1
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Kreir M, Putri D, Tekle F, Pibiri F, d’Ydewalle C, Van Ammel K, Geys H, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Lu HR. Development of a new hazard scoring system in primary neuronal cell cultures for drug-induced acute neuronal toxicity identification in early drug discovery. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1308547. [PMID: 38873414 PMCID: PMC11170107 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1308547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated drug-induced acute neuronal electrophysiological changes using Micro-Electrode arrays (MEA) to rat primary neuronal cell cultures. Data based on 6-key MEA parameters were analyzed for plate-to-plate vehicle variability, effects of positive and negative controls, as well as data from over 100 reference drugs, mostly known to have pharmacological phenotypic and clinical outcomes. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, coupled with expert evaluation helped to identify the 6-key parameters from many other MEA parameters to evaluate the drug-induced acute neuronal changes. Calculating the statistical tolerance intervals for negative-positive control effects on those 4-key parameters helped us to develop a new weighted hazard scoring system on drug-induced potential central nervous system (CNS) adverse effects (AEs). The weighted total score, integrating the effects of a drug candidate on the identified six-pivotal parameters, simply determines if the testing compound/concentration induces potential CNS AEs. Hereto, it uses four different categories of hazard scores: non-neuroactive, neuroactive, hazard, or high hazard categories. This new scoring system was successfully applied to differentiate the new compounds with or without CNS AEs, and the results were correlated with the outcome of in vivo studies in mice for one internal program. Furthermore, the Random Forest classification method was used to obtain the probability that the effect of a compound is either inhibitory or excitatory. In conclusion, this new neuronal scoring system on the cell assay is actively applied in the early de-risking of drug development and reduces the use of animals and associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kreir
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dea Putri
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Global Development, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fetene Tekle
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Global Development, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Francesca Pibiri
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Karel Van Ammel
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Helena Geys
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Global Development, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J. Gallacher
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Toxicology and Safety Pharmacology, Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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2
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Deng H, Han Y, Liu L, Zhang H, Liu D, Wen J, Huang M, Zhao L. Targeting Myeloid Leukemia-1 in Cancer Therapy: Advances and Directions. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5963-5998. [PMID: 38597264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
As a tripartite cell death switch, B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) family members precisely regulate the endogenous apoptosis pathway in response to various cell signal stresses through protein-protein interactions. Myeloid leukemia-1 (Mcl-1), a key anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, is positioned downstream in the endogenous apoptotic pathway and plays a central role in regulating mitochondrial function. Mcl-1 is highly expressed in a variety of hematological malignancies and solid tumors, contributing to tumorigenesis, poor prognosis, and chemoresistance, making it an attractive target for cancer treatment. This Perspective aims to discuss the mechanism by which Mcl-1 regulates apoptosis and non-apoptotic functions in cancer cells and to outline the discovery and optimization process of potent Mcl-1 modulators. In addition, we summarize the structural characteristics of potent inhibitors that bind to Mcl-1 through multiple co-crystal structures and analyze the cardiotoxicity caused by current Mcl-1 inhibitors, providing prospects for rational targeting of Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiachen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Linxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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3
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Bitounis D, Jacquinet E, Rogers MA, Amiji MM. Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:281-300. [PMID: 38263456 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles is a transformative technology that has enabled the rapid development and administration of billions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine doses worldwide. However, avoiding unacceptable toxicity with mRNA drugs and vaccines presents challenges. Lipid nanoparticle structural components, production methods, route of administration and proteins produced from complexed mRNAs all present toxicity concerns. Here, we discuss these concerns, specifically how cell tropism and tissue distribution of mRNA and lipid nanoparticles can lead to toxicity, and their possible reactogenicity. We focus on adverse events from mRNA applications for protein replacement and gene editing therapies as well as vaccines, tracing common biochemical and cellular pathways. The potential and limitations of existing models and tools used to screen for on-target efficacy and de-risk off-target toxicity, including in vivo and next-generation in vitro models, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Bitounis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Yang PC, Jeng MT, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Santana LF, Vorobyov I, Clancy CE. Toward Digital Twin Technology for Precision Pharmacology. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2024; 10:359-364. [PMID: 38069976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
The authors demonstrate the feasibility of technological innovation for personalized medicine in the context of drug-induced arrhythmia. The authors use atomistic-scale structural models to predict rates of drug interaction with ion channels and make predictions of their effects in digital twins of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes. The authors construct a simplified multilayer, 1-dimensional ring model with sufficient path length to enable the prediction of arrhythmogenic dispersion of repolarization. Finally, the authors validate the computational pipeline prediction of drug effects with data and quantify drug-induced propensity to repolarization abnormalities in cardiac tissue. The technology is high throughput, computationally efficient, and low cost toward personalized pharmacologic prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mao-Tsuen Jeng
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - L Fernando Santana
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Igor Vorobyov
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Colleen E Clancy
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA; Center for Precision Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.
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5
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Brown GE, Han YD, Michell AR, Ly OT, Vanoye CG, Spanghero E, George AL, Darbar D, Khetani SR. Engineered cocultures of iPSC-derived atrial cardiomyocytes and atrial fibroblasts for modeling atrial fibrillation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadg1222. [PMID: 38241367 PMCID: PMC10798559 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia treatable with antiarrhythmic drugs; however, patient responses remain highly variable. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial cardiomyocytes (iPSC-aCMs) are useful for discovering precision therapeutics, but current platforms yield phenotypically immature cells and are not easily scalable for high-throughput screening. Here, primary adult atrial, but not ventricular, fibroblasts induced greater functional iPSC-aCM maturation, partly through connexin-40 and ephrin-B1 signaling. We developed a protein patterning process within multiwell plates to engineer patterned iPSC-aCM and atrial fibroblast coculture (PC) that significantly enhanced iPSC-aCM structural, electrical, contractile, and metabolic maturation for 6+ weeks compared to conventional mono-/coculture. PC displayed greater sensitivity for detecting drug efficacy than monoculture and enabled the modeling and pharmacological or gene editing treatment of an AF-like electrophysiological phenotype due to a mutated sodium channel. Overall, PC is useful for elucidating cell signaling in the atria, drug screening, and modeling AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E. Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yong Duk Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashlin R. Michell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia T. Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carlos G. Vanoye
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emanuele Spanghero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfred L. George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dawood Darbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Jaferzadeh K, Rappaz B, Kim Y, Kim BK, Moon I, Marquet P, Turcatti G. Automated Dual-Mode Cell Monitoring To Simultaneously Explore Calcium Dynamics and Contraction-Relaxation Kinetics within Drug-Treated Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37335579 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript proposes a new dual-mode cell imaging system for studying the relationships between calcium dynamics and the contractility process of cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Practically, this dual-mode cell imaging system provides simultaneously both live cell calcium imaging and quantitative phase imaging based on digital holographic microscopy. Specifically, thanks to the development of a robust automated image analysis, simultaneous measurements of both intracellular calcium, a key player of excitation-contraction coupling, and the quantitative phase image-derived dry mass redistribution, reflecting the effective contractility, namely, the contraction and relaxation processes, were achieved. Practically, the relationships between calcium dynamics and the contraction-relaxation kinetics were investigated in particular through the application of two drugs─namely, isoprenaline and E-4031─known to act precisely on calcium dynamics. Specifically, this new dual-mode cell imaging system enabled us to establish that calcium regulation can be divided into two phases, an early phase influencing the occurrence of the relaxation process followed by a late phase, which although not having a significant influence on the relaxation process affects significantly the beat frequency. In combination with cutting-edge technologies allowing the generation of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, this dual-mode cell monitoring approach therefore represents a very promising technique, particularly in the fields of drug discovery and personalized medicine, to identify compounds likely to act more selectively on specific steps that compose the cardiomyocyte contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Jaferzadeh
- Department of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Rappaz
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Youhyun Kim
- Department of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kyoung Kim
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Inkyu Moon
- Department of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Pierre Marquet
- International Joint Research Unit in Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne 1008, Switzerland
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Center, CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Québec G1J 2G3, Canada
- Center for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL), Laval University, Quebec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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7
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Romanov-Michailidis F, Hsiao CC, Urner LM, Jerhaoui S, Surkyn M, Miller B, Vos A, Dominguez Blanco M, Bueters R, Vinken P, Bekkers M, Walker D, Pietrak B, Eyckmans W, Dores-Sousa JL, Joo Koo S, Lento W, Bauser M, Philippar U, Rombouts FJR. Discovery of an Oral, Beyond-Rule-of-Five Mcl-1 Protein-Protein Interaction Modulator with the Potential of Treating Hematological Malignancies. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6122-6148. [PMID: 37114951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Avoidance of apoptosis is critical for the development and sustained growth of tumors. The pro-survival protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins which is overexpressed in many cancers. Upregulation of Mcl-1 in human cancers is associated with high tumor grade, poor survival, and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of Mcl-1 is regarded as an attractive approach to treating relapsed or refractory malignancies. Herein, we disclose the design, synthesis, optimization, and early preclinical evaluation of a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of Mcl-1. Our exploratory design tactics focused on structural modifications which improve the potency and physicochemical properties of the inhibitor while minimizing the risk of functional cardiotoxicity. Despite being in the "non-Lipinski" beyond-Rule-of-Five property space, the developed compound benefits from exquisite oral bioavailability in vivo and induces potent pharmacodynamic inhibition of Mcl-1 in a mouse xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chien-Chi Hsiao
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lorenz M Urner
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Soufyan Jerhaoui
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Surkyn
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bradley Miller
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Ann Vos
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Ruud Bueters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Petra Vinken
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mariette Bekkers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Walker
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Beth Pietrak
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Werner Eyckmans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Seong Joo Koo
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - William Lento
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Marcus Bauser
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Philippar
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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8
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Yang H, Obrezanova O, Pointon A, Stebbeds W, Francis J, Beattie KA, Clements P, Harvey JS, Smith GF, Bender A. Prediction of inotropic effect based on calcium transients in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and machine learning. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 459:116342. [PMID: 36502871 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional changes to cardiomyocytes are undesirable during drug discovery and identifying the inotropic effects of compounds is hence necessary to decrease the risk of cardiovascular adverse effects in the clinic. Recently, approaches leveraging calcium transients in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been developed to detect contractility changes, induced by a variety of mechanisms early during drug discovery projects. Although these approaches have been able to provide some predictive ability, we hypothesised that using additional waveform parameters could offer improved insights, as well as predictivity. In this study, we derived 25 parameters from each calcium transient waveform and developed a modified Random Forest method to predict the inotropic effects of the compounds. In total annotated data for 48 compounds were available for modelling, out of which 31 were inotropes. The results show that the Random Forest model with a modified purity criterion performed slightly better than an unmodified algorithm in terms of the Area Under the Curve, giving values of 0.84 vs 0.81 in a cross-validation, and outperformed the ToxCast Pipeline model, for which the highest value was 0.76 when using the best-performing parameter, PW10. Our study hence demonstrates that more advanced parameters derived from waveforms, in combination with additional machine learning methods, provide improved predictivity of cardiovascular risk associated with inotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yang
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Olga Obrezanova
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Pointon
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Will Stebbeds
- Screening Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Jo Francis
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kylie A Beattie
- Target and Systems Safety, Non-Clinical Safety, In Vivo/In Vitro Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Peter Clements
- Pathology UK, Non-Clinical Safety, In Vivo/In Vitro Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - James S Harvey
- Target and Systems Safety, Non-Clinical Safety, In Vivo/In Vitro Translation, GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, UK
| | - Graham F Smith
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Baltov B, Beyl S, Baburin I, Reinhardt J, Szkokan P, Garifulina A, Timin E, Kraushaar U, Potterat O, Hamburger M, Kügler P, Hering S. Assay for evaluation of proarrhythmic effects of herbal products: Case study with 12 Evodia preparations. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:589-599. [PMID: 37213814 PMCID: PMC10196857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for preclinical drug development reduce the occurrence of arrhythmia-related side effects. Besides ample evidence for the presence of arrhythmogenic substances in plants, there is no consensus on a research strategy for the evaluation of proarrhythmic effects of herbal products. Here, we propose a cardiac safety assay for the detection of proarrhythmic effects of plant extracts based on the experimental approaches described in the Comprehensive In vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). Microelectrode array studies (MEAs) and voltage sensing optical technique on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were combined with ionic current measurements in mammalian cell lines, In-silico simulations of cardiac action potentials (APs) and statistic regression analysis. Proarrhythmic effects of 12 Evodia preparations, containing different amounts of the hERG inhibitors dehydroevodiamine (DHE) and hortiamine were analysed. Extracts produced different prolongation of the AP, occurrence of early after depolarisations and triangulation of the AP in hiPSC-CMs depending on the contents of the hERG inhibitors. DHE and hortiamine dose-dependently prolonged the field potential duration in hiPSC-CMs studied with MEAs. In-silico simulations of ventricular AP support a scenario where proarrhythmic effects of Evodia extracts are predominantly caused by the content of the selective hERG inhibitors. Statistic regression analysis revealed a high torsadogenic risk for both compounds that was comparable to drugs assigned to the high-risk category in a CiPA study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhidar Baltov
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Igor Baburin
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Reinhardt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aleksandra Garifulina
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Timin
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo Kraushaar
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kügler
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Applied Mathematics and Statistics and Computational Science Hub, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Steffen Hering
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- ChanPharm GmbH, Am Kanal 27, 1110 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence to: Am Kanal 27,2/3/5–7, 1110 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Visone R, Lozano-Juan F, Marzorati S, Rivolta MW, Pesenti E, Redaelli A, Sassi R, Rasponi M, Occhetta P. Predicting human cardiac QT alterations and pro-arrhythmic effects of compounds with a 3D beating heart-on-chip platform. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:47-60. [PMID: 36226800 PMCID: PMC9887672 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the potential cardiotoxicity and pro-arrhythmic effects of drug candidates remains one of the most relevant issues in the drug development pipeline (DDP). New methods enabling to perform more representative preclinical in vitro studies by exploiting induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CM) are under investigation to increase the translational power of the outcomes. Here we present a pharmacological campaign conducted to evaluate the drug-induced QT alterations and arrhythmic events on uHeart, a 3D miniaturized in vitro model of human myocardium encompassing iPSC-CM and dermal fibroblasts embedded in fibrin. uHeart was mechanically trained resulting in synchronously beating cardiac microtissues in 1 week, characterized by a clear field potential (FP) signal that was recorded by means of an integrated electrical system. A drug screening protocol compliant with the new International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines was established and uHeart was employed for testing the effect of 11 compounds acting on single or multiple cardiac ion channels and well-known to elicit QT prolongation or arrhythmic events in clinics. The alterations of uHeart's electrophysiological parameters such as the beating period, the FP duration, the FP amplitude, and the detection of arrhythmic events prior and after drug administration at incremental doses were effectively analyzed through a custom-developed algorithm. Results demonstrated the ability of uHeart to successfully anticipate clinical outcome and to predict the QT prolongation with a sensitivity of 83.3%, a specificity of 100% and an accuracy of 91.6%. Cardiotoxic concentrations of drugs were notably detected in the range of the clinical highest blood drug concentration (Cmax), qualifying uHeart as a fit-to-purpose preclinical tool for cardiotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Redaelli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Sassi
- Department of Computer Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
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11
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Zhu Y, Zheng B, Cai C, Lin Z, Qin H, Liu H, Cui C, Chen M. Febuxostat increases ventricular arrhythmogenesis through calcium handling dysregulation in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:216-224. [PMID: 35866629 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Febuxostat is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor used to reduce the formation of uric acid and prevent gout attacks. Previous studies have suggested that febuxostat was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events, including atrial fibrillation, compared with allopurinol, another anti-hyperuricemia drug. Whereas in our clinical practice, we identified two cases of febuxostat-associated ventricular tachycardia events. The proarrhythmogenic effects of febuxostat on human cardiomyocytes and underlined mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed real time cell analysis (RTCA) and calcium transient to investigate the effects of febuxostat on the cytotoxicity and electrophysiology properties of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Up to 10 μM febuxostat treatment did not show toxicity to cell viability. However, 48-hour febuxostat exposure generated dose-dependent increased irregular calcium transients and decreased calcium transient amplitude. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis indicated that the MAPK signaling pathway was enriched in the febuxostat-treated group, especially the protein kinases JNK. Western blotting of three main protein kinases demonstrated that JNK activation is related to febuxostat-induced arrythmia rather than ERK or p38. The dysfunctional calcium dynamics of febuxostat-treated hiPSC-CMs could be ameliorated by SP600125, the inhibitor of JNK. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that febuxostat increases the predisposition to ventricular arrythmia by dysregulating calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Bingyu Zheng
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Cheng Cai
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhiqiao Lin
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Huiyuan Qin
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hailei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
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12
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Lu HR, Kreir M, Karel VA, Tekle F, Geyskens D, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ. Identifying Acute Cardiac Hazard in Early Drug Discovery Using a Calcium Transient High-Throughput Assay in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838435. [PMID: 35547580 PMCID: PMC9083324 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Early identification of cardiac risk is essential for reducing late-stage attrition in drug development. We adapted the previously published cardiac hazard risk-scoring system using a calcium transient assay in human stem cell-derived CMs for the identification of cardiac risks recorded from the new hiPSC-CM line and investigated its predictivity and translational value based on the screening of a large number of reference and proprietary compounds. Methods: Evaluation of 55 reference drugs provided the translation of various pharmacological effects into a single hazard label (no, low, high, or very high hazard) using a Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye assay recorded by -by FDSS/µCell Functional Drug Screening System (Hamamatsu on hiPSC-CM line (FCDI iCell Cardiomyocytes2). Results: Application of the adapted hazard scoring system in the Ca2+ transient assay, using a second hiPS-CM line, provided comparable scoring results and predictivity of hazard, to the previously published scoring approach, with different pharmacological drug classes, as well as screening new chemical entities (NCE's) using a single hazard label from four different scoring levels (no, low, high, or very high hazard). The scoring system results also showed minimal variability across three different lots of hiPSC-CMs, indicating good reproducibility of the cell line. The predictivity values (sensitivity and specificity) for drug-induced acute cardiac risk for QT-interval prolongation and Torsade de pointes (TdPs) were >95% and statistical modeling confirmed the prediction of proarrhythmic risk. The outcomes of the NCEs also showed consistency with findings in other well-established in vitro and in vivo cardiac risk assays. Conclusion: Evaluation of a large list of reference compounds and internal NCEs has confirmed the applicability of the adaptations made to the previously published novel scoring system for the hiPSC-CMs. The validation also established the predictivity for drug-induced cardiac risks with good translation to other established preclinical in vitro and in vivo assays, confirming the application of this novel scoring system in different stem cell-CM lines for early cardiac hazard identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Kreir
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Van Ammel Karel
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fetene Tekle
- Discovery and Nonclinical Safety Statistics, Statistics and Decision Sciences, Quantitative Sciences, Janssen R&D, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Danny Geyskens
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Predictive, Investigative and Translational Toxicology, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
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13
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Huang CY, Nicholson MW, Wang JY, Ting CY, Tsai MH, Cheng YC, Liu CL, Chan DZH, Lee YC, Hsu CC, Hsu YH, Yang CF, Chang CMC, Ruan SC, Lin PJ, Lin JH, Chen LL, Hsieh ML, Cheng YY, Hsu WT, Lin YL, Chen CH, Hsu YH, Wu YT, Hacker TA, Wu JC, Kamp TJ, Hsieh PCH. Population-based high-throughput toxicity screen of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and neurons. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110643. [PMID: 35385754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we establish a population-based human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) drug screening platform for toxicity assessment. After recruiting 1,000 healthy donors and screening for high-frequency human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, we identify 13 HLA-homozygous "super donors" to represent the population. These "super donors" are also expected to represent at least 477,611,135 of the global population. By differentiating these representative hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes and neurons we show their utility in a high-throughput toxicity screen. To validate hit compounds, we demonstrate dose-dependent toxicity of the hit compounds and assess functional modulation. We also show reproducible in vivo drug toxicity results using mouse models with select hit compounds. This study shows the feasibility of using a population-based hiPSC drug screening platform to assess cytotoxicity, which can be used as an innovative tool to study inter-population differences in drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions in drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Ying Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Jyun Yuan Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien Yu Ting
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming Heng Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu Che Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun Lin Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Darien Z H Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chan Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chuan Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hung Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chiou Fong Yang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Cindy M C Chang
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shu Chian Ruan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Po Ju Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jen Hao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Li Lun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Marvin L Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wan Tseng Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ying Ta Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Department of Medicine and Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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14
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Yang H, Stebbeds W, Francis J, Pointon A, Obrezanova O, Beattie KA, Clements P, Harvey JS, Smith GF, Bender A. Deriving waveform parameters from calcium transients in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to predict cardiac activity with machine learning. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:556-568. [PMID: 35148844 PMCID: PMC9039838 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes have been established to detect dynamic calcium transients by fast kinetic fluorescence assays that provide insights into specific aspects of clinical cardiac activity. However, the precise derivation and use of waveform parameters to predict cardiac activity merit deeper investigation. In this study, we derived, evaluated, and applied 38 waveform parameters in a novel Python framework, including (among others) peak frequency, peak amplitude, peak widths, and a novel parameter, shoulder-tail ratio. We then trained a random forest model to predict cardiac activity based on the 25 parameters selected by correlation analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) obtained for leave-one-compound-out cross-validation was 0.86, thereby replicating the predictions of conventional methods and outperforming fingerprint-based methods by a large margin. This work demonstrates that machine learning is able to automate the assessment of cardiovascular liability from waveform data, reducing any risk of user-to-user variability and bias. An open-source algorithm was developed to derive parameters from waveform data A machine learning model was trained to predict cardiac activity of compounds Three parameters for peak width, height, and shape were found to be most predictive The model can facilitate the assessment of cardiovascular liability
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yang
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Pointon
- Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olga Obrezanova
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Graham F Smith
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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15
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Lee SJ, Kim HA, Kim SJ, Lee HA. Improving Generation of Cardiac Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the Aurora Kinase Inhibitor ZM447439. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121952. [PMID: 34944767 PMCID: PMC8698385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity reduces the success rates of drug development. Thus, the limitations of current evaluation methods must be addressed. Human cardiac organoids (hCOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are useful as an advanced drug-testing model; they demonstrate similar electrophysiological functionality and drug reactivity as the heart. How-ever, similar to other organoid models, they have immature characteristics compared to adult hearts, and exhibit batch-to-batch variation. As the cell cycle is important for the mesodermal differentiation of stem cells, we examined the effect of ZM447439, an aurora kinase inhibitor that regulates the cell cycle, on cardiogenic differentiation. We determined the optimal concentration and timing of ZM447439 for the differentiation of hCOs from hiPSCs and developed a novel protocol for efficiently and reproducibly generating beating hCOs with improved electrophysiological functionality, contractility, and yield. We validated their maturity through electro-physiological- and image-based functional assays and gene profiling with next-generation sequencing, and then applied these cells to multi-electrode array platforms to monitor the cardio-toxicity of drugs related to cardiac arrhythmia; the results confirmed the drug reactivity of hCOs. These findings may enable determination of the regulatory mechanism of cell cycles underlying the generation of iPSC-derived hCOs, providing a valuable drug testing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.-A.K.)
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyeon-A Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.-A.K.)
| | - Sung-Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.K.); (H.-A.L.); Tel.: +82-2-740-8230 (S.-J.K.); +82-42-610-8093 (H.-A.L.)
| | - Hyang-Ae Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (H.-A.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.K.); (H.-A.L.); Tel.: +82-2-740-8230 (S.-J.K.); +82-42-610-8093 (H.-A.L.)
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16
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Van de Sande DV, Kopljar I, Maaike A, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Bart L, Snyders DJ, Leybaert L, Lu HR, Labro AJ. The resting membrane potential of hSC-CM in a syncytium is more hyperpolarised than that of isolated cells. Channels (Austin) 2021; 15:239-252. [PMID: 33465001 PMCID: PMC7817136 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2021.1871815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and stem cell (hSC) derived cardiomyocytes (CM) are gaining popularity as in vitro model for cardiology and pharmacology studies. A remaining flaw of these cells, as shown by single-cell electrophysiological characterization, is a more depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP) compared to native CM. Most reports attribute this to a lower expression of the Kir2.1 potassium channel that generates the IK1 current. However, most RMP recordings are obtained from isolated hSC/hiPSC-CMs whereas in a more native setting these cells are interconnected with neighboring cells by connexin-based gap junctions, forming a syncytium. Hereby, these cells are electrically connected and the total pool of IK1 increases. Therefore, the input resistance (Ri) of interconnected cells is lower than that of isolated cells. During patch clamp experiments pipettes need to be well attached or sealed to the cell, which is reflected in the seal resistance (Rs), because a nonspecific ionic current can leak through this pipette-cell contact or seal and balance out small currents within the cell such as IK1. By recording the action potential of isolated hSC-CMs and that of hSC-CMs cultured in small monolayers, we show that the RMP of hSC-CMs in monolayer is approximately -20 mV more hyperpolarized compared to isolated cells. Accordingly, adding carbenoxolone, a connexin channel blocker, isolates the cell that is patch clamped from its neighboring cells of the monolayer and depolarizes the RMP. The presented data show that the recorded RMP of hSC-CMs in a syncytium is more negative than that determined from isolated hSC/hiPSC-CMs, most likely because the active pool of Kir2.1 channels increased.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kopljar
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alaerts Maaike
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J. Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Loeys Bart
- Centre of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk J. Snyders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alain J. Labro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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JNJ-67569762, A 2-Aminotetrahydropyridine-Based Selective BACE1 Inhibitor Targeting the S3 Pocket: From Discovery to Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14175-14191. [PMID: 34553934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel 2-aminotetrahydropyridine class of BACE1 inhibitors is described. Their pKa and lipophilicity were modulated by a pending sulfonyl group, while good permeability and brain penetration were achieved via intramolecular hydrogen bonding. BACE1 selectivity over BACE2 was achieved in the S3 pocket by a novel bicyclic ring system. An optimization addressing reactive metabolite formation, cardiovascular safety, and CNS toxicity is described, leading to the clinical candidate JNJ-67569762 (12), which gave robust dose-dependent BACE1-mediated amyloid β lowering without showing BACE2-dependent hair depigmentation in preclinical models. We show that 12 has a favorable projected human dose and PK and hence presented us with an opportunity to test a highly selective BACE1 inhibitor in humans. However, 12 was found to have a QT effect upon repeat dosing in dogs and its development was halted in favor of other selective leads, which will be reported in the future.
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18
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Zhu Y, Wang L, Cui C, Qin H, Chen H, Chen S, Lin Y, Cheng H, Jiang X, Chen M. Pathogenesis and drug response of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from two Brugada syndrome patients with different Na v1.5-subunit mutations. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:395-407. [PMID: 34628405 PMCID: PMC8502687 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a complex genetic cardiac ion channel disease that causes a high predisposition to sudden cardiac death. Considering that its heterogeneity in clinical manifestations may result from genetic background, the application of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) may help to reveal cell phenotype characteristics underlying different genetic variations. Here, to verify and compare the pathogenicity of mutations (SCN5A c.4213G>A andSCN1B c.590C>T) identified from two BrS patients, we generated two novel BrS iPS cell lines that carried missense mutations inSCN5A or SCN1B, compared their structures and electrophysiology, and evaluated the safety of quinidine in patient-specific iPSC-derived CMs. Compared to the control group, BrS-CMs showed a significant reduction in sodium current, prolonged action potential duration, and varying degrees of decreased Vmax, but no structural difference. After applying different concentrations of quinidine, drug-induced cardiotoxicity was not observed within 3-fold unbound effective therapeutic plasma concentration (ETPC). The data presented proved that iPSC-CMs with variants in SCN5A c.4213G>A orSCN1B c.590C>T are able to recapitulate single-cell phenotype features of BrS and respond appropriately to quinidine without increasing incidence of arrhythmic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Huiyuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shaojie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yongping Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongyi Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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19
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Andrysiak K, Stępniewski J, Dulak J. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, 3D cardiac structures, and heart-on-a-chip as tools for drug research. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1061-1085. [PMID: 33629131 PMCID: PMC8245367 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02536-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of new drugs is of high interest for the field of cardiac and cardiovascular diseases, which are a dominant cause of death worldwide. Before being allowed to be used and distributed, every new potentially therapeutic compound must be strictly validated during preclinical and clinical trials. The preclinical studies usually involve the in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Due to the increasing reporting of discrepancy in drug effects in animal and humans and the requirement to reduce the number of animals used in research, improvement of in vitro models based on human cells is indispensable. Primary cardiac cells are difficult to access and maintain in cell culture for extensive experiments; therefore, the human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) became an excellent alternative. This technology enables a production of high number of patient- and disease-specific cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types for a large-scale research. The drug effects can be extensively evaluated in the context of electrophysiological responses with a use of well-established tools, such as multielectrode array (MEA), patch clamp, or calcium ion oscillation measurements. Cardiotoxicity, which is a common reason for withdrawing drugs from marketing or rejection at final stages of clinical trials, can be easily verified with a use of hiPSC-CM model providing a prediction of human-specific responses and higher safety of clinical trials involving patient cohort. Abovementioned studies can be performed using two-dimensional cell culture providing a high-throughput and relatively lower costs. On the other hand, more complex structures, such as engineered heart tissue, organoids, or spheroids, frequently applied as co-culture systems, represent more physiological conditions and higher maturation rate of hiPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, heart-on-a-chip technology has recently become an increasingly popular tool, as it implements controllable culture conditions, application of various stimulations and continuous parameters read-out. This paper is an overview of possible use of cardiomyocytes and other cardiac cell types derived from hiPSC as in vitro models of heart in drug research area prepared on the basis of latest scientific reports and providing thorough discussion regarding their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Andrysiak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Stępniewski
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Dulak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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20
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Gnecchi M, Sala L, Schwartz PJ. Precision Medicine and cardiac channelopathies: when dreams meet reality. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:1661-1675. [PMID: 33686390 PMCID: PMC8088342 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision Medicine (PM) is an innovative approach that, by relying on large populations’ datasets, patients’ genetics and characteristics, and advanced technologies, aims at improving risk stratification and at identifying patient-specific management through targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Cardiac channelopathies are being progressively involved in the evolution brought by PM and some of them are benefiting from these novel approaches, especially the long QT syndrome. Here, we have explored the main layers that should be considered when developing a PM approach for cardiac channelopathies, with a focus on modern in vitro strategies based on patient-specific human-induced pluripotent stem cells and on in silico models. PM is where scientists and clinicians must meet and integrate their expertise to improve medical care in an innovative way but without losing common sense. We have indeed tried to provide the cardiologist’s point of view by comparing state-of-the-art techniques and approaches, including revolutionary discoveries, to current practice. This point matters because the new approaches may, or may not, exceed the efficacy and safety of established therapies. Thus, our own eagerness to implement the most recent translational strategies for cardiac channelopathies must be tempered by an objective assessment to verify whether the PM approaches are indeed making a difference for the patients. We believe that PM may shape the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac channelopathies for years to come. Nonetheless, its potential superiority over standard therapies should be constantly monitored and assessed before translating intellectually rewarding new discoveries into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Gnecchi
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences-Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, J-Floor, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luca Sala
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Via Pier Lombardo 22 - 20135 Milan, Italy
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Via Pier Lombardo 22 - 20135 Milan, Italy
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21
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Paci M, Koivumäki JT, Lu HR, Gallacher DJ, Passini E, Rodriguez B. Comparison of the Simulated Response of Three in Silico Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Models and in Vitro Data Under 15 Drug Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:604713. [PMID: 33841140 PMCID: PMC8033762 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.604713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Improvements in human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hSC-CM) technology have promoted their use for drug testing and disease investigations. Several in silico hSC-CM models have been proposed to augment interpretation of experimental findings through simulations. This work aims to assess the response of three hSC-CM in silico models (Koivumäki2018, Kernik2019, and Paci2020) to simulated drug action, and compare simulation results against in vitro data for 15 drugs. Methods: First, simulations were conducted considering 15 drugs, using a simple pore-block model and experimental data for seven ion channels. Similarities and differences were analyzed in the in silico responses of the three models to drugs, in terms of Ca2+ transient duration (CTD90) and occurrence of arrhythmic events. Then, the sensitivity of each model to different degrees of blockage of Na+ (INa), L-type Ca2+ (ICaL), and rapid delayed rectifying K+ (IKr) currents was quantified. Finally, we compared the drug-induced effects on CTD90 against the corresponding in vitro experiments. Results: The observed CTD90 changes were overall consistent among the in silico models, all three showing changes of smaller magnitudes compared to the ones measured in vitro. For example, sparfloxacin 10 µM induced +42% CTD90 prolongation in vitro, and +17% (Koivumäki2018), +6% (Kernik2019), and +9% (Paci2020) in silico. Different arrhythmic events were observed following drug application, mainly for drugs affecting IKr. Paci2020 and Kernik2019 showed only repolarization failure, while Koivumäki2018 also displayed early and delayed afterdepolarizations. The spontaneous activity was suppressed by Na+ blockers and by drugs with similar effects on ICaL and IKr in Koivumäki2018 and Paci2020, while only by strong ICaL blockers, e.g. nisoldipine, in Kernik2019. These results were confirmed by the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: To conclude, The CTD90 changes observed in silico are qualitatively consistent with our in vitro data, although our simulations show differences in drug responses across the hSC-CM models, which could stem from variability in the experimental data used in their construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Paci
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi T Koivumäki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Elisa Passini
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Rodriguez
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Burnett SD, Blanchette AD, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes as an in vitro model in toxicology: strengths and weaknesses for hazard identification and risk characterization. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:887-902. [PMID: 33612039 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1894122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes is one of the most widely used cell-based models that resulted from the discovery of how non-embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into multiple cell types. In just one decade, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes went from a research lab to widespread use in biomedical research and preclinical safety evaluation for drugs and other chemicals. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews data on toxicology applications of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We detail the outcome of a systematic literature search on their use (i) in hazard assessment for cardiotoxicity liabilities, (ii) for risk characterization, (iii) as models for population variability, and (iv) in studies of personalized medicine and disease. EXPERT OPINION iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes are useful to increase the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of cardiotoxicity hazard identification for both drugs and non-pharmaceuticals, with recent efforts beginning to demonstrate their utility for risk characterization. Notable limitations include the needs to improve the maturation of cells in culture, to better understand their potential use identifying structural cardiotoxicity, and for additional case studies involving population-wide and disease-specific risk characterization. Ultimately, the greatest future benefits are likely for non-pharmaceutical chemicals, filling a critical gap where no routine testing for cardiotoxicity is currently performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexander D Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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23
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Hortigon-Vinagre MP, Zamora V, Burton FL, Smith GL. The Use of Voltage Sensitive Dye di-4-ANEPPS and Video-Based Contractility Measurements to Assess Drug Effects on Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:280-290. [PMID: 33109927 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Because cardiotoxicity is one of the leading causes of drug failure and attrition, the design of new protocols and technologies to assess proarrhythmic risks on cardiac cells is in continuous development by different laboratories. Current methodologies use electrical, intracellular Ca2+, or contractility assays to evaluate cardiotoxicity. Increasingly, the human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are the in vitro tissue model used in commercial assays because it is believed to recapitulate many aspects of human cardiac physiology. In this work, we demonstrate that the combination of a contractility and voltage measurements, using video-based imaging and fluorescence microscopy, on hiPSC-CMs allows the investigation of mechanistic links between electrical and mechanical effects in an assay design that can address medium throughput scales necessary for drug screening, offering a view of the mechanisms underlying drug toxicity. To assess the accuracy of this novel technique, 10 commercially available inotropic drugs were tested (5 positive and 5 negative). Included were drugs with simple and specific mechanisms, such as nifedipine, Bay K8644, and blebbistatin, and others with a more complex action such as isoproterenol, pimobendan, digoxin, and amrinone, among others. In addition, the results provide a mechanism for the toxicity of itraconazole in a human model, a drug with reported side effects on the heart. The data demonstrate a strong negative inotropic effect because of the blockade of L-type Ca2+ channels and additional action on the cardiac myofilaments. We can conclude that the combination of contractility and action potential measurements can provide wider mechanistic knowledge of drug cardiotoxicity for preclinical assays.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/chemically induced
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/drug effects
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Cardiotoxicity
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Excitation Contraction Coupling/drug effects
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Humans
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Video
- Myocardial Contraction/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myofibrils/drug effects
- Myofibrils/metabolism
- Myofibrils/pathology
- Pyridinium Compounds/chemistry
- Risk Assessment
- Time Factors
- Toxicity Tests
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pura Hortigon-Vinagre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universdad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Victor Zamora
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Energética y de los Materiales, Escuela de Ingerierias Industriales, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom ; and
- Clyde Biosciences Ltd, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom ; and
- Clyde Biosciences Ltd, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhang JZ, Belbachir N, Zhang T, Liu Y, Shrestha R, Wu JC. Effects of Cryopreservation on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Assessing Drug Safety Response Profiles. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:168-181. [PMID: 33338435 PMCID: PMC7897580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burgeoning applications of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and drug screening have broadened the usage of hiPSC-CMs and entailed their long-term storage. Cryopreservation is the most common approach to store hiPSC-CMs. However, the effects of cryopreservation and recovery on hiPSC-CMs remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the transcriptome, electro-mechanical function, and drug response of fresh hiPSC-CMs without cryopreservation and recovered hiPSC-CMs from cryopreservation. We found that recovered hiPSC-CMs showed upregulation of cell cycle genes, similar or reduced contractility, Ca2+ transients, and field potential duration. When subjected to treatment of drugs that affect electrophysiological properties, recovered hiPSC-CMs showed an altered drug response and enhanced propensity for drug-induced cardiac arrhythmic events. In conclusion, fresh and recovered hiPSC-CMs do not always show comparable molecular and physiological properties. When cryopreserved hiPSC-CMs are used for assessing drug-induced cardiac liabilities, the altered drug sensitivity needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Z Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nadjet Belbachir
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajani Shrestha
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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25
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Sridharan D, Palaniappan A, Blackstone BN, Dougherty JA, Kumar N, Seshagiri PB, Sayed N, Powell HM, Khan M. In situ differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells into functional cardiomyocytes on a coaxial PCL-gelatin nanofibrous scaffold. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 118:111354. [PMID: 33254974 PMCID: PMC7708677 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have been explored for cardiac regeneration and repair as well as for the development of in vitro 3D cardiac tissue models. Existing protocols for cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs utilize a 2D culture system. However, the efficiency of hiPSC differentiation to cardiomyocytes in 3D culture systems has not been extensively explored. In the present study, we investigated the efficiency of cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs to functional cardiomyocytes on 3D nanofibrous scaffolds. Coaxial polycaprolactone (PCL)-gelatin fibrous scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. hiPSCs were cultured and differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes on the nanofibrous scaffold and compared with 2D cultures. To assess the relative efficiencies of both the systems, SEM, immunofluorescence staining and gene expression analyses were performed. Contractions of differentiated cardiomyocytes were observed in 2D cultures after 2 weeks and in 3D cultures after 4 weeks. SEM analysis showed no significant differences in the morphology of cells differentiated on 2D versus 3D cultures. However, gene expression data showed significantly increased expression of cardiac progenitor genes (ISL-1, SIRPA) in 3D cultures and cardiomyocytes markers (TNNT, MHC6) in 2D cultures. In contrast, immunofluorescence staining showed no substantial differences in the expression of NKX-2.5 and α-sarcomeric actinin. Furthermore, uniform migration and distribution of the in situ differentiated cardiomyocytes was observed in the 3D fibrous scaffold. Overall, our study demonstrates that coaxial PCL-gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds can be used as a 3D culture platform for efficient differentiation of hiPSCs to functional cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sridharan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Britani N Blackstone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Dougherty
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Polani B Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Road, Bangalore KA-560012, India
| | - Nazish Sayed
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather M Powell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mahmood Khan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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26
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Li J, Hua Y, Miyagawa S, Zhang J, Li L, Liu L, Sawa Y. hiPSC-Derived Cardiac Tissue for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8893. [PMID: 33255277 PMCID: PMC7727666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant, predictive normal, or disease model systems are of vital importance for drug development. The difference between nonhuman models and humans could contribute to clinical trial failures despite ideal nonhuman results. As a potential substitute for animal models, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) provide a powerful tool for drug toxicity screening, modeling cardiovascular diseases, and drug discovery. Here, we review recent hiPSC-CM disease models and discuss the features of hiPSC-CMs, including subtype and maturation and the tissue engineering technologies for drug assessment. Updates from the international multisite collaborators/administrations for development of novel drug discovery paradigms are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Cell Design for Tissue Construction, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Shigeru Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Design for Tissue Regeneration, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (J.L.); (Y.H.); (S.M.); (J.Z.); (L.L.)
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27
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Gintant G, Kaushik EP, Feaster T, Stoelzle-Feix S, Kanda Y, Osada T, Smith G, Czysz K, Kettenhofen R, Lu HR, Cai B, Shi H, Herron TJ, Dang Q, Burton F, Pang L, Traebert M, Abassi Y, Pierson JB, Blinova K. Repolarization studies using human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: Validation studies and best practice recommendations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Varró A, Tomek J, Nagy N, Virág L, Passini E, Rodriguez B, Baczkó I. Cardiac transmembrane ion channels and action potentials: cellular physiology and arrhythmogenic behavior. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1083-1176. [PMID: 33118864 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00024.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are among the leading causes of mortality. They often arise from alterations in the electrophysiological properties of cardiac cells and their underlying ionic mechanisms. It is therefore critical to further unravel the pathophysiology of the ionic basis of human cardiac electrophysiology in health and disease. In the first part of this review, current knowledge on the differences in ion channel expression and properties of the ionic processes that determine the morphology and properties of cardiac action potentials and calcium dynamics from cardiomyocytes in different regions of the heart are described. Then the cellular mechanisms promoting arrhythmias in congenital or acquired conditions of ion channel function (electrical remodeling) are discussed. The focus is on human-relevant findings obtained with clinical, experimental, and computational studies, given that interspecies differences make the extrapolation from animal experiments to human clinical settings difficult. Deepening the understanding of the diverse pathophysiology of human cellular electrophysiology will help in developing novel and effective antiarrhythmic strategies for specific subpopulations and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Varró
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jakub Tomek
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Nagy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elisa Passini
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Rodriguez
- Department of Computer Science, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - István Baczkó
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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29
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Pang L. Toxicity testing in the era of induced pluripotent stem cells: A perspective regarding the use of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac safety evaluation. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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De Waard S, Montnach J, Ribeiro B, Nicolas S, Forest V, Charpentier F, Mangoni ME, Gaborit N, Ronjat M, Loussouarn G, Lemarchand P, De Waard M. Functional Impact of BeKm-1, a High-Affinity hERG Blocker, on Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197167. [PMID: 32998413 PMCID: PMC7582727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IKr current, a major component of cardiac repolarization, is mediated by human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG, Kv11.1) potassium channels. The blockage of these channels by pharmacological compounds is associated to drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS), which is a life-threatening disorder characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and defects in cardiac repolarization that can be illustrated using cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-CMs). This study was meant to assess the modification in hiPS-CMs excitability and contractile properties by BeKm-1, a natural scorpion venom peptide that selectively interacts with the extracellular face of hERG, by opposition to reference compounds that act onto the intracellular face. Using an automated patch-clamp system, we compared the affinity of BeKm-1 for hERG channels with some reference compounds. We fully assessed its effects on the electrophysiological, calcium handling, and beating properties of hiPS-CMs. By delaying cardiomyocyte repolarization, the peptide induces early afterdepolarizations and reduces spontaneous action potentials, calcium transients, and contraction frequencies, therefore recapitulating several of the critical phenotype features associated with arrhythmic risk in drug-induced LQTS. BeKm-1 exemplifies an interesting reference compound in the integrated hiPS-CMs cell model for all drugs that may block the hERG channel from the outer face. Being a peptide that is easily modifiable, it will serve as an ideal molecular platform for the design of new hERG modulators displaying additional functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan De Waard
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France;
| | - Jérôme Montnach
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Barbara Ribeiro
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Sébastien Nicolas
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Virginie Forest
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Flavien Charpentier
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Matteo Elia Mangoni
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France;
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, F34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Gaborit
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Michel Ronjat
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France;
| | - Gildas Loussouarn
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Patricia Lemarchand
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Michel De Waard
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, F-44007 Nantes, France; (S.D.W.); (J.M.); (B.R.); (S.N.); (V.F.); (F.C.); (N.G.); (M.R.); (G.L.); (P.L.)
- LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France;
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-228-080-076
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31
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Paik DT, Chandy M, Wu JC. Patient and Disease-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Discovery of Personalized Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapeutics. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:320-342. [PMID: 31871214 PMCID: PMC6934989 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as an effective platform for regenerative therapy, disease modeling, and drug discovery. iPSCs allow for the production of limitless supply of patient-specific somatic cells that enable advancement in cardiovascular precision medicine. Over the past decade, researchers have developed protocols to differentiate iPSCs to multiple cardiovascular lineages, as well as to enhance the maturity and functionality of these cells. Despite significant advances, drug therapy and discovery for cardiovascular disease have lagged behind other fields such as oncology. We speculate that this paucity of drug discovery is due to a previous lack of efficient, reproducible, and translational model systems. Notably, existing drug discovery and testing platforms rely on animal studies and clinical trials, but investigations in animal models have inherent limitations due to interspecies differences. Moreover, clinical trials are inherently flawed by assuming that all individuals with a disease will respond identically to a therapy, ignoring the genetic and epigenomic variations that define our individuality. With ever-improving differentiation and phenotyping methods, patient-specific iPSC-derived cardiovascular cells allow unprecedented opportunities to discover new drug targets and screen compounds for cardiovascular disease. Imbued with the genetic information of an individual, iPSCs will vastly improve our ability to test drugs efficiently, as well as tailor and titrate drug therapy for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Paik
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mark Chandy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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32
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Branco MA, Cabral JM, Diogo MM. From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to 3D Cardiac Microtissues: Progress, Applications and Challenges. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E92. [PMID: 32785039 PMCID: PMC7552661 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge acquired throughout the years concerning the in vivo regulation of cardiac development has promoted the establishment of directed differentiation protocols to obtain cardiomyocytes (CMs) and other cardiac cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which play a crucial role in the function and homeostasis of the heart. Among other developments in the field, the transition from homogeneous cultures of CMs to more complex multicellular cardiac microtissues (MTs) has increased the potential of these models for studying cardiac disorders in vitro and for clinically relevant applications such as drug screening and cardiotoxicity tests. This review addresses the state of the art of the generation of different cardiac cells from hPSCs and the impact of transitioning CM differentiation from 2D culture to a 3D environment. Additionally, current methods that may be employed to generate 3D cardiac MTs are reviewed and, finally, the adoption of these models for in vitro applications and their adaptation to medium- to high-throughput screening settings are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences and Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.A.B.); (J.M.S.C.)
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33
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Zink D, Chuah JKC, Ying JY. Assessing Toxicity with Human Cell-Based In Vitro Methods. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:570-582. [PMID: 32470384 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In toxicology, there is a strong push towards replacing animal experiments with alternative methods, which include cell-based in vitro methods for the assessment of adverse health effects in humans. High-throughput methods are of central interest due to the large and steadily growing numbers of compounds that require assessment. Tremendous progress has been made during the last decade in developing and applying such methods. Innovative technologies for addressing complex biological interactions include induced pluripotent stem cell- and organoid-based approaches, organotypic coculture systems, and microfluidic 'multiorgan' chips. Combining in vitro methods with bioinformatics and in silico modeling generates new powerful tools for toxicity assessment, and the rapid progress in the field is expected to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zink
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, A*STAR, Singapore.
| | - Jacqueline Kai Chin Chuah
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore; Cellbae Pte Ltd, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jackie Y Ying
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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34
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Ramachandra CJA, Chua J, Cong S, Kp MMJ, Shim W, Wu JC, Hausenloy DJ. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells for modelling metabolic perturbations and impaired bioenergetics underlying cardiomyopathies. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:694-711. [PMID: 32365198 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cardiac contractile and relaxation functions are critically dependent on a continuous energy supply. Accordingly, metabolic perturbations and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics with subsequent disruption of ATP production underpin a wide variety of cardiac diseases, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, anthracycline cardiomyopathy, peripartum cardiomyopathy, and mitochondrial cardiomyopathies. Crucially, there are no specific treatments for preventing the onset or progression of these cardiomyopathies to heart failure, one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Therefore, new treatments are needed to target the metabolic disturbances and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics underlying these cardiomyopathies in order to improve health outcomes in these patients. However, investigation of the underlying mechanisms and the identification of novel therapeutic targets have been hampered by the lack of appropriate animal disease models. Furthermore, interspecies variation precludes the use of animal models for studying certain disorders, whereas patient-derived primary cell lines have limited lifespan and availability. Fortunately, the discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells has provided a promising tool for modelling cardiomyopathies via human heart tissue in a dish. In this review article, we highlight the use of patient-derived iPSCs for studying the pathogenesis underlying cardiomyopathies associated with metabolic perturbations and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics, as the ability of iPSCs for self-renewal and differentiation makes them an ideal platform for investigating disease pathogenesis in a controlled in vitro environment. Continuing progress will help elucidate novel mechanistic pathways, and discover novel therapies for preventing the onset and progression of heart failure, thereby advancing a new era of personalized therapeutics for improving health outcomes in patients with cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan J A Ramachandra
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jasper Chua
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore.,Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Shuo Cong
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 111 Yixueyuan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Myu Mai Ja Kp
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, Singapore 138683, Singapore
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin Medical School, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 11759, Singapore.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 6HX, UK.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, No. 500, Liufeng Road, Wufeng District, Taichung City 41354,Taiwan
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35
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Gintant G, Traebert M. The roles of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in drug discovery: managing in vitro safety study expectations. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:719-729. [PMID: 32129680 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1736549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) preparations are increasingly employed in in vitro cardiac safety studies to support candidate drug selection and regulatory submissions. The value of hiPSC-CM-based approaches depends on their ability to recapitulate the cellular mechanisms responsible for cardiotoxicity as well as overall assay characteristics (thus defining model performance). Different expectations at different drug development stages define the utility of these human-derived models. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review the importance of understanding the functional characteristics of the evolving spectrum of simpler (2D) and more complex (co-cultures, 3D constructs, and engineered tissues) human-derived cardiac preparations, and how their performance may be evaluated based on analytical sensitivity, variability, and reproducibility in order to correctly match preparations with expectations of different safety assays. The need for consensus clinical examples of electrophysiologic, contractile, and structural cardiotoxicities essential for benchmarking human-derived models is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION It is helpful (but not essential) that hiPSC-CMs preparations fully recapitulate pharmacological responses of native adult human ventricular myocytes when evaluating cardiotoxicity in vitro. Further calibration and model standardization (aligning concordance with clinical findings) are necessary to understand the role of hiPSC-CMs in guiding cardiotoxicity assessments in early drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Gintant
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology (ZR13), AP-9A-LL, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martin Traebert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Safety Pharmacology, Basel, Switzerland
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36
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Van de Sande DV, Kopljar I, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Snyders DJ, Lu HR, Labro AJ. Pharmacological Profile of the Sodium Current in Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Compares to Heterologous Nav1.5+β1 Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31920633 PMCID: PMC6917651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac Nav1.5 mediated sodium current (INa) generates the upstroke of the action potential in atrial and ventricular myocytes. Drugs that modulate this current can therefore be antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic, which requires preclinical evaluation of their potential drug-induced inhibition or modulation of Nav1.5. Since Nav1.5 assembles with, and is modulated by, the auxiliary β1-subunit, this subunit can also affect the channel’s pharmacological response. To investigate this, the effect of known Nav1.5 inhibitors was compared between COS-7 cells expressing Nav1.5 or Nav1.5+β1 using whole-cell voltage clamp experiments. For the open state class Ia blockers ajmaline and quinidine, and class Ic drug flecainide, the affinity did not differ between both models. For class Ib drugs phenytoin and lidocaine, which are inactivated state blockers, the affinity decreased more than a twofold when β1 was present. Thus, β1 did not influence the affinity for the class Ia and Ic compounds but it did so for the class Ib drugs. Human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs) are a promising translational cell source for in vitro models that express a representative repertoire of channels and auxiliary proteins, including β1. Therefore, we subsequently evaluated the same drugs for their response on the INa in hSC-CMs. Consequently, it was expected and confirmed that the drug response of INa in hSC-CMs compares best to INa expressed by Nav1.5+β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter V Van de Sande
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ivan Kopljar
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk J Snyders
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alain J Labro
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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37
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de Korte T, Katili PA, Mohd Yusof NAN, van Meer BJ, Saleem U, Burton FL, Smith GL, Clements P, Mummery CL, Eschenhagen T, Hansen A, Denning C. Unlocking Personalized Biomedicine and Drug Discovery with Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: Fit for Purpose or Forever Elusive? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:529-551. [PMID: 31506008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, drug development costs have increased by approximately a hundredfold, and yet about 1 in 7 licensed drugs are withdrawn from the market, often due to cardiotoxicity. This review considers whether technologies using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) could complement existing assays to improve discovery and safety while reducing socioeconomic costs and assisting with regulatory guidelines on cardiac safety assessments. We draw on lessons from our own work to suggest a panel of 12 drugs that will be useful in testing the suitability of hiPSC-CM platforms to evaluate contractility. We review issues, including maturity versus complexity, consistency, quality, and cost, while considering a potential need to incorporate auxiliary approaches to compensate for limitations in hiPSC-CM technology. We give examples on how coupling hiPSC-CM technologies with Cas9/CRISPR genome engineering is starting to be used to personalize diagnosis, stratify risk, provide mechanistic insights, and identify new pathogenic variants for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa de Korte
- Ncardia, 2333 BD Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Puspita A Katili
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Nurul A N Mohd Yusof
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
| | - Berend J van Meer
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Umber Saleem
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francis L Burton
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey L Smith
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Clements
- David Jack Centre for Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, SG12 0DP Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZD Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Denning
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD Nottingham, United Kingdom;
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38
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Lu HR, Zeng H, Kettenhofen R, Guo L, Kopljar I, van Ammel K, Tekle F, Teisman A, Zhai J, Clouse H, Pierson J, Furniss M, Lagrutta A, Sannajust F, Gallacher DJ. Assessing Drug-Induced Long QT and Proarrhythmic Risk Using Human Stem-Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes in a Ca2+ Imaging Assay: Evaluation of 28 CiPA Compounds at Three Test Sites. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:345-356. [PMID: 31020317 PMCID: PMC6657578 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research consortium including Janssen, MSD, Ncardia, FNCR/LBR, and Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) was to evaluate the utility of an additional in vitro assay technology to detect potential drug-induced long QT and torsade de pointes (TdP) risk by monitoring cytosolic free Ca2+ transients in human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs). The potential proarrhythmic risks of the 28 comprehensive in vitro proarrhythmia assay (CiPA) drugs linked to low, intermediate, and high clinical TdP risk were evaluated in a blinded manner using Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye assay recorded from a kinetic plate reader system (Hamamatsu FDSS/µCell and FDSS7000) in 2D cultures of 2 commercially available hSC-CM lines (Cor.4U and CDI iCell Cardiomyocytes) at 3 different test sites. The Ca2+ transient assay, performed at the 3 sites using the 2 different hSC-CMs lines, correctly detected potential drug-induced QT prolongation among the 28 CiPA drugs and detected cellular arrhythmias-like/early afterdepolarization in 7 of 8 high TdP-risk drugs (87.5%), 6 of 11 intermediate TdP-risk drugs (54.5%), and 0 of 9 low/no TdP-risk drugs (0%). The results were comparable among the 3 sites and from 2 hSC-CM cell lines. The Ca2+ transient assay can serve as a user-friendly and higher throughput alternative to complement the microelectrode array and voltage-sensing optical action potential recording assays used in the HESI-CiPA study for in vitro assessment of drug-induced long QT and TdP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Rong Lu
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (J&J), 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Haoyu Zeng
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD), West Point, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Liang Guo
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR)/Leidos Biomedical Research (LBR), Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ivan Kopljar
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (J&J), 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Fetene Tekle
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (J&J), 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV (J&J), 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jin Zhai
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD), West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Holly Clouse
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD), West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Pierson
- HESI, Cardiac Safety Technical Committee, Washington, District of Columbia 20005
| | - Michael Furniss
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR)/Leidos Biomedical Research (LBR), Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Armando Lagrutta
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD), West Point, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederick Sannajust
- Safety and Exploratory Pharmacology, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (MSD), West Point, Pennsylvania
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