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Rister AL, Bidne KL, Wood JR, Dodds ED. MICROSCALE SERUM EXTRACTION METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF CORTICOSTERONE AND LIPIDS. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:5746-5749. [PMID: 32148562 PMCID: PMC7059636 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay01757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Corticosterone is an important steroid for the regulation of metabolism and stress response. Existing methods for the measurement of corticosterone include radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). While each of these approaches have their advantages, RIAs use radioactive isotopes that necessitate specially regulated usage and disposal. Furthermore, both ELISAs and RIAs require expensive kits and can only measure a single analyte. In this study, we establish a new sample preparation technique based on a modified Folch extraction that allows for the simultaneous isolation of corticosterone and lipids from serum. The extract is then analyzed by LC-MS. Using only 5 µL of serum, quantification of corticosterone was achieved with coefficients of variation at 3% or less and a detection limit of 0.12 µM. Overall, the results of this study should be beneficial to the measurement of circulating corticosterone and lipids for a variety of studies using small volumes of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L. Rister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Katie L. Bidne
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Wood
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Eric D. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
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2
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Ivy JR, Evans LC, Moorhouse R, Richardson RV, Al-Dujaili EAS, Flatman PW, Kenyon CJ, Chapman KE, Bailey MA. Renal and Blood Pressure Response to a High-Salt Diet in Mice With Reduced Global Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Physiol 2018; 9:848. [PMID: 30038578 PMCID: PMC6046455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitive hypertension is common in glucocorticoid excess. Glucocorticoid resistance also presents with hypercortisolemia and hypertension but the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure (BP) is not well defined. GRβgeo/+ mice have global glucocorticoid receptor (GR) haploinsufficiency and increased BP. Here we examined the effect of high salt diet on BP, salt excretion and renal blood flow in GRβgeo/+mice. Basal BP was ∼10 mmHg higher in male GRβgeo/+ mice than in GR+/+ littermates. This modest increase was amplified by ∼10 mmHg following a high-salt diet in GRβgeo/+ mice. High salt reduced urinary aldosterone excretion but increased renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression in both genotypes. Corticosterone, and to a lesser extent deoxycorticosterone, excretion was increased in GRβgeo/+ mice following a high-salt challenge, consistent with enhanced 24 h production. GR+/+ mice increased fractional sodium excretion and reduced renal vascular resistance during the high salt challenge, retaining neutral sodium balance. In contrast, sodium excretion and renal vascular resistance did not adapt to high salt in GRβgeo/+ mice, resulting in transient sodium retention and sustained hypertension. With high-salt diet, Slc12a3 and Scnn1a mRNAs were higher in GRβgeo/+ than controls, and this was reflected in an exaggerated natriuretic response to thiazide and benzamil, inhibitors of NCC and ENaC, respectively. Reduction in GR expression causes salt-sensitivity and an adaptive failure of the renal vasculature and tubule, most likely reflecting sustained mineralocorticoid receptor activation. This provides a mechanistic basis to understand the hypertension associated with loss-of-function polymorphisms in GR in the context of habitually high salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C Evans
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Moorhouse
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel V Richardson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Flatman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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3
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Wheelan N, Kenyon CJ, Harris AP, Cairns C, Al Dujaili E, Seckl JR, Yau JL. Midlife stress alters memory and mood-related behaviors in old age: Role of locally activated glucocorticoids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 89:13-22. [PMID: 29306773 PMCID: PMC5890827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress during midlife associates with subsequent age-related cognitive decline and may increase the vulnerability to develop psychiatric conditions. Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity has been implicated in pathogenesis though any causative role for glucocorticoids is unestablished. This study investigated the contribution of local glucocorticoid regeneration by the intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), in persisting midlife stress-induced behavioral effects in mice. Middle-aged (10 months old) 11β-HSD1-deficient mice and wild-type congenic controls were randomly assigned to 28 days of chronic unpredictable stress or left undisturbed (non-stressed). All mice underwent behavioral testing at the end of the stress/non-stress period and again 6-7 months later. Chronic stress impaired spatial memory in middle-aged wild-type mice. The effects, involving a wide spectrum of behavioral modalities, persisted for 6-7 months after cessation of stress into early senescence. Enduring effects after midlife stress included impaired spatial memory, enhanced contextual fear memory, impaired fear extinction, heightened anxiety, depressive-like behavior, as well as reduced hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression. In contrast, 11β-HSD1 deficient mice resisted both immediate and enduring effects of chronic stress, despite similar stress-induced increases in systemic glucocorticoid activity during midlife stress. In conclusion, chronic stress in midlife exerts persisting effects leading to cognitive and affective dysfunction in old age via mechanisms that depend, at least in part, on brain glucocorticoids generated locally by 11β-HSD1. This finding supports selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to ameliorate the long-term consequences of stress-related psychiatric disorders in midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anjanette P. Harris
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emad Al Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joyce L.W. Yau
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom,Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, EH8 8JZ, United Kingdom,Corresponding author at: Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Menzies RI, Zhao X, Mullins LJ, Mullins JJ, Cairns C, Wrobel N, Dunbar DR, Bailey MA, Kenyon CJ. Transcription controls growth, cell kinetics and cholesterol supply to sustain ACTH responses. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:446-457. [PMID: 28720595 PMCID: PMC5574282 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ACTH exposure is associated with adrenal hypertrophy and steroidogenesis. The underlying molecular processes in mice have been analysed by microarray, histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Synacthen infused for 2 weeks markedly increased adrenal mass and plasma corticosterone levels. Microarray analysis found greater than 2-fold changes in expression of 928 genes (P < 0.001; 397 up, 531 down). These clustered in pathways involved in signalling, sterol/lipid metabolism, cell proliferation/hypertrophy and apoptosis. Signalling genes included some implicated in adrenal adenomas but also upregulated genes associated with cyclic AMP and downregulated genes associated with aldosterone synthesis. Sterol metabolism genes were those promoting cholesterol supply (Scarb1, Sqle, Apoa1) and disposal (Cyp27a1, Cyp7b1). Oil red O staining showed lipid depletion consistent with reduced expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis. Genes involved in steroidogenesis (Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp11b1) were modestly affected (P < 0.05; <1.3-fold). Increased Ki67, Ccna2, Ccnb2 and Tk1 expression complemented immunohistochemical evidence of a 3-fold change in cell proliferation. Growth arrest genes, Cdkn1a and Cdkn1c, which are known to be active in hypertrophied cells, were increased >4-fold and cross-sectional area of fasciculata cells was 2-fold greater. In contrast, genes associated with apoptosis (eg Casp12, Clu,) were downregulated and apoptotic cells (Tunel staining) were fewer (P < 0.001) and more widely distributed throughout the cortex. In summary, long-term steroidogenesis with ACTH excess is sustained by genes controlling cholesterol supply and adrenal mass. ACTH effects on adrenal morphology and genes controlling cell hypertrophy, proliferation and apoptosis suggest the involvement of different cell types and separate molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Menzies
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xin Zhao
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Linda J Mullins
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carolynn Cairns
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicola Wrobel
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donald R Dunbar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Richardson RV, Batchen EJ, Thomson AJW, Darroch R, Pan X, Rog-Zielinska EA, Wyrzykowska W, Scullion K, Al-Dujaili EAS, Diaz ME, Moran CM, Kenyon CJ, Gray GA, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoid receptor alters isovolumetric contraction and restrains cardiac fibrosis. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:437-450. [PMID: 28057868 PMCID: PMC5292999 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids directly affect the heart and vasculature and are implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Attention is focussed upon the role of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in mediating pro-fibrotic and other adverse effects of corticosteroids upon the heart. In contrast, the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the heart and vasculature is less well understood. We addressed this in mice with cardiomyocyte and vascular smooth muscle deletion of GR (SMGRKO mice). Survival of SMGRKO mice to weaning was reduced compared with that of littermate controls. Doppler measurements of blood flow across the mitral valve showed an elongated isovolumetric contraction time in surviving adult SMGRKO mice, indicating impairment of the initial left ventricular contractile phase. Although heart weight was elevated in both genders, only male SMGRKO mice showed evidence of pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, associated with increased myosin heavy chain-β expression. Left ventricular fibrosis, evident in both genders, was associated with elevated levels of mRNA encoding MR as well as proteins involved in cardiac remodelling and fibrosis. However, MR antagonism with spironolactone from birth only modestly attenuated the increase in pro-fibrotic gene expression in SMGRKO mice, suggesting that elevated MR signalling is not the primary driver of cardiac fibrosis in SMGRKO mice, and cardiac fibrosis can be dissociated from MR activation. Thus, GR contributes to systolic function and restrains normal cardiac growth, the latter through gender-specific mechanisms. Our findings suggest the GR:MR balance is critical in corticosteroid signalling in specific cardiac cell types.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Corticosterone/blood
- Female
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Fibrosis/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocardial Contraction/genetics
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/genetics
- Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Sex Factors
- Spironolactone/pharmacology
- Ventricular Function, Left/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel V Richardson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma J Batchen
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rowan Darroch
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xinlu Pan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wiktoria Wyrzykowska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kathleen Scullion
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- DieteticsNutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, UK
| | - Mary E Diaz
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmel M Moran
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Preclinical ImagingUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian A Gray
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Positive and negative gestational handling influences placental traits and mother-offspring behavior in dairy goats. Physiol Behav 2016; 157:129-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Ivy JR, Oosthuyzen W, Peltz TS, Howarth AR, Hunter RW, Dhaun N, Al-Dujaili EAS, Webb DJ, Dear JW, Flatman PW, Bailey MA. Glucocorticoids Induce Nondipping Blood Pressure by Activating the Thiazide-Sensitive Cotransporter. Hypertension 2016; 67:1029-37. [PMID: 26953322 PMCID: PMC4905621 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Blood pressure (BP) normally dips during sleep, and nondipping increases cardiovascular risk. Hydrochlorothiazide restores the dipping BP profile in nondipping patients, suggesting that the NaCl cotransporter, NCC, is an important determinant of daily BP variation. NCC activity in cells is regulated by the circadian transcription factor per1. In vivo, circadian genes are entrained via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Here, we test whether abnormalities in the day:night variation of circulating glucocorticoid influence NCC activity and BP control. C57BL6/J mice were culled at the peak (1:00 AM) and trough (1:00 PM) of BP. We found no day:night variation in NCC mRNA or protein but NCC phosphorylation on threonine53 (pNCC), required for NCC activation, was higher when mice were awake, as was excretion of NCC in urinary exosomes. Peak NCC activity correlated with peak expression of per2 and bmal1 (clock genes) and sgk1 and tsc22d3 (glucocorticoid-responsive kinases). Adrenalectomy reduced NCC abundance and blunted the daily variation in pNCC levels without affecting variation in clock gene transcription. Chronic corticosterone infusion increased bmal1, per1, sgk1, and tsc22d3 expression during the inactive phase. Inactive phase pNCC was also elevated by corticosterone, and a nondipping BP profile was induced. Hydrochlorothiazide restored rhythmicity of BP in corticosterone-treated mice without affecting BP in controls. Glucocorticoids influence the day:night variation in NCC activity via kinases that control phosphorylation. Abnormal glucocorticoid rhythms impair NCC and induce nondipping. Night-time dosing of thiazides may be particularly beneficial in patients with modest glucocorticoid excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Ivy
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Wilna Oosthuyzen
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Theresa S Peltz
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Amelia R Howarth
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Robert W Hunter
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - David J Webb
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - James W Dear
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Peter W Flatman
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.)
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- From the The British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science (J.R.I., W.O., T.S.P., A.R.H., R.W.H., N.D., D.J.W., J.W.D., M.A.B.) and The Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.W.F.), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and Dietetics, Nutrition, and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.A.-D.).
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8
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Evans LC, Ivy JR, Wyrwoll C, McNairn JA, Menzies RI, Christensen TH, Al-Dujaili EAS, Kenyon CJ, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Bailey MA. Conditional Deletion of Hsd11b2 in the Brain Causes Salt Appetite and Hypertension. Circulation 2016; 133:1360-70. [PMID: 26951843 PMCID: PMC4819772 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background— The hypertensive syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2), allowing inappropriate activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by endogenous glucocorticoid. Hypertension is attributed to sodium retention in the distal nephron, but 11βHSD2 is also expressed in the brain. However, the central contribution to Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess and other hypertensive states is often overlooked and is unresolved. We therefore used a Cre-Lox strategy to generate 11βHSD2 brain-specific knockout (Hsd11b2.BKO) mice, measuring blood pressure and salt appetite in adults. Methods and Results— Basal blood pressure, electrolytes, and circulating corticosteroids were unaffected in Hsd11b2.BKO mice. When offered saline to drink, Hsd11b2.BKO mice consumed 3 times more sodium than controls and became hypertensive. Salt appetite was inhibited by spironolactone. Control mice fed the same daily sodium intake remained normotensive, showing the intrinsic salt resistance of the background strain. Dexamethasone suppressed endogenous glucocorticoid and abolished the salt-induced blood pressure differential between genotypes. Salt sensitivity in Hsd11b2.BKO mice was not caused by impaired renal sodium excretion or volume expansion; pressor responses to phenylephrine were enhanced and baroreflexes impaired in these animals. Conclusions— Reduced 11βHSD2 activity in the brain does not intrinsically cause hypertension, but it promotes a hunger for salt and a transition from salt resistance to salt sensitivity. Our data suggest that 11βHSD2-positive neurons integrate salt appetite and the blood pressure response to dietary sodium through a mineralocorticoid receptor–dependent pathway. Therefore, central mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism could increase compliance to low-sodium regimens and help blood pressure management in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C Evans
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Jessica R Ivy
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Caitlin Wyrwoll
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Julie A McNairn
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Robert I Menzies
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Thorbjørn H Christensen
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - John J Mullins
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Megan C Holmes
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- From British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (L.C.E., J.R.I., C.W., J.A.M., R.I.M., T.H.C., C.J.K., J.J.M., J.R.S., M.C.H., M.A.B.); and Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Department, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (E.A.S.Al-D.). The current address for Dr Evans is Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the current address for Dr Wyrwoll is School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; and the current address for Dr Christensen is Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense.
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9
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Christensen TH, Bailey MA, Kenyon CJ, Jensen BL, Hunter RW. Sodium homeostasis is preserved in a global 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mouse model. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:1362-78. [PMID: 26337786 DOI: 10.1113/ep085177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Glucocorticoids act in the kidney to promote salt and water retention. Renal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), by increasing local concentrations of glucocorticoids, may exert an antinatriuretic effect. We hypothesized that global deletion of 11βHSD1 in the mouse would give rise to a salt-wasting renal phenotype. What is the main finding and its importance? We subjected a mouse model of global 11βHSD1 deletion to studies of water and electrolyte balance, renal clearance, urinary steroid excretion, renin-angiotensin system activation and renal sodium transporter expression. We found no significant effects on renal sodium or water excretion. Any effect of renal 11βHSD1 on sodium homeostasis is subtle. Glucocorticoids act in the kidney to regulate glomerular haemodynamics and tubular sodium transport; the net effect favours sodium retention. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) is expressed in the renal tubules and the interstitial cells of the medulla, where it is likely to regenerate active glucocorticoids from inert 11-keto forms. The physiological function of renal 11βHSD1 is largely unknown. We hypothesized that loss of renal 11βHSD1 would result in salt wasting and tested this in a knockout mouse model in which 11βHSD1 was deleted in all body tissues. In balance studies, 11βHSD1 deletion had no effect on water, sodium or potassium metabolism; transition to a low-sodium diet did not reveal a natriuretic phenotype. Renal clearance studies demonstrated identical haemodynamic parameters (arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate) in knockout and wild-type mice, but revealed an augmented kaliuretic response to thiazides in 11βHSD1 knockout animals. There was no effect on the natriuretic response to the amiloride analogue benzamil. Urinary excretion of deoxycorticosterone was higher in 11βHSD1 knockout mice, and there was hypertrophy of cells in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. There was no difference in the activity of the renin-angiotensin and nitric oxide systems, no difference in renal histology and no difference in the abundance of key tubular transporter proteins. We conclude that any effect of 11βHSD1 on renal sodium excretion is subtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjørn H Christensen
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Matthew A Bailey
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Robert W Hunter
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Zeng Y, Brydges NM, Wood ER, Drake AJ, Hall J. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure in rats: programming effects on stress reactivity and cognition in adult offspring. Stress 2015; 18:353-61. [PMID: 26383033 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1055725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidemiological studies have provided compelling evidence that prenatal exposure to stress is associated with significantly increased risks of developing psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Exposure to excessive maternal glucocorticoids may underlie this fetal programming effect. In the current study, we assessed how prenatal dexamethasone administration during the last week of gestation affects stress reactivity and cognition in adult offspring. Stress reactivity was assessed by evaluating anxiety-like behavior on an elevated plus maze and in an open field. In addition, to characterize the long-term cognitive outcomes of prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids, animals were assessed on two cognitive tasks, a spatial reference memory task with reversal learning and a delayed matching to position (DMTP) task. Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to dexamethasone had no observable effect on anxiety-like behavior, but affected cognition in the adult offspring. Prenatally dexamethasone-exposed animals showed a transient deficit in the spatial reference memory task and a trend to faster acquisition during the reversal-learning phase. Furthermore, prenatally dexamethasone-treated animals also showed faster learning of new platform positions in the DMTP task. These results suggest that fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids programs a phenotype characterized by cognitive flexibility and adaptability to frequent changes in environmental circumstances. This can be viewed as an attempt to increase the fitness of survival in a potentially hazardous postnatal environment, as predicted by intrauterine adversity. Collectively, our data suggest that prenatal exposure to dexamethasone in rats could be used as an animal model for studying some cognitive components of related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- a University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- b Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
| | - Emma R Wood
- c Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- a University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- b Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
- d Division for Psychiatry , Centre for Clinical Brain Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK , and
- e MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine , Cardiff , UK
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11
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Introgressed chromosome 2 quantitative trait loci restores aldosterone regulation and reduces response to salt in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2013-21; discussion 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Gray C, Al-Dujaili EA, Sparrow AJ, Gardiner SM, Craigon J, Welham SJ, Gardner DS. Excess maternal salt intake produces sex-specific hypertension in offspring: putative roles for kidney and gastrointestinal sodium handling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72682. [PMID: 23991143 PMCID: PMC3749995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is common and contributes, via cardiovascular disease, towards a large proportion of adult deaths in the Western World. High salt intake leads to high blood pressure, even when occurring prior to birth – a mechanism purported to reside in altered kidney development and later function. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches we tested whether increased maternal salt intake influences fetal kidney development to render the adult individual more susceptible to salt retention and hypertension. We found that salt-loaded pregnant rat dams were hypernatraemic at day 20 gestation (147±5 vs. 128±5 mmoles/L). Increased extracellular salt impeded murine kidney development in vitro, but had little effect in vivo. Kidneys of the adult offspring had few structural or functional abnormalities, but male and female offspring were hypernatraemic (166±4 vs. 149±2 mmoles/L), with a marked increase in plasma corticosterone (e.g. male offspring; 11.9 [9.3–14.8] vs. 2.8 [2.0–8.3] nmol/L median [IQR]). Furthermore, adult male, but not female, offspring had higher mean arterial blood pressure (effect size, +16 [9–21] mm Hg; mean [95% C.I.]. With no clear indication that the kidneys of salt-exposed offspring retained more sodium per se, we conducted a preliminary investigation of their gastrointestinal electrolyte handling and found increased expression of proximal colon solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 3 (SLC9A3) together with altered faecal characteristics and electrolyte handling, relative to control offspring. On the basis of these data we suggest that excess salt exposure, via maternal diet, at a vulnerable period of brain and gut development in the rat neonate lays the foundation for sustained increases in blood pressure later in life. Hence, our evidence further supports the argument that excess dietary salt should be avoided per se, particularly in the range of foods consumed by physiologically immature young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Gray
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (SW); (DG)
| | | | | | - Sheila M. Gardiner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Craigon
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J.M. Welham
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (SW); (DG)
| | - David S. Gardner
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CG); (SW); (DG)
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13
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El-Kordi A, Kästner A, Grube S, Klugmann M, Begemann M, Sperling S, Hammerschmidt K, Hammer C, Stepniak B, Patzig J, de Monasterio-Schrader P, Strenzke N, Flügge G, Werner HB, Pawlak R, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. A single gene defect causing claustrophobia. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e254. [PMID: 23632458 PMCID: PMC3641414 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Claustrophobia, the well-known fear of being trapped in narrow/closed spaces, is often considered a conditioned response to traumatic experience. Surprisingly, we found that mutations affecting a single gene, encoding a stress-regulated neuronal protein, can cause claustrophobia. Gpm6a-deficient mice develop normally and lack obvious behavioral abnormalities. However, when mildly stressed by single-housing, these mice develop a striking claustrophobia-like phenotype, which is not inducible in wild-type controls, even by severe stress. The human GPM6A gene is located on chromosome 4q32-q34, a region linked to panic disorder. Sequence analysis of 115 claustrophobic and non-claustrophobic subjects identified nine variants in the noncoding region of the gene that are more frequent in affected individuals (P=0.028). One variant in the 3'untranslated region was linked to claustrophobia in two small pedigrees. This mutant mRNA is functional but cannot be silenced by neuronal miR124 derived itself from a stress-regulated transcript. We suggest that loosing dynamic regulation of neuronal GPM6A expression poses a genetic risk for claustrophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Kordi
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany,DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Kästner
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Grube
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Klugmann
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Begemann
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany,DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Sperling
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Hammerschmidt
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Hammer
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Stepniak
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - N Strenzke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Flügge
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany,Department of Clinical Neurobiology, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - R Pawlak
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Behaviour, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - K-A Nave
- DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany,Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein Street 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: (HE) or (K-AN)
| | - H Ehrenreich
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany,DFG Research Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), Göttingen, Germany,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein Street 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. E-mail: (HE) or (K-AN)
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14
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Crewther BT, Al-Dujaili E, Smail NF, Anastasova S, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ. Monitoring salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations across an international sports competition: data comparison using two enzyme immunoassays and two sample preparations. Clin Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23206852 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) concentrations were monitored across a sports competition. Data were compared using two enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) methods and two sample preparations to determine their influence on hormone concentrations. DESIGN AND METHODS A group of male athletes (n=19) provided a saliva sample the morning before and one day after (24h post) an international rugby union match. Following an extraction procedure, the samples were analysed for T and C concentrations using a commercial kit (CM(E)) and an in-house method (IH(E)). Raw samples (no extraction procedure) were also tested using the commercial kit (CM(R)). RESULTS There were no significant changes in T and C levels from pre to post competition with each EIA method and sample preparation, but significant differences in T (IH(E)>CM(E)>CM(R)) and C (CM(R)>IH(E) and CM(E)) concentrations were seen when both samples were pooled. Bland-Altman analyses confirmed the presence of fixed and proportional bias. Strong and significant correlations were demonstrated between the IH(E) and CM(E) measures of salivary T (r=0.93-0.97) and C (r=0.95-0.97). The T and C values from the raw and extracted samples were also strongly correlated (r=0.93-0.96). CONCLUSIONS The measurement of salivary T and C concentrations across an international sports event was influenced by different EIA methods and sample preparations, but all measures were strongly correlated with some bias. Both T and C were unresponsive to the sports event, but within the group results large individual variation was seen.
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15
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Baghdadi HHS, Howie F, Mason JI. Validation and application of a highly specific and sensitive ELISA for the estimation of cortisone in saliva, urine and in vitro cell-culture media by using a novel antibody. Steroids 2012; 77:703-9. [PMID: 22429925 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that local tissue concentrations of cortisol and cortisone are modulated by site-specific actions of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) isoenzymes 1 and 2. Cortisone, the inactive metabolite of cortisol is produced by 11βHSD type 2. To assess 11β-HSD types 1 and 2 activities, the cortisol/cortisone ratio has to be accurately determined. Immunoassays to measure cortisone levels are not widely available and tend to lack specificity. The aim of this project was to develop a highly specific and sensitive ELISA method for the estimation of free cortisone levels in urine, saliva and in vitro media samples without chromatographic separation. Antibodies against cortisone were raised in rabbits using cortisone-3-CMO-KLH as immunogen. HRP-goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugate was used as enzyme tracer. Cross-reactivities of the untreated cortisone antiserum with major interfering steroids were minimal except for cortisol (3.15%). However, following an immune-affinity purification of the antibodies using CNBr-activated sepharose-cortisol-3-CMO-BSA, cross-reactivity of the purified cortisone antibody with cortisol was reduced to 0.27%. The minimum detection limit of cortisone ELISA was 28 pg/mL (77.7 pM). The validity of the cortisone ELISA was confirmed by the excellent correlation obtained before and after an HPLC fractionation step (Y=1.09X-0.21, R2=0.98). Intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision were 5.5-11.7% and 8.7-12.8% CV, respectively. Using this assay, salivary cortisone levels showed a circadian rhythm in men and women (11.2±7.3 nM at 08.00 h and 5.1±3.6 nM at 18.00 h), and the levels were reduced following liquorice ingestion. In media of adrenocortical H295 cell line incubations, basal cortisone levels were 4.24±0.22 nM that increased to 8.6±1.2 nM post forskolin treatment. Urinary free cortisone excretion levels in healthy subjects were 56.66±36.9 nmol/day. In human volunteers following ingestion of green coffee bean extract for 2 weeks, urinary free cortisol excretion reduced significantly from 66.67±22.3 to 42.66±17.5 nmol/day (p=0.02) and the cortisol/cortisone ratio from 2.04±1.33 to 1.49±1.13, p=0.05. In conclusion, a simple and highly specific and sensitive ELISA has been developed and applied to estimate cortisone levels in biological fluids and culture media.
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16
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The role of the vagus nerve: modulation of the inflammatory reaction in murine polymicrobial sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:467620. [PMID: 22547905 PMCID: PMC3321608 DOI: 10.1155/2012/467620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The particular importance of the vagus nerve for the pathophysiology of peritonitis becomes more and more apparent. In this work we provide evidence for the vagal modulation of inflammation in the murine model of colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP). Vagotomy significantly increases mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. This effect is not accounted for by the dilatation of gastric volume following vagotomy. As the stimulation of cholinergic receptors by nicotine has no therapeutic effect, the lack of nicotine is also not the reason for the reduced survival rate. In fact, increased septic mortality is a consequence of the absent modulating influence of the vagus nerve on the immune system: we detected significantly elevated serum corticosterone levels in vagotomised mice 24 h following CASP and a decreased ex vivo TNF-alpha secretion of Kupffer cells upon stimulation with LPS. In conclusion, the vagus nerve has a modulating influence in polymicrobial sepsis by attenuating the immune dysregulation.
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17
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Kenyon CJ, Nicol MR, Mason JI. Liquorice and glycyrrhetinic acid increase DHEA and deoxycorticosterone levels in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting adrenal SULT2A1 activity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 336:102-9. [PMID: 21184804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid effects of liquorice are mediated by the inhibitory effects of one of its active components glycyrrhetinic acid on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. However, liquorice is reputed to have many medicinal properties and also contains a number of other potentially biologically active compounds. Here we have investigated the wider effects of oral liquorice on steroidogenesis focussing particularly on possible inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on adrenal sulfotransferase activity. Salivary steroids were profiled by ELISA in groups of normal male and female volunteers after consuming either liquorice-containing or non-liquorice-containing confectionary for one week. Cortisol and cortisone levels reflected expected inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by glycyrrhetinic acid. Salivary aldosterone was decreased but deoxycorticosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone were increased. To assess whether glycyrrhetinic acid directly affected steroidogenesis, free and conjugated steroids were measured in incubates of adrenocortical H295 cells, firstly, in the presence or absence of forskolin and secondly, with radiolabeled deoxycorticosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone. Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited cortisone and enhanced cortisol synthesis consistent with 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibition. Basal and forskolin-stimulated syntheses of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugates were also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner; glycyrrhetinic acid inhibited the conjugation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone with IC50 values of 7 μM. Inhibition of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone conjugation was apparent within 4 h of starting glycyrrhetinic acid treatment and was not associated with changes in the expression of SULT 2A1 mRNA. SULT2A1 encodes the enzyme sulfotransferase 2A1 which is responsible for the sulfonation of deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone as well as pregnenolone and 17-hydroxypregnenolone in human adrenal glands. We suggest that the glycyrrhetinic acid constituent of liquorice increases circulating and thereby, salivary levels of unconjugated deoxycorticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by inhibiting their conjugation at source within the adrenal cortex. This effect may contribute to the mineralocorticoid actions of glycyrrhetinic acid and gives substance to claims that liquorice also has androgenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A S Al-Dujaili
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University Edinburgh, Queen Margaret University Drive, Musselburgh, East Lothian EH21 6UU, UK.
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Bailey MA, Craigie E, Livingstone DEW, Kotelevtsev YV, Al-Dujaili EAS, Kenyon CJ, Mullins JJ. Hsd11b2 haploinsufficiency in mice causes salt sensitivity of blood pressure. Hypertension 2011; 57:515-520. [PMID: 21282561 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.163782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Mechanistically, abnormal mineralocorticoid action and subclinical renal impairment may blunt the natriuretic response to high sodium intake, causing blood pressure to rise. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) controls ligand access to the mineralocorticoid receptor, and ablation of the enzyme causes severe hypertension. Polymorphisms in HSD11B2 are associated with salt sensitivity of blood pressure in normotensives. In this study, we used mice heterozygote for a null mutation in Hsd11b2 (Hsd11b2(+/-)) to define the mechanisms linking reduced enzyme activity to salt sensitivity of blood pressure. A high-sodium diet caused a rapid and sustained increase in blood pressure in Hsd11b2(+/-) mice but not in wild-type littermates. During the adaptation to high-sodium diet, heterozygotes displayed impaired sodium excretion, a transient positive sodium balance, and hypokalemia. After 21 days of high-sodium feeding, Hsd11b2(+/-) mice had an increased heart weight. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism partially prevented the increase in heart weight but not the increase in blood pressure. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism prevented the rise in blood pressure. In Hsd11b2(+/-) mice, high-sodium feeding caused suppression of aldosterone and a moderate but sustained increase in corticosterone. This study demonstrates an inverse relationship among 11βHSD2 activity, heart weight, and blood pressure in a clinically important context. Reduced activity causes salt sensitivity of blood pressure, but this does not reflect illicit activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by glucocorticoids. Instead, we have identified a novel interaction among 11βHSD2, dietary salt, and circulating glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Bailey
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Eilidh Craigie
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Dawn E W Livingstone
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Yuri V Kotelevtsev
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Stem Cell Genome Modification Laboratory, Puschino State University, Russia
| | - Emad A S Al-Dujaili
- Dietetics, Nutrition and Biological Sciences Research, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Plenis A, Konieczna L, Olędzka I, Kowalski P, Bączek T. Simultaneous determination of urinary cortisol, cortisone and corticosterone in parachutists, depressed patients and healthy controls in view of biomedical and pharmacokinetic studies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1487-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Urocortin-1 and -2 double-deficient mice show robust anxiolytic phenotype and modified serotonergic activity in anxiety circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:426-41, 339. [PMID: 19884890 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The urocortin (Ucn) family of neuropeptides is suggested to be involved in homeostatic coping mechanisms of the central stress response through the activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2). The neuropeptides, Ucn1 and Ucn2, serve as endogenous ligands for the CRFR2, which is highly expressed by the dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons and is suggested to be involved in regulating major component of the central stress response. Here, we describe genetically modified mice in which both Ucn1 and Ucn2 are developmentally deleted. The double knockout mice showed a robust anxiolytic phenotype and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity compared with wild-type mice. The significant reduction in anxiety-like behavior observed in these mice was further enhanced after exposure to acute stress, and was correlated with the levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid measured in brain regions associated with anxiety circuits. Thus, we propose that the Ucn/CRFR2 serotonergic system has an important role in regulating homeostatic equilibrium under challenge conditions.
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