1
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van der Westhuizen ET. Single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in G protein-coupled receptors may contribute to autism. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2158-2181. [PMID: 36787962 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition with a range of symptoms that vary in intensity and severity from person to person. Genetic sequencing has identified thousands of genes containing mutations in autistic individuals, which may contribute to the development of autistic symptoms. Several of these genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are cell surface expressed proteins that transduce extracellular messages to the intracellular space. Mutations in GPCRs can impact their function, resulting in aberrant signalling within cells and across neurotransmitter systems in the brain. This review summarises the current knowledge on autism-associated single nucleotide variations encoding missense mutations in GPCRs and the impact of these genetic mutations on GPCR function. For some autism-associated mutations, changes in GPCR expression levels, ligand affinity, potency and efficacy have been observed. However, for many the functional consequences remain unknown. Thus, further work to characterise the functional impacts of the genetically identified mutations is required. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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2
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Moll GN. Agonists of galanin subtype 2 receptor may prevent pancreatic cancer and agonists of angiotensin II type 2 receptor may prevent colorectal cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176772. [PMID: 38925290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a dreadful disease with poor prognosis. While the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is better than that of PDAC, it still is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recently, a (methyl)lanthionine-stabilized, highly receptor-specific agonist of galanin subtype 2 (GAL2) receptor inhibited the growth of GAL2 receptor-expressing patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, a lanthionine-constrained agonist of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor inhibited PDX of colorectal cancer in mice. Stimulation of GAL2 receptor may modulate immune surveillance and inhibits PDAC via cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis. Consistent with GAL2 receptor-mediated tumor inhibition, for PDAC, survival is much higher for patients with high GAL2 receptor expression. Importantly, a (methyl)lanthionine-stabilized GAL2 receptor-specific agonist enhances expression of GAL2 receptor, not only in PDAC-PDX but also in healthy tissue indicating therapeutic and preventive potentials for GAL2 receptor agonists. AT2 receptor is interacting with four tumor suppressor proteins, Src homology phosphatase 1, Src homology phosphatase 2, Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger protein and Microtuble-Associated Scaffold Protein1, the latter also known as Angiotensin-II type 2 receptor-Interacting Protein. Pathways linked to these tumor suppressor proteins may enhance immune surveillance, prevent carcinogenesis, counter proliferation and stimulate apoptosis. Taken together, current data are prompting the hypothesis of a prophylactic treatment option with stable, specific and safe agonists of GAL2 receptor and AT2 receptor to prevent the emergence of pancreatic and colorectal cancer in individuals at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborg 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, Netherlands.
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3
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Szwabowski GL, Griffing M, Mugabe EJ, O'Malley D, Baker LN, Baker DL, Parrill AL. G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Ligand Pose and Functional Class Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6876. [PMID: 38999982 PMCID: PMC11241240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) transmembrane protein family members play essential roles in physiology. Numerous pharmaceuticals target GPCRs, and many drug discovery programs utilize virtual screening (VS) against GPCR targets. Improvements in the accuracy of predicting new molecules that bind to and either activate or inhibit GPCR function would accelerate such drug discovery programs. This work addresses two significant research questions. First, do ligand interaction fingerprints provide a substantial advantage over automated methods of binding site selection for classical docking? Second, can the functional status of prospective screening candidates be predicted from ligand interaction fingerprints using a random forest classifier? Ligand interaction fingerprints were found to offer modest advantages in sampling accurate poses, but no substantial advantage in the final set of top-ranked poses after scoring, and, thus, were not used in the generation of the ligand-receptor complexes used to train and test the random forest classifier. A binary classifier which treated agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists as active and all other ligands as inactive proved highly effective in ligand function prediction in an external test set of GPR31 and TAAR2 candidate ligands with a hit rate of 82.6% actual actives within the set of predicted actives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makenzie Griffing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Elijah J Mugabe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Daniel O'Malley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Lindsey N Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Daniel L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Abby L Parrill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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4
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Bader M, Steckelings UM, Alenina N, Santos RA, Ferrario CM. Alternative Renin-Angiotensin System. Hypertension 2024; 81:964-976. [PMID: 38362781 PMCID: PMC11023806 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is the most important peptide hormone system in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Its classical arm consists of the enzymes, renin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme, generating angiotensin II from angiotensinogen, which activates its AT1 receptor, thereby increasing blood pressure, retaining salt and water, and inducing cardiovascular hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, angiotensin II can also activate a second receptor, the AT2 receptor. Moreover, the removal of the C-terminal phenylalanine from angiotensin II by ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) yields angiotensin-(1-7), and this peptide interacts with its receptor Mas. When the aminoterminal Asp of angiotensin-(1-7) is decarboxylated, alamandine is generated, which activates the Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor D, MrgD (Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor type D). Since Mas, MrgD, and the AT2 receptor have opposing effects to the classical AT1 receptor, they and the enzymes and peptides activating them are called the alternative or protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. This review will cover the historical aspects and the current standing of this recent addition to the biology of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - U. Muscha Steckelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Dept. of Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robson A.S. Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (Nanobiofar) - Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences - Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Ferrario
- Laboratory of Translational Hypertension, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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5
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Mohammed CM, Al-Habib OAM. Nitric oxide-cyclic GMP role in Ang II induced hyperpolarization in bovine aortic endothelium cell line (BAE-1). Cytotechnology 2024; 76:113-121. [PMID: 38304622 PMCID: PMC10828259 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), a mitogen-activated peptide, exerts numerous effects on the cardiovascular system including the regulation of blood pressure. The current study focused on the potential mechanisms that seem to be involved in Ang II vasodilation using bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAE-1) cell lines. Expression of the Ang II receptor (AT2) in BAE-1 was checked by western blots in the presence of valsartan (AT1 inhibitor). To check if Ang II's vasodilator impact was mediated by the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, the Griess reagent was used. Furthermore, cell-attached patch-clamp and fire-polished borosilicate electrodes with a resistance of 3-5 MΩ in the working solutions was used to record membrane currents from treated BAE-1. BEA-1 revealed 50 kDa immunoreactive bands that matched AT2. The concentration of AT2 was elevated in valsartan-treated cells in comparison to control cells. The biochemical experimental data indicated that the NO level increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, Ang II at a concentration of 1 µM, the level of NO increased more than at 100 µM. In patch-clamp experiments, K current and chord conductance were enhanced after incubation of Ang II with valsartan. When 100 µM Ang II was added, the current peaked rapidly and after 15 min of incubation, the maximum value was obtained, as opposed to 10 min and control (110.9 ± 13.3 pA control, 141.4 ± 30.4 pA after 10 min and 174.4 ± 49.3 pA after 15 min). Ang II type two receptor inhibitor (PD1231777) reduced the current and conductance induced by Ang II. The presented data revealed that Ang II released NO via the activation of AT2. K currents were stimulated by Ang II and evoked mainly a current consistent with the activation of K channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinar M. Mohammed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region Iraq
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6
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Wagenaar GTM, Moll GN. Evolving views on the first two ligands of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. From putative antagonists to potential agonists? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176189. [PMID: 37951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most complex regulatory systems that controls multiple organ functions. One of its key components, angiotensin II (Ang II), stimulates two G-protein coupled class A receptors: the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor. While stimulation of the AT1 receptor causes G-protein-dependent signaling and arrestin recruitment, the AT2 receptor seems to have a constitutively active-like conformation and appears to act via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways. Overstimulation of the AT1 receptor may lead to unwanted effects like inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, stimulation of the AT2 receptor leads to opposite effects thus restoring the balance. However, the role of the AT2 receptor has become controversial due to beneficial effects of putative AT2 receptor antagonists. The two first synthetic AT2 receptor-selective ligands, peptide CGP42112 and small molecule PD123319, were initially both considered antagonists. CGP42112 was subsequently considered a partial agonist and it was recently demonstrated to be a full agonist. Based on the search-term PD123319 in Pubmed, 1652 studies have investigated putative AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. Here, we put forward literature that shows beneficial effects of PD123319 alone, even at doses too low for antagonist efficacy. These beneficial effects appear compatible with agonist-like activity via the AT2 receptor. Taken together, a more consistent image of a therapeutic role of stimulated AT2 receptor emerges which may clarify current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Sun D, Sun Y, Janezic E, Zhou T, Johnson M, Azumaya C, Noreng S, Chiu C, Seki A, Arenzana TL, Nicoludis JM, Shi Y, Wang B, Ho H, Joshi P, Tam C, Payandeh J, Comps-Agrar L, Wang J, Rutz S, Koerber JT, Masureel M. Structural basis of antibody inhibition and chemokine activation of the human CC chemokine receptor 8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7940. [PMID: 38040762 PMCID: PMC10692165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-C motif chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is a class A G-protein coupled receptor that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Targeting CCR8 with an antibody has appeared to be an attractive therapeutic approach, but the molecular basis for chemokine-mediated activation and antibody-mediated inhibition of CCR8 are not fully elucidated. Here, we obtain an antagonist antibody against human CCR8 and determine structures of CCR8 in complex with either the antibody or the endogenous agonist ligand CCL1. Our studies reveal characteristic antibody features allowing recognition of the CCR8 extracellular loops and CCL1-CCR8 interaction modes that are distinct from other chemokine receptor - ligand pairs. Informed by these structural insights, we demonstrate that CCL1 follows a two-step, two-site binding sequence to CCR8 and that antibody-mediated inhibition of CCL1 signaling can occur by preventing the second binding event. Together, our results provide a detailed structural and mechanistic framework of CCR8 activation and inhibition that expands our molecular understanding of chemokine - receptor interactions and offers insight into the development of therapeutic antibodies targeting chemokine GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yonglian Sun
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Eric Janezic
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tricia Zhou
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Caleigh Azumaya
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sigrid Noreng
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Septerna Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cecilia Chiu
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Akiko Seki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Tune Therapeutics, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Teresita L Arenzana
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- HIBio, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John M Nicoludis
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yongchang Shi
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Baomei Wang
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hoangdung Ho
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Prajakta Joshi
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christine Tam
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
- Exelixis Inc., Alameda, CA, 94502, USA
| | - Laëtitia Comps-Agrar
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jianyong Wang
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - James T Koerber
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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8
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Murad H, Rafeeq M. Cheminformatics approach for identification of N-HyMenatPimeMelly as a novel potential ligand against RAS and renal chloride channel. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37882351 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2273439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Some angiotensin receptor (AR) blockers interfere with the renal chloride channel (ClC-K), which plays an important role in urine concentration. Identifying ligands targeting this channel, whether activating or blocking, is highly desirable because it could open the way for interventions that modulate their activity. In this study, the Asinex (BioDesign) complete library was screened to identify a compound with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, which have both AR blocking and ClC-Ka-modulating activities to present it as a novel potential oral candidate which could be useful for treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension without major ClC-K affection. A compound, N-{[4-Hydroxy-1-(2-methyl-1,6-naphthyridin-4-yl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-N-methyl-L-lysinamide (N-HyMenatPimeMelly) (Chem Spider ID 68416221), was identified as a potent potential oral ligand of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and ClC-Ka with docking scores ranging from -10.978 to -7.324 with the four selected proteins (4YAY: AR type 1, 2PFI: Cytoplasmic domain of ClC-Ka, 6JOD: AR type 2 and 6M0J: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The protein-ligand complex was used to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for 100 ns. The QikProp and SwissADME tools' results showed that the compound has ADME/T and drug-likeness properties, which are within the permissible ranges for 95% of known drugs. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis and MD simulation extended the study toward computational validation. Throughout the study, N-HyMenatPimeMelly has shown good interactions and stable performance in MD simulation and DFT analysis. The whole analysis has produced promising results, and N-HyMenatPimeMelly can be treated as a novel potential RAS and ClC-K oral ligand, however, experimental validation is needed before human use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Murad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbahudin Rafeeq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Grogan A, Lucero EY, Jiang H, Rockman HA. Pathophysiology and pharmacology of G protein-coupled receptors in the heart. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1117-1129. [PMID: 36534965 PMCID: PMC10202650 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), comprising the largest superfamily of cell surface receptors, serve as fundamental modulators of cardiac health and disease owing to their key roles in the regulation of heart rate, contractile dynamics, and cardiac function. Accordingly, GPCRs are heavily pursued as drug targets for a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases ranging from heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia to hypertension and coronary artery disease. Recent advancements in understanding the signalling mechanisms, regulation, and pharmacological properties of GPCRs have provided valuable insights that will guide the development of novel therapeutics. Herein, we review the cellular signalling mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and pharmacological developments of the major GPCRs in the heart, highlighting the β-adrenergic, muscarinic, and angiotensin receptors as exemplar subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Grogan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emilio Y Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3104, 226 CARL Building, 12 Durham, NC 27710, USA
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10
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Chen Y, Zhou Q, Wang J, Xu Y, Wang Y, Yan J, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Zhao F, Li C, Chen CW, Cai X, Bathgate RAD, Shen C, Eric Xu H, Yang D, Liu H, Wang MW. Ligand recognition mechanism of the human relaxin family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4). Nat Commun 2023; 14:492. [PMID: 36717591 PMCID: PMC9886975 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the insulin superfamily regulate pleiotropic biological processes through two types of target-specific but structurally conserved peptides, insulin/insulin-like growth factors and relaxin/insulin-like peptides. The latter bind to the human relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFPs). Here, we report three cryo-electron microscopy structures of RXFP4-Gi protein complexes in the presence of the endogenous ligand insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) or one of the two small molecule agonists, compound 4 and DC591053. The B chain of INSL5 adopts a single α-helix that penetrates into the orthosteric pocket, while the A chain sits above the orthosteric pocket, revealing a peptide-binding mode previously unknown. Together with mutagenesis and functional analyses, the key determinants responsible for the peptidomimetic agonism and subtype selectivity were identified. Our findings not only provide insights into ligand recognition and subtype selectivity among class A G protein-coupled receptors, but also expand the knowledge of signaling mechanisms in the insulin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Genova Biotech (Changzhou) Co., Ltd, Changzhou, 213125, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Genova Biotech (Changzhou) Co., Ltd, Changzhou, 213125, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chuan-Wei Chen
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Chun Shen
- Genova Biotech (Changzhou) Co., Ltd, Changzhou, 213125, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, 572025, China. .,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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11
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Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural Understanding of Peptide-Bound G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Peptide-Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1083-1111. [PMID: 36625741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered by ligand binding to their orthosteric sites, which induces ligand-specific conformational changes. Agonists and antagonists bound to GPCR orthosteric sites provide detailed information on ligand-binding modes. Among these, peptide ligands play an instrumental role in GPCR pharmacology and have attracted increased attention as therapeutic drugs. The recent breakthrough in GPCR structural biology has resulted in the remarkable availability of peptide-bound GPCR complexes. Despite the several structural similarities shared by these receptors, they exhibit distinct features in terms of peptide recognition and receptor activation. From this perspective, we have summarized the current status of peptide-bound GPCR structural complexes, largely focusing on the interactions between the receptor and its peptide ligand at the orthosteric site. In-depth structural investigations have yielded valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying peptide recognition. This study would contribute to the discovery of GPCR peptide drugs with improved therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Interventional, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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12
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Kang H, Park C, Choi YK, Bae J, Kwon S, Kim J, Choi C, Seok C, Im W, Choi HJ. Structural basis for Y2 receptor-mediated neuropeptide Y and peptide YY signaling. Structure 2023; 31:44-57.e6. [PMID: 36525977 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors are expressed in various human tissues including the brain where they regulate appetite and emotion. Upon NPY stimulation, the neuropeptide Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1R and Y2R, respectively) activate GI signaling, but their physiological responses to food intake are different. In addition, deletion of the two N-terminal amino acids of peptide YY (PYY(3-36)), the endogenous form found in circulation, can stimulate Y2R but not Y1R, suggesting that Y1R and Y2R may have distinct ligand-binding modes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the PYY(3-36)‒Y2R‒Gi and NPY‒Y2R‒Gi complexes. Using cell-based assays, molecular dynamics simulations, and structural analysis, we revealed the molecular basis of the exclusive binding of PYY(3-36) to Y2R. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Y2R favors G protein signaling over β-arrestin signaling upon activation, whereas Y1R does not show a preference between these two pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunook Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaehee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeol Kyo Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Jungnam Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulwon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaok Seok
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonpil Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Hee-Jung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Dmitrieva DA, Kotova TV, Safronova NA, Sadova AA, Dashevskii DE, Mishin AV. Protein Design Strategies for the Structural–Functional Studies of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S192-S226. [PMID: 37069121 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important family of membrane proteins responsible for many physiological functions in human body. High resolution GPCR structures are required to understand their molecular mechanisms and perform rational drug design, as GPCRs play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. That is difficult to obtain for the wild-type proteins because of their low stability. In this review, we discuss how this problem can be solved by using protein design strategies developed to obtain homogeneous stabilized GPCR samples for crystallization and cryoelectron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Dmitrieva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Kotova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Nadezda A Safronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sadova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Dashevskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia
| | - Alexey V Mishin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russia.
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14
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Smith MT. Nonopioid analgesics discovery and the Valley of Death: EMA401 from concept to clinical trial. Pain 2022; 163:S15-S28. [PMID: 35984369 PMCID: PMC10578428 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maree T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Zhang Z, Wan X, Li X, Wan C. Effects of a Shift of the Signal Peptide Cleavage Site in Signal Peptide Variant on the Synthesis and Secretion of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196688. [PMID: 36235223 PMCID: PMC9570739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by SARS-CoV-2; the spike protein is a key structural protein that mediates infection of the host by SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of signal peptide on the secretion and release of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Therefore, we constructed a signal peptide deletion mutant and three signal peptide site-directed mutants. The (H) region and (C) region in the signal peptide of L5F-S13I mutant have changed significantly, compared with wild type, L5F and S13I. We demonstrated the effects of signal peptide on the secretion and synthesis of RBD protein, finding that mutation of S13 to I13 on the signal peptide is more conducive to the secretion of RBD protein, which was mainly due to the shift of the signal peptide cleavage site in the mutant S13I. Here, we not only investigated the structure of the N-terminal signal peptide of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein but also considered possible secretory pathways. We suggest that the development of drugs that target the signal peptide of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may have potential to treat COVID-19 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Zhang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Steckelings UM, Widdop RE, Sturrock ED, Lubbe L, Hussain T, Kaschina E, Unger T, Hallberg A, Carey RM, Sumners C. The Angiotensin AT 2 Receptor: From a Binding Site to a Novel Therapeutic Target. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1051-1135. [PMID: 36180112 PMCID: PMC9553111 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered more than 30 years ago, the angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) has evolved from a binding site with unknown function to a firmly established major effector within the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and a target for new drugs in development. The AT2R represents an endogenous protective mechanism that can be manipulated in the majority of preclinical models to alleviate lung, renal, cardiovascular, metabolic, cutaneous, and neural diseases as well as cancer. This article is a comprehensive review summarizing our current knowledge of the AT2R, from its discovery to its position within the RAS and its overall functions. This is followed by an in-depth look at the characteristics of the AT2R, including its structure, intracellular signaling, homo- and heterodimerization, and expression. AT2R-selective ligands, from endogenous peptides to synthetic peptides and nonpeptide molecules that are used as research tools, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the known physiological roles of the AT2R and its abundant protective effects in multiple experimental disease models and expound on AT2R ligands that are undergoing development for clinical use. The present review highlights the controversial aspects and gaps in our knowledge of this receptor and illuminates future perspectives for AT2R research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The angiotensin AT2 receptor (AT2R) is now regarded as a fully functional and important component of the renin-angiotensin system, with the potential of exerting protective actions in a variety of diseases. This review provides an in-depth view of the AT2R, which has progressed from being an enigma to becoming a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Muscha Steckelings
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Thomas Unger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Robert M Carey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
| | - Colin Sumners
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark (U.M.S.); Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia (R.E.W.); Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa (E.D.S., L.L.); Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas (T.H.); Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal (CMR) Research Center, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany (E.K.); CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, The Netherlands (T.U.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.H.); Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia (R.M.C.); and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (C.S.)
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17
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Singh KD, Karnik SS. Structural perspectives on the mechanism of signal activation, ligand selectivity and allosteric modulation in angiotensin receptors: IUPHAR Review 34. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4461-4472. [PMID: 35318654 PMCID: PMC9398925 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional advances have guided our knowledge of physiological and fatal pathological mechanisms of the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) and its antagonists. Such studies revealed that tissue response to a given dose of the hormone or its antagonist depends on receptors that engage the ligand. Thus, we need to know much more about the structures of receptor-ligand complexes at high resolution. Recently, X-ray structures of both AngII receptors (AT1 and AT2 receptors) bound to peptide and non-peptide ligands have been elucidated, providing new opportunities to examine the dynamic fluxes in the 3D architecture of the receptors, as the basis of ligand selectivity, efficacy, and regulation of the molecular functions of the receptors. Constituent structural motifs cooperatively transform ligand selectivity into specific functions, thus conceptualizing the primacy of the 3D structure over individual motifs of receptors. This review covers the new data elucidating the structural dynamics of AngII receptors and how structural knowledge can be transformative in understanding the mechanisms underlying the physiology of AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuraijam Dhanachandra Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sadashiva S. Karnik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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18
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Inhibition of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor AT 2R is a novel therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116289119. [PMID: 35917342 PMCID: PMC9371711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116289119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignant primary brain tumor with limited therapeutic options. We show that the angiotensin II (AngII) type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a therapeutic target for GBM and that AngII, endogenously produced in GBM cells, promotes proliferation through AT2R. We repurposed EMA401, an AT2R antagonist originally developed as a peripherally restricted analgesic, for GBM and showed that it inhibits the proliferation of AT2R-expressing GBM spheroids and blocks their invasiveness and angiogenic capacity. The crystal structure of AT2R bound to EMA401 was determined and revealed the receptor to be in an active-like conformation with helix-VIII blocking G-protein or β-arrestin recruitment. The architecture and interactions of EMA401 in AT2R differ drastically from complexes of AT2R with other relevant compounds. To enhance central nervous system (CNS) penetration of EMA401, we exploited the crystal structure to design an angiopep-2-tethered EMA401 derivative, A3E. A3E exhibited enhanced CNS penetration, leading to reduced tumor volume, inhibition of proliferation, and increased levels of apoptosis in an orthotopic xenograft model of GBM.
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19
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Moore GJ, Ridgway H, Kelaidonis K, Chasapis CT, Ligielli I, Mavromoustakos T, Bojarska J, Matsoukas JM. Actions of Novel Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Drugs, Bisartans, Relevant for COVID-19 Therapy: Biased Agonism at Angiotensin Receptors and the Beneficial Effects of Neprilysin in the Renin Angiotensin System. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27154854. [PMID: 35956801 PMCID: PMC9369639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension and potentially in SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit inverse agonist effects at angiotensin AR1 receptors, suggesting the receptor may have evolved to accommodate naturally occurring angiotensin ‘antipeptides’. Screening of the human genome has identified a peptide (EGVYVHPV) encoded by mRNA, complementary to that encoding ANG II itself, which is an inverse agonist. Thus, opposite strands of DNA encode peptides with opposite effects at AR1 receptors. Agonism and inverse agonism at AR1 receptors can be explained by a receptor ‘switching’ between an activated state invoking receptor dimerization/G protein coupling and an inverse agonist state mediated by an alternative/second messenger that is slow to reverse. Both receptor states appear to be driven by the formation of the ANG II charge-relay system involving TyrOH-His/imidazole-Carboxylate (analogous to serine proteases). In this system, tyrosinate species formed are essential for activating AT1 and AT2 receptors. ANGII is also known to bind to the zinc-coordinated metalloprotease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) used by the COVID-19 virus to enter cells. Here we report in silico results demonstrating the binding of a new class of anionic biphenyl-tetrazole sartans (‘Bisartans’) to the active site zinc atom of the endopeptidase Neprilysin (NEP) involved in regulating hypertension, by modulating humoral levels of beneficial vasoactive peptides in the RAS such as vasodilator angiotensin (1–7). In vivo and modeling evidence further suggest Bisartans can inhibit ANG II-induced pulmonary edema and may be useful in combatting SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting ACE2-mediated viral entry to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, New Mexico, NM 88056, USA
| | | | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
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20
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Cong X, Zhang X, Liang X, He X, Tang Y, Zheng X, Lu S, Zhang J, Chen T. Delineating the conformational landscape and intrinsic properties of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor using a computational study. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:2268-2279. [PMID: 35615027 PMCID: PMC9117689 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key regulator for the renin-angiotensin system, a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R), plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Compared with other GPCRs, AT2R has a unique antagonist-bound conformation and its mechanism is still an enigma. Here, we applied combined dynamic and evolutional approaches to investigate the conformational space and intrinsic properties of AT2R. With molecular dynamic simulations, Markov State Models, and statistics coupled analysis, we captured the conformational landscape of AT2R and identified its uniquity from both dynamical and evolutional viewpoints. A cryptic pocket was also discovered in the intermediate state during conformation transitions. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the AT2R mechanism at an atomic level and provide hints for the design of novel AT2R modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Cong
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xinheng He
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yehua Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
- Corresponding authors.
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21
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Speck D, Kleinau G, Szczepek M, Kwiatkowski D, Catar R, Philippe A, Scheerer P. Angiotensin and Endothelin Receptor Structures With Implications for Signaling Regulation and Pharmacological Targeting. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:880002. [PMID: 35518926 PMCID: PMC9063481 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.880002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the endothelin (ET) type A (ETAR) and type B (ETBR) receptors, angiotensin (AT) type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptors, are peptide-binding class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) acting in a physiologically overlapping context. Angiotensin receptors (ATRs) are involved in regulating cell proliferation, as well as cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and endothelial functions. They are important therapeutic targets for several diseases or pathological conditions, such as hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and cancer. Endothelin receptors (ETRs) are expressed primarily in blood vessels, but also in the central nervous system or epithelial cells. They regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis. Pathogenic conditions associated with ETR dysfunctions include cancer and pulmonary hypertension. While both receptor groups are activated by their respective peptide agonists, pathogenic autoantibodies (auto-Abs) can also activate the AT1R and ETAR accompanied by respective clinical conditions. To date, the exact mechanisms and differences in binding and receptor-activation mediated by auto-Abs as opposed to endogenous ligands are not well understood. Further, several questions regarding signaling regulation in these receptors remain open. In the last decade, several receptor structures in the apo- and ligand-bound states were determined with protein X-ray crystallography using conventional synchrotrons or X-ray Free-Electron Lasers (XFEL). These inactive and active complexes provide detailed information on ligand binding, signal induction or inhibition, as well as signal transduction, which is fundamental for understanding properties of different activity states. They are also supportive in the development of pharmacological strategies against dysfunctions at the receptors or in the associated signaling axis. Here, we summarize current structural information for the AT1R, AT2R, and ETBR to provide an improved molecular understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Speck
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Szczepek
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kwiatkowski
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aurélie Philippe
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Structural insights into the peptide selectivity and activation of human neuromedin U receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2045. [PMID: 35440625 PMCID: PMC9019041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29683-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs), including NMUR1 and NMUR2, are a group of Gq/11-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). NMUR1 and NMUR2 play distinct, pleiotropic physiological functions in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS), respectively, according to their distinct tissue distributions. These receptors are stimulated by two endogenous neuropeptides, neuromedin U and S (NMU and NMS) with similar binding affinities. NMURs have gathered attention as potential drug targets for obesity and inflammatory disorders. Specifically, selective agonists for NMUR2 in peripheral tissue show promising long-term anti-obesity effects with fewer CNS-related side effects. However, the mechanisms of peptide binding specificity and receptor activation remain elusive. Here, we report four cryo-electron microscopy structures of Gq chimera-coupled NMUR1 and NMUR2 in complexes with NMU and NMS. These structures reveal the conserved overall peptide-binding mode and the mechanism of peptide selectivity for specific NMURs, as well as the common activation mechanism of the NMUR subfamily. Together, these findings provide insights into the molecular basis of the peptide recognition and offer an opportunity for the design of the selective drugs targeting NMURs. Neuromedin U receptors (NMURs) are potential drug targets for obesity and inflammatory disorders. Here, the authors report structural basis for neuromedin recognition and activation mechanism of NMURs.
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23
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Ben Boubaker R, Tiss A, Henrion D, Guissouma H, Chabbert M. Evolutionary information helps understand distinctive features of the angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2 in amniota. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009732. [PMID: 35202400 PMCID: PMC8870451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the octopeptide angiotensin II (AngII) is an important in vivo regulator of the cardiovascular system. It acts mainly through two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2. To better understand distinctive features of these receptors, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis that revealed a mirror evolution of AT1 and AT2, each one split into two clades, separating fish from terrestrial receptors. It also revealed that hallmark mutations occurred at, or near, the sodium binding site in both AT1 and AT2. Electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations support maintained sodium binding to human AT1 with slow ingress from the extracellular side and an electrostatic component of the binding free energy around -3kT, to be compared to around -2kT for human AT2 and the δ opioid receptor. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in wild type and mutated AT1 and AT2 from humans and eels indicates that the allosteric control by sodium in both AT1 and AT2 evolved during the transition from fish to amniota. The unusual S7.46N mutation in AT1 is mirrored by a L3.36M mutation in AT2. In the presence of sodium, the N7.46 pattern in amniota AT1 stabilizes the inward orientation of N3.35 in the apo receptor, which should contribute to efficient N3.35 driven biased signaling. The M3.36 pattern in amniota AT2 favours the outward orientation of N3.35 and the receptor promiscuity. Both mutations have physiological consequences for the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The analysis of protein sequences from different species can reveal interesting trends in the structural and functional evolution of a protein family. Here, we analyze the evolution of two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2, which bind the angiotensin II peptide and are important regulators of the cardiovascular system. We show that these receptors underwent a mirror evolution. Specific mutations at, or near, the sodium binding pocket occurred in both AT1 and AT2 during the transition to terrestrial life. We carried out electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations to decipher the details of the sodium binding mode in eel and human receptors, as prototypes of fish and amniota receptors. Our results indicate that sodium binding is kinetically slow but thermodynamically stable. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in eel and human receptors reveals that an unusual mutation in the sodium binding pocket of AT1 is critical for biased signaling of amniota AT1 whereas a mutation in AT2 promotes promiscuity of amniota AT2. In turn, these data indicate that a few mutations at a strategic position (here the sodium binding pocket) are an efficient way to gain functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Boubaker
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- INSAT de Tunis, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisie
| | - Daniel Henrion
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Marie Chabbert
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Cryo-EM structures of human bradykinin receptor-G q proteins complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:714. [PMID: 35132089 PMCID: PMC8821558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 bradykinin receptor (B2R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) in the cardiovascular system, and the dysfunction of B2R leads to inflammation, hereditary angioedema, and pain. Bradykinin and kallidin are both endogenous peptide agonists of B2R, acting as vasodilators to protect the cardiovascular system. Here we determine two cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human B2R-Gq in complex with bradykinin and kallidin at 3.0 Å and 2.9 Å resolution, respectively. The ligand-binding pocket accommodates S-shaped peptides, with aspartic acids and glutamates as an anion trap. The phenylalanines at the tail of the peptides induce significant conformational changes in the toggle switch W2836.48, the conserved PIF, DRY, and NPxxY motifs, for the B2R activation. This further induces the extensive interactions of the intracellular loops ICL2/3 and helix 8 with Gq proteins. Our structures elucidate the molecular mechanisms for the ligand binding, receptor activation, and Gq proteins coupling of B2R.
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25
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Tilianin: A Potential Natural Lead Molecule for New Drug Design and Development for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030673. [PMID: 35163934 PMCID: PMC8838974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) are the leading risk factor for death worldwide, and research into the processes and treatment regimens has received a lot of attention. Tilianin is a flavonoid glycoside that can be found in a wide range of medicinal plants and is most commonly obtained from Dracocephalum moldavica. Due to its extensive range of biological actions, it has become a well-known molecule in recent years. In particular, numerous studies have shown that tilianin has cardioprotective properties against CVDs. Hence, this review summarises tilianin’s preclinical research in CVDs, as well as its mechanism of action and opportunities in future drug development. The physicochemical and drug-likeness properties, as well as the toxicity profile, were also highlighted. Tilianin can be a natural lead molecule in the therapy of CVDs such as coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, hypertension, and myocardial ischemia, according to scientific evidence. Free radical scavenging, inflammation control, mitochondrial function regulation, and related signalling pathways are all thought to play a role in tilianin’s cardioprotective actions. Finally, we discuss tilianin-derived compounds, as well as the limitations and opportunities of using tilianin as a lead molecule in drug development for CVDs. Overall, the scientific evidence presented in this review supports that tilianin and its derivatives could be used as a lead molecule in CVD drug development initiatives.
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26
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Krishna Deepak RNV, Verma RK, Hartono YD, Yew WS, Fan H. Recent Advances in Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Class A Lipid GPCRs: Opportunities and Challenges for Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:12. [PMID: 35056070 PMCID: PMC8779880 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past decade in understanding the structural, functional, and pharmacological diversity of lipid GPCRs. From the first determination of the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin in 2000, much progress has been made in the field of GPCR structural biology. The extraordinary progress in structural biology and pharmacology of GPCRs, coupled with rapid advances in computational approaches to study receptor dynamics and receptor-ligand interactions, has broadened our comprehension of the structural and functional facets of the receptor family members and has helped usher in a modern age of structure-based drug design and development. First, we provide a primer on lipid mediators and lipid GPCRs and their role in physiology and diseases as well as their value as drug targets. Second, we summarize the current advancements in the understanding of structural features of lipid GPCRs, such as the structural variation of their extracellular domains, diversity of their orthosteric and allosteric ligand binding sites, and molecular mechanisms of ligand binding. Third, we close by collating the emerging paradigms and opportunities in targeting lipid GPCRs, including a brief discussion on current strategies, challenges, and the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. V. Krishna Deepak
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Yossa Dwi Hartono
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
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27
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Yin YL, Ye C, Zhou F, Wang J, Yang D, Yin W, Wang MW, Xu HE, Jiang Y. Molecular basis for kinin selectivity and activation of the human bradykinin receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:755-761. [PMID: 34518695 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-021-00645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin and kallidin are endogenous kinin peptide hormones that belong to the kallikrein-kinin system and are essential to the regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, coagulation and pain control. Des-Arg10-kallidin, the carboxy-terminal des-Arg metabolite of kallidin, and bradykinin selectively activate two G protein-coupled receptors, type 1 and type 2 bradykinin receptors (B1R and B2R), respectively. The hyperactivation of bradykinin receptors, termed 'bradykinin storm', is associated with pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that bradykinin receptors are important targets for COVID-19 intervention. Here we report two G protein-coupled complex structures of human B1R and B2R bound to des-Arg10-kallidin and bradykinin, respectively. Combined with functional analysis, our structures reveal the mechanism of ligand selectivity and specific activation of the bradykinin receptor. These findings also provide a framework for guiding drug design targeting bradykinin receptors for the treatment of inflammation, cardiovascular disorders and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Yin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fulai Zhou
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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28
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Cooper SL, Boyle E, Jefferson SR, Heslop CRA, Mohan P, Mohanraj GGJ, Sidow HA, Tan RCP, Hill SJ, Woolard J. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Kinin-Kallikrein Systems in the Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8255. [PMID: 34361021 PMCID: PMC8347967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients may present as asymptomatic or demonstrate mild to severe and life-threatening symptoms. Although COVID-19 has a respiratory focus, there are major cardiovascular complications (CVCs) associated with infection. The reported CVCs include myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism and blood pressure abnormalities. These occur, in part, because of dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Kinin-Kallikrein System (KKS). A major route by which SARS-CoV-2 gains cellular entry is via the docking of the viral spike (S) protein to the membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The roles of ACE2 within the cardiovascular and immune systems are vital to ensure homeostasis. The key routes for the development of CVCs and the recently described long COVID have been hypothesised as the direct consequences of the viral S protein/ACE2 axis, downregulation of ACE2 and the resulting damage inflicted by the immune response. Here, we review the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of the RAAS and KKS can occur following virus infection and the future implications for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Cooper
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Sophie R. Jefferson
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Calum R. A. Heslop
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Pirathini Mohan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Gearry G. J. Mohanraj
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Hamza A. Sidow
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Rory C. P. Tan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Eckenstaler R, Sandori J, Gekle M, Benndorf RA. Angiotensin II receptor type 1 - An update on structure, expression and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114673. [PMID: 34252409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The AT1 receptor, a major effector of the renin-angiotensin system, has been extensively studied in the context of cardiovascular and renal disease. Moreover, angiotensin receptor blockers, sartans, are among the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of hypertension, chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease. However, precise molecular insights into the structure of this important drug target have not been available until recently. In this context, seminal studies have now revealed exciting new insights into the structure and biased signaling of the receptor and may thus foster the development of novel therapeutic approaches to enhance the efficacy of pharmacological angiotensin receptor antagonism or to enable therapeutic induction of biased receptor activity. In this review, we will therefore highlight these and other seminal publications to summarize the current understanding of the tertiary structure, ligand binding properties and downstream signal transduction of the AT1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Sandori
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius-Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, Germany.
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30
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Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of angiotensin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:577-587. [PMID: 33985815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled angiotensin II receptors, AT1R and AT2R, are integral components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in humans. While AT1R is a well-established target of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for managing hypertension and a prime system for studying biased signaling, AT2R has been recognized as a promising target against neuropathic pain and lung fibrosis. In this review, we discuss how recent structural advances illuminate ligand-binding modes and subtype selectivity, shared and distinct features of the receptors, their transducer-coupling patterns, and downstream signaling responses. We also underscore the key ATR aspects that require further studies to fully appreciate the mechanistic framework that fine-tunes their cellular and physiological functions, providing untapped potential for drug discovery.
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31
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Chandrabalan A, Ramachandran R. Molecular mechanisms regulating Proteinase‐Activated Receptors (PARs). FEBS J 2021; 288:2697-2726. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Western Ontario London Canada
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Ranjit A, Khajehpour S, Aghazadeh-Habashi A. Update on Angiotensin II Subtype 2 Receptor: Focus on Peptide and Nonpeptide Agonists. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:469-487. [PMID: 33795351 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the most dominant effector component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that generally acts through binding to two main classes of G protein-coupled receptors, namely Ang II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) and angiotensin II subtype 2 receptor (AT2R). Despite some controversial reports, the activation of AT2R generally antagonizes the effects of Ang II binding on AT1R. Studying AT2R signaling, function, and its specific ligands in cell culture or animal studies has confirmed its beneficial effects throughout the body. These characteristics classify AT2R as part of the protective arm of the RAS that, along with functions of Ang (1-7) through Mas receptor signaling, modulates the harmful effects of Ang II on AT1R in the activated classic arm of the RAS. Although Ang II is the primary ligand for AT2R, we have summarized other natural or synthetic peptide and nonpeptide agonists with critical evaluation of their structure, mechanism of action, and biologic activity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: AT2R is one of the main components of the RAS and has a significant prospective for mediating the beneficial action of the RAS through its protective arm on the body's homeostasis. Targeting AT2R offers substantial clinical application possibilities for modulating various pathological conditions. This review provided concise information regarding the AT2R peptide and nonpeptide agonists and their potential clinical applications for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Ranjit
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | - Sana Khajehpour
- College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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The Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor, a Target for Protection and Regeneration of the Peripheral Nervous System? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030175. [PMID: 33668331 PMCID: PMC7996246 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence, accumulated over the past decade, indicates that the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation exerts significant neuroprotective effects in various animal models of neuronal injury, notably in the central nervous system. While the atypical G protein-coupled receptor superfamily nature of AT2R and its related signaling are still under investigation, pharmacological studies have shown that stimulation of AT2R leads to neuritogenesis in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the potential neuroprotective and neuroregenerative roles of AT2R specifically in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The first section describes the evidence for AT2R expression in the PNS and highlights current controversies concerning the cellular distribution of the receptor. The second section focuses on AT2R signaling implicated in neuronal survival and in neurite outgrowth. The following sections review the relatively few preclinical studies highlighting the putative neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of AT2R stimulation in the context of peripheral neuropathy.
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Receptors | Angiotensin Receptors. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY III 2021. [PMCID: PMC8326513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is a vital hormone-receptor system that regulates cardiovascular and renal functions. In this article, we discuss exciting new findings in the RAS field. Recently solved active state crystal structures of Angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 receptor (AT2R) helped in understanding receptor activation mechanisms in detail. Also, considerable attention is given to the developments in characterizing the counter-regulatory RAS axis due to current hope for harnessing this axis for the development of protective therapies against various cardiovascular diseases. We describe the RAS component, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) functioning as cellular entry receptor for the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Altogether, these discoveries paved the way for developing novel therapies targeting different components of the RAS in the future.
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Soda K, Nakada Y, Iwanari H, Hamakubo T. AT2 receptor interacting protein 1 (ATIP1) mediates COX-2 induction by an AT2 receptor agonist in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100850. [PMID: 33381664 PMCID: PMC7767795 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 2 receptor (AT2R) is one of the major components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Nevertheless, the physiological role is not well defined compared to the understanding of the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), which is a well characterized G-protein coupled receptor in the cardiovascular system. While the AT2R signaling pathway remains unclear, AT2 receptor interacting protein 1 (ATIP1) has been identified as a candidate molecule for interacting with the C-terminal region of AT2R. In this study, we investigated the ATIP1 dependent AT2R inducible genes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). CGP42112A, an AT2R specific agonist, resulted in an upregulation of inflammatory genes in HUVECs, which were inhibited by knocking down ATIP1 with siRNA (siATIP1). Among them, we confirmed by quantitative PCR that the induction of COX-2 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated by siATIP1. COX-2 was also upregulated by Ang II stimulation. This upregulation was suppressed by treatment with the AT2R specific antagonist PD123319, which was not replicated by the AT1R antagonist telmisartan. These findings suggest that ATIP1 plays an important role in AT2R dependent inflammatory responses. This may provide a new approach to the development of cardio-protective drugs. Only the AT2 receptor interacting protein 1 (ATIP1) of ATIP isoforms expresses in endothelial cells. A novel anti-ATIP monoclonal antibody detected endogenous ATIP1 and revealed ATIP1 localization in endothelial cells. AT2 receptor (AT2R) agonist stimulation induced inflammatory gene expression via ATIP1 in endothelial cells. An AT2R specific inhibitor blocks the Ang II induction of COX-2 mRNA in endothelial cells. There is the AT2R-ATIP1 related pathway of COX-2 induction in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Soda
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Protein - Protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakada
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Protein - Protein Interaction Research, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
In this issue of Structure, Asada et al. (2019) present angiotensin receptor AT2R structure in complex with its main endogenous agonist, AngII peptide. Complementing the previous structural studies, the new complex structure sheds light on the AT2R activation mechanism and opens new avenues for drug discovery targeting this enigmatic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Vasile S, Hallberg A, Sallander J, Hallberg M, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H. Evolution of Angiotensin Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Angiotensin II Receptor Type 2 (AT2) Receptor Agonists. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E649. [PMID: 32340100 PMCID: PMC7226584 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R) are two G-protein coupled receptors that mediate most biological functions of the octapeptide Angiotensin II (Ang II). AT2R is upregulated upon tissue damage and its activation by selective AT2R agonists has become a promising approach in the search for new classes of pharmaceutical agents. We herein analyzed the chemical evolution of AT2R agonists starting from octapeptides, through shorter peptides and peptidomimetics to the first drug-like AT2R-selective agonist, C21, which is in Phase II clinical trials and aimed for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Based on the recent crystal structures of AT1R and AT2R in complex with sarile, we identified a common binding model for a series of 11 selected AT2R agonists, consisting of peptides and peptidomimetics of different length, affinity towards AT2R and selectivity versus AT1R. Subsequent molecular dynamics simulations and free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations of binding affinities allowed the identification of the bioactive conformation and common pharmacophoric points, responsible for the key interactions with the receptor, which are maintained by the drug-like agonists. The results of this study should be helpful and facilitate the search for improved and even more potent AT2R-selective drug-like agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Vasile
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Anders Hallberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jessica Sallander
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, BMC, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 591, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC (H.G.T.), Biomedical Centre (BMC), Uppsala University, P.O. BOX 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; (S.V.); (J.S.); (J.Å.)
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Abstract
The advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) in the last decade created the discipline of serial crystallography but also the challenge of how crystal samples are delivered to X-ray. Early sample delivery methods demonstrated the proof-of-concept for serial crystallography and XFEL but were beset with challenges of high sample consumption, jet clogging and low data collection efficiency. The potential of XFEL and serial crystallography as the next frontier of structural solution by X-ray for small and weakly diffracting crystals and provision of ultra-fast time-resolved structural data spawned a huge amount of scientific interest and innovation. To utilize the full potential of XFEL and broaden its applicability to a larger variety of biological samples, researchers are challenged to develop better sample delivery methods. Thus, sample delivery is one of the key areas of research and development in the serial crystallography scientific community. Sample delivery currently falls into three main systems: jet-based methods, fixed-target chips, and drop-on-demand. Huge strides have since been made in reducing sample consumption and improving data collection efficiency, thus enabling the use of XFEL for many biological systems to provide high-resolution, radiation damage-free structural data as well as time-resolved dynamics studies. This review summarizes the current main strategies in sample delivery and their respective pros and cons, as well as some future direction.
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