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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Thermodynamics and Transport Properties of CBD and Δ9-THC: A first attempt using Molecular Dynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Cannabinoids: Challenges, opportunities and current techniques towards its extraction and purification for edibles. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Simple Extraction of Cannabinoids from Female Inflorescences of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185868. [PMID: 36144607 PMCID: PMC9504406 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The high interest in non-psychoactive cannabidiol increases the need for efficient and straightforward cannabidiol (CBD) extraction methods. The research aimed to compare simple methods of cannabinoid extraction that do not require advanced laboratory equipment. This work assesses the content of total CBD and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in popular solvents such as water and ethanol extracts. Hemp raw material was analyzed with Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), while extracts were tested by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The female inflorescences of three varieties of industrial hemp were tested: Futura 75, KC Dora, and Tygra (different sowing and N fertilization densities). Tygra (T/10/30) showed the highest content of CBD (0.064%) in water extracts. However, in 80% tincture from Futura 75 (F/30/30), a higher CBD content of 1.393% was observed. The use of 96% ethanol for extraction and ultrasound enabled the highest CBD content to be obtained: 2.682% in Futura 75 (F/30/30). Cold water extraction showed no effect on Δ9-THC content, while hot water extraction increased content from 0.001% in KC Dora to 0.002% in Futura 75 (F/30/30) and Tygra, but the changes were statistically insignificant. Application of 80% ethanol revealed the significantly highest content of Δ9-THC in KC Dora, from 0.026% (K/30/90) to 0.057% (K/30/30), as well as in Tygra (T/30/30) (0.036%) and Futura 75 (F/30/30) (0.048%). The use of ethanol extraction in combination with ultrasound could be an efficient method of obtaining cannabinoids.
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Jokić S, Jerković I, Pavić V, Aladić K, Molnar M, Kovač MJ, Vladimir-Knežević S. Terpenes and Cannabinoids in Supercritical CO 2 Extracts of Industrial Hemp Inflorescences: Optimization of Extraction, Antiradical and Antibacterial Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091117. [PMID: 36145338 PMCID: PMC9502342 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products are increasingly in demand in dermatology and cosmetology. In the present study, highly valuable supercritical CO2 (sCO2) extracts rich in bioactive compounds with antiradical and antibacterial activity were obtained from the inflorescences of industrial hemp. Volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while cannabinoids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Extraction yields varied from 0.75 to 8.83%, depending on the pressure and temperature applied. The extract obtained at 320 bar and 40 °C with the highest content (305.8 µg mg-1) of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) showed the best antiradical properties. All tested extract concentrations from 10.42 µg mL-1 to 66.03 µg mL-1 possessed inhibitory activities against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. The sCO2 extract with the highest content of cannabidiol (CBD) and rich in α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, and limonene was the most effective. The optimal conditions for sCO2 extraction of cannabinoids and volatile terpenes from industrial hemp were determined. The temperature of 60 °C proved to be optimal for all responses studied, while the pressure showed a different effect depending on the compounds targeted. A low pressure of 131.2 bar was optimal for the extraction of monoterpenes, while extracts rich in sesquiterpenes were obtained at 319.7 bar. A high pressure of 284.78 bar was optimal for the extraction of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Igor Jerković
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-329-461
| | - Valentina Pavić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Aladić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Molnar
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Jakovljević Kovač
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanda Vladimir-Knežević
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Pilařová V, Hadysová Z, Švec F, Nováková L. Supercritical fluids in analysis of cannabinoids in various Cannabis products. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Jastrząb A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Skrzydlewska E. The Origin and Biomedical Relevance of Cannabigerol. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147929. [PMID: 35887277 PMCID: PMC9322760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant search for new pharmacologically active compounds, especially those that do not exhibit toxic effects, intensifies the interest in plant-based ingredients and their potential use in pharmacotherapy. One of the plants that has great therapeutic potential is Cannabis sativa L., a source of the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), namely cannabidiol (CBD), which exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and cannabigerol (CBG)-a biologically active compound that is present in much smaller quantities. CBG is generated during the non-enzymatic decarboxylation of cannabigerolic acid, a key compound in the process of biosynthesis of phytocannabinoids and consequently the precursor to various phytocannabinoids. By interacting with G-protein-coupled receptors, CBG exhibits a wide range of biological activities, inter alia, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal activities, regulation of the redox balance, and neuromodulatory effects. Due to the wide spectrum of biological activities, CBG seems to be a very promising compound to be used in the treatment of diseases that require multidirectional pharmacotherapy. Moreover, it is suggested that due to the relatively rapid metabolism of cannabigerol, determination of the concentration of the phytocannabinoid in blood or oral fluid can be used to determine cannabis use. Therefore, it seems obvious that new therapeutic approaches using CBG can be expected.
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Valizadehderakhshan M, Kazem-Rostami M, Shahbazi A, Azami M, Bhowmik A, Wang L. Refining Cannabidiol Using Wiped-Film Molecular Distillation: Experimentation, Process Modeling, and Prediction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Valizadehderakhshan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Masoud Kazem-Rostami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Abolghasem Shahbazi
- Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Mahsa Azami
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN), University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Arnab Bhowmik
- Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Lijun Wang
- Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
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Fernández S, Carreras T, Castro R, Perelmuter K, Giorgi V, Vila A, Rosales A, Pazos M, Moyna G, Carrera I, Bollati-Fogolín M, García-Carnelli C, Carrera I, Vieitez I. A comparative study of supercritical fluid and ethanol extracts of cannabis inflorescences: Chemical profile and biological activity. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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10
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Karğılı U, Aytaç E. Supercritical fluid extraction of cannabinoids (THC and CBD) from four different strains of cannabis grown in different regions. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kornpointner C, Sainz Martinez A, Schnürch M, Halbwirth H, Bica-Schröder K. Combined ionic liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide based dynamic extraction of six cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:10079-10089. [PMID: 35002535 PMCID: PMC8667783 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc03516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potential of supercritical CO2 and ionic liquids (ILs) as alternatives to traditional extraction of natural compounds from plant material is of increasing importance. Both techniques offer several advantages over conventional extraction methods. These two alternatives have been separately employed on numerous ocassions, however, until now, they have never been combined for the extraction of secondary metabolites from natural sources, despite properties that complement each other perfectly. Herein, we present the first application of an IL-based dynamic supercritical CO2 extraction of six cannabinoids (CBD, CBDA, Δ9-THC, THCA, CBG and CBGA) from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Various process parameters were optimized, i.e., IL-based pre-treatment time and pre-treatment temperature, as well as pressure and temperature during supercritical fluid extraction. In addition, the impact of different ILs on cannabinoid extraction yield was evaluated, namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, choline acetate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate. This novel technique exhibits a synergistic effect that allows the solvent-free acquisition of cannabinoids from industrial hemp, avoiding further processing steps and the additional use of resources. The newly developed IL-based supercritical CO2 extraction results in high yields of the investigated cannabinoids, thus, demonstrating an effective and reliable alternative to established extraction methods. Ultimately, the ILs can be recycled to reduce costs and to improve the sustainability of the developed extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kornpointner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/166 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Aitor Sainz Martinez
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/166 1060 Vienna Austria
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Application of a liquisolid technique to cannabis sativa extract compacts: Effect of liquid vehicles on the dissolution enhancement and stability of cannabinoids. Int J Pharm 2021; 612:121277. [PMID: 34774694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application of liquisolid technique to enhance cannabinoid dissolution from Cannabis sativa L. (CS) compacts. Effects of five vehicles, namely, volatile (ethanol) and nonvolatile (caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides, polyethylene glycol 400, oleoyl macrogolglycerides and polysorbate 20) liquids, on tablet properties, dissolution and stability were investigated. The viscid oleoresin CS extract was mixed with vehicles before being transformed into free-flowing powder by the use of microcrystalline cellulose and colloidal silica as carrier and coating materials. Liquid vehicles had a nonsignificant effect on liquid load factor of CS extract. CS liquisolid compacts had acceptable tableting properties in terms of weight variation, friability, hardness, content uniformity and disintegration time. Different vehicles affected the hardness, disintegration, and wettability of CS compacts and thus the dissolution behaviors of cannabinoids to different extents. Dissolutions of cannabinoids from CS compacts were rate-limited by the disintegration process. Liquisolid formulations using nonvolatile liquids with low polarity or high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance yielded more than 90% cannabinoid dissolution. Stability studies revealed nonsignificant changes in tablet characteristics, cannabinoid content and dissolutions of CS compacts when stored at 5 ± 3 °C for 3 months. This work presents a general concept of how to successfully formulate CS extract with cannabinoid dissolution enhancement characteristics.
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The impact of extraction protocol on the chemical profile of cannabis extracts from a single cultivar. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21801. [PMID: 34750475 PMCID: PMC8575894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a dramatic shift in cannabis legislation around the world. Cannabis products are now widely available and commercial production and use of phytocannabinoid products is rapidly growing. However, this growth is outpacing the research needed to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of the myriad of chemical compounds found primarily in the flower of the female cannabis plant. This lack of research and corresponding regulation has resulted in processing methods, products, and terminology that are variable and confusing for consumers. Importantly, the impact of processing methods on the resulting chemical profile of full spectrum cannabis extracts is not well understood. As a first step in addressing this knowledge gap we have utilized a combination of analytical approaches to characterize the broad chemical composition of a single cannabis cultivar that was processed using previously optimized and commonly used commercial extraction protocols including alcoholic solvents and super critical carbon dioxide. Significant variation in the bioactive chemical profile was observed in the extracts resulting from the different protocols demonstrating the need for further research regarding the influence of processing on therapeutic efficacy as well as the importance of labeling in the marketing of multi-component cannabis products.
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Meehan-Atrash J, Rahman I. Cannabis Vaping: Existing and Emerging Modalities, Chemistry, and Pulmonary Toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2169-2179. [PMID: 34622654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) has been cause for concern to the medical community, particularly given that this novel illness has coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, another cause of severe pulmonary illness. Though cannabis e-cigarettes tainted with vitamin E acetate were primarily associated with EVALI, acute lung injuries stemming from cannabis inhalation were reported in the literature prior to 2019, and it has been suggested that cannabis components or additives other than vitamin E acetate may be responsible. Despite these concerning issues, novel cannabis vaporizer ingredients continue to arise, such as Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol, hexahydrocannabinol, and cannabichromene. In order to address cannabis e-cigarette safety and vaping in an effective manner, we provide a comprehensive knowledge of the latest products, delivery modes, and ingredients. This perspective highlights the types of cannabis vaping modalities common to the United States cannabis market, with special attention to cartridge-type cannabis e-cigarette toxicology and their involvement in the EVALI outbreak, in particular, acute lung injurious responses. Novel ingredient chemistry, origins, and legal statuses are reviewed, as well as the toxicology of known cannabis e-cigarette aerosol components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiries Meehan-Atrash
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
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Kerner K, Jõudu I, Tänavots A, Venskutonis PR. Application of Raw and Defatted by Supercritical CO 2 Hemp Seed Press-Cake and Sweet Grass Antioxidant Extract in Pork Burger Patties. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081904. [PMID: 34441680 PMCID: PMC8392599 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing tendency toward the application of plant origin ingredients in meat products. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of pork burger patties produced with the addition of dried raw and defatted by supercritical CO2 extraction hemp seed press-cake as protein-rich ingredients (1.5–2.0%) and sweet grass ethanolic extract (0.5%) as a strong natural antioxidant. The main aim of using such a combination was to assess the possibility of mitigating the negative effects of hemp seed press-cake, containing approx. 10% of highly unsaturated oil, on the oxidation of meat products. The patties were compared with the control sample (without additives) during storage on days 0, 4, 8, 15, and 21 at 4 °C in modified atmosphere conditions. Plant ingredients reduced the lightness of pork patties, while their effects on other physicochemical characteristics were insignificant. The patties with fully defatted hemp seed flour showed the lowest grilling losses. Based on the measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, raw hemp seed press-cake increased the oxidative rate of pork patties; however, remarkably, the addition of sweet grass extract completely inhibited oxidation during the whole period of storage. The sensory characteristics of the products were acceptable; however, the patties with sweet grass extract received lower evaluation scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Kerner
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (I.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivi Jõudu
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (I.J.)
- ERA Chair for Food (By-) Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alo Tänavots
- Chair of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/5, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (K.K.); (I.J.)
- Chair of Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (P.R.V.); Tel.: +372-7313-450 (A.T.); +370-3745-6647 (P.R.V.)
| | - Petras Rimantas Venskutonis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (P.R.V.); Tel.: +372-7313-450 (A.T.); +370-3745-6647 (P.R.V.)
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Grijó DR, Olivo JE, da Motta Lima OC. Analysis of the different solubility data of cannabidiol in supercritical carbon dioxide described in the literature. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-021-00128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Tijani AO, Thakur D, Mishra D, Frempong D, Chukwunyere UI, Puri A. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release 2021; 334:427-451. [PMID: 33964365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate evidence exists in the literature indicating a relatively positive shift with regards to the legal acceptance of cannabis and cannabis-derived products for medicinal purposes in some countries. Concomitantly, scientists are showing renewed interest in cannabis-related research work. Over the years, clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic significance of cannabinoids for diverse indications. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop cannabis-related products into acceptable prescription products. FDA authorization for the commercial use of four cannabinoid-derived products, available as oral dosage forms is a significant progress already. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the conventional delivery forms of cannabinoids. These include low oral bioavailability due to hepatic degradation, gastric instability, poor water solubility, and the side effects experienced upon the use of high doses of psychotropic cannabinoids associated with heightened plasma concentrations of the drug. These are however, limitable with the aid of transcutaneous drug delivery. Emerging topical and transdermal strategies could be exploited for the successful development of highly effective delivery systems for cannabinoids. This review discusses the feasibility of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin and provides a comprehensive account of the supporting research studies that have been reported in the literature till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeemat O Tijani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Divya Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Dorcas Frempong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Umeh I Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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Different Cannabis sativa Extraction Methods Result in Different Biological Activities against a Colon Cancer Cell Line and Healthy Colon Cells. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030566. [PMID: 33802757 PMCID: PMC8002592 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by humans, containing hundreds of bioactive compounds. The biological effects and interplay of these compounds are far from fully understood, although the plant’s therapeutic effects are beyond doubt. Extraction methods for these compounds are becoming an integral part of modern Cannabis-based medicine. Still, little is known about how different methods affect the final composition of Cannabis extracts and thus, their therapeutic effects. In this study, different extraction methods were tested, namely maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and supercritical CO2 extraction methods. The obtained extracts were evaluated for their cannabinoid content, antioxidant properties, and in vitro bioactivity on human colon cancer and healthy colon cells. Our data suggest that Cannabis extracts, when properly prepared, can significantly decrease cancer cell viability while protecting healthy cells from cytotoxic effects. However, post-processing of extracts poses a significant limitation in predicting therapeutic response based on the composition of the crude extract, as it affects not only the actual amounts of the respective cannabinoids but also their relative ratio to the primary extracts. These effects must be carefully considered in the future preparations of new therapeutic extracts.
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19
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Qamar S, Torres YJM, Parekh HS, Robert Falconer J. Extraction of medicinal cannabinoids through supercritical carbon dioxide technologies: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1167:122581. [PMID: 33639334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical importance of cannabis is growing due to the natural non-psychoactive and psychoactive cannabinoids. For medicinal and forensic purposes, the effective extraction and quantification are essential to fully utilise the natural cannabinoids. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process has gained increasing interest due to its selective extraction, short processing time (partly due to the efficient solvent removal process - supercritical fluid to vapour - leaving a solvent free product), low running cost, and low impact on the environment, compared to that of most conventional extraction methods. In this review, the extraction of cannabinoids through SFE methods have been summarised. The advantages of SFE of cannabinoids over conventional extraction procedures; such as microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase microextraction, hard-cap espresso, soxhlet extraction, high-throughput homogenization, ultrasound-assisted extraction, vacuum distillation of lipid-based extract, and liquid-liquid extraction are discussed. Furthermore, this review examines the importance of the SFE of cannabinoids by coupling with various conventional extraction methods, separation techniques, selection of a suitable co-solvent/modifier, and appropriate sample preparation. Additionally, the applications of using SFE technology and cannabinoids are reviewed with a focus on industrial, pharmaceutical, waste by-products, and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Qamar
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Yady J M Torres
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harendra S Parekh
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James Robert Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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20
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Mastinu A, Ribaudo G, Ongaro A, Bonini SA, Memo M, Gianoncelli A. Critical Review on the Chemical Aspects of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Harmonization of Computational Bioactivity Data. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:213-237. [PMID: 32039672 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200210144847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid which represents one of the constituents of the "phytocomplex" of Cannabis sativa. This natural compound is attracting growing interest since when CBD-based remedies and commercial products were marketed. This review aims to exhaustively address the extractive and analytical approaches that have been developed for the isolation and quantification of CBD. Recent updates on cutting-edge technologies were critically examined in terms of yield, sensitivity, flexibility and performances in general, and are reviewed alongside original representative results. As an add-on to currently available contributions in the literature, the evolution of the novel, efficient synthetic approaches for the preparation of CBD, a procedure which is appealing for the pharmaceutical industry, is also discussed. Moreover, with the increasing interest on the therapeutic potential of CBD and the limited understanding of the undergoing biochemical pathways, the reader will be updated about recent in silico studies on the molecular interactions of CBD towards several different targets attempting to fill this gap. Computational data retrieved from the literature have been integrated with novel in silico experiments, critically discussed to provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the undebatable potential of CBD and its therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mastinu
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Ongaro
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Anna Bonini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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21
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Dennis DG, Sarlah D, Jensen RP, Afreh I, Jiang J, Barsanti KC, Ortiz A, Strongin RM. The influence of terpenes on the release of volatile organic compounds and active ingredients to cannabis vaping aerosols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11714-11723. [PMID: 35423635 PMCID: PMC8695911 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00934f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid and VOC emissions from vaping cannabis concentrates vary depending on terpene content, power level and consumption method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
| | - David G. Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois
- Urbana
- USA
| | | | - Isaac Afreh
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Jia Jiang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Kelley C. Barsanti
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Alisha Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry
- Portland State University
- Portland
- USA
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22
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Cannabis Sativa L.: a comprehensive review on the analytical methodologies for cannabinoids and terpenes characterization. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1637:461864. [PMID: 33422797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The global Cannabis Sativa market, including essential oils, foods, personal-care products, and medical formulations has gained much attention over the last years due to the favorable regulatory framework. Undoubtedly, the enormous interest about cannabis cultivation mainly derives from the well-known pharmacological properties of cannabinoids and terpenes biosynthesized by the plants. In this review, the most recently used analytical methodologies for detecting both cannabinoids and terpenes are described. Well-established and innovative extraction protocols, and chromatographic separations, such as GC and HPLC, are reviewed highlighting their respective advantages and drawbacks. Lastly, GC × GC techniques are also reported for accurate identification and quantification of terpenes in complex cannabis matrices.
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23
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Riboulet-Zemouli K. ‘Cannabis’ ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2050324520945797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Identify a coherent nomenclature for Cannabis sativa L. derived products and their analogues. Design Research undertaken in parallel to the three-year assessment of Cannabis derivatives by the World Health Organisation. The scope is limited to Cannabis products intended for human incorporation (internal and topical consumption). Primarily embedded in pharmacognosy, the study incorporates a wide range of scholarly and grey literature, folk knowledge, archives, pharmacopœias, international law, field pharmacy, clinical and herbal medicine data, under a philosophical scrutiny. Generic and Cannabis-specific nomenclatural frames are compared to determine the extent to which they coincide or conflict. Results All lexica reviewed use weak, ambiguous, or inconsistent terms. There is insufficient scientific basis for terms and concepts related to Cannabis at all levels. No sound classification exists: current models conflict by adopting idiosyncratic, partial, outdated, or utilitarian schemes to arrange the extraordinarily numerous and diverse derivatives of the C. sativa plant. In law and policy, no clear or unequivocal boundary between herbal and non-herbal drugs, nor natural and synthetic cannabinoids was found; current nomenclatures need updates. In science, the botanical Cannabis lexicon overlooks parthenocarpy, and wide disagreement remains as to the taxonomy and systematics of the plant; chemical research should address differences in kinds between synthetic cannabinoids; pharmacopœias include little information related to Cannabis, and disagree on broader classes of herbal medicines, virtually failing to embrace many known Cannabis medicines. Since existing products and compounds fail to be categorised in an evidence-based manner, confusions will likely increase as novel cannabinoid compounds, genetic and biotechnological modifications surge. Conclusions The lack of clarity is comprehensive: for patients, physicians, and regulators. This study proposes an update of terms at several levels. It points at gaps in morphological descriptions in botany and pharmacognosy and a need for a metaphysical address of cannabinoids. Methods of obtention are identified as a common criterion to distinguish products; the way forward suggests a mutually exclusive nomenclatural pattern based on the smallest common denominator of obtention methods. In the context of a swelling number of Cannabis products being consumed (be it via medical prescription, adult-use, ‘hemp’ foodstuff and cosmetics, or other purposes), this study can assist research, contribute to transparent labelling of products, consumer safety and awareness, pharmacovigilance, medical standards of care, and an update of prevention and harm reduction approaches. It can also better inform regulatory policies surrounding C. sativa, its derivatives, and other cannabinoid-containing products.
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24
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Wylie ADL, Abbatt JPD. Heterogeneous Ozonolysis of Tetrahydrocannabinol: Implications for Thirdhand Cannabis Smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14215-14223. [PMID: 33147000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirdhand smoke (THS) deposits to surfaces following smoking events and is a source of chemical exposure to humans. However, the evolution of THS in indoor environments is not well understood. Cannabis THS is a chemically distinct and prevalent form of THS, which has not been studied. The heterogeneous reaction of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a major component of cannabis smoke, with ozone was examined as a pure compound and within cannabis smoke. Oxidative decay via ozonolysis and product formation were monitored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Epoxide, dicarbonyl, and secondary ozonide THC reaction products were detected from both pure THC and cannabis experiments, with the product ratios dependent on relative humidity. The observed reaction kinetics for loss of THC on glass and cotton surfaces are consistent with a relatively short loss lifetime, which will be strongly dependent on the film thickness, ozone mixing ratio, and ozone reactivity of the surface substrate. The low volatility of THC and its oxidation products suggest that their contributions to thirdhand cannabis smoke will be less significant than the role that nicotine plays in thirdhand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D L Wylie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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25
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Supercritical fluid technologies applied to the extraction of compounds of industrial interest from Cannabis sativa L. and to their pharmaceutical formulations: A review. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Vági E, Balázs M, Komoczi A, Mihalovits M, Székely E. Fractionation of phytocannabinoids from industrial hemp residues with high-pressure technologies. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Extraction of cannabinoids from hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using high pressure solvents: An overview of different processing options. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Rochfort S, Isbel A, Ezernieks V, Elkins A, Vincent D, Deseo MA, Spangenberg GC. Utilisation of Design of Experiments Approach to Optimise Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Medicinal Cannabis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9124. [PMID: 32499550 PMCID: PMC7272408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide supercritical fluid extraction (CO2 SFE) is a clean and cost-effective method of extracting cannabinoids from cannabis. Using design of experiment methodologies an optimised protocol for extraction of medicinal cannabis bud material (population of mixed plants, combined THC:CBD approximately 1:1.5) was developed at a scale of one kg per extraction. Key variables investigated were CO2 flow rate, extraction time and extraction pressure. A total of 15 batches were analysed for process development using a two-level, full factorial design of experiments for three variable factors over eleven batches. The initial eleven batches demonstrated that CO2 flow rate has the most influence on the overall yield and recovery of the key cannabinoids, particularly CBD. The additional four batches were conducted as replicated runs at high flow rates to determine reproducibility. The highest extraction weight of 71 g (7.1%) was obtained under high flow rate (150 g/min), with long extraction time (600 min) at high pressure (320 bar). This method also gave the best recoveries of THC and CBD. This is the first study to report the repeated extraction of large amounts of cannabis (total 15 kg) to optimise the CO2 SFE extraction process for a pharmaceutical product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rochfort
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
| | - Ashley Isbel
- PharmOut, Burwood East, Victoria, 3151, Australia
| | - Vilnis Ezernieks
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Aaron Elkins
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - Myrna A Deseo
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
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Selective Extraction of Cannabinoid Compounds from Cannabis Seed Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061335. [PMID: 32183432 PMCID: PMC7144126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals of Cannabis sativa mainly for the use in the different industries are that of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is seen as an efficient, fast, green extraction technique for the removal of polar and semi-polar compounds from plant materials. The PHWE technique was applied to extract cannabinoid compounds from Cannabis sativa seed. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of extraction time (5-60 min), extraction temperature (50-200 °C) and collector vessel temperature (25-200 °C) on the recovery of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBG) and cannabigerol (CBC) from Cannabis sativa seed by PHWE. The identification and semi quantification of cannabinoid compounds were determined using GCXGC-TOFMS. The results obtained from different extractions show that the amount of THC and CBN was drastically decreasing in the liquid extract when the temperature rose from 140 to 160 °C in the extraction cell and the collector's vessel. The optimal conditions to extract more CBD, CBC, and CBG than THC and CBN were set at 150 °C, 160 °C and 45 min as extraction temperature, the temperature at collector vessel, and the extraction time, respectively. At this condition, the predicted and experimental ratio of THCt (THC + CBN)/CBDt (CBD + CBC+ CBG) was found to be 0.17 and 0.18, respectively. Therefore, PHWE can be seen as an alternative to the classic extraction approach as the efficiency is higher and it is environmentally friendly.
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30
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Meehan-Atrash J, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Strongin RM. Aerosol Gas-Phase Components from Cannabis E-Cigarettes and Dabbing: Mechanistic Insight and Quantitative Risk Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16111-16120. [PMID: 31592479 PMCID: PMC6777088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of cannabis by nontraditional methods has surged since the advent of legalization in North America and worldwide. Inhaling cannabis extracts using vaporizers and via dabbing has risen in popularity, while concerns over product safety have not hindered their proliferation. The work herein is the first step toward assessing the safety of vaporizing and dabbing concentrated cannabis extracts as a function of gas-phase reaction products. The gas-phase thermal degradants of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have not been previously investigated. It was found that users may be exposed to concerning degradants such as methacrolein, benzene, and methyl vinyl ketone when using cartridge vaporizers and dabbing. It was shown that THC alone and mixed with terpenes generated similar degradation products and, most notably, elevated levels of isoprene. Importantly, it was shown that added terpenes led to higher levels of gas-phase products compared to THC alone. To estimate cancer and noncancer risks associated with exposure to these and other degradants, quantitative risk assessment was applied to experimentally determined values for dabbing and vaping and literature-sourced levels of hazardous components in cannabis smoke. Overall, gas-phase aerosol products had significantly lower values in dabbing and vaporizing compared to cannabis smoking, although these results should be interpreted in light of potential variations in degradant levels due to disparate usage patterns and the dangers of the higher aerosol concentration of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiries Meehan-Atrash
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Kevin J. McWhirter
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
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31
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Fine J, Lackner R, Samudrala R, Chopra G. Computational chemoproteomics to understand the role of selected psychoactives in treating mental health indications. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13155. [PMID: 31511563 PMCID: PMC6739337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed the Computational Analysis of Novel Drug Opportunities (CANDO) platform to infer homology of drug behaviour at a proteomic level by constructing and analysing structural compound-proteome interaction signatures of 3,733 compounds with 48,278 proteins in a shotgun manner. We applied the CANDO platform to predict putative therapeutic properties of 428 psychoactive compounds that belong to the phenylethylamine, tryptamine, and cannabinoid chemical classes for treating mental health indications. Our findings indicate that these 428 psychoactives are among the top-ranked predictions for a significant fraction of mental health indications, demonstrating a significant preference for treating such indications over non-mental health indications, relative to randomized controls. Also, we analysed the use of specific tryptamines for the treatment of sleeping disorders, bupropion for substance abuse disorders, and cannabinoids for epilepsy. Our innovative use of the CANDO platform may guide the identification and development of novel therapies for mental health indications and provide an understanding of their causal basis on a detailed mechanistic level. These predictions can be used to provide new leads for preclinical drug development for mental health and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Lackner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ram Samudrala
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Integrative Data Science Initiative, Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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32
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Welling MT, Liu L, Hazekamp A, Dowell A, King GJ. Developing Robust Standardised Analytical Procedures for Cannabinoid Quantification: Laying the Foundations for an Emerging Cannabis-Based Pharmaceutical Industry. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2019; 2:1-13. [PMID: 34676328 PMCID: PMC8489335 DOI: 10.1159/000496868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Cannabis is a prolific producer of unique pharmaceutically relevant metabolites, commonly referred to as cannabinoids. Robust and standardised methods for the quantification of cannabinoids within botanical and drug forms is a critical step forward for an emerging Cannabis-based pharmaceutical industry, which is poised for rapid expansion. Despite a growing body of analytical methods for the quantification of cannabinoids, few have been validated using internationally accredited guidelines. Moreover, standardised methods have yet to be developed for application at various stages of manufacture as well as for different levels of processing and refinement. Validation parameters for establishing robust standardised methods for cannabinoid quantification within Cannabis-based drug forms are critically discussed. Determining an appropriate level of specificity (discrimination) among heterogeneous botanical matrices as well as evaluating accuracy (recovery) and inter-laboratory precision (reproducibility) within strict and volatile regulatory environments are potential obstacles to the establishment of robust analytical procedures. We argue that while some of these challenges remain unique to Cannabis, others are common to botanical-based drug development and manufacture. In order to address potential barriers to analytical method standardisation, a collaborative research initiative inclusive of academic and commercial stakeholders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arno Hazekamp
- Hazekamp Herbal Consulting BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley Dowell
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham J. King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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33
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King JW. The relationship between cannabis/hemp use in foods and processing methodology. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Analysis of the antitumor activity of bioactive compounds of Cannabis flowers extracted by green solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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35
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Extraction, isolation and purification of tetrahydrocannabinol from the Cannabis sativa L. plant using supercritical fluid extraction and solid phase extraction. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Ribeiro Grijó D, Vieitez Osorio IA, Cardozo-Filho L. Supercritical Extraction Strategies Using CO2 and Ethanol to Obtain Cannabinoid Compounds from Cannabis Hybrid Flowers. J CO2 UTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Ramirez CL, Fanovich MA, Churio MS. Cannabinoids: Extraction Methods, Analysis, and Physicochemical Characterization. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64183-0.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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38
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Grijó DR, Vieitez Osorio IA, Cardozo-Filho L. Supercritical extraction strategies using CO2 and ethanol to obtain cannabinoid compounds from Cannabis hybrid flowers. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kitrytė V, Bagdonaitė D, Rimantas Venskutonis P. Biorefining of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) threshing residues into cannabinoid and antioxidant fractions by supercritical carbon dioxide, pressurized liquid and enzyme-assisted extractions. Food Chem 2018; 267:420-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rovetto LJ, Aieta NV. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brighenti V, Pellati F, Steinbach M, Maran D, Benvenuti S. Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:228-236. [PMID: 28609672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work was aimed at the development and validation of a new, efficient and reliable technique for the analysis of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) inflorescences belonging to different varieties. This study was designed to identify samples with a high content of bioactive compounds, with a view to underscoring the importance of quality control in derived products as well. Different extraction methods, including dynamic maceration (DM), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) were applied and compared in order to obtain a high yield of the target analytes from hemp. Dynamic maceration for 45min with ethanol (EtOH) at room temperature proved to be the most suitable technique for the extraction of cannabinoids in hemp samples. The analysis of the target analytes in hemp extracts was carried out by developing a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with diode array (UV/DAD) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection, by using an ion trap mass analyser. An Ascentis Express C18 column (150mm×3.0mm I.D., 2.7μm) was selected for the HPLC analysis, with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in both water and acetonitrile, under gradient elution. The application of the fused-core technology allowed us to obtain a significant improvement of the HPLC performance compared with that of conventional particulate stationary phases, with a shorter analysis time and a remarkable reduction of solvent usage. The analytical method optimized in this study was fully validated to show compliance with international requirements. Furthermore, it was applied to the characterization of nine hemp samples and six hemp-based pharmaceutical products. As such, it was demonstrated to be a very useful tool for the analysis of cannabinoids in both the plant material and its derivatives for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy.
| | - Marleen Steinbach
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestrasse 58, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Davide Maran
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
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