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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Mass spectrometric stochastic dynamic 3D structural analysis of mixture of steroids in solution - Experimental and theoretical study. Steroids 2022; 181:109001. [PMID: 35257712 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is explored, herein, functional relation: Experimental mass spectrometric phenomenon, obeying a certain scientific law ⇔ 3D molecular conformations and electronic structures of analytes obtained for quantum chemical theories. The paper answers to questions: (a) What evidence claims these actual relations among measurable and theoretical parameters, experimental factors and molecular properties; (b) how the provided evidence is collected and used; and (c) how empirical proof relates to assign and explain mass spectrometric phenomena of steroids afforded by our innovative stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric formula, D″SD = 2.6388.10-17.(<I2>-<I>2), quantum chemical 3D conformations, electronic structures and energetics of molecules, respectively. The paper address issue concerning empirical evidence at very high-to-exact level of assignment of 3D molecular conformations of steroids to experimental mass spectrometric fragment ions, accounting precisely for (i) effect of protonation; (ii) intramolecular rearrangement for A-D rings of steroidal skeleton and proton transfer effect, if any; in addition to (iii) examination of enantiomers of steroids in mixture with different stereochemistry, (R) and (S), of a set of six atoms of the molecular backbone of hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4), respectively. Results from testosterone (5) are discussed, as well. There are used ultra-high resolution atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric data on analytes (1)-(4) at ng.(mL)-1 concentration levels in mixtures in solution obtained for positive operation mode. High accuracy static and molecular dynamic quantum chemical computations and chemometrics are also utilized. Experimental 3D structural parameters of steroids obtained for stochastic dynamic diffusion theory are correlated with available crystallographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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2
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Stochastic dynamic mass spectrometric quantification of steroids in mixture - Part II. Steroids 2020; 164:108750. [PMID: 33069721 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with quantification of the following steroids in mixture: hydrocortisone (1), deoxycorticosterone (2), progesterone (3) and methyltestosterone (4) by means of mass spectrometry and implementing our innovative stochatic dynamic functional relationship between the analyte concentration in solution and the experimental variable intensity. The mass spectrometric data are correlated independently using chromatography. Chemometric analysis is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44221 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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3
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Jjunju FPM, Damon DE, Romero-Perez D, Young IS, Ward RJ, Marshall A, Maher S, Badu-Tawiah AK. Analysis of non-conjugated steroids in water using paper spray mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10698. [PMID: 32612114 PMCID: PMC7329809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy for the direct analysis of non-conjugated steroids in water using paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS) has been developed. PS-MS was used in the identification and quantification of non-conjugated (free) steroids in fish tank water samples. Data shown herein indicates that individual amounts of free steroids can be detected in aqua as low as; 0.17 ng/µL, 0.039 ng/µL, 0.43 ng/µL, 0.0076 ng/µL for aldosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, and β-estrone, respectively, and with an average relative standard deviation of ca. < 10% in the positive ion mode using PS-MS/MS. Direct detection of free steroids in a raw water mixture, from aquaculture, without prior sample preparation is demonstrated. The presence of free steroids released in fish water samples was confirmed via tandem mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation. This approach shows promise for rapid and direct water quality monitoring to provide a holistic assessment of non-conjugated steroids in aqua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred P M Jjunju
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Deidre E Damon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David Romero-Perez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Iain S Young
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Ryan J Ward
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, UK.
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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4
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Yang MH, You HP, Wu HY, Chen YMA, Huang YF, Tyan YC. Quantitative of progesterone using isotope dilution-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. MethodsX 2020; 7:100812. [PMID: 32195134 PMCID: PMC7078514 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A quantification assay based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of progesterone in human serum was reported. Incorporated with 13C3-progesterone, serum samples were subjected to progesterone extraction and clean-up by C4 solid-phase-extraction columns and hexane-based liquid/liquid extraction, respectively. The cleaned-up serum samples were then subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the quantification of progesterone. In the study, the recovered progesterone concentration determined by the assay showed good robustness and constancy in comparison to conventional radioimmunologic assay. We concluded that the 13C3-progesterone-based quantification assay is a robust method for the measurement of serum progesterone. Advantages of this technique includes: • This study describes a MALDI-TOF/MS method for the determination of serum progesterone. • The technique is simple and easy to apply on MALDI-TOF/MS for serum progesterone analysis. • The correlation coefficient between MALDI-TOF MS and RIA was 0.981 for serum progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ping You
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fong Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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5
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Conklin SE, Knezevic CE. Advancements in the gold standard: Measuring steroid sex hormones by mass spectrometry. Clin Biochem 2020; 82:21-32. [PMID: 32209333 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogens, play an essential role in regulating physiological and reproductive development throughout the lifetime of the individual. Although variation in levels of these hormones are observed throughout the distinct stages in life, significant deviations from reference ranges can result in detrimental effects to the individual. Alterations, by either an increase or decrease, in hormone levels are associated with physiological changes, decreased reproductive capabilities, and increased risk for diseases. Hormone therapies (HTs) and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are commonly used to address these factors. In addition to these treatments, gender-affirming therapies, an iteration of HTs, are also a prominent treatment for transgender individuals. Considering that the effectiveness of these treatments relies on achieving therapeutic hormone levels, monitoring of hormones has served as a way of assessing therapeutic efficay. The need for reliable methods to achieve this task has led to great advancements in methods for evaluating hormone concentrations in biological matrices. Although immunoassays are the more widely used method, mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods have proven to be more sensitive, specific, and reliable. Advances in MS technology and its applications for therapeutic hormone monitoring have been significant, hence integration of these methods in the clinical setting is desired. Here, we provide a general overview of HT and ART, and the immunoassay and MS-based methods currently utilized for monitoring sex hormones. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in MS-based methods and discuss future applications and considerations for MS-based hormone assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Conklin
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St. Zayed B1020, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Claire E Knezevic
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St. Zayed B1020, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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6
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Yang MH, Chen SC, Chen KC, You HP, Wu HY, Arthur Chen YM, Huang YF, Huang MY, Yuan CH, Lin PC, Tyan YC. Quantitative analysis of progesterone using isotope dilution-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as a reference procedure for radioimmunoassay. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 512:106-111. [PMID: 31790698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progesterone is one of the female steroid hormones and plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. It is especially important in preparing the uterus for the implantation of the blastocyst and maintaining pregnancy. The concentration in human serum is measured to determine the ovarian function retroactively and the cause of abortion in early pregnancy. METHODS A quantification assay based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of progesterone in human serum is reported. Incorporated with 13C3-progesterone, serum samples were subjected to progesterone extraction and clean-up by C4 solid-phase-extraction columns and hexane-based liquid/liquid extraction, respectively. The cleaned-up serum samples were then subjected to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the quantification of progesterone. RESULTS Progesterone and the internal standard, 13C3-progesterone, were measured in the selected reaction monitoring mode for the transitions m/z 315.4 to 108.9 and m/z 318.4 to 111.9, respectively. We calculated the peak area ratio of progesterone to 13C3-progesterone. The progesterone concentration in human serum was calculated by substituting the peak area ratio into an isotope dilution calibration curve, and then compared with the radioimmunoassay. CONCLUSIONS In the study, the concentrations of serum progesterone were measured, and the recovered progesterone concentration determined by the assay showed good robustness and consistency in comparison to the conventional radioimmunologic assay. We concluded that the 13C3-progesterone-based quantification assay is a robust method for the measurement of serum progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Cheng Chen
- Office of Research and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ping You
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fong Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yii Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemical, Molecular and Materials Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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7
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Sun N, Wu Y, Nanba K, Sbiera S, Kircher S, Kunzke T, Aichler M, Berezowska S, Reibetanz J, Rainey WE, Fassnacht M, Walch A, Kroiss M. High-Resolution Tissue Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals a Refined Functional Anatomy of the Human Adult Adrenal Gland. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1511-1524. [PMID: 29385420 PMCID: PMC5839739 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the adrenal gland, neuroendocrine cells that synthesize catecholamines and epithelial cells that produce steroid hormones are united beneath a common organ capsule to function as a single stress-responsive organ. The functional anatomy of the steroid hormone-producing adrenal cortex and the catecholamine-producing medulla is ill defined at the level of small molecules. Here, we report a comprehensive high-resolution mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) map of the normal human adrenal gland. A large variety of biomolecules was accessible by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance MSI, including nucleoside phosphates indicative of oxidative phosphorylation, sterol and steroid metabolites, intermediates of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipids, and fatty acids. Statistical clustering analyses yielded a molecularly defined adrenal anatomy of 10 distinct molecular zones including a highly structured corticomedullary interface. By incorporating pathway information, activities of carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism as well as endocrine bioactivity were revealed to be highly spatially organized, which could be visualized as different molecularly defined zones. Together, these findings provide a molecular definition of human adult adrenal gland structure beyond classical histological anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yin Wu
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kazutaka Nanba
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institut für Pathologie, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunzke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Reibetanz
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5622
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Correspondence: Axel Walch, MD, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany. E-mail:
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Babaev VM, Musin RZ, Korochkina MG. Investigation of diterpenoid isosteviol ammonium derivatives by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813130029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Galesio M, López-Fdez H, Reboiro-Jato M, Gómez-Meire S, Glez-Peña D, Fdez-Riverola F, Lodeiro C, Diniz ME, Capelo JL. Speeding up the screening of steroids in urine: development of a user-friendly library. Steroids 2013; 78:1226-32. [PMID: 24036418 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel database search engine - MLibrary - designed to assist the user in the detection and identification of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) and its metabolites by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and mass spectrometry-based strategies. The detection of the AAS in the samples was accomplished by searching (i) the mass spectrometric (MS) spectra against the library developed to identify possible positives and (ii) by comparison of the tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) spectra produced after fragmentation of the possible positives with a complete set of spectra that have previously been assigned to the software. The urinary screening for anabolic agents plays a major role in anti-doping laboratories as they represent the most abused drug class in sports. With the help of the MLibrary software application, the use of MALDI techniques for doping control is simplified and the time for evaluation and interpretation of the results is reduced. To do so, the search engine takes as input several MALDI-TOF-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS/MS spectra. It aids the researcher in an automatic mode by identifying possible positives in a single MS analysis and then confirming their presence in tandem MS analysis by comparing the experimental tandem mass spectrometric data with the database. Furthermore, the search engine can, potentially, be further expanded to other compounds in addition to AASs. The applicability of the MLibrary tool is shown through the analysis of spiked urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galesio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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10
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Cobice DF, Mackay CL, Goodwin RJA, McBride A, Langridge-Smith PR, Webster SP, Walker BR, Andrew R. Mass spectrometry imaging for dissecting steroid intracrinology within target tissues. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11576-84. [PMID: 24134553 PMCID: PMC4392804 DOI: 10.1021/ac402777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Steroid concentrations within tissues are modulated by intracellular enzymes. Such "steroid intracrinology" influences hormone-dependent cancers and obesity and provides targets for pharmacological inhibition. However, no high resolution methods exist to quantify steroids within target tissues. We developed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), combining matrix assisted laser desorption ionization with on-tissue derivatization with Girard T and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, to quantify substrate and product (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone) of the glucocorticoid-amplifying enzyme 11β-HSD1. Regional steroid distribution was imaged at 150-200 μm resolution in rat adrenal gland and mouse brain sections and confirmed with collision induced dissociation/liquid extraction surface analysis. In brains of mice with 11β-HSD1 deficiency or inhibition, MSI quantified changes in subregional corticosterone/11-dehydrocorticosterone ratio, distribution of inhibitor, and accumulation of the alternative 11β-HSD1 substrate, 7-ketocholesterol. MSI data correlated well with LC-MS/MS in whole brain homogenates. MSI with derivatization is a powerful new tool to investigate steroid biology within tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cobice
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | | | - Andrew McBride
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Patrick R. Langridge-Smith
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, The King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, U.K
| | - Scott P. Webster
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Brian R. Walker
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ruth Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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11
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Juang YM, She TF, Chen HY, Lai CC. Comparison of CID versus ETD-based MS/MS fragmentation for the analysis of doubly derivatized steroids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1349-1356. [PMID: 24338890 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization coupled with collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a commonly used technique to analyze the chemical composition of steroids. However, steroids are structurally similar compounds, making it difficult to interpret their product-ion spectra. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD), a relatively new technique for protein and peptide fragmentation, has been shown to provide more detailed structural information. In this study, we compared the ability of CID with that of ETD to differentiate between eight 3,20-dioxosteroids that had been derivatizated with a quaternary ammonium salt, Girard reagent P (GirP), at room temperature or after exposure to microwave irradiation to generate doubly charged ions. We found that the derivatization of steroid with GirP hydrazine occurred in less than 10 min when the reaction was carried out in the presence of microwave irradiation compared to 30 min when the reaction was carried out at room temperature. According to the MS/MS spectra, CID provided rich, structurally informative ions; however, the spectra were complex, thereby complicating the peak assignment. In contrast, ETD generated simpler spectra, making it easier to recognize individual peaks. Remarkably, both CID and ETD were allowed to differentiate of steroid isomers, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and deoxycorticosterone (DOC), but the signature ions obtained from CID were less intense than those generated by ETD, which generated much clearer spectra. These results indicate that ETD in conjunction with CID can provide more structural information for precise characterization of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Juang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Sandhya R, Sithambaresan M, Prathapan S, Kurup MRP. (2-tert-Butyl-3-phenyl-2,3-di-hydro-isoxazole-4,5-di-yl)bis-(phenyl-methanone). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1284-5. [PMID: 24109366 PMCID: PMC3793779 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813019508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenyl and tert-butyl groups of the title compound, C27H25NO3, exhibit a trans configuration in agreement with the stereochemistry of the Z phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone starting material. The attached carbonyl groups are not coplanar with the neighboring dihydroisoxazole ring and the phenyl rings they are bonded to, with torsion angles of 59.26 (8), 17.53 (11), 16.52 (12) and 52.86 (7)°. The dihedral angle between the dihydroisoxazole ring and the directly attached phenyl group is 86.86 (8)°. There are two nonclassical intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions that operate together with an intermolecular C—H⋯π interaction to form a supramolecular architecture in the crystal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sandhya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682 022, India
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Mernyák E, Huber J, Szabó J, Schneider G, Hetényi A, Márk L, Maász G, Berényi Á, Kovács I, Minorics R, Zupkó I, Wölfling J. Cycloaddition of steroidal cyclic nitrones to C=N dipolarophiles: stereoselective synthesis and antiproliferative effects of oxadiazolidinones in the estrone series. Steroids 2013; 78:1021-8. [PMID: 23831783 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nitrones of estrone 3-methyl or 3-benzyl ether were reacted with phenyl isocyanate or nonsubstituted phenyl isocyanates as reactive CN dipolarophiles, yielding condensed homosteroidal oxadiazolidinones. These dipolar cycloadditions were carried out under conventional heating or microwave irradiation. The chemo- and stereoselectivities of the reactions and the effects of the aromatic substituents on the reaction rates and yields were investigated and compared. The structures of the new products were determined by NMR (one- and two-dimensional) and MALDI-MS techniques, with C70 fullerenes as matrix in the latter case. The antiproliferative properties of the synthetized compounds were determined on a panel of human adherent cell lines (HeLa, MCF7, A2780 and A431) by means of MTT assays. Some of them exhibited activities comparable to that of the reference agent cisplatin. Flow cytometry indicated that one of the most potent agents (11a) resulted in a cell cycle blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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Rannulu NS, Cole RB. Novel fragmentation pathways of anionic adducts of steroids formed by electrospray anion attachment involving regioselective attachment, regiospecific decompositions, charge-induced pathways, and ion-dipole complex intermediates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1558-1568. [PMID: 22733166 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of several bifunctional neutral steroids, 5-α-pregnane diol (5-α-pregnane-3α-20βdiol), estradiol (3,17α-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene), progesterone (4-pregnene-3,20-dione), lupeol (3β-hydroxy-20(29)-lupene), pregnenolone (5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one), and pregnenolone acetate (5-pregnen-3β-ol-20-one acetate) was accomplished by negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) employing adduct formation with various anions: fluoride, bicarbonate, acetate, and chloride. Fluoride yielded higher abundances of anionic adducts and more substantial abundances of deprotonated molecules compared with other investigated anions. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of precursor [M + anion](-) adducts of these steroids revealed that fluoride adduct [M + F](-) precursors first lose HF to produce [M - H](-) and then undergo consecutive decompositions to yield higher abundances of structurally-informative product ions than the other tested anions. In addition to charge-remote fragmentations, the majority of CID pathways of estradiol are deduced to occur via charge-induced fragmentation. Most interestingly, certain anions exhibit preferential attachment to a specific site on these bifunctional steroid molecules, which we are calling "regioselective anion attachment." Regioselective anion attachment is evidenced by subsequent regiospecific decomposition. Regioselective attachment of fluoride (and acetate) anions to low (and moderate) acidity functional groups of pregnenolone, respectively, is demonstrated using deuterated compounds. Moreover, the formation of unique intermediate ion-dipole complexes leading to novel fragmentation pathways of fluoride adducts of pregnenolone acetate, and bicarbonate adducts of d(4)-pregnenolone, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalaka S Rannulu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
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15
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Manier ML, Reyzer ML, Goh A, Dartois V, Via LE, Barry CE, Caprioli RM. Reagent precoated targets for rapid in-tissue derivatization of the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid followed by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1409-19. [PMID: 21953196 PMCID: PMC3424619 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is an important component of front-line anti-tuberculosis therapy with good serum pharmacokinetics but unknown ability to penetrate tuberculous lesions. However, endogenous background interferences hinder our ability to directly analyze INH in tissues. Chemical derivatization has been successfully used to measure isoniazid directly from tissue samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). MALDI targets were pretreated with trans-cinnamaldehyde (CA) prior to mounting tissue slices. Isoniazid present in the tissues was efficiently derivatized and the INH-CA product measured by MS/MS. Precoating of MALDI targets allows the tissues to be directly thaw-mounted and derivatized, thus simplifying the preparation. A time-course series of tissues from tuberculosis infected/INH dosed animals were assayed and the MALDI MS/MS response correlates well with the amount of INH determined to be in the tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisa Manier
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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16
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Rangiah K, Shah SJ, Vachani A, Ciccimaro E, Blair IA. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of pre-ionized Girard P derivatives for quantifying estrone and its metabolites in serum from postmenopausal women. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1297-307. [PMID: 21488127 PMCID: PMC3732066 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/selected reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (LC/SRM/MS) assay has been developed for serum estrone, 16α-hydroxyestrone, 4-methoxyestrone, and 2- methoxyestrone. The enhanced sensitivity was obtained by the use of Girard P (GP) pre-ionized derivatives coupled with microflow LC. The limit of detection for each estrogen using 0.5 mL of serum was 0.156 pg/mL and linear standard curves were obtained up to 20 pg/mL. Serum samples from 20 postmenopausal women (10 lifetime non-smokers and 10 current smokers) were analyzed using this new assay. Mean serum concentrations of estrone and 2-methoxyestrone were 14.06 pg/mL (±1.56 pg/mL) and 3.30 pg/mL (±1.00 pg/mL), respectively, for the 20 subjects enrolled in the study. The mean estrone concentration determined by our ultrasensitive and highly specific assay was significantly lower than that reported for the control groups in most previous breast cancer studies of postmenopausal women. In addition (and contrary to many reports) serum 16α-hydroxyestrone was not detected in any of the subjects, and 4-methoxyestrone was detected in only one of the subjects. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the mean serum concentrations of estrone and 2-methoxyestrone or the ratio of serum 2- methoxyestrone to estrone between the non-smoking and smoking groups. Interestingly, the one subject with measurable serum 4-methoxyestrone (2.3 pg/mL) had the lowest estrone and 2-methoxyestrone concentrations. Using this assay it will now be possible to obtain definitive information on the levels of serum estrone, 4-methoxyestrone, and 2-methoxyestrone in studies of cancer risk using small serum volumes available from previous epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Sumit J. Shah
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
| | - Eugene Ciccimaro
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 265 Davidson Avenue, Somerset, NJ 08873-4120, USA
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4863, USA
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Andrási N, Helenkár A, Záray G, Vasanits A, Molnár-Perl I. Derivatization and fragmentation pattern analysis of natural and synthetic steroids, as their trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether derivatives by gas chromatography mass spectrometry: Analysis of dissolved steroids in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1878-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Cole RB, Rannulu NS. Regioselective anion attachment leading to regiospecific decompositions of bifunctional steroids in negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:558-562. [PMID: 21259365 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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19
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Analysis of nonderivatized steroids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry using C70 fullerene as matrix. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:869-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Mernyák E, Kozma E, Hetényi A, Márk L, Schneider G, Wölfling J. Stereoselective synthesis of spiro and condensed pyrazolines of steroidal alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones and nitrilimines by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Steroids 2009; 74:520-5. [PMID: 19428440 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effective syntheses of endo- and exocyclic alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones as CC dipolarophiles were carried out in the 13alpha-estrone series. The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of 15,16alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones of 13alpha-estrone 3-methyl and 3-benzyl ether with nitrilimines stereoselectively furnished two regioisomers of new condensed pyrazolines in a ratio of 2:1. The main product was the isomer obtained by the attack of the N-terminus of the 1,3-dipole on the carbon atom beta to the carbonyl group of the dipolarophile. The nitrilimine cycloadditions to the 16-methylene-17-ketones of 13alpha-estrone 3-methyl and 3-benzyl ether stereo- and regioselectively furnished spiropyrazolines. The attack of the N-terminus of the dipole occurred on the alpha-carbon of the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones. The reactions were performed under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Silver acetate as a base proved more effective than its triethylamine counterpart. Changes in regio- and stereoselectivities were not observed on variation of the conditions of the cycloaddition reactions. The structures of the new products were determined by NMR (one- and two-dimensional) and MALDI TOF MS techniques, with C(70) fullerenes as matrix in the latter case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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21
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Galesio M, Rial-Otero R, Capelo-Martínez JL. Comparative study of matrices for their use in the rapid screening of anabolic steroids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1783-1791. [PMID: 19444857 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
New data on sample preparation and matrix selection for the fast screening of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) is presented. The rapid screening of 15 steroids included in the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list using MALDI was evaluated. Nine organic and two inorganic matrices were assessed in order to determine the best matrix for steroid identification in terms of ionisation yield and interference by characteristic matrix ions. The best results were achieved for the organic matrices 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) and trans-3-indoleacrylic acid (IAA). Good signals for all the steroids studied were obtained for concentrations as low as 0.010 and 0.050 microg/mL on the MALDI sample plate for the HABA and IAA matrices, respectively. For these two matrices, the sensitivity achieved by MALDI is comparable with the sensitivity achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which is the conventional technique used for AAS detection. Furthermore, the accuracy and precision obtained with MALDI are very good, since an internal mass calibration is performed with the matrix ions. For the inorganic matrices, laser fluences higher than those used with organic matrices are required to obtain good MALDI signals. When inorganic matrices were used in combination with glycerol as a dispersing agent, an important reduction of the background noise was observed. Urine samples spiked with the study compounds were processed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the screening was consistently positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galesio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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22
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Wu HP, Yu CJ, Lin CY, Lin YH, Tseng WL. Gold nanoparticles as assisted matrices for the detection of biomolecules in a high-salt solution through laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:875-82. [PMID: 19211262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) serve as matrices for the determination of biomolecules in a high-salt solution through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). In the case of using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) as a matrix, the signal intensities of neutral steroids were severely suppressed in a high-salt solution. A high concentration of NaCl caused the formation of the sodium adduct ions during the desorption/ionization process, resulting in a decrease of the signal intensities of the protonated ions. In comparison, by applying AuNP-assisted LDI-TOF-MS, the signal intensities of neutral steroids remained almost constant when the concentration of NaCl was increased to 500 mM. Because the use of citrate-capped AuNPs as matrices primarily offers alkali metal ion adducts, AuNP matrices have a higher tolerance to high NaCl concentrations relative to that of 2,5-DHB matrices. The relevant phenomena are also discovered in the case of analysis of neutral carbohydrate, monosialoganglioside, indolamine, and angiotensin I. The quantification of small molecules in a high-salt solution has been accomplished by AuNP-assisted LDI-TOF-MS coupled to a unique sample preparation, in which samples are deposited onto the sample plate before AuNPs. The present method has been further applied to the determination of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and glucose in a urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Pin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan
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23
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Vissers B, Everaert J, Sekula J, Malak A, Bohets H, Bazylak G, Nagels LJ. Unique potentiometric detection systems for HPLC determination of some steroids in human urine. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:167-79. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Danaceau JP, Scott Morrison M, Slawson MH. Quantitative confirmation of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine by LC/Q-ToF mass spectrometry for doping control. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:993-1000. [PMID: 18563866 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) is the primary male sex hormone. In addition to the development of secondary sex characteristics, testosterone has anabolic effects including increases in muscle size and strength and increases in lean body mass, making it an attractive candidate to enhance athletic performance. In the case of exogenous administration of testosterone, the ratio of testosterone to its isomer, epitestosterone (E), is elevated. WADA has set a standard for T/E ratios of 4.0 as indicative of possible exogenous testosterone administration. Typically, a sample that screens for a T/E ratio above that threshold is then subjected to quantitative confirmation by GC/MS. This methodology, however, can limited due to sensitivity issues as well as a limited number of qualifying ions that can be used for unambiguous identification. We have developed a confirmation method which uses liquid/liquid extraction, followed by room temperature Girard P derivatization, and analysis using LC/MS-ToF. We observe a number of advantages over conventional GC/MS analysis. Analysis time is decreased. Sensitivity is increased, resulting in limits of detection of 2 and 0.5 ng/ml for testosterone and epitestosterone, respectively. The number of diagnostic qualifier ions is also increased allowing more confident identification of the analytes. Finally, while this method has been developed on a QToF instrument, it should be easily transferable to any tandem LC/MS/MS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Danaceau
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, USA.
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25
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