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Ji R, Guan L, Hu Z, Cheng Y, Cai M, Zhao G, Zang J. A comprehensive review on hemocyanin from marine products: Structure, functions, its implications for the food industry and beyond. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132041. [PMID: 38705315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hemocyanin, an oxygen-transport protein, is widely distributed in the hemolymph of marine arthropods and mollusks, playing an important role in their physiological processes. Recently, hemocyanin has been recognized as a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in the immunological responses of aquatic invertebrates. Consequently, the link between hemocyanin functions and their potential applications has garnered increased attention. This review offers an integrated overview of hemocyanin's structure, physicochemical characteristics, and bioactivities to further promote the utilization of hemocyanin derived from marine products. Specifically, we review its implication in two aspects of food and aquaculture industries: quality and health. Hemocyanin's inducible phenoloxidase activity is thought to be an inducer of melanosis in crustaceans. New anti-melanosis agents targeted to hemocyanin need to be explored. The red-color change observed in shrimp shells is related to hemocyanin, affecting consumer preferences. Hemocyanin's adaptive modification in response to the aquatic environment is available as a biomarker. Additionally, hemocyanin is endowed with bioactivities encompassing anti-microbial, antiviral, and therapeutic activities. Hemocyanin is also a novel allergen and its allergenic features remain incompletely characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Leying Guan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yishen Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Cai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Pasqualetto G, Mack A, Lewis E, Cooper R, Holland A, Borucu U, Mantell J, Davies T, Weckener M, Clare D, Green T, Kille P, Muhlhozl A, Young MT. CryoEM structure and Alphafold molecular modelling of a novel molluscan hemocyanin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287294. [PMID: 37347755 PMCID: PMC10286996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins are multimeric oxygen transport proteins present in the blood of arthropods and molluscs, containing up to 8 oxygen-binding functional units per monomer. In molluscs, hemocyanins are assembled in decamer 'building blocks' formed of 5 dimer 'plates', routinely forming didecamer or higher-order assemblies with d5 or c5 symmetry. Here we describe the cryoEM structures of the didecamer (20-mer) and tridecamer (30-mer) forms of a novel hemocyanin from the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata (SLH) at 7.0 and 4.7 Å resolution respectively. We show that two decamers assemble in a 'tail-tail' configuration, forming a partially capped cylinder, with an additional decamer adding on in 'head-tail' configuration to make the tridecamer. Analysis of SLH samples shows substantial heterogeneity, suggesting the presence of many higher-order multimers including tetra- and pentadecamers, formed by successive addition of decamers in head-tail configuration. Retrieval of sequence data for a full-length isoform of SLH enabled the use of Alphafold to produce a molecular model of SLH, which indicated the formation of dimer slabs with high similarity to those found in keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The fit of the molecular model to the cryoEM density was excellent, showing an overall structure where the final two functional units of the subunit (FU-g and FU-h) form the partial cap at one end of the decamer, and permitting analysis of the subunit interfaces governing the assembly of tail-tail and head-tail decamer interactions as well as potential sites for N-glycosylation. Our work contributes to the understanding of higher-order oligomer formation in molluscan hemocyanins and demonstrates the utility of Alphafold for building accurate structural models of large oligomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pasqualetto
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mack
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Lewis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Cooper
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Holland
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ufuk Borucu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Mantell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, GW4 Facility for High-Resolution Electron Cryo-Microscopy, Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Davies
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Weckener
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Structural Biology, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Clare
- Electron Bioimaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Green
- Advanced Research Computing at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark T. Young
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Otzen DE, Pedersen JN, Rasmussen HØ, Pedersen JS. How do surfactants unfold and refold proteins? Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102754. [PMID: 36027673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, has been used for more than half a century as a versatile and efficient protein denaturant for protein separation and size estimation, there is still controversy about its mode of interaction with proteins. The term "rod-like" structures for the complexes that form between SDS and protein, originally introduced by Tanford, is not sufficiently descriptive and does not distinguish between the two current vying models, namely protein-decorated micelles a.k.a. the core-shell model (in which denatured protein covers the surface of micelles) versus beads-on-a-string model (where unfolded proteins are surrounded by surfactant micelles). Thanks to a combination of structural, kinetic and computational work particularly within the last 5-10 years, it is now possible to rule decisively in favor of the core-shell model. This is supported unambiguously by a combination of calorimetric and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques and confirmed by increasingly sophisticated molecular dynamics simulations. Depending on the SDS:protein ratio and the protein molecular mass, the formed structures can range from multiple partly unfolded protein molecules surrounding a single shared micelle to a single polypeptide chain decorating multiple micelles. We also have much new insight into how this species forms. It is preceded by the binding of small numbers of SDS molecules which subsequently grow by accretion. Time-resolved SAXS analysis reveals an asymmetric attack by SDS micelles followed by distribution of the increasingly unfolded protein around the micelle. The compactness of the protein chain continues to evolve at higher SDS concentrations according to single-molecule studies, though the protein remains completely denatured on the tertiary structural level. SDS denaturation can be reversed by addition of nonionic surfactants that absorb SDS forming mixed micelles, leaving the protein free to refold. Refolding can occur in parallel tracks if only a fraction of the protein is initially stripped of SDS. SDS unfolding is nearly always reversible unless carried out at low pH, where charge neutralization can lead to superclusters of protein-surfactant complexes. With the general mechanism of SDS denaturation now firmly established, it largely remains to explore how other ionic surfactants (including biosurfactants) may diverge from this path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jannik Nedergaard Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Helena Østergaard Rasmussen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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4
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Bashir MA, Wei J, Wang H, Zhong F, Zhai H. Recent advances in catalytic oxidative reactions of phenols and naphthalenols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review aims to provide an overview of oxidative phenol and naphthalenol transformations in nature and synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Bashir
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fangrui Zhong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Kampatsikas I, Rompel A. Similar but Still Different: Which Amino Acid Residues Are Responsible for Varying Activities in Type-III Copper Enzymes? Chembiochem 2021; 22:1161-1175. [PMID: 33108057 PMCID: PMC8049008 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type-III copper enzymes like polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous among organisms and play a significant role in the formation of pigments. PPOs comprise different enzyme groups, including tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs). TYRs catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.14.18.1). In contrast, COs only catalyze the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). To date (August 2020), 102 PDB entries encompassing 18 different proteins from 16 organisms and several mutants have been reported, identifying key residues for tyrosinase activity. The structural similarity between TYRs and COs, especially within and around the active center, complicates the elucidation of their modes of action on a structural basis. However, mutagenesis studies illuminate residues that influence the two activities and show that crystallography on its own cannot elucidate the enzymatic activity mode. Several amino acid residues around the dicopper active center have been proposed to play an essential role in the two different activities. Herein, we critically review the role of all residues identified so far that putatively affect the two activities of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
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Riciluca KCT, Borges AC, Mello JFR, de Oliveira UC, Serdan DC, Florez-Ariza A, Chaparro E, Nishiyama MY, Cassago A, Junqueira-de-Azevedo ILM, van Heel M, Silva PI, Portugal RV. Myriapod haemocyanin: the first three-dimensional reconstruction of Scolopendra subspinipes and preliminary structural analysis of S. viridicornis. Open Biol 2020; 10:190258. [PMID: 32228398 PMCID: PMC7241075 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemocyanins (Hcs) are copper-containing, respiratory proteins that occur in the haemolymph of many arthropod species. Here, we report the presence of Hcs in the chilopode Myriapoda, demonstrating that these proteins are more widespread among the Arthropoda than previously thought. The analysis of transcriptome of S. subspinipes subpinipes reveals the presence of two distinct subunits of Hc, where the signal peptide is present, and six of prophenoloxidase (PPO), where the signal peptide is absent, in the 75 kDa range. Size exclusion chromatography profiles indicate different quaternary organization for Hc of both species, which was corroborated by TEM analysis: S. viridicornis Hc is a 6 × 6-mer and S. subspinipes Hc is a 3 × 6-mer, which resembles the half-structure of the 6 × 6-mer but also includes the presence of phenoloxidases, since the 1 × 6-mer quaternary organization is commonly associated with hexamers of PPO. Studies with Chelicerata showed that PPO activity are exclusively associated with the Hcs. This study indicates that Scolopendra may have different proteins playing oxygen transport (Hc) and PO function, both following the hexameric oligomerization observed in Hcs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C T Riciluca
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Borges
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - J F R Mello
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - U C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D C Serdan
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A Florez-Ariza
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - E Chaparro
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Y Nishiyama
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Cassago
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - I L M Junqueira-de-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M van Heel
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - P I Silva
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA), Centro de Toxinas, Imuno-Resposta e Sinalização Celular (CeTICS/CEPID) - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R V Portugal
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
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Cunningham M, Laino A, Romero S, Fernando Garcia C. Arachnid Hemocyanins. Subcell Biochem 2020; 94:219-231. [PMID: 32189301 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41769-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanin (Hc), a copper-containing extracellular multimeric protein, is the major protein component of hemolymph in different arachnid groups. Hc possesses 7 or 8 very well-characterized types of monomers with molecular weights ranging from 70 to 85 kDa, organized in hexamers or multiple of hexamers. The present chapter compiles the existing data with relation to the function of this protein in the arachnids. Hc has as main function the reversible transport of O2, but it shows many secondary though not less important functions. With reference to this, it has been described that Hc can transport hydrophobic molecules (lipid-derived hormones and lipids) to the different organs, having a key role in the lipid transport system. In arachnids, like in other arthropods and invertebrates, Hc has phenoloxidase function which is related to different metabolic processes such as melanin formation and defense against pathogens. In addition, Hc has additional defensive functions since it can serve as precursor for the production of antimicrobial peptides. In short, the evolution of this protein has led to the development of multiple functions essential for organisms possessing this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cunningham
- INIBIOLP (CONICET-UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Aldana Laino
- INIBIOLP (CONICET-UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sofia Romero
- INIBIOLP (CONICET-UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Fernando Garcia
- INIBIOLP (CONICET-UNLP) - Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Calles 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Abstract
The copper-containing hemocyanins are proteins responsible for the binding, transportation and storage of dioxygen within the blood (hemolymph) of many invertebrates. Several additional functions have been attributed to both arthropod and molluscan hemocyanins, including (but not limited to) enzymatic activity (namely phenoloxidase), hormone transport, homeostasis (ecdysis) and hemostasis (clot formation). An important secondary function of hemocyanin involves aspects of innate immunity-such as acting as a precursor of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides and microbial/viral agglutination. In this chapter, we present the reader with an up-to-date synthesis of the known functions of hemocyanins and the structural features that facilitate such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Elisa M Costa-Paiva
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Besser K, Malyon GP, Eborall WS, Paro da Cunha G, Filgueiras JG, Dowle A, Cruz Garcia L, Page SJ, Dupree R, Kern M, Gomez LD, Li Y, Elias L, Sabbadin F, Mohamad SE, Pesante G, Steele-King C, Ribeiro de Azevedo E, Polikarpov I, Dupree P, Cragg SM, Bruce NC, McQueen-Mason SJ. Hemocyanin facilitates lignocellulose digestion by wood-boring marine crustaceans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5125. [PMID: 30510200 PMCID: PMC6277391 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody (lignocellulosic) plant biomass is an abundant renewable feedstock, rich in polysaccharides that are bound into an insoluble fiber composite with lignin. Marine crustacean woodborers of the genus Limnoria are among the few animals that can survive on a diet of this recalcitrant material without relying on gut resident microbiota. Analysis of fecal pellets revealed that Limnoria targets hexose-containing polysaccharides (mainly cellulose, and also glucomannans), corresponding with the abundance of cellulases in their digestive system, but xylans and lignin are largely unconsumed. We show that the limnoriid respiratory protein, hemocyanin, is abundant in the hindgut where wood is digested, that incubation of wood with hemocyanin markedly enhances its digestibility by cellulases, and that it modifies lignin. We propose that this activity of hemocyanins is instrumental to the ability of Limnoria to feed on wood in the absence of gut symbionts. These findings may hold potential for innovations in lignocellulose biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Besser
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Malyon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - William S Eborall
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Paro da Cunha
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jefferson G Filgueiras
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Adam Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Lourdes Cruz Garcia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J Page
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marcelo Kern
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Elias
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Sabbadin
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Shaza E Mohamad
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, University of Technology, Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Giovanna Pesante
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Steele-King
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Igor Polikarpov
- Institute of Physics of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Cragg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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10
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Decker H, Solem E, Tuczek F. Are glutamate and asparagine necessary for tyrosinase activity of type-3 copper proteins? Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Scherbaum S, Hellmann N, Fernández R, Pick C, Burmester T. Diversity, evolution, and function of myriapod hemocyanins. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:107. [PMID: 29976142 PMCID: PMC6034248 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemocyanin transports O2 in the hemolymph of many arthropod species. Such respiratory proteins have long been considered unnecessary in Myriapoda. As a result, the presence of hemocyanin in Myriapoda has long been overlooked. We analyzed transcriptome and genome sequences from all major myriapod taxa – Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda – with the aim of identifying hemocyanin-like proteins. Results We investigated the genomes and transcriptomes of 56 myriapod species and identified 46 novel full-length hemocyanin subunit sequences in 20 species of Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Symphyla, but not Pauropoda. We found in Cleidogona sp. (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) a hemocyanin-like sequence with mutated copper-binding centers, which cannot bind O2. An RNA-seq approach showed markedly different hemocyanin mRNA levels from ~ 6 to 25,000 reads per kilobase per million reads. To evaluate the contribution of hemocyanin to O2 transport, we specifically studied the hemocyanin of the centipede Scolopendra dehaani. This species harbors two distinct hemocyanin subunits with low expression levels. We showed cooperative O2 binding in the S. dehaani hemolymph, indicating that hemocyanin supports O2 transport even at low concentration. Further, we demonstrated that hemocyanin is > 1500-fold more highly expressed in the fertilized egg than in the adult. Conclusion Hemocyanin was most likely the respiratory protein in the myriapod stem-lineage, but multiple taxa may have independently lost hemocyanin and thus the ability of efficient O2 transport. In myriapods, hemocyanin is much more widespread than initially appreciated. Some myriapods express hemocyanin only at low levels, which are, nevertheless, sufficient for O2 supply. Notably, also in myriapods, a non-respiratory protein similar to insect storage hexamerins evolved from the hemocyanin. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1221-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Hellmann
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D-55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology & Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Bioinformatics & Genomics Unit, Center for Genomic Regulation, 08004, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Pick
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Phenoloxidase activity in humoral plasma, hemocyanin and hemocyanin separated proteins of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:977-985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8860. [PMID: 28821733 PMCID: PMC5562730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme family, which is mainly responsible for the browning of fruits. Three cDNAs encoding PPO pro-enzymes have been cloned from leaves of Malus domestica (apple, MdPPO). The three pro-enzymes MdPPO1-3 were heterologously expressed in E. coli yielding substantial amounts of protein and have been characterized with regard to their optimum of activity resulting from SDS, acidic and proteolytic activation. Significant differences were found in the kinetic characterization of MdPPO1-3 when applying different mono- and diphenolic substrates. All three enzymes have been classified as tyrosinases, where MdPPO1 exhibits the highest activity with tyramine (kcat = 9.5 s−1) while MdPPO2 and MdPPO3 are also clearly active on this monophenolic substrate (kcat = 0.92 s−1 and kcat = 1.0 s−1, respectively). Based on the activity, sequence data and homology modelling it is proposed that the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of PPOs can be manipulated by the appropriate combination of two amino acids, which are located within the active site cleft and were therefore named “activity controllers”.
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14
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Whitten MMA, Coates CJ. Re-evaluation of insect melanogenesis research: Views from the dark side. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:386-401. [PMID: 28378380 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanins (eumelanin and pheomelanin) are synthesized in insects for several purposes including cuticle sclerotization and color patterning, clot formation, organogenesis, and innate immunity. Traditional views of insect immunity detail the storage of pro-phenoloxidases inside specialized blood cells (hemocytes) and their release upon recognition of foreign bodies. Activated phenoloxidases convert monophenols into reactive quinones in a two-step enzymatic reaction, and until recently, the mechanism of tyrosine hydroxylation remained a mystery. Herein, we present our interpretations of these enzyme-substrate complexes. The resultant melanins are deposited onto the surface of microbes to immobilize, agglutinate, and suffocate them. Phenoloxidase activity and melanin production are not limited to the blood (hemolymph) or cuticle, as recent evidence points to more diverse, sophisticated interactions in the gut and with the resident symbionts. This review offers insight into the somewhat neglected areas of insect melanogenesis research, particularly in innate immunity, its role in beneficial insects such as pollinators, the functional versatility of phenoloxidases, and the limitations of common experimental approaches that may impede progress inadvertently.
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15
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Purification and characterization of SDS stable protease from Bacillus safensis strain CK. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Immunological properties of oxygen-transport proteins: hemoglobin, hemocyanin and hemerythrin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:293-317. [PMID: 27518203 PMCID: PMC5219038 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is now well documented that peptides with enhanced or alternative functionality (termed cryptides) can be liberated from larger, and sometimes inactive, proteins. A primary example of this phenomenon is the oxygen-transport protein hemoglobin. Aside from respiration, hemoglobin and hemoglobin-derived peptides have been associated with immune modulation, hematopoiesis, signal transduction and microbicidal activities in metazoans. Likewise, the functional equivalents to hemoglobin in invertebrates, namely hemocyanin and hemerythrin, act as potent immune effectors under certain physiological conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the true extent of oxygen-transport protein dynamics in innate immunity, and to impress upon the reader the multi-functionality of these ancient proteins on the basis of their structures. In this context, erythrocyte-pathogen antibiosis and the immune competences of various erythroid cells are compared across diverse taxa.
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17
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Deng J, Jiang H. The structure of a prophenoloxidase (PPO) from Anopheles gambiae provides new insights into the mechanism of PPO activation. BMC Biol 2016; 14:2. [PMID: 26732497 PMCID: PMC4700666 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenoloxidase (PO)-catalyzed melanization is a universal defense mechanism of insects against pathogenic and parasitic infections. In mosquitos such as Anopheles gambiae, melanotic encapsulation is a resistance mechanism against certain parasites that cause malaria and filariasis. PO is initially synthesized by hemocytes and released into hemolymph as inactive prophenoloxidase (PPO), which is activated by a serine protease cascade upon recognition of foreign invaders. The mechanisms of PPO activation and PO catalysis have been elusive. RESULTS Herein, we report the crystal structure of PPO8 from A. gambiae at 2.6 Å resolution. PPO8 forms a homodimer with each subunit displaying a classical type III di-copper active center. Our molecular docking and mutagenesis studies revealed a new substrate-binding site with Glu364 as the catalytic residue responsible for the deprotonation of mono- and di-phenolic substrates. Mutation of Glu364 severely impaired both the monophenol hydroxylase and diphenoloxidase activities of AgPPO8. Our data suggested that the newly identified substrate-binding pocket is the actual site for catalysis, and PPO activation could be achieved without withdrawing the conserved phenylalanine residue that was previously deemed as the substrate 'placeholder'. CONCLUSIONS We present the structural and functional data from a mosquito PPO. Our results revealed a novel substrate-binding site with Glu364 identified as the key catalytic residue for PO enzymatic activities. Our data offered a new model for PPO activation at the molecular level, which differs from the canonical mechanism that demands withdrawing a blocking phenylalanine residue from the previously deemed substrate-binding site. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of PPO activation and enzymatic catalysis of PO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Junpeng Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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18
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Dolashki A, Radkova M, Todorovska E, Ivanov M, Stevanovic S, Molin L, Traldi P, Voelter W, Dolashka P. Structure and Characterization of Eriphia verrucosa Hemocyanin. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:743-752. [PMID: 26256301 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod hemocyanins (Hcs) are a family of large extracellular oxygen-transporting proteins with high molecular mass and hexameric or multi-hexameric molecular assembly. This study reports for the first time the isolation and characterization of the structure of an arthropod hemocyanin from crab Eriphia verrucosa (EvH) living in the Black Sea. Its oligomeric quaternary structure is based on different arrangements of a basic 6 × 75 kDa hexameric unit, and four of them (EvH1, EvH2, EvH3, and EvH4) were identified using ion-exchange chromatography. Subunit 3 (EvH3) shows high similarity scores (75.0, 87.5, 91.7, and 75.0 %, respectively) by comparison of the N-terminal sequence of subunit 1 from Cancer pagurus of the North Sea (Cp1), subunits 3 and 6 of Cancer magister (Cm3 and Cm6), and subunit 2 of Carcinus aestuarii (CaSS2), respectively. Moreover, a partial cDNA sequence (1309 bp) of E. verrucosa hemocyanin encoding a protein of 435 amino acids was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of similarity with subunits 3, 4, 5, and 6 of C. magister (81-84 %). Most of the hemocyanins are glycosylated, and three putative O-linkage sites were identified in the partial amino acid sequence of EvH at positions 444-446, 478-480, and 547-549, respectively. The higher stability of native Hc in comparison to its subunit EvH4 as determined by circular dichroism (CD) could be explained with the formation of a stabilizing quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str. 9, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - M Radkova
- AgroBioInstitute, 8 Dragan Tsankov, Str., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - E Todorovska
- AgroBioInstitute, 8 Dragan Tsankov, Str., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Ivanov
- AgroBioInstitute, 8 Dragan Tsankov, Str., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Stevanovic
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, D-72076, Tϋbingen, Germany
| | - L Molin
- CNR-ISTM, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - P Traldi
- CNR-ISTM, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35129, Padova, Italy
| | - W Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tϋbingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076, Tϋbingen, Germany
| | - P Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev str. 9, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria.
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19
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Structural insights into the interaction between molluscan hemocyanins and phenolic substrates: An in silico study using docking and molecular dynamics. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Schenk S, Schmidt J, Hoeger U, Decker H. Lipoprotein-induced phenoloxidase-activity in tarantula hemocyanin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:939-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Laino A, Lavarías S, Suárez G, Lino A, Cunningham M. Characterization of phenoloxidase activity from spider Polybetes pythagoricus hemocyanin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 323:547-55. [PMID: 26173645 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanin of the spider Polybetes pythagoricus, in addition to its typical role as an oxygen transporter, also exhibits a phenoloxidase activity induced by micellar concentrations of SDS. In the present work, we found the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax of Polybetes pythagoricus hemocyanin (PpHc) PO activity to be 0.407 mM and 0.081 µmolmin(-1) mg protein(-1) , respectively. Dopamine was used as the substrate with SDS at a final concentration of 10 mM and a 30-min incubation at 25°C. Conformational changes in Hc associated with the SDS treatment were analyzed using far-UV circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. The secondary and tertiary structural changes of PpHc induced by SDS led to increases in α-helical content and tryptophan fluorescence intensity. A reduction in the absorption spectrum at 340 nm in the presence of SDS was also observed. These results suggest that the SDS-induced PO activity of PpHc can be ascribed to conformational changes in the local environment of the typer-3 copper active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana Laino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 60 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Suárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 60 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Agustina Lino
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Osteopatías y Metabolismo Mineral (LIOMM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), Argentina
| | - Monica Cunningham
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT-La Plata CONICET- Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 60 y 120 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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22
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Dolashki A, Radkova M, Todorovska E, Ivanov M, Stevanovic S, Molin L, Traldi P, Voelter W, Dolashka P. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Structure and characterization of cancer pagurus hemocyanin. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:375. [PMID: 25503855 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev 9, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
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23
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Washington C, Maxwell J, Stevenson J, Malone G, Lowe EW, Zhang Q, Wang G, McIntyre NR. Mechanistic studies of the tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidative cyclocondensation of 2-aminophenol to 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 577-578:24-34. [PMID: 25982123 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) catalyzes the monophenolase and diphenolase reaction associated with vertebrate pigmentation and fruit/vegetable browning. Tyrosinase is an oxygen-dependent, dicopper enzyme that has three states: Emet, Eoxy, and Edeoxy. The diphenolase activity can be carried out by both the met and the oxy states of the enzyme while neither mono- nor diphenolase activity results from the deoxy state. In this study, the oxidative cyclocondensation of 2-aminophenol (OAP) to the corresponding 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (APX) by mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. Using a combination of various steady- and pre-steady state methodologies, we have investigated the kinetic and chemical mechanism of this reaction. The kcat for OAP is 75 ± 2s(-1), K(OAP)M = 1.8 ± 0.2mM, K(O2)M =25 ± 4 μM with substrates binding in a steady-state preferred fashion. Stopped flow and global analysis support a model where OAP preferentially binds to the oxy form over the met (k7 ≫ k1). For the met form, His269 and His61 are the proposed bases, while the oxy form uses the copper-peroxide and His61 for the sequential deprotonation of anilinic and phenolic hydrogens. Solvent KIEs show proton transfer to be increasingly rate limiting for kcat/K(OAP)M as [O2] → 0 μM (1.38 ± 0.06) decreasing to 0.83 ± 0.03 as [O2] → ∞ reflecting a partially rate limiting μ-OH bond cleavage (E met) and formation (E oxy) following protonation in the transition state. The coupling and cyclization reactions of o-quinone imine and OAP pass through a phenyliminocyclohexadione intermediate to APX, forming at a rate of 6.91 ± 0.03 μM(-1)s(-1) and 2.59E-2 ± 5.31E-4s(-1). Differences in reactivity attributed to the anilinic moiety of OAP with o-diphenols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Washington
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Jamere Maxwell
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Joenathan Stevenson
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Gregory Malone
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Edward W Lowe
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Neil R McIntyre
- Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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24
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Zhuang J, Coates CJ, Zhu H, Zhu P, Wu Z, Xie L. Identification of candidate antimicrobial peptides derived from abalone hemocyanin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:96-102. [PMID: 25445903 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hemocyanins present in invertebrate hemolymph are multifunctional proteins, responsible for oxygen transport and contributing to innate immunity through phenoloxidase-like activity. In arthropods, hemocyanin has been identified as a source of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides during infection. Conversely, no hemocyanin-derived antimicrobial peptides have been reported for molluscs. The present study describes a putative antimicrobial region, termed haliotisin, located within the linking sequence between the α-helical domain and β-sheet domain of abalone (Haliotis tuberculata) hemocyanin functional unit E. A series of synthetic peptides based on overlapping fragments of the haliotisin region were tested for their bactericidal potential. Incubating Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the presence of certain haliotisin peptides, notably peptides 3-4-5 (DTFDYKKFGYRYDSLELEGRSISRIDELIQQRQEKDRTFAGFLLKGFGTSAS) led to reductions in microbial growth. Furthermore, transmission electron micrographs of haliotisin-treated bacteria revealed damages to the microbial cell wall. Data discussed here provides the first evidence to suggest that molluscan hemocyanin may act as a source of anti-infective peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.
| | - Hongtao Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Provincial key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Provincial key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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25
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Leufken CM, Moerschbacher BM, Dirks-Hofmeister ME. Dandelion PPO-1/PPO-2 domain-swaps: The C-terminal domain modulates the pH optimum and the linker affects SDS-mediated activation and stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:178-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of subtilisin-like fibrinolytic enzyme from a newly isolated Lactobacillus plantarum KSK-II in blood destaining and antimicrobials. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:316-24. [PMID: 25504817 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An antimicrobial oxidative- and SDS-stable fibrinolytic alkaline protease designated as KSK-II was produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KSK-II isolated from kishk, a traditional Egyptian food. Maximum enzyme productivity was obtained in medium containing 1% lactose and 0.5% soybean flour as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Purification of enzyme increased its specific activity to 1,140-fold with a recovery of 33% and molecular weight of 43.6 kDa. Enzyme activity was totally lost in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and was restored after addition of Fe(2+) suggesting that KSK-II is a metalloprotease and Fe(2+) acts as cofactor. Enzyme hydrolyzed not only the natural proteins but also synthetic substrates, particularly Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA. KSK-II can hydrolyze the Lys-X easier than Arg-X; thus, it was considered as a subtilisin-family protease. Its apparent Km , Vmax , and Kcat were 0.41 mM, 6.4 µmol mg(-1) min(-1) , and 28.0 s(-1) , respectively. KSK-II is industrially important from the perspectives of its maximal activity at 50°C (stable up to 70°C), ability to function at alkaline pH (10.0), stability at broad pH ranges (7.5-12.0) in addition to its stability toward SDS, H2 O2 , organic solvents, and detergents. We emphasize for the first time the potential of fibrinolytic activity for alkaline proteases used in detergents especially in blood destaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Research Laboratory of Bacteriology, Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt, 44519
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27
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Sivakamavalli J, Vaseeharan B. Enzymatic elucidation of haemocyanin from Kuruma shrimpMarsupenaeus japonicusand its molecular recognition mechanism towards pathogens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1302-14. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.945485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Goldfeder M, Kanteev M, Isaschar-Ovdat S, Adir N, Fishman A. Determination of tyrosinase substrate-binding modes reveals mechanistic differences between type-3 copper proteins. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4505. [PMID: 25074014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is responsible for the two initial enzymatic steps in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin. Many tyrosinase mutations are the leading cause of albinism in humans, and it is a prominent biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry target. Here we present crystal structures that show that both monophenol hydroxylation and diphenol oxidation occur at the same site. It is suggested that concurrent presence of a phenylalanine above the active site and a restricting thioether bond on the histidine coordinating CuA prevent hydroxylation of monophenols by catechol oxidases. Furthermore, a conserved water molecule activated by E195 and N205 is proposed to mediate deprotonation of the monophenol at the active site. Overall, the structures reveal precise steps in the enzymatic catalytic cycle as well as differences between tyrosinases and other type-3 copper enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Goldfeder
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel [2]
| | - Margarita Kanteev
- 1] Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel [2]
| | - Sivan Isaschar-Ovdat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Noam Adir
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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Coates CJ, Nairn J. Diverse immune functions of hemocyanins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:43-55. [PMID: 24486681 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence gathered recently has revealed the multiple functionalities of hemocyanin. Contrary to previous claims that this ancient protein is involved solely in oxygen transport within the hemolymph of invertebrates, hemocyanin and hemocyanin-derived peptides have been linked to key aspects of innate immunity, in particular, antiviral and phenoloxidase-like activities. Both phenoloxidase and hemocyanin belong to the family of type-3 copper proteins and share a high degree of sequence homology. While the importance of phenoloxidase in immunity and development is well characterised, the contribution of hemocyanin to biological defence systems within invertebrates is not recognised widely. This review focusses on the conversion of hemocyanin into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme and the array of hemocyanin-derived immune responses documented to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Nairn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Zhu H, Zhuang J, Feng H, Liang R, Wang J, Xie L, Zhu P. Cryo-EM structure of isomeric molluscan hemocyanin triggered by viral infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98766. [PMID: 24887432 PMCID: PMC4041863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins (Hcs) of arthropods and mollusks function not only as oxygen transporters, but also as phenoloxidases (POs). In invertebrates, PO is an important component in the innate immune cascade, where it functions as the initiator of melanin synthesis, a pigment involved in encapsulating and killing of pathogenic microbes. Although structures of Hc from several species of invertebrates have been reported, the structural basis for how PO activity is triggered by structural changes of Hc in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, we report a 6.8 Å cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the isomeric form of hemocyanin, which was isolated from Abalone Shriveling syndrome-associated Virus (AbSV) infected abalone (Halitotis diversicolor), and build a pseudoatomic model of isomeric H. diversicolor hemocyanin 1 (HdH1). Our results show that, compared with native form of HdH1, the architecture of isomeric HdH1 turns into a more relaxed form. The interactions between certain functional units (FUs) present in the native form of Hc either decreased or were totally abolished in the isomeric form of Hc. As a result of that, native state Hc switches to its isomeric form, enabling it to play its role in innate immune responses against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongli Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongfeng Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiangyong Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Fisheries Academy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail: (PZ); (LX)
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (PZ); (LX)
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Solomon EI, Heppner DE, Johnston EM, Ginsbach JW, Cirera J, Qayyum M, Kieber-Emmons MT, Kjaergaard CH, Hadt RG, Tian L. Copper active sites in biology. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3659-853. [PMID: 24588098 PMCID: PMC4040215 DOI: 10.1021/cr400327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1138] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | - Jake W. Ginsbach
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Munzarin Qayyum
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | | | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305
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Pick C, Scherbaum S, Hegedüs E, Meyer A, Saur M, Neumann R, Markl J, Burmester T. Structure, diversity and evolution of myriapod hemocyanins. FEBS J 2014; 281:1818-33. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pick
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Samantha Scherbaum
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Elöd Hegedüs
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
| | - Michael Saur
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Ruben Neumann
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Germany
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Zoology and Zoological Museum; University of Hamburg; Germany
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33
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Modulating enzyme activity using ionic liquids or surfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:545-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Pietrzyk AJ, Bujacz A, Mueller-Dieckmann J, Łochynska M, Jaskolski M, Bujacz G. Crystallographic identification of an unexpected protein complex in silkworm haemolymph. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2353-64. [PMID: 24311577 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913021823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The first crystal structure of a complex formed by two storage proteins, SP2 and SP3, isolated from their natural source, mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) haemolymph, has been determined. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using arylphorin, a protein rich in aromatic amino-acid residues, from oak silkworm as the initial model. The quality of the electron-density maps obtained from the X-ray diffraction experiment allowed the authors to detect that the investigated crystal structure was composed of two different arylphorins: SP2 and SP3. This discovery was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing. SP2 has been extensively studied previously, whereas only a few reports on SP3 are available. However, to date no structural studies have been reported for these proteins. These studies revealed that SP2 and SP3 exist in the silkworm body as a heterohexamer formed by one SP2 trimer and one SP3 trimer. The overall fold, consisting of three haemocyanin-like subdomains, of SP2 and SP3 is similar. Both proteins contain a conserved N-glycosylation motif in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Pietrzyk
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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Zhang Q, Dai X, Cong Y, Zhang J, Chen DH, Dougherty MT, Wang J, Ludtke SJ, Schmid MF, Chiu W. Cryo-EM structure of a molluscan hemocyanin suggests its allosteric mechanism. Structure 2013; 21:604-13. [PMID: 23541894 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanins are responsible for transporting O2 in the arthropod and molluscan hemolymph. Haliotis diversicolor molluscan hemocyanin isoform 1 (HdH1) is an 8 MDa oligomer. Each subunit is made up of eight functional units (FUs). Each FU contains two Cu ions, which can reversibly bind an oxygen molecule. Here, we report a 4.5 A° cryo-EM structure of HdH1. The structure clearly shows ten asymmetric units arranged with D5 symmetry. Each asymmetric unit contains two structurally distinct but chemically identical subunits. The map is sufficiently resolved to trace the entire subunit Ca backbone and to visualize densities corresponding to some large side chains, Cu ion pairs, and interaction networks of adjacent subunits. A FU topology path intertwining between the two subunits of the asymmetric unit is unambiguously determined. Our observations suggest a structural mechanism for the stability of the entire hemocyanin didecamer and 20 ‘‘communication clusters’’ across asymmetric units responsible for its allosteric property upon oxygen binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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36
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Nasr KA, Liu C, Rwebangira M, Burge L, He J. Intensity-based skeletonization of CryoEM gray-scale images using a true segmentation-free algorithm. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 10:1289-98. [PMID: 24384713 PMCID: PMC4104753 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy is an experimental technique that is able to produce 3D gray-scale images of protein molecules. In contrast to other experimental techniques, cryo-electron microscopy is capable of visualizing large molecular complexes such as viruses and ribosomes. At medium resolution, the positions of the atoms are not visible and the process cannot proceed. The medium-resolution images produced by cryo-electron microscopy are used to derive the atomic structure of the proteins in de novo modeling. The skeletons of the 3D gray-scale images are used to interpret important information that is helpful in de novo modeling. Unfortunately, not all features of the image can be captured using a single segmentation. In this paper, we present a segmentation-free approach to extract the gray-scale curve-like skeletons. The approach relies on a novel representation of the 3D image, where the image is modeled as a graph and a set of volume trees. A test containing 36 synthesized maps and one authentic map shows that our approach can improve the performance of the two tested tools used in de novo modeling. The improvements were 62 and 13 percent for Gorgon and DP-TOSS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Al Nasr
- Department of Computer Science, Tennessee State University, 3500 John Merritt Blvd, McCord Hall, Nashville, TN 37209
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Department of Systems and Computer Science, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Mugizi Rwebangira
- Department of Systems and Computer Science, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Legand Burge
- Department of Systems and Computer Science, Howard University, 2300 Sixth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Jing He
- Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, Engineering & Computer Sciences Bldg., 4700 Elkhorn Ave, Suite 3300, Norfolk, VA 23529
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Aguilera F, McDougall C, Degnan BM. Origin, evolution and classification of type-3 copper proteins: lineage-specific gene expansions and losses across the Metazoa. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:96. [PMID: 23634722 PMCID: PMC3658974 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tyrosinases, tyrosinase-related proteins, catechol oxidases and hemocyanins comprise the type-3 copper protein family and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including pigment formation, innate immunity and oxygen transport. Although this family is present in the three domains of life, its origin and early evolution are not well understood. Previous analyses of type-3 copper proteins largely have focussed on specific animal and plant phyla. Results Here, we combine genomic, phylogenetic and structural analyses to show that the original type-3 copper protein possessed a signal peptide and may have been secreted (we designate proteins of this type the α subclass). This ancestral type-3 copper protein gene underwent two duplication events, the first prior to the divergence of the unikont eukaryotic lineages and the second before the diversification of animals. The former duplication gave rise to a cytosolic form (β) and the latter to a membrane-bound form (γ). Structural comparisons reveal that the active site of α and γ forms are covered by aliphatic amino acids, and the β form has a highly conserved aromatic residue in this position. The subsequent evolution of this gene family in modern lineages of multicellular eukaryotes is typified by the loss of one or more of these three subclasses and the lineage-specific expansion of one or both of the remaining subclasses. Conclusions The diversity of type-3 copper proteins in animals and other eukaryotes is consistent with two ancient gene duplication events leading to α, β and γ subclasses, followed by the differential loss and expansion of one or more of these subclasses in specific kingdoms and phyla. This has led to many lineage-specific type-3 copper protein repertoires and in some cases the independent evolution of functionally-classified tyrosinases and hemocyanins. For example, the oxygen-carrying hemocyanins in arthropods evolved from a β-subclass tyrosinase, whilst hemocyanins in molluscs and urochordates evolved independently from an α-subclass tyrosinase. Minor conformational changes at the active site of α, β and γ forms can produce type-3 copper proteins with capacities to either carry oxygen (hemocyanins), oxidize diphenols (catechol oxidase) or o-hydroxylate monophenols (tyrosinases) and appear to underlie some functional convergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Aguilera
- Centre for Marine Science, School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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38
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Idakieva K, Raynova Y, Meersman F, Gielens C. Phenoloxidase activity and thermostability of Cancer pagurus and Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 164:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Markl J. Evolution of molluscan hemocyanin structures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1840-52. [PMID: 23454609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanin transports oxygen in the hemolymph of many molluscs and arthropods and is therefore a central physiological factor in these animals. Molluscan hemocyanin molecules are oligomers composed of many protein subunits that in turn encompass subsets of distinct functional units. The structure and evolution of molluscan hemocyanin have been studied for decades, but it required the recent progress in DNA sequencing, X-ray crystallography and 3D electron microscopy to produce a detailed view of their structure and evolution. The basic quaternary structure is a cylindrical decamer 35nm in diameter, consisting of wall and collar (typically at one end of the cylinder). Depending on the animal species, decamers, didecamers and multidecamers occur in the hemolymph. Whereas the wall architecture of the decamer seems to be invariant, four different types of collar have been identified in different molluscan taxa. Correspondingly, there exist four subunit types that differ in their collar functional units and range from 350 to 550kDa. Thus, molluscan hemocyanin subunits are among the largest polypeptides in nature. In this report, recent 3D reconstructions are used to explain and visualize the different functional units, subunits and quaternary structures of molluscan hemocyanins. Moreover, on the basis of DNA analyses and structural considerations, their possible evolution is traced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Markl
- Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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40
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Milne JLS, Borgnia MJ, Bartesaghi A, Tran EEH, Earl LA, Schauder DM, Lengyel J, Pierson J, Patwardhan A, Subramaniam S. Cryo-electron microscopy--a primer for the non-microscopist. FEBS J 2012. [PMID: 23181775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is increasingly becoming a mainstream technology for studying the architecture of cells, viruses and protein assemblies at molecular resolution. Recent developments in microscope design and imaging hardware, paired with enhanced image processing and automation capabilities, are poised to further advance the effectiveness of cryo-EM methods. These developments promise to increase the speed and extent of automation, and to improve the resolutions that may be achieved, making this technology useful to determine a wide variety of biological structures. Additionally, established modalities for structure determination, such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, are being routinely integrated with cryo-EM density maps to achieve atomic-resolution models of complex, dynamic molecular assemblies. In this review, which is directed towards readers who are not experts in cryo-EM methodology, we provide an overview of emerging themes in the application of this technology to investigate diverse questions in biology and medicine. We discuss the ways in which these methods are being used to study structures of macromolecular assemblies that range in size from whole cells to small proteins. Finally, we include a description of how the structural information obtained by cryo-EM is deposited and archived in a publicly accessible database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L S Milne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dirks-Hofmeister ME, Inlow JK, Moerschbacher BM. Site-directed mutagenesis of a tetrameric dandelion polyphenol oxidase (PPO-6) reveals the site of subunit interaction. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:203-217. [PMID: 22814940 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9943-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) catalyze the oxidation of ortho-diphenols to the corresponding quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). In plants PPOs appear in gene families, and the corresponding isoenzymes are located to the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts. Although plant PPOs are often discussed with regard to their role in defense reactions, a common physiological function has not yet been defined. We analyzed a tetrameric PPO isoenzyme (PPO-6) from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and found it to display cooperativity in catalysis, a phenomenon that has rarely been shown for plant PPOs previously. The identification of a surface-exposed cysteine (197) through molecular modeling followed by site-directed mutagenesis proved this amino acid residue to stabilize the tetramer via a disulfide linkage. The C197S-mutein still forms a tetrameric structure but shows impaired enzymatic efficiency and cooperativity and a reduction in stability. These findings indicate that oligomerization may be a physiological requirement for PPO-6 stability and function in vivo and raise new questions regarding distinct functions for specific PPO isoenzymes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike E Dirks-Hofmeister
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Hindenburgplatz 55, 48143 Münster, Germany
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Si D, Ji S, Nasr KA, He J. A Machine Learning Approach for the Identification of Protein Secondary Structure Elements from Electron Cryo-Microscopy Density Maps. Biopolymers 2012; 97:698-708. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Changes in tyrosinase specificity by ionic liquids and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1953-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jaenicke E, Pairet B, Hartmann H, Decker H. Crystallization and preliminary analysis of crystals of the 24-meric hemocyanin of the emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). PLoS One 2012; 7:e32548. [PMID: 22403673 PMCID: PMC3293826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins are giant oxygen transport proteins found in the hemolymph of several invertebrate phyla. They constitute giant multimeric molecules whose size range up to that of cell organelles such as ribosomes or even small viruses. Oxygen is reversibly bound by hemocyanins at binuclear copper centers. Subunit interactions within the multisubunit hemocyanin complex lead to diverse allosteric effects such as the highest cooperativity for oxygen binding found in nature. Crystal structures of a native hemocyanin oligomer larger than a hexameric substructure have not been published until now. We report for the first time growth and preliminary analysis of crystals of the 24-meric hemocyanin (MW = 1.8 MDa) of emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), which diffract to a resolution of 6.5 Å. The crystals are monoclinc with space group C 1 2 1 and cell dimensions a = 311.61 Å, b = 246.58 Å and c = 251.10 Å (α = 90.00°, β = 90.02°, γ = 90.00°). The asymmetric unit contains one molecule of the 24-meric hemocyanin and the solvent content of the crystals is 56%. A preliminary analysis of the hemocyanin structure reveals that emperor scorpion hemocyanin crystallizes in the same oxygenated conformation, which is also present in solution as previously shown by cryo-EM reconstruction and small angle x-ray scattering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmar Jaenicke
- Institut für Molekulare Biophysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.
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45
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Masuda T, Otomo R, Kuyama H, Momoji K, Tonomoto M, Sakai S, Nishimura O, Sugawara T, Hirata T. A novel type of prophenoloxidase from the kuruma prawn Marsupenaeus japonicus contributes to the melanization of plasma in crustaceans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:61-68. [PMID: 22056399 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Melanization is one of the major immune responses in arthropods. Prophenoloxidases (proPOs) catalyze the oxidation of mono- or o-diphenols, a reaction that is the key initial step of melanin formation. Well-characterized proPOs from crustaceans are synthesized in haemocytes and are released into plasma in response to microbial attack. However, PO activity does exist in the plasma of haemolymph without pathogenic infections. Here, we demonstrate that a novel type of proPO contributes to such PO activity in the plasma fraction of haemolymph of crustaceans. The novel enzyme, which was purified from the plasma of the kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus), possessed strong and specific monophenol and o-diphenol oxidation activity compared with that of known haemocyte-type proPO. Amino acid sequence analyses indicated that this enzyme was distinct from the known proPO. The cDNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of this enzyme has a putative binuclear copper center, and showed approximately 30% and 20% identity with the primary structures of reported proPO and haemocyanin sequences of the kuruma prawn, respectively. Reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that this enzyme was synthesized in the hepatopancreas rather than in haemocytes. Although the primary structure and enzymatic properties of this novel enzyme suggested that it is a phenoloxidase, its biogenesis, tissue distribution, and oligomeric state resemble those of haemocyanin, which belongs to the same protein family (type III copper protein). This novel proPO enzyme may share a role with the already characterized version, itself a major component of the innate immune system in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Masuda
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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46
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Cong Y, Schröder GF, Meyer AS, Jakana J, Ma B, Dougherty MT, Schmid MF, Reissmann S, Levitt M, Ludtke SL, Frydman J, Chiu W. Symmetry-free cryo-EM structures of the chaperonin TRiC along its ATPase-driven conformational cycle. EMBO J 2011; 31:720-30. [PMID: 22045336 PMCID: PMC3273382 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperonins are multisubunit entities that are composed of two stacked rings enclosing a central chamber for ATP-dependent protein folding. A series of cryo-EM structures of the eukaryotic group II chaperonin TRiC/CCT reveal the conformational changes during the ATPase cycle and provide insight into how the subunits cooperate to close the lid. The eukaryotic group II chaperonin TRiC/CCT is a 16-subunit complex with eight distinct but similar subunits arranged in two stacked rings. Substrate folding inside the central chamber is triggered by ATP hydrolysis. We present five cryo-EM structures of TRiC in apo and nucleotide-induced states without imposing symmetry during the 3D reconstruction. These structures reveal the intra- and inter-ring subunit interaction pattern changes during the ATPase cycle. In the apo state, the subunit arrangement in each ring is highly asymmetric, whereas all nucleotide-containing states tend to be more symmetrical. We identify and structurally characterize an one-ring closed intermediate induced by ATP hydrolysis wherein the closed TRiC ring exhibits an observable chamber expansion. This likely represents the physiological substrate folding state. Our structural results suggest mechanisms for inter-ring-negative cooperativity, intra-ring-positive cooperativity, and protein-folding chamber closure of TRiC. Intriguingly, these mechanisms are different from other group I and II chaperonins despite their similar architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Cong
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dolashki A, Voelter W, Dolashka P. Phenoloxidase activity of intact and chemically modified functional unit RvH1: a from molluscan Rapana venosa hemocyanin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:1-7. [PMID: 21536147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
o-Diphenol oxidase activities (o-diPO) of chemically modified functional unit RvH1-a of molluscan hemocyanin Rapana venosa were studied using L-Dopa and dopamine as substrates. With L-Dopa as substrate the native FU RvH1-a did not show any o-diPO activity. Therefore the native FU RvH1-a was converted to enzymatic active form, after treatment with SDS, trypsin, urea and different values of pH when its o-diPO activity was studied. The highest artificial induction of o-diPO activity was observed after incubation of FU with 3.0mM SDS, and RvH1-a shows both, dopamine (K(M)=6.53mM, k(cat)/K(M)=1.29) and L-Dopa (K(M)=2.0mM, k(cat)/K(M)=2.1) activity due to a more open active site of the enzyme and better access of the substrates. It was determined that the K(M) value of SDS-activated RvH1-a against dopamine is higher compared to those of hemocyanins from Helix vulgaris, Helix pomatia and native tyrosinase from Ipomoea batatas but much lower than that from Illex argentinus (ST94) tyrosinase and arthropodan hemocyanin from Carcinus aestuarii. The Km value of SDS-activated RvH1-a against L-Dopa is higher than those of hemocyanins from H. vulgaris and Cancer magister, but lower than that of the tyrosinase from Streptomyces albus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia.
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Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cryoelectron microscopy reconstruction methods are uniquely able to reveal structures of many important macromolecules and macromolecular complexes. EMDataBank.org, a joint effort of the Protein Databank in Europe (PDBe), the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB), and the National Center for Macromolecular Imaging (NCMI), is a "one-stop shop" resource for global deposition and retrieval of cryo-EM map, model, and associated metadata. The resource unifies public access to the two major EM Structural Data archives: EM Data Bank (EMDB) and Protein Data Bank (PDB), and facilitates use of EM structural data of macromolecules and macromolecular complexes by the wider scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Lawson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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Rolff M, Schottenheim J, Decker H, Tuczek F. Copper–O2 reactivity of tyrosinase models towards external monophenolic substrates: molecular mechanism and comparison with the enzyme. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4077-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00202j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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First structures of an active bacterial tyrosinase reveal copper plasticity. J Mol Biol 2010; 405:227-37. [PMID: 21040728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a member of the type 3 copper enzyme family that is involved in the production of melanin in a wide range of organisms. The crystal structures of a tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium were determined at a resolution of 2.0-2.3 Å. The enzyme crystallized as a dimer in the asymmetric unit and was shown to be active in crystal. The overall monomeric structure is similar to that of the monomer of the previously determined tyrosinase from Streptomyces castaneoglobisporus, but it does not contain an accessory Cu-binding "caddie" protein. Two Cu(II) ions, serving as the major cofactors within the active site, are coordinated by six conserved histidine residues. However, determination of structures under different conditions shows varying occupancies and positions of the copper ions. This apparent mobility in copper binding modes indicates that there is a pathway by which copper is accumulated or lost by the enzyme. Additionally, we suggest that residues R209 and V218, situated in a second shell of residues surrounding the active site, play a role in substrate binding orientation based on their flexibility and position. The determination of a structure with the inhibitor kojic acid, the first tyrosinase structure with a bound ligand, revealed additional residues involved in the positioning of substrates in the active site. Comparison of wild-type structures with the structure of the site-specific variant R209H, which possesses a higher monophenolase/diphenolase activity ratio, lends further support to a previously suggested mechanism by which monophenolic substrates dock mainly to CuA.
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