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Bressan RB, Southgate B, Ferguson KM, Blin C, Grant V, Alfazema N, Wills JC, Marques-Torrejon MA, Morrison GM, Ashmore J, Robertson F, Williams CAC, Bradley L, von Kriegsheim A, Anderson RA, Tomlinson SR, Pollard SM. Regional identity of human neural stem cells determines oncogenic responses to histone H3.3 mutants. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:877-893.e9. [PMID: 33631116 PMCID: PMC8110245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Point mutations within the histone H3.3 are frequent in aggressive childhood brain tumors known as pediatric high-grade gliomas (pHGGs). Intriguingly, distinct mutations arise in discrete anatomical regions: H3.3-G34R within the forebrain and H3.3-K27M preferentially within the hindbrain. The reasons for this contrasting etiology are unknown. By engineering human fetal neural stem cell cultures from distinct brain regions, we demonstrate here that cell-intrinsic regional identity provides differential responsiveness to each mutant that mirrors the origins of pHGGs. Focusing on H3.3-G34R, we find that the oncohistone supports proliferation of forebrain cells while inducing a cytostatic response in the hindbrain. Mechanistically, H3.3-G34R does not impose widespread transcriptional or epigenetic changes but instead impairs recruitment of ZMYND11, a transcriptional repressor of highly expressed genes. We therefore propose that H3.3-G34R promotes tumorigenesis by focally stabilizing the expression of key progenitor genes, thereby locking initiating forebrain cells into their pre-existing immature state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Bardini Bressan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Southgate
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kirsty M Ferguson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Carla Blin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Vivien Grant
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Neza Alfazema
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jimi C Wills
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Gillian M Morrison
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - James Ashmore
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Faye Robertson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Charles A C Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Leanne Bradley
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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Tosti L, Ashmore J, Tan BSN, Carbone B, Mistri TK, Wilson V, Tomlinson SR, Kaji K. Mapping transcription factor occupancy using minimal numbers of cells in vitro and in vivo. Genome Res 2018; 28:592-605. [PMID: 29572359 PMCID: PMC5880248 DOI: 10.1101/gr.227124.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The identification of transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the genome is critical to understanding gene regulatory networks (GRNs). While ChIP-seq is commonly used to identify TF targets, it requires specific ChIP-grade antibodies and high cell numbers, often limiting its applicability. DNA adenine methyltransferase identification (DamID), developed and widely used in Drosophila, is a distinct technology to investigate protein–DNA interactions. Unlike ChIP-seq, it does not require antibodies, precipitation steps, or chemical protein–DNA crosslinking, but to date it has been seldom used in mammalian cells due to technical limitations. Here we describe an optimized DamID method coupled with next-generation sequencing (DamID-seq) in mouse cells and demonstrate the identification of the binding sites of two TFs, POU5F1 (also known as OCT4) and SOX2, in as few as 1000 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs), respectively. Furthermore, we have applied this technique in vivo for the first time in mammals. POU5F1 DamID-seq in the gastrulating mouse embryo at 7.5 d post coitum (dpc) successfully identified multiple POU5F1 binding sites proximal to genes involved in embryo development, neural tube formation, and mesoderm-cardiac tissue development, consistent with the pivotal role of this TF in post-implantation embryo. This technology paves the way to unprecedented investigation of TF–DNA interactions and GRNs in specific cell types of limited availability in mammals, including in vivo samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tosti
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James Ashmore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Boon Siang Nicholas Tan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetta Carbone
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tapan K Mistri
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Keisuke Kaji
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, Scotland, United Kingdom
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3
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Ruetz T, Pfisterer U, Di Stefano B, Ashmore J, Beniazza M, Tian TV, Kaemena DF, Tosti L, Tan W, Manning JR, Chantzoura E, Ottosson DR, Collombet S, Johnsson A, Cohen E, Yusa K, Linnarsson S, Graf T, Parmar M, Kaji K. Constitutively Active SMAD2/3 Are Broad-Scope Potentiators of Transcription-Factor-Mediated Cellular Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 21:791-805.e9. [PMID: 29174331 PMCID: PMC5732323 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular identity using exogenous expression of transcription factors (TFs) is a powerful and exciting tool for tissue engineering, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. However, generation of desired cell types using this approach is often plagued by inefficiency, slow conversion, and an inability to produce mature functional cells. Here, we show that expression of constitutively active SMAD2/3 significantly improves the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation by the Yamanaka factors. Mechanistically, SMAD3 interacts with reprogramming factors and co-activators and co-occupies OCT4 target loci during reprogramming. Unexpectedly, active SMAD2/3 also markedly enhances three other TF-mediated direct reprogramming conversions, from B cells to macrophages, myoblasts to adipocytes, and human fibroblasts to neurons, highlighting broad and general roles for SMAD2/3 as cell-reprogramming potentiators. Our results suggest that co-expression of active SMAD2/3 could enhance multiple types of TF-based cell identity conversion and therefore be a powerful tool for cellular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Ruetz
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Ulrich Pfisterer
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Ashmore
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Meryam Beniazza
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Tian V Tian
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel F Kaemena
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Luca Tosti
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Wenfang Tan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan R Manning
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Eleni Chantzoura
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniella Rylander Ottosson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Collombet
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Johnsson
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheeles väg 1, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erez Cohen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Scheeles väg 1, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Graf
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Carrer del Comte d'Urgell 187, Building 12 (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Malin Parmar
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Keisuke Kaji
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK.
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James S, Fox J, Afsari F, Lee J, Clough S, Knight C, Ashmore J, Ashton P, Preham O, Hoogduijn M, Ponzoni RDAR, Hancock Y, Coles M, Genever P. Multiparameter Analysis of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Identifies Distinct Immunomodulatory and Differentiation-Competent Subtypes. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 4:1004-15. [PMID: 26070611 PMCID: PMC4471830 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also called bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells) provide hematopoietic support and immunoregulation and contain a stem cell fraction capable of skeletogenic differentiation. We used immortalized human BMSC clonal lines for multi-level analysis of functional markers for BMSC subsets. All clones expressed typical BMSC cell-surface antigens; however, clones with trilineage differentiation capacity exhibited enhanced vascular interaction gene sets, whereas non-differentiating clones were uniquely CD317 positive with significantly enriched immunomodulatory transcriptional networks and high IL-7 production. IL-7 lineage tracing and CD317 immunolocalization confirmed the existence of a rare non-differentiating BMSC subtype, distinct from Cxcl12-DsRed(+) perivascular stromal cells in vivo. Colony-forming CD317(+) IL-7(hi) cells, identified at ∼ 1%-3% frequency in heterogeneous human BMSC fractions, were found to have the same biomolecular profile as non-differentiating BMSC clones using Raman spectroscopy. Distinct functional identities can be assigned to BMSC subpopulations, which are likely to have specific roles in immune control, lymphopoiesis, and bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally James
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - James Fox
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Farinaz Afsari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sally Clough
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - James Ashmore
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Peter Ashton
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Olivier Preham
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin Hoogduijn
- Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam 3015 GE, the Netherlands
| | | | - Y Hancock
- Department of Physics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, University of York, York YO10 5GE, UK
| | - Mark Coles
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul Genever
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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McClelland V, Lumsden D, Ashmore J, Charles-Edwards G, Mills K, Lin JP. Do diffusion tensor imaging parameters correlate with central motor conduction time in children with dystonia? Neurophysiol Clin 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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6
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Ashmore J, Avan P, Brownell W, Dallos P, Dierkes K, Fettiplace R, Grosh K, Hackney C, Hudspeth A, Jülicher F, Lindner B, Martin P, Meaud J, Petit C, Santos-Sacchi J, Canlon B. Corrigendum to “The remarkable cochlear amplifier” [Hear. Res. 266 (1–2) (2010) 1–17]. Hear Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
To date in 2007, there have been 187 cases of measles confirmed in London, United Kingdom, reported up to the end of week 34 (24 August).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- North East and North Central London, Health Protection Unit, Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom
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8
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Trupke M, Goldwin J, Darquié B, Dutier G, Eriksson S, Ashmore J, Hinds EA. Atom detection and photon production in a scalable, open, optical microcavity. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:063601. [PMID: 17930821 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.063601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A microfabricated Fabry-Perot optical resonator has been used for atom detection and photon production with less than 1 atom on average in the cavity mode. Our cavity design combines the intrinsic scalability of microfabrication processes with direct coupling of the cavity field to single-mode optical waveguides or fibers. The presence of the atom is seen through changes in both the intensity and the noise characteristics of probe light reflected from the cavity input mirror. An excitation laser passing transversely through the cavity triggers photon emission into the cavity mode and hence into the single-mode fiber. These are first steps toward building an optical microcavity network on an atom chip for applications in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trupke
- Centre for Cold Matter, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom
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Hetherington J, Bogle I, Saffrey P, Margoninski O, Li L, Rey MV, Yamaji S, Baigent S, Ashmore J, Page K, Seymour R, Finkelstein A, Warner A. Addressing the challenges of multiscale model management in systems biology. Comput Chem Eng 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
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11
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Ashmore J, del Pino C, Mullin T. Cavitation in a lubrication flow between a moving sphere and a boundary. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:124501. [PMID: 15903922 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A heavy sphere is free to move inside a rotating horizontal cylinder filled with viscous liquid. The steady motion is essentially Stokesian, and the sphere rotates at a fixed location with a lubrication layer between the ball and the wall. The symmetry of the flow field suggests there will be no force to balance the normal component of the ball's weight. However, we show that a normal force can arise when a cavitation bubble is present. The bubble size was measured as a function of the cylinder rotation rate and agrees well with a model which uses the force and torque balances on the sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom.
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12
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Dufresne ER, Corwin EI, Greenblatt NA, Ashmore J, Wang DY, Dinsmore AD, Cheng JX, Xie XS, Hutchinson JW, Weitz DA. Flow and fracture in drying nanoparticle suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:224501. [PMID: 14683242 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.224501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drying aqueous suspensions of monodisperse silica nanoparticles can fracture in remarkable patterns. As the material solidifies, evenly spaced cracks invade from the drying surface, with individual cracks undergoing intermittent motion. We show that the growth of cracks is limited by the advancement of the compaction front, which is governed by a balance of evaporation and flow of fluid at the drying surface. Surprisingly, the macroscopic dynamics of drying show signatures of molecular-scale fluid effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Dufresne
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Ashmore J, Attapattu F. Complex obstetric fistulae--two case reports. Ceylon Med J 2000; 45:84-6. [PMID: 11051709 DOI: 10.4038/cmj.v45i2.8010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of complex obstetric fistulae are reported. Poor assessment and mismanagement of labour were revealed. The resulting fistulae were vesico-urethro-rectovaginal and vesico-cervico-vaginal. Plastic repair using a modified Martius graft was used in case 1. Considering the young age of the patient, transplantation of the ureters into the rectum or colon was deemed undesirable. The patient's endurance over a period of ten years, with seventeen attempts at repair ultimately was rewarded by achieving both vesical and rectal continence. Repair using the transvaginal route was successful at the first attempt in case 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados, West Indies
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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19
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Barker S, Kesson M, Ashmore J, Turner G, Conway J, Stevens D. Professional issue. Guidance for pre-manipulative testing of the cervical spine. Man Ther 2000; 5:37-40. [PMID: 10688958 DOI: 10.1054/math.1999.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Barker
- Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Bell SC, Halligan AW, Martin A, Ashmore J, Shennan AH, Lambert PC, Taylor DJ. The role of observer error in antenatal dipstick proteinuria analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106:1177-80. [PMID: 10549963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of inter-observer error and the influence of training upon dipstick urine analysis. DESIGN A two phase observational and training study. METHODS Five standard solutions of serum albumin were used to test the accuracy of midwives and nursing auxiliaries involved in dipstick urine analysis at a maternity hospital. The standard solutions were chosen such that they should have resulted in negative (n = 2) and positive (n = 3) dipstick test results, respectively. SETTING A teaching maternity hospital and academic department of obstetrics and gynaecology. PARTICIPANTS Twenty midwives, 20 nursing auxiliaries and nine laboratory technicians. RESULTS For the two nonproteinuric solutions, a higher false positive rate was observed for nursing auxiliaries (40% and 55%), compared with midwives (5% and 30%) (P = 0.020 and P = 0.20, respectively). Before training, laboratory technicians recorded high false positive rates (67% and 89%), but after training these were reduced to 0% and 22% (P = 0.25 and P = 0.023, respectively). Both nursing auxiliaries and midwives recorded false negative rates of between 10% and 45% for the three proteinuric solutions. CONCLUSIONS Observer error may be reduced by assigning midwives to urine dipstick analysis or by the implementation of directed training. Classification of pre-eclampsia or other hypertensive diseases of pregnancy on the basis of the presence and degree of proteinuria should be confirmed with a 24-hour quantitative protein collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Leicester, UK
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22
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Abstract
The cochlea amplifies sound over a wide range of frequencies. Outer hair cells have been thought to play a mechanical part in this amplification, but it has been unclear whether they act rapidly enough. Recent work suggests that outer hair cells can indeed work at frequencies that cover the auditory range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Ashmore J, Attapattu JA. Massive ascites and bilateral hydrothorax complicating severe pre-eclampsia. Ceylon Med J 1998; 43:235-7. [PMID: 10355179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Massive ascites and hydrothorax as additional complications of pre-eclampsia are rare. The case reported is one of ascites and bilateral hydrothorax in a patient with severe pre-eclampsia. Careful antenatal assessment may help in detecting more cases with this complication, which is often misunderstood and the diagnosis missed.
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24
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White PA, Patel M, Nair S, Ashmore J, Galgut P, Wilson M, Henderson B, Olsen I. Control of the human cell cycle by a bacterial protein, gapstatin. Eur J Cell Biol 1998; 77:228-38. [PMID: 9860139 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-9335(98)80111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral gram-negative bacterium Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a major pathogen in human periodontal disease. Saline extraction releases a range of surface-associated components from this bacterium, including one which exhibits potent anti-proliferative activity as assessed by its capacity to inhibit DNA synthesis by human and other mammalian cells. Cultures incubated with this bacterial fraction for a prolonged period comprise a high proportion of cells containing a 4n level of DNA. Studies using hydroxyurea-synchronized cultures showed that cells treated with the surface-associated fraction were arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and did not enter mitosis. This G2/M blockade was observed only when the bacterial fraction was added to the cells during early S phase. Our data also suggest that the active bacterial component binds to surface receptors expressed by the human cells and may act by a novel mechanism which involves down-regulation of cyclin B1 expression. The anti-proliferative activity of the bacterial fraction, purified by a combination of ammonium sulphate precipitation, HPLC anion exchange and gel filtration, has been shown to be an 8 kDa protein, which we have called gapstatin. Purified gapstatin was shown to be responsible for the the inhibitory effects of the surface-associated fraction on mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A White
- Maxillofacial Surgery Research Unit, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University of London, UK
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Ashmore J. Hearing. Novartis Found Symp 1998; 213:133-9; discussion 139-41. [PMID: 9653720 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515488.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to describe some of the features of the processing of the auditory world and how different levels of explanation are appropriate to the understanding of hearing. The working of the inner ear is best seen as a the operation of a purposefully structured machine for the extraction of biologically meaningful components from a sound. Physical scales determine in large part the appropriate description of the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, University College London, UK
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Abstract
Studies of inherited deafness disorders in mice and humans are providing new insights into the basis of hair-cell mechanosensitivity; this enterprise has been joined by large-scale genetic screening in the zebrafish, where a number of intriguing mutants defective in mechanosensation have recently been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, University College London, UK
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McNaughton S, Sauvé L, Ashmore J, Robson E. Drinking decisions. An innovative approach to problem drinking. Can Nurse 1998; 94:26-9. [PMID: 9677906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S McNaughton
- Capital Health, Community Care and Public Health, Edmonton
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Abstract
As sensory cells, hair cells within the mammalian inner ear convert sounds into receptor potentials when their projecting stereocilia are deflected. The organ of Corti of the cochlea contains two types of hair cell, inner and outer hair cells, which differ in function. It has been appreciated for over two decades that although inner hair cells act as the primary receptor cell for the auditory system, the outer hair cells can also act as motor cells. Outer hair cells respond to variation in potential, and change length at rates unequalled by other motile cells. The forces generated by outer hair cells are capable of altering the delicate mechanics of the cochlear partition, increasing hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. The discovery of such hair-cell motility has modified the view of the cochlea as a simple frequency analyser into one where it is an active non-linear filter that allows only the prominent features of acoustic signals to be transmitted to the acoustic nerve by the inner hair cells. In this view, such frequency selectivity arises through the suppression of adjacent frequencies, a mechanical effect equivalent to lateral inhibition in neural structures. These processes are explained by the interplay between the hydrodynamic interactions among different parts of the cochlear partition and the effective non-linear behaviour of the cell motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nobili
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Padova, Italy
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Katz RC, Ashmore J, Barboa E, Trueblood K, McLaughlin V, Mathews L. Knowledge of disease and dietary compliance in patients with end-stage renal disease. Psychol Rep 1998; 82:331-6. [PMID: 9520569 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Noncompliance is a common problem in patients with end-stage renal disease. In this study, we assessed the relationship between knowledge of disease and dietary compliance in a cohort of 56 dialysis patients. Based on a health belief model of adherence, we predicted that dialysis patients who knew more about kidney disease and its treatment would be more complaint than those who knew less about these matters. We also examined the relationship between dietary compliance and patients' emotional well-being. We used a composite measure of compliance consisting of serum K, P, and interdialytic weight gain. A 30-item "Kidney Disease Questionnaire" was used to assess patients' knowledge of their illness. Contrary to prediction, compliers did not score higher on the knowledge questionnaire; in fact, the observed correlation of .32 was in the opposite direction. In the same vein, we found no relationship between compliance and emotional well-being. These results, although somewhat surprising, add to a growing body of research which indicates that medical compliance involves more than educating patients about the mechanisms and treatment of their illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
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30
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Abstract
Genetic mutations that lead to hearing losses have been identified in both human and mouse populations; the gene products include members of a class of unconventional myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashmore
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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Bell SC, Jackson JA, Ashmore J, Zhu HH, Tseng L. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 synthesis and secretion by progestin and relaxin in long term cultures of human endometrial stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72:1014-24. [PMID: 1708779 DOI: 10.1210/jcem-72-5-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The decidualized endometrium during the first trimester of pregnancy synthesizes and secretes a 32-kDa insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (termed hIGFBP-1) at high levels. IGFBP-1 is the major soluble protein product of this tissue and is principally localized to the differentiated endometrial stromal cell, the decidual cell. In the present study long term culture of stromal cells from the nonpregnant endometrium have been employed to elucidate the hormonal requirements for IGFBP-1 production. Immunoreactive IGFBP-1 was undetectable in control cultures. However, inclusion of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) induced rates of 0.35 +/- 0.09 microgram/0.1 mg cell DNA.day (mean +/- SEM; n = 5) after 20-30 days. In these cultures cells exhibited morphological changes consistent with decidual cell differentiation. In all cultures removal of MPA after exposure for 10-16 days, with or without subsequent inclusion of relaxin (RLX), increased production of IGFBP-1 450- to 4600-fold to rates of 150-710 micrograms/0.1 mg cell DNA.day or 26-131 micrograms/10(6) cells.day on days 24-26. The rates tended to be higher with the inclusion of RLX and were sustained in contrast to cultures without RLX, where rates fell by day 30. Individual cultures responded differently to RLX when added from the initiation of culture, with either a response similar to MPA alone or a cyclical change in production, achieving maximal rates of 190-290 micrograms/0.1 mg cell DNA.day. Cultures in which RLX alone induced high IGFBP-1 high production were obtained from endometrium during the progesterone-dominated luteal phase. In cultures exhibiting high rates of immunoreactive IGFBP-1 production, the protein represented their major secretory protein product. This was confirmed by [35S]methionine incorporation and the presence of IGFBP-1 as the predominant protein in serum-free culture medium. The immunoreactive IGFBP-1 isolated from culture medium was found to be identical, by a number of criteria, with IGFBP-1 derived from decidual tissue. These results were consistent with a primary role of progestin exposure, whether in vivo or in vitro, in converting endometrial stromal cells to cells potentially able to exhibit the high rates of IGFBP-1 production typical of the decidualized endometrium of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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Ashmore J. Cochlear neurophysiology: In one ear and out the other. Nature 1986; 320:16-7. [PMID: 3951544 DOI: 10.1038/320016a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ashmore J. Auditory physiology: splitting hairs over hearing? Nature 1984; 310:544-5. [PMID: 6462243 DOI: 10.1038/310544b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ashmore J, Gardner P, Walker K. A cilia tale there is yet to tell. Nurs Times 1979; 75:555. [PMID: 254119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Oliver JR, Wright PH, Ashmore J. The effect of somatostatin on glucose stimulated adenosine 3'-5',monophosphate accumulation and glucose oxidation by isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 1978; 158:458-61. [PMID: 210467 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-158-40225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Billings RE, Murphy PJ, McMahon RE, Ashmore J. Aromatic hydroxylation of amphetamine with rat liver microsomes, perfused liver, and isolated hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:2525-9. [PMID: 215158 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Billings RE, McMahon RE, Ashmore J, Wagle SR. The metabolism of drugs in isolated rat hepatocytes. A comparison with in vivo drug metabolism and drug metabolism in subcellular liver fractions. Drug Metab Dispos 1977; 5:518-26. [PMID: 21776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of drugs in isolated rat hepatocytes has been investigated. Drugs which are metabolized by aromatic hydrolation, aliphatic hydroylation, N-demethylation, or glucuronidation have been used as substrates. With some substrates the rate of metabolism in isolated hepatocytes compares with that in hepatic 900g supernatant fraction or microsomes, but other substrates are metabolized at a slower rate in isolated hepatocytes. For example, the rate of butamoxane hydroxylation in isolated hepatocytes is slower than that in microsomes. However, the rate of hydroxylation is hepatocytes is identical to that in perfused liver. The metabolism of drugs in isolated hepatocytes correlates with in vivo drug metabolism better than does metabolism in the hepatic 9000g supernatant fraction or microsomes.
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Allen DO, Katocs AS, Gardner EA, Largis EE, Ashmore J. Perifused adipose cells, quantitation and kinetics of lipolysis. Fed Proc 1977; 36:1991-4. [PMID: 193737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perifused fat cell system is a system with which lipolytic activity can be monitored on a minute-to-minute basis. Thus, the rate at which lipolysis changes following the addition and removal of hormones can be followed. Catecholamines and other lipolytic agents produced a time-dependent increase in lipolysis following addition of agents, and a time-dependent decrease in lipolysis occurred following removal of the agent. ACTH also produced an increase in lipolysis. However, on termination of ACTH infusion, the lipolytic rate did not return to basal level but remained elevated for at least an additional 30 min (persistent phase). The persistent phase could be terminated by removal of Ca2+. Readdition of Ca2+ in the absence of additional ACTH resulted in a rapid increase in glycerol release. No persistant phase occurred following ACTH if the adipocytes were perifused in a Ca2+-free buffer. However, if Ca2+ was added to the system 20 min after termination of ACTH infusion, lipolysis increased to a rate greater than that obtained initially by infusing ACTH in a Ca2+-free buffer. It is concluded that ACTH is bound to some component of the fat cell in a Ca2+ independent, tenacious manner, and the full manifestation of that binding is dependent on the presence of Ca2+.
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Ashmore J, Cahill GF, Earle AS. STUDIES ON THE DISPOSITION OF ISOTOPIC GLUCOSE IN VIVO AND IN VITRO UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SULFONYLUREAS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb46738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Moxley MA, Bell NH, Wagle SR, Allen DO, Ashmore J. Parathyroid hormone stimulation of glucose and urea production in isolated liver cells. Am J Physiol 1974; 227:1058-61. [PMID: 4374088 DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.5.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ingebretsen C, Clark JF, Allen DO, Ashmore J. Effect of glucagon, dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on rat liver phosphorylase activity and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels. Biochem Pharmacol 1974; 23:2139-46. [PMID: 4369954 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(74)90579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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Miller EA, Ingebretsen C, Clark JF, Ashmore J, Allen DO. Effects of glucagon and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the phosphorylase activity and gluconeogenesis in rat liver slices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 146:186-9. [PMID: 4363824 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-146-38066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
Concentrations of tolbutamide from 0.25 to 4.0 mg. per milliliter were found to inhibit epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells of the rat. At a concentration of 1 mg. per milliliter, tolbutamide also inhibited lipolysis stimulated by ACTH or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. At the same concentration it failed to alter basal lipolysis, basal or epinephrine-stimulated cyclic AMP levels. Basal and epinephrine-stimulated adenylate cyclase and glycogen phosphorylase as well as binding of cyclic AMP to protein kinase were unaltered. These data are discussed in relation to the antilipolytic mechanism of tolbutamide.
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Katocs AS, Largis EE, Allen DO, Ashmore J. Perifused fat cells. Effect of lipolytic agents. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:5089-94. [PMID: 4352191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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50
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Largis EE, Allen DO, Clark J, Ashmore J. Isoproterenol and glucagon effects in perfused hearts from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:1735-44. [PMID: 4351901 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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