mechanism through which TCF4 loss-of-function leads to decreased Wnt signaling and then to diminished expression of SOX genes, culminating in reduced progenitor proliferation in vitro. Moreover, we show reduced cortical neuron content and impaired electrical activity in the patient-derived organoids, phenotypes that were rescued after correction of TCF4 expression or by pharmacological modulation of Wnt signaling. This work delineates pathological mechanisms in neural cells harboring TCF4 mutations and provides a potential target for therapeutic strategies for genetic disorders associated with this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Papes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-886, Brazil.
| | - Antonio P Camargo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Janaina S de Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vinicius M A Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Ryan A Szeto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erin LaMontagne
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - José R Teixeira
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Simoni H Avansini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thiago S Nakahara
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Carolina N Santo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
- Center for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-886, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Barbara M P Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N F Velho
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA) and Archealization (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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11
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Caramello A, Galichet C, Sopena ML, Lovell‐Badge R, Rizzoti K. The cortical hem lacks stem cell potential despite expressing SOX9 and HOPX. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:565-580. [PMID: 36067402 PMCID: PMC9826121 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus (DG) of rodents hosts a neural stem cell (NSC) niche capable of generating new neurons throughout life. The embryonic origin and molecular mechanisms underlying formation of DG NSCs are still being investigated. We performed a bulk transcriptomic analysis on mouse developing archicortex conditionally deleted for Sox9, a SoxE transcription factor controlling both gliogenesis and NSC formation, and identified Hopx, a recently identified marker of both prospective adult DG NSCs and astrocytic progenitors, as being downregulated. We confirm SOX9 is required for HOPX expression in the embryonic archicortex. In particular, we found that both NSC markers are highly expressed in the cortical hem (CH), while only weakly in the adjacent dentate neuroepithelium (DNE), suggesting a potential CH embryonic origin for DG NSCs. However, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that the embryonic CH, as well as its adult derivatives, lacks stem cell potential. Instead, deletion of Sox9 in the DNE affects both HOPX expression and NSC formation in the adult DG. We conclude that HOPX expression in the CH is involved in astrocytic differentiation downstream of SOX9, which we previously showed regulates DG development by inducing formation of a CH-derived astrocytic scaffold. Altogether, these results suggest that both proteins work in a dose-dependent manner to drive either astrocytic differentiation in CH or NSC formation in DNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Caramello
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK,UK Dementia Research InstituteImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Christophe Galichet
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Miriam Llorian Sopena
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology PlatformFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Robin Lovell‐Badge
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental GeneticsThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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13
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Alshebib YA, Hori T, Kashiwagi T. HOP protein expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus is acutely downregulated in a status epilepticus mouse model. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:183-193. [PMID: 34766103 PMCID: PMC8569711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency, and delayed management can lead to higher morbidity and mortality. It is thought that prolonged seizures stimulate stem cells in the hippocampus and that epileptogenesis may arise from aberrant connections formed by newly born cells, while others have suggested that the acute neuroinflammation and gliosis often seen in epileptic hippocampi contribute to hyperexcitability and epilepsy development. Previous studies have identified the expression of homeodomain-only protein (HOP) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (HDG) and the heart. HOP was found to be a regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation during heart development, while it maintains the 'heart conduction system' in adulthood. However, little is known about HOP function in the adult HDG, particularly in the SE setting. Here, a HOP immunohistochemical profile in an SE mouse model was established. A total of 24 adult mice were analyzed 3-10 days following the SE episode, the 'acute phase'. Our findings demonstrate a significant downregulation of HOP and BLBP protein expression in the SE group following SE episodes, while HOP/Ki67 coexpression did not remarkably differ. Furthermore, coexpression of HOP/S100β and HOP/Prox1 was not observed, although we noticed insignificant HOP/DCX coexpression level. The findings of this study show no compelling evidence of proliferation, and newly added neurons were not identified during the acute phase following SE, although HOP protein expression was significantly decreased in the HDG. Similar to its counterpart in the adult heart, this suggests that HOP seems to play a key role in regulating signal conduction in adult hippocampus. Moreover, acute changes in HOP expression following SE could be part of an inflammatory response that could subsequently influence epileptogenicity.
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Key Words
- BLBP, Brain lipid-binding protein
- BrdU, 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine
- Ctrl, control tissue
- DCX, Doublecortin
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- Epileptogenicity
- GCL, granule cell layer
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HDG, Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus
- HF, Hippocampus Formation
- HOP
- HOP, Homeodomain Only Protein
- Hippocampal Formation
- Homeodomain-Only Protein
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- NSC, Neural stem cells
- Neurocardiology
- Prox1, Prospero Homeobox 1
- RGL cell, Radial glia-like cell
- S100β, S100 calcium-binding protein B
- SE, Status Epilepticus
- SGZ, subgranular zone
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- Seizure-induced neuroinflammation
- Status Epileptics
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Affiliation(s)
- YA Alshebib
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Tomokatsu Hori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Neurological Center Hospital, Tokyo 134-0088, Japan
| | - Taichi Kashiwagi
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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14
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Bourque J, Opejin A, Surnov A, Iberg CA, Gross C, Jain R, Epstein JA, Hawiger D. Landscape of Hopx expression in cells of the immune system. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08311. [PMID: 34805566 PMCID: PMC8590040 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain only protein (Hopx) is a regulator of cell differentiation and function, and it has also emerged as a crucial marker of specific developmental and differentiation potentials. Hopx expression and functions have been identified in some stem cells, tumors, and in certain immune cells. However, expression of Hopx in immune cells remains insufficiently characterized. Here we report a comprehensive pattern of Hopx expression in multiple types of immune cells under steady state conditions. By utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and flow cytometric analysis, we characterize a constitutive expression of Hopx in specific subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells, as well as natural killer (NK), NKT, and myeloid cells. In contrast, Hopx expression is not present in conventional dendritic cells and eosinophils. The utility of identifying expression of Hopx in immune cells may prove vital in delineating specific roles of Hopx under multiple immune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bourque
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
| | - Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
| | - Alexey Surnov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
| | - Courtney A Iberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
| | - Cindy Gross
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63118, USA
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15
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Tatomir A, Beltrand A, Nguyen V, Courneya JP, Boodhoo D, Cudrici C, Muresanu DF, Rus V, Badea TC, Rus H. RGC-32 Acts as a Hub to Regulate the Transcriptomic Changes Associated With Astrocyte Development and Reactive Astrocytosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705308. [PMID: 34394104 PMCID: PMC8358671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Response Gene to Complement 32 (RGC-32) is an important mediator of the TGF-β signaling pathway, and an increasing amount of evidence implicates this protein in regulating astrocyte biology. We showed recently that spinal cord astrocytes in mice lacking RGC-32 display an immature phenotype reminiscent of progenitors and radial glia, with an overall elongated morphology, increased proliferative capacity, and increased expression of progenitor markers when compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts that make them incapable of undergoing reactive changes during the acute phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, in order to decipher the molecular networks underlying RGC-32's ability to regulate astrocytic maturation and reactivity, we performed next-generation sequencing of RNA from WT and RGC-32 knockout (KO) neonatal mouse brain astrocytes, either unstimulated or stimulated with the pleiotropic cytokine TGF-β. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that RGC-32 is critical for the TGF-β-induced up-regulation of transcripts encoding proteins involved in brain development and tissue remodeling, such as axonal guidance molecules, transcription factors, extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins, and proteoglycans. Our next-generation sequencing of RNA analysis also demonstrated that a lack of RGC-32 results in a significant induction of WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 1 (Wdfy1) and stanniocalcin-1 (Stc1). Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cords isolated from normal adult mice and mice with EAE at the peak of disease showed that RGC-32 is necessary for the in vivo expression of ephrin receptor type A7 in reactive astrocytes, and that the lack of RGC-32 results in a higher number of homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX)+ and CD133+ radial glia cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that RGC-32 plays a major role in modulating the transcriptomic changes in astrocytes that ultimately lead to molecular programs involved in astrocytic differentiation and reactive changes during neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Tatomir
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Austin Beltrand
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jean-Paul Courneya
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dallas Boodhoo
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Cornelia Cudrici
- Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dafin F. Muresanu
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Violeta Rus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tudor C. Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development and Genetics Unit, N-NRL, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Research and Development Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| | - Horea Rus
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research Service, Veterans Administration Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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HOPX Exhibits Oncogenic Activity during Squamous Skin Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2354-2368. [PMID: 33845078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are frequent heterogeneous tumors arising from sun-exposed regions of the skin and characterized by complex pathogenesis. HOPX is a member of the homeodomain-containing superfamily of proteins holding an atypical homeodomain unable to bind to DNA. First discovered in the heart as a regulator of cardiac development, in the skin, HOPX modulates the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. There is a particular interest in studying HOPX in squamous skin carcinogenesis because it has the atypical structure and the functional duality as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene, reported in different malignancies. In this study, we analyzed the effects of HOPX knockdown and overexpression on SCC tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that HOPX knockdown in SCC cells inhibits their proliferative and invasive activity through the acceleration of apoptosis. We established that methylation of two alternative HOPX promoters leads to differential expression of HOPX transcripts in normal keratinocytes and SCC cells. Importantly, we report that HOPX acts as an oncogene in the pathogenesis of SCC probably through the activation of the second alternative promoter and the modulation of apoptosis.
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17
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Cebrian Silla A, Nascimento MA, Redmond SA, Mansky B, Wu D, Obernier K, Romero Rodriguez R, Gonzalez Granero S, García-Verdugo JM, Lim D, Álvarez-Buylla A. Single-cell analysis of the ventricular-subventricular zone reveals signatures of dorsal & ventral adult neurogenesis. eLife 2021; 10:67436. [PMID: 34259628 PMCID: PMC8443251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), on the walls of the lateral ventricles, harbors the largest neurogenic niche in the adult mouse brain. Previous work has shown that neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in different locations within the V-SVZ produce different subtypes of new neurons for the olfactory bulb. The molecular signatures that underlie this regional heterogeneity remain largely unknown. Here, we present a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset of the adult mouse V-SVZ revealing two populations of NSPCs that reside in largely non-overlapping domains in either the dorsal or ventral V-SVZ. These regional differences in gene expression were further validated using a single-nucleus RNA-sequencing reference dataset of regionally microdissected domains of the V-SVZ and by immunocytochemistry and RNAscope localization. We also identify two subpopulations of young neurons that have gene expression profiles consistent with a dorsal or ventral origin. Interestingly, a subset of genes are dynamically expressed, but maintained, in the ventral or dorsal lineages. The study provides novel markers and territories to understand the region-specific regulation of adult neurogenesis. Nerve cells, or neurons, are the central building blocks of brain circuits. Their damage, death or loss of function leads to cognitive decline. Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) first appear during embryo development, generating most of the neurons found in the nervous system. However, the adult brain retains a small subpopulation of NSPCs, which in some species are an important source of new neurons throughout life. In the adult mouse brain the largest population of NSPCs, known as B cells, is found in an area called the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). These V-SVZ B cells have properties of specialized support cells known as astrocytes, but they can also divide and generate intermediate ‘progenitor cells’ called C cells. These, in turn, divide to generate large numbers of young ‘A cells’ neurons that undertake a long and complex migration from V-SVZ to the olfactory bulb, the first relay in the central nervous system for the processing of smells. Depending on their location in the V-SVZ, B cells can generate different kinds of neurons, leading to at least ten subtypes of neurons. Why this is the case is still poorly understood. To examine this question, Cebrián-Silla, Nascimento, Redmond, Mansky et al. determined which genes were expressed in B, C and A cells from different parts of the V-SVZ. While cells within each of these populations had different expression patterns, those that originated in the same V-SVZ locations shared a set of genes, many of which associated with regional specification in the developing brain. Some, however, were intriguingly linked to hormonal regulation. Salient differences between B cells depended on whether the cells originated closer to the top (‘dorsal’ position) or to the bottom of the brain (‘ventral’ position). This information was used to stain slices of mouse brains for the RNA and proteins produced by these genes in different regions. These experiments revealed dorsal and ventral territories containing B cells with distinct ‘gene expression’. This study highlights the heterogeneity of NSPCs, revealing key molecular differences among B cells in dorsal and ventral areas of the V-SVZ and reinforcing the concept that the location of NSPCs determines the types of neuron they generate. Furthermore, the birth of specific types of neurons from B cells that are so strictly localized highlights the importance of neuronal migration to ensure that young neurons with specific properties reach their appropriate destination in the olfactory bulb. The work by Cebrián-Silla, Nascimento, Redmond, Mansky et al. has identified sets of genes that are differentially expressed in dorsal and ventral regions which may contribute to regional regulation. Furthering the understanding of how adult NSPCs differ according to their location will help determine how various neuron types emerge in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Cebrian Silla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Marcos Assis Nascimento
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stephanie A Redmond
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Mansky
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - David Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ricardo Romero Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Susana Gonzalez Granero
- Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, y Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, y Unidad Mixta de Esclerosis Múltiple y Neurorregeneración, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Arturo Álvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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18
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Pinson A, Huttner WB. Neocortex expansion in development and evolution-from genes to progenitor cell biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:9-18. [PMID: 34098196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions in humans, is primarily due to an increased and prolonged proliferation of neural progenitor cells during development. Basal progenitors, and in particular basal radial glial cells, are thought to have a key role in the increased generation of neurons that constitutes a foundation of neocortex expansion. Recent studies have identified primate-specific and human-specific genes and changes in gene expression that promote increased proliferative capacity of cortical progenitors. In many cases, the cell biological basis underlying this increase has been uncovered. Model systems such as mouse, ferret, nonhuman primates, and cerebral organoids have been used to establish the relevance of these genes for neocortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Welle A, Kasakow CV, Jungmann AM, Gobbo D, Stopper L, Nordström K, Salhab A, Gasparoni G, Scheller A, Kirchhoff F, Walter J. Epigenetic control of region-specific transcriptional programs in mouse cerebellar and cortical astrocytes. Glia 2021; 69:2160-2177. [PMID: 34028094 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes from the cerebral cortex (CTX) and cerebellum (CB) share basic molecular programs, but also form distinct spatial and functional subtypes. The regulatory epigenetic layers controlling such regional diversity have not been comprehensively investigated so far. Here, we present an integrated epigenome analysis of methylomes, open chromatin, and transcriptomes of astroglia populations isolated from the cortex or cerebellum of young adult mice. Besides a basic overall similarity in their epigenomic programs, cortical astrocytes and cerebellar astrocytes exhibit substantial differences in their overall open chromatin structure and in gene-specific DNA methylation. Regional epigenetic differences are linked to differences in transcriptional programs encompassing genes of region-specific transcription factor networks centered around Lhx2/Foxg1 in CTX astrocytes and the Zic/Irx families in CB astrocytes. The distinct epigenetic signatures around these transcription factor networks point to a complex interconnected and combinatorial regulation of region-specific transcriptomes. These findings suggest that key transcription factors, previously linked to temporal, regional, and spatial control of neurogenesis, also form combinatorial networks important for astrocytes. Our study provides a valuable resource for the molecular basis of regional astrocyte identity and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Welle
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carmen V Kasakow
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Annemarie M Jungmann
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Davide Gobbo
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Laura Stopper
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karl Nordström
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Abdulrahman Salhab
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anja Scheller
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics and EpiGenetics, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
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20
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Bressan RB, Southgate B, Ferguson KM, Blin C, Grant V, Alfazema N, Wills JC, Marques-Torrejon MA, Morrison GM, Ashmore J, Robertson F, Williams CAC, Bradley L, von Kriegsheim A, Anderson RA, Tomlinson SR, Pollard SM. Regional identity of human neural stem cells determines oncogenic responses to histone H3.3 mutants. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:877-893.e9. [PMID: 33631116 PMCID: PMC8110245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Point mutations within the histone H3.3 are frequent in aggressive childhood brain tumors known as pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs). Intriguingly, distinct mutations arise in discrete anatomical regions: H3.3-G34R within the forebrain and H3.3-K27M preferentially within the hindbrain. The reasons for this contrasting etiology are unknown. By engineering human fetal neural stem cell cultures from distinct brain regions, we demonstrate here that cell-intrinsic regional identity provides differential responsiveness to each mutant that mirrors the origins of pHGGs. Focusing on H3.3-G34R, we find that the oncohistone supports proliferation of forebrain cells while inducing a cytostatic response in the hindbrain. Mechanistically, H3.3-G34R does not impose widespread transcriptional or epigenetic changes but instead impairs recruitment of ZMYND11, a transcriptional repressor of highly expressed genes. We therefore propose that H3.3-G34R promotes tumorigenesis by focally stabilizing the expression of key progenitor genes, thereby locking initiating forebrain cells into their pre-existing immature state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bardini Bressan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Southgate
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kirsty M Ferguson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Carla Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Vivien Grant
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Neza Alfazema
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jimi C Wills
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gillian M Morrison
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - James Ashmore
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Faye Robertson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Charles A C Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Leanne Bradley
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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21
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Mizrak D, Bayin NS, Yuan J, Liu Z, Suciu RM, Niphakis MJ, Ngo N, Lum KM, Cravatt BF, Joyner AL, Sims PA. Single-Cell Profiling and SCOPE-Seq Reveal Lineage Dynamics of Adult Ventricular-Subventricular Zone Neurogenesis and NOTUM as a Key Regulator. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107805. [PMID: 32579931 PMCID: PMC7396151 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new olfactory bulb (OB) neurons and glia throughout life. To map adult neuronal lineage progression, we profiled >56,000 V-SVZ and OB cells by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Our analyses reveal the molecular diversity of OB neurons, including fate-mapped neurons, lineage progression dynamics, and an NSC intermediate enriched for Notum, which encodes a secreted WNT antagonist. SCOPE-seq technology, which links live-cell imaging with scRNA-seq, uncovers cell-size transitions during NSC differentiation and preferential NOTUM binding to proliferating neuronal precursors. Consistently, application of NOTUM protein in slice cultures and pharmacological inhibition of NOTUM in slice cultures and in vivo demonstrated that NOTUM negatively regulates V-SVZ proliferation. Timely, context-dependent neurogenesis demands adaptive signaling among neighboring progenitors. Our findings highlight a critical regulatory state during NSC activation marked by NOTUM, which attenuates WNT-stimulated proliferation in NSC progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - N Sumru Bayin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jinzhou Yuan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhouzerui Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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22
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Bottes S, Jaeger BN, Pilz GA, Jörg DJ, Cole JD, Kruse M, Harris L, Korobeynyk VI, Mallona I, Helmchen F, Guillemot F, Simons BD, Jessberger S. Long-term self-renewing stem cells in the adult mouse hippocampus identified by intravital imaging. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:225-233. [PMID: 33349709 PMCID: PMC7116750 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons throughout life in the mammalian hippocampus. However, the potential for long-term self-renewal of individual NSCs within the adult brain remains unclear. We used two-photon microscopy and followed NSCs that were genetically labeled through conditional recombination driven by the regulatory elements of the stem cell-expressed genes GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) or achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1). Through intravital imaging of NSCs and their progeny, we identify a population of Gli1-targeted NSCs showing long-term self-renewal in the adult hippocampus. In contrast, once activated, Ascl1-targeted NSCs undergo limited proliferative activity before they become exhausted. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that Gli1- and Ascl1-targeted cells have highly similar yet distinct transcriptional profiles, supporting the existence of heterogeneous NSC populations with diverse behavioral properties. Thus, we here identify long-term self-renewing NSCs that contribute to the generation of new neurons in the adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bottes
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste N Jaeger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor-Alexander Pilz
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J Jörg
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Darby Cole
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merit Kruse
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lachlan Harris
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Vladislav I Korobeynyk
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Izaskun Mallona
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Fontán-Lozano Á, Morcuende S, Davis-López de Carrizosa MA, Benítez-Temiño B, Mejías R, Matarredona ER. To Become or Not to Become Tumorigenic: Subventricular Zone Versus Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:602217. [PMID: 33330101 PMCID: PMC7729188 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.602217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the adult mammalian brain in two neurogenic regions: the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Compelling evidence suggests that NSCs of the subventricular zone could be the cell type of origin of glioblastoma, the most devastating brain tumor. Studies in glioblastoma patients revealed that NSCs of the tumor-free subventricular zone, harbor cancer-driver mutations that were found in the tumor cells but were not present in normal cortical tissue. Endogenous mutagenesis can also take place in hippocampal NSCs. However, to date, no conclusive studies have linked hippocampal mutations with glioblastoma development. In addition, glioblastoma cells often invade or are closely located to the subventricular zone, whereas they do not tend to infiltrate into the hippocampus. In this review we will analyze possible causes by which subventricular zone NSCs might be more susceptible to malignant transformation than their hippocampal counterparts. Cellular and molecular differences between the two neurogenic niches, as well as genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of their respective NSCs will be discussed regarding why the cell type originating glioblastoma brain tumors has been linked mainly to subventricular zone, but not to hippocampal NSCs.
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24
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Vaid S, Huttner WB. Transcriptional Regulators and Human-Specific/Primate-Specific Genes in Neocortical Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134614. [PMID: 32610533 PMCID: PMC7369782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, starting from a pool of pluripotent stem cells, tissue-specific genetic programs help to shape and develop functional organs. To understand the development of an organ and its disorders, it is important to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of the gene expression profiles that occur during its development. Modifications in existing genes, the de-novo appearance of new genes, or, occasionally, even the loss of genes, can greatly affect the gene expression profile of any given tissue and contribute to the evolution of organs or of parts of organs. The neocortex is evolutionarily the most recent part of the brain, it is unique to mammals, and is the seat of our higher cognitive abilities. Progenitors that give rise to this tissue undergo sequential waves of differentiation to produce the complete sets of neurons and glial cells that make up a functional neocortex. We will review herein our understanding of the transcriptional regulators that control the neural precursor cells (NPCs) during the generation of the most abundant class of neocortical neurons, the glutametergic neurons. In addition, we will discuss the roles of recently-identified human- and primate-specific genes in promoting neurogenesis, leading to neocortical expansion.
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25
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Eder N, Roncaroli F, Domart MC, Horswell S, Andreiuolo F, Flynn HR, Lopes AT, Claxton S, Kilday JP, Collinson L, Mao JH, Pietsch T, Thompson B, Snijders AP, Ultanir SK. YAP1/TAZ drives ependymoma-like tumour formation in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2380. [PMID: 32404936 PMCID: PMC7220953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP1 gene fusions have been observed in a subset of paediatric ependymomas. Here we show that, ectopic expression of active nuclear YAP1 (nlsYAP5SA) in ventricular zone neural progenitor cells using conditionally-induced NEX/NeuroD6-Cre is sufficient to drive brain tumour formation in mice. Neuronal differentiation is inhibited in the hippocampus. Deletion of YAP1's negative regulators LATS1 and LATS2 kinases in NEX-Cre lineage in double conditional knockout mice also generates similar tumours, which are rescued by deletion of YAP1 and its paralog TAZ. YAP1/TAZ-induced mouse tumours display molecular and ultrastructural characteristics of human ependymoma. RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics of mouse tumours demonstrate similarities to YAP1-fusion induced supratentorial ependymoma. Finally, we find that transcriptional cofactor HOPX is upregulated in mouse models and in human YAP1-fusion induced ependymoma, supporting their similarity. Our results show that uncontrolled YAP1/TAZ activity in neuronal precursor cells leads to ependymoma-like tumours in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Eder
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford and Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Felipe Andreiuolo
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumour Reference Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helen R Flynn
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andre T Lopes
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John-Paul Kilday
- Centre for Paediatric, Teenage and Young Adult Cancer, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jun-Hao Mao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, DGNN Brain Tumour Reference Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barry Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Protein Analysis and Proteomics Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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26
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Marcy G, Raineteau O. Contributions of Single-Cell Approaches for Probing Heterogeneity and Dynamics of Neural Progenitors Throughout Life: Concise Review. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1381-1388. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marcy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208; Bron France
- Neurogenetics Department; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University; Paris France
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208; Bron France
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27
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Beyer F, Samper Agrelo I, Küry P. Do Neural Stem Cells Have a Choice? Heterogenic Outcome of Cell Fate Acquisition in Different Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020455. [PMID: 30669690 PMCID: PMC6359747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally considered as repair restricted organ with limited capacities to regenerate lost cells and to successfully integrate them into damaged nerve tracts. Despite the presence of endogenous immature cell types that can be activated upon injury or in disease cell replacement generally remains insufficient, undirected, or lost cell types are not properly generated. This limitation also accounts for the myelin repair capacity that still constitutes the default regenerative activity at least in inflammatory demyelinating conditions. Ever since the discovery of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing within specific niches of the adult brain, as well as the description of procedures to either isolate and propagate or artificially induce NSCs from various origins ex vivo, the field has been rejuvenated. Various sources of NSCs have been investigated and applied in current neuropathological paradigms aiming at the replacement of lost cells and the restoration of functionality based on successful integration. Whereas directing and supporting stem cells residing in brain niches constitutes one possible approach many investigations addressed their potential upon transplantation. Given the heterogeneity of these studies related to the nature of grafted cells, the local CNS environment, and applied implantation procedures we here set out to review and compare their applied protocols in order to evaluate rate-limiting parameters. Based on our compilation, we conclude that in healthy CNS tissue region specific cues dominate cell fate decisions. However, although increasing evidence points to the capacity of transplanted NSCs to reflect the regenerative need of an injury environment, a still heterogenic picture emerges when analyzing transplantation outcomes in injury or disease models. These are likely due to methodological differences despite preserved injury environments. Based on this meta-analysis, we suggest future NSC transplantation experiments to be conducted in a more comparable way to previous studies and that subsequent analyses must emphasize regional heterogeneity such as accounting for differences in gray versus white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Iria Samper Agrelo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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28
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"FlashMap" - A Semi-Automatic Tool for Rapid and Accurate Spatial Analysis of Marker Expression in the Subventricular Zone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16086. [PMID: 30382117 PMCID: PMC6208407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region of ongoing postnatal germinal activity that shows complex spatial heterogeneity. For instance, different SVZ microdomains contain neural stem cells that express distinct transcription factors and generate different glial and neuronal progenies. These unique characteristics call for the development of new methods to integrate a spatial dimension to histological analyses performed in this germinal region. We developed “FlashMap”, a semi-automatic software that allows the segmentation and rapid measurement of optical densities throughout the full SVZ coordinates. “FlashMap” generates easily readable two-dimensional heatmaps that can be superimposed onto three-dimensional reconstructions of the ventricular system for optimal spatial exploration. Accurate heatmaps can be obtained, even following serial section subsampling thereby reducing the amount of tissue and time required for histological analysis. We first illustrate the potential of “FlashMap” by spatially exploring the correlation of SVZ thickness and cellular density with germinal activity throughout its rostro-caudal coordinates. We then used “FlashMap” to analyse the spatial expression of the transcription factors Dlx2, Tbr2 and Hopx as well as of the immature neuronal marker Dcx, to demonstrate the suitability of this approach to explore the regional production of cells of distinct lineages by defined SVZ microdomains.
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