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Leung C, Liu J, Cunico K, Johnson K, Yan Z, Cai J. An Integrated Hepatocyte Stability Assay for Simultaneous Metabolic Stability Assessment and Metabolite Profiling. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:377-389. [PMID: 38438166 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination of metabolic stability is critical for drug discovery programs, allowing for the optimization of chemical entities and compound prioritization. As such, it is common to perform high-volume in vitro metabolic stability experiments early in the lead optimization process to understand metabolic liabilities. Additional metabolite identification experiments are subsequently performed for a more comprehensive understanding of the metabolic clearance routes to aid medicinal chemists in the structural design of compounds. Collectively, these experiments require extensive sample preparation and a substantial amount of time and resources. To overcome the challenges, a high-throughput integrated assay for simultaneous hepatocyte metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling was developed. This assay platform consists of four parts: 1) an automated liquid-handling system for sample preparation and incubation, 2) a liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based system to simultaneously monitor the parent compound depletion and metabolite formation, 3) an automated data analysis and report system for hepatic clearance assessment; and 4) streamlined autobatch processing for software-based metabolite profiling. The assay platform was evaluated using eight control compounds with various metabolic rates and biotransformation routes in hepatocytes across three species. Multiple sample preparation and data analysis steps were evaluated and validated for accuracy, repeatability, and metabolite coverage. The combined utility of an automated liquid-handling instrument, a high-resolution mass spectrometer, and multiple streamlined data processing software improves the process of these highly demanding screening assays and allows for simultaneous determination of metabolic stability and metabolite profiles for more efficient lead optimization during early drug discovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling are pivotal in drug discovery to fully comprehend metabolic liabilities for chemical entity optimization and lead selection. Process of these assays can be repetitive and resource demanding. Here, we developed an integrated hepatocyte stability assay that combines automation, high-resolution mass spectrometers, and batch-processing software to improve and combine the workflow of these assays. The integrated approach allows simultaneous metabolic stability assessment and metabolite profiling, significantly accelerating screening and lead optimization in a resource-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leung
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Katherine Cunico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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2
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Eilstein J, Grégoire S, Fabre A, Arbey E, Géniès C, Duplan H, Rothe H, Ellison C, Cubberley R, Schepky A, Lange D, Klaric M, Hewitt NJ, Jacques‐Jamin C. Use of human liver and EpiSkin™ S9 subcellular fractions as a screening assays to compare the in vitro hepatic and dermal metabolism of 47 cosmetics‐relevant chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:416-433. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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Schiffer L, Barnard L, Baranowski ES, Gilligan LC, Taylor AE, Arlt W, Shackleton CHL, Storbeck KH. Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: A comprehensive review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105439. [PMID: 31362062 PMCID: PMC6857441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in technology have allowed for the sensitive, specific, and simultaneous quantitative profiling of steroid precursors, bioactive steroids and inactive metabolites, facilitating comprehensive characterization of the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. The quantification of steroid panels is therefore gaining favor over quantification of single marker metabolites in the clinical and research laboratories. However, although the biochemical pathways for the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones are now well defined, a gulf still exists between this knowledge and its application to the measured steroid profiles. In this review, we present an overview of steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism by the liver and peripheral tissues, specifically highlighting the pathways linking and differentiating the serum and urine steroid metabolomes. A brief overview of the methodology used in steroid profiling is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schiffer
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lise Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Cedric H L Shackleton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Choi K, Joo H. Impact of Gold Nanoparticles on Testosterone Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:205. [PMID: 31209583 PMCID: PMC6579798 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-protein corona complexes can alter cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated testosterone (TST) metabolism by altering their physicochemical properties. We investigated the impact of NP size, surface chemistry, and protein corona in TST metabolism in pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) employing 40 and 80 nm AuNP functionalized with branched polyethylenimine (BPEI), lipoic acid (LA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as well as human plasma protein corona (PC). Individual variation in AuNP-mediated TST metabolism was also characterized among single donor HLM that contained different levels of CYP activities. Inhibitory effects of 40 nm AuNP and to a lesser degree of 80 nm AuNP occurred for the production of a total of five hydroxylated metabolites of TST in pHLM but PC alleviated them. Meanwhile, naked AuNP increased androstenedione production. Interindividual variation in TST metabolism occurred within single donor HLM. In most cases, 40 and 80 nm naked and PC AuNP essentially suppressed TST metabolism at non-inhibitory concentration but PC PEG-AuNP increased androstenedione. These studies contribute to a better understanding of the role of AuNP as TST disruptor by altering TST metabolism and could be utilized to screen other NP as potential endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungju Choi
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Hyun Joo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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5
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Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gómez À, Fabregat A, Segura J, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Marcos J, Joglar J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of markers out of the steroid profile for the screening of testosterone misuse. Part II: Intramuscular administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:849-859. [PMID: 29166551 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, the introduction of alternative markers to the steroid profile can be considered as an effective approach to improve the screening capabilities for the detection of testosterone (T) misuse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of several T metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis) to detect both the transdermal and the intramuscular administration of T. In Part I of the study, we studied the potential of these metabolites for the detection of T transdermal administration. Results revealed that resistant glucuronides can be a suitable complement to the current steroid profile. In this, Part II, dedicated to the intramuscular administration, we studied the potential of cysteinyl conjugated, resistant glucuronoconjugated and 1-cyclopentenoylglycine (1-CPG) for the detection of a single intramuscular injection of T cypionate. Possible differences in the excretion profile of all markers were explored between individuals with low basal (n=6) and medium basal (n=6) values of the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The results showed that all tested markers presented low intra-individual stability in basal conditions. Despite this, all glucuronoconjugated markers and 1-CPG, but not the cysteinyl conjugated markers, provided detection windows that were similar or longer than those obtained by markers currently included in the steroid profile. Based on the results obtained from the 2 parts of this study and from previously reported data, the potential applicability and the limitations of including these markers in the steroid profile are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Gomez-Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa De Recerca En Epidemiologia I Salut Pública, ISGlobal, Campus Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Waters Cromatografia SA, MS Applicat Lab, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Cerba Internacional, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Decloedt A, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Vanden Bussche J, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Vanhaecke L. Mouldy feed: A possible explanation for the excretion of anabolic-androgenic steroids in horses. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Decloedt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - J. Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Garcia
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - M.-A. Popot
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - Y. Bonnaire
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - L. Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Walpurgis K, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:7-29. [PMID: 26767774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories, Höyläämötie 14, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Marcos J, Pol M, Fabregat A, Ventura R, Renau N, Hanzu FA, Casals G, Marfà S, Barceló B, Barceló A, Robles J, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Urinary cysteinyl progestogens: Occurrence and origin. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:53-61. [PMID: 25913395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of two cysteinyl progestogens, 16-cysteinyl-progesterone (16-Cys-Prog) and 16-cysteinyl-pregnenolone (16-Cys-Preg), in human urine is described for the first time. Their occurrence was unequivocally confirmed by comparison with synthesized material by using mass spectrometric detectors. Several experiments were performed in order to clarify their origin. The adrenal origin of both 16-Cys-Prog and 16-Cys-Preg can be inferred from the increase in their concentrations after ACTH stimulatory test, together with their circadian variation similar to the one observed for cortisol. Moreover, the notable increase in excretions of 16-Cys-Prog during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle points towards an ovarian production for this progestogen. However, the analysis of samples during the course of two pregnancies revealed that, in spite of the large amounts of progesterone produced during gestation, the human placenta lacks the capacity to make 16-Cys-Prog. The adrenal and ovarian origin has been further indicated by the absence of both metabolites in samples collected from a subject with bilateral adrenalectomy and hypogonadotrophyic hypogonadism. Regarding liver action, in vitro studies with hepatocytes and progesterone indicate that, although the liver is able to metabolize progesterone to 6-dehydroprogesterone, it has not the enzymatic machinery for the generation of 16-dehydroprogesterone. Taken together, these results open the possibility for a noninvasive test for the simultaneous evaluation of progesterone biosynthesis in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pol
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Renau
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, Laboratory of Endocrine Disorders, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregori Casals
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Marfà
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernardí Barceló
- Servei d'Anàlisis Cliniques Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Barceló
- Servei d'Anàlisis Cliniques Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Juan Robles
- Servei d'Anàlisis Cliniques Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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