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Seretlo RJ, Smuts H, Mokgatle MM. Holistic Sexual-Reproductive Healthcare Services and Needs for Queer Individuals: Healthcare Providers' Perspectives. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1026. [PMID: 38786436 PMCID: PMC11121008 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There are ongoing debates and controversies about whether genderqueer individuals have specific sexual-reproductive healthcare services and needs (SRHSNs). This study intended to identify and explore queer-specific SRHSNs among healthcare providers (HCPs) in Gauteng Province, South Africa. This was an exploratory sequential mixed-methods study, and this article focuses on the qualitative findings of that investigation. Thirty-three HCPs were purposively sampled, and semi-structured one-on-one interviews were used to collect data between September and November 2023. The data were analyzed using thematic content analysis (TCA). The results of this study revealed nine main themes: a crucial need for inclusive healthcare facilities; a need for psychological, counseling, and therapeutic support in sexual and reproductive healthcare; access to sexual-reproductive education and integrating support; suggested reproductive health services for queer sexual wellness; improved accessibility and particular queer reproductive healthcare; optimizing services related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) access, and sexually transmitted illness (STI) treatment; genderqueer persons' parenthood aspirations and empowerment; the safe availability of intimacy tools; and navigation transitions. A holistic and inclusive healthcare approach that fits psychological support, comprehensive sexual-reproductive education, and specialized services to accommodate the unique needs of queer individuals should be implemented and made easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikane James Seretlo
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
| | - Hanlie Smuts
- Department of Informatics, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box X323, Pretoria 0007, South Africa;
| | - Mathildah Mpata Mokgatle
- Department of Public Health, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa;
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2
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Mankowski P, Mukherjee S, Kumar S, O'Dwyer C, Jung H, Wassersug R, Genoway K, Kavanagh A. Barriers to Completing Preoperative Hair Removal for Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:2003-2010. [PMID: 38424326 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Penile inversion vaginoplasty (PIV) is a gender-affirming surgical procedure where the skin of the penis and scrotum is reconstructed into the neovaginal lining. To prevent hair-bearing skin from becoming incorporated into the neovaginal canal, transgender patients are encouraged to undergo hair removal of their external genitalia. The goal of this preoperative hair removal is to minimize the risk of potential hair-related complications after vaginoplasty. To better support patients seeking preoperative hair removal and identify current treatment barriers, we surveyed patients about their progress and satisfaction with hair removal. A cross-sectional survey was constructed to assess patient experiences with hair removal in advance of PIV. Sixty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 46 participated (68.7%). Both laser hair removal (LHR) and electrolysis were used. Although all patients had completed some preoperative hair removal at the time of survey (average of 14 sessions), the cohort completed only two-thirds of their total expected hair clearance. Multiple peri-procedural pain management therapies were employed, but overall satisfaction with pain management was low (57.4 ± 5.0 out of 100). LHR was associated with significantly lower procedural pain compared to electrolysis (p < .001). The average global satisfaction with the hair removal process was 57.9 ± 5.7 and incidents of mistreatment were associated with a statistically significant reduction in overall satisfaction (p = .02). Most patients felt that hair removal was important prior to surgery. Overall, LHR and electrolysis were both utilized as effective preoperative hair removal modalities; however, LHR has better pain tolerability than electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mankowski
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Smita Mukherjee
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cormac O'Dwyer
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoyoung Jung
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Richard Wassersug
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Krista Genoway
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alexander Kavanagh
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Gender Surgery Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Bohr J, Küntscher M, Heß J. [New S2k guideline "Surgical techniques for gender incongruence"]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 63:456-461. [PMID: 38592445 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-024-02329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various techniques for the surgical treatment of gender incongruence (GI) have been available for years. The spectrum is broad and covers various specialties. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of clinics offering body-modifying procedures. This has led to a considerable variation in methods in some cases. Although the topic has recently found its way more and more into teaching and the relevant specialist literature, there are still no evidence-based recommendations on the various techniques. AIM A compendium of established surgical techniques was to be compiled, containing recommendations on indication, performance and aftercare as well as complication management and subjecting them to a consensus-based evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In accordance with "Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften" (AWMF) regulations, the guideline was developed at level S2k, i.e., it is consensus based. The guideline group was founded in February 2019 in a formal constituent meeting. A total of 14 medical societies and 2 interest groups were recruited for the guideline work. In the end, two consensus meetings were held, which was due to the large number of recommendations and background texts to be adopted. RESULTS The guideline focuses on the choice and applicability of surgical techniques as well as the wishes of those seeking treatment and protection of fertility. There is a wide variety of methods and treatment goals for each individual. Taking into account medical standards, recommendations, and contraindications, an optimal result that minimizes individual suffering can be achieved together with the person seeking treatment. CONCLUSION The content of the guideline represents a unique compendium of surgical methods, recommendations for the selection of procedures, and common indications in the field of body-modifying surgery for gender incongruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bohr
- Zentrum für Transgenderchirurgie, Klinik für Urologie, Kinderurologie und urologische Onkologie, KEM|Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Henricistr. 92, 45136, Essen, Deutschland.
| | | | - Jochen Heß
- Klinik für Urologie, Kinderurologie und Uroonkologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland
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4
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Berger LE, Lava CX, Spoer DL, Huffman SS, Martin T, Bekeny JC, Fan KL, Lisle DM, Del Corral GA. The Effect of Obesity on Vaginoplasty Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 92:447-456. [PMID: 38319959 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some surgeons use body mass index criteria within the patient selection processes before vaginoplasty, thereby limiting access to select obese patients. We sought to better characterize the effect of obesity on postoperative outcomes across multiple vaginoplasty techniques. METHODS A single-center retrospective review of all transfeminine patients undergoing primary vaginoplasty procedures from December 2018 to July 2022 was conducted. Patients were stratified into cohorts according to the World Health Organization Obesity Class criteria. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, operative details, postoperative complications, and all-cause revision were collected. RESULTS A total of 237 patients met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up duration was 9.1 ± 4.7 months. Multivariate regression revealed that patients with class I and class II/III obesity were associated with higher odds of developing vaginal stenosis (class I: odds ratio [OR], 7.1 [ P = 0.003]; class II/III: OR, 3.4 [ P = 0.018]) and all-cause revision (class I: OR, 3.7 [ P = 0.021]; class II/III: OR, 4.8 [ P = 0.027]). Undergoing either robotic peritoneal or robotic intestinal vaginoplasty was associated with lower odds of delayed wound healing (peritoneal: OR, 0.2 [ P < 0.001]; intestinal: OR, 0.2 [ P = 0.011]). Lastly, adherence to dilation regimen was negatively associated with development of vaginal stenosis (OR, 0.04; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with obesity may be at a higher risk of developing vaginal stenosis after vaginoplasty, which may ultimately necessitate operative revision. Although patients with obesity may remain surgical candidates, proper preoperative counseling and adherence to postoperative vaginal dilation regimens are critical to optimizing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Taylor Martin
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Jenna C Bekeny
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Kenneth L Fan
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - David M Lisle
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gabriel A Del Corral
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
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Sineath RC, Hennig F, Dy GW. Management of Urologic Complications After Genital Gender-Affirming Surgery in Transgender and Nonbinary Patients. Urol Clin North Am 2023; 50:587-596. [PMID: 37775217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) patients are a population with unique urologic needs that are often overlooked in urologic training. Most urology residents think that learning to take care of this population is important in their training; however, there is much variation in this educational content within urology residency programs. This review provides information on the current state of teaching regarding the unique needs of caring for TGNB patients as urologists and overviews some basic principles that every urologist should know.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Craig Sineath
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 South Bond Avenue Building 1, 10th Floor, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Finn Hennig
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Geolani W Dy
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 South Bond Avenue Building 1, 10th Floor, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Roblee C, Hamidian Jahromi A, Ferragamo B, Radix A, De Cuypere G, Green J, Dorafshar AH, Ettner R, Monstrey S, Schechter L. Gender-Affirmative Surgery: A Collaborative Approach between the Surgeon and Mental Health Professional. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:953e-961e. [PMID: 36827473 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Gender incongruence describes a condition in which an individual's gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth based on anatomic characteristics. Individuals with gender incongruence may request surgical interventions, and gender-affirmation surgery plays an important role for these individuals. The basis of care derives from principles elucidated in the Standards of Care, international guidelines that help inform clinical decision-making. Historically, mental health care professionals (MHCPs) and surgeons have worked collaboratively to select "appropriate" surgical candidates. However, as understanding of gender identity evolves, so does the relationship between the MHCP and the surgeon. The role of the MHCP has shifted from a requirement to verify an individual's identity to that of supporting and participating in a shared decision-making process between the individual and the health care team. This article discusses the evolution of the relationship between the MHCP and the surgeon and provides insight into the history of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Roblee
- From the Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine & Science
| | | | | | - Asa Radix
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health
| | | | - Jamison Green
- World Professional Association for Transgender Health
| | - Amir H Dorafshar
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center
| | | | - Stan Monstrey
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ghent University Hospital
| | - Loren Schechter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center
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Litrico L, Van Dieren L, Cetrulo CL, Atlan M, Lellouch AG, Cristofari S. Improved sexuality and satisfactory lubrication after genital affirmation surgery using penile skin inversion in transgender women: A satisfaction study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 86:8-14. [PMID: 37643527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genital affirmation surgery (GAS) requests are consistently increasing in demand. The gold standard is penile skin inversion, using cutaneous grafting for neovagina creation. The aim is to achieve the most realistic results both physically and functionally. Different studies have contradictory results, and the use of lubrication is insufficiently clear, while the use of sigmoidoplasty has been defended for constant lubrication. AIMS Our aim was to evaluate transgender women's sexual function and lubrication after vaginoplasty by penile skin inversion. METHODS We performed a prospective study on 45 patients who underwent primary penile inversion vaginoplasty. Participants answered two questionnaires during the follow-up consultation: the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and an 18-item custom questionnaire. RESULTS The average FSFI score of our patients was 28.9, up to the cut-off defining a sexual disorder. Compared to the Wylomanski control group, no differences were found for the FSFI score and in the subgroups. Considering lubrication, 69% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied with their lubrication. Furthermore, 53% reported a fluid release at each orgasm. CONCLUSION This study reported high satisfaction for both sexuality and lubrication, proning against penile inversion's GAS bad reputation concerning postoperative lubrication. A squirting effect was described for the first time and was present in 53% of our transpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Litrico
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1148, Laboratoire de recherche vasculaire translationnelle, Bichat Hospital, Paris City University, France.
| | - Loïc Van Dieren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Curtis L Cetrulo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Plastic and reconstructive surgery department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Michael Atlan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre G Lellouch
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Plastic and reconstructive surgery department, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Plastic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sarra Cristofari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale 1148, Laboratoire de recherche vasculaire translationnelle, Bichat Hospital, Paris City University, France
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8
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Stelmar J, Smith SM, Lee G, Zaliznyak M, Garcia MM. Shallow-depth vaginoplasty: preoperative goals, postoperative satisfaction, and why shallow-depth vaginoplasty should be offered as a standard feminizing genital gender-affirming surgery option. J Sex Med 2023; 20:1333-1343. [PMID: 37721184 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shallow-depth vaginoplasty (SDV), also referred to as vaginoplasty without creation of a vaginal canal, is an understudied alternative to full-depth vaginoplasty (FDV), or vaginoplasty with creation of a vaginal canal. SDV is associated with fewer short- and long-term risks and shorter recovery, and does not require a lifelong commitment to vaginal dilation and douching. AIM To describe a surgical technique for SDV that creates a dimpled introitus, together with clinical outcomes, decision-making prioritization, and satisfaction data. We hypothesize that SDV patients prioritize comparable appearance and sexual function to FDV over shorter-term risk factors, and experience high satisfaction. METHODS We describe (1) a surgical technique for SDV; (2) the proportion of patients who underwent SDV vs. FDV, with SDV complication rates; and (3) the results of an anonymous, electronic questionnaire administered via Qualtrics that assessed SDV patient demographics, terminology preferences, prioritization of decision-guiding factors for choosing SDV over FDV, and postoperative satisfaction across various domains. OUTCOMES A total of 110 patients underwent primary feminizing genital gender-affirming surgery at a single institution between April 2017 and July 2022: 35 (32%) of 110 underwent SDV and 75 (68%) underwent FDV. The 35 SDV patients were invited to answer the study questionnaire, of which 29 (83%) completed it (mean age 51.9 ± 16.7 years, mean body mass index 27.3 ± 5.3 kg/m2). RESULTS All but one survey respondent met one or more of the following characteristics: (1) ≥40 years of age, (2) exclusively feminine-identifying sexual partners, and/or (3) significant aversion to performing long-term vaginal dilation and douching. Ranking of 8 decision-guiding factors revealed prioritization of long-term over short-term outcomes. Postoperatively, patients reported high satisfaction across all 3 domains. When asked if they had to choose between SDV and FDV over again, 86% reported that they would choose SDV. While 14% would choose FDV, all but one reported new interest in receptive vaginal intercourse due to finding masculine-identifying partners post-SDV surgery. A total of 27% of SDV patients experienced complications that required additional surgeries; 82% of complications were related to urinary spraying. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS SDV is a lower-risk alternative to FDV and is associated with reduced postoperative maintenance and high postoperative satisfaction. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This study describes the clinical outcomes of the largest documented cohort of patients to undergo SDV to date. Limitations include recall bias due to the retrospective survey and use of nonvalidated questions attributed to the paucity of validated gender-affirming surgery questionnaires. CONCLUSION SDV's appeal to a large subset of patients (32% in this study), low complication rate, high satisfaction, and low decisional regret suggests that this surgical option should be offered to all patients seeking feminizing genital gender-affirming surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Stelmar
- Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Shannon M Smith
- Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Grace Lee
- Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
| | - Michael Zaliznyak
- Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, United States
| | - Maurice M Garcia
- Cedars-Sinai Transgender Surgery and Health Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States
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Robinson IS, Cripps CN, Bluebond-Langner R, Zhao LC. Operative Management of Complications Following Intestinal Vaginoplasty: A Case Series and Systematic Review. Urology 2023; 180:105-112. [PMID: 37479146 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the authors' experience with surgical management of complications following intestinal vaginoplasty and review the literature on incidence of complications following gender-affirming intestinal vaginoplasty. METHODS Retrospective chart review identified patients presenting with complications following prior intestinal vaginoplasty requiring operative management. Charts were analyzed for medical history, preoperative exam and imaging, intraoperative technique, and long-term outcomes. Systematic literature review was performed to identify primary research on complications following gender-affirming intestinal vaginoplasty. RESULTS Four patients presented to the senior authors' clinic requiring operative intervention for complications following intestinal vaginoplasty, all of whom underwent surgical revision. Complications included vaginal stenosis (2 patients, 50%), vaginal false passage (1 patient, 25%), and diversion colitis (1 patient, 25%). Postoperatively all patients were able to dilate successfully to a depth of at least 15 cm. Systematic review identified 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria. There were 215 complications reported across 654 vaginoplasties (33% overall complication rate). Average return to operating room rate was 18%. The most common complications were stenosis (11%), mucorrhea (7%), vaginal prolapse (6%), and malodor (5%). Six intestinal vaginoplasty segments developed vascular compromise leading to flap loss. There were 2 reported mortalities. CONCLUSION Intestinal vaginoplasty is associated with a range of complications including vaginal stenosis, mucorrhea, and vaginal prolapse. Intra-abdominal complications, including diversion colitis, anastomotic bowel leak, and intra-abdominal abscess can occur many years after surgery, be life-threatening and require prompt diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Robinson
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Courtney N Cripps
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Bluebond-Langner
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Urology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
| | - Lee C Zhao
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY; Department of Urology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY.
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10
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Berger LE, Lava CX, Huffman SS, Spoer DL, Martin T, Fan KL, Del Corral GA. Does method matter? Characterizing the effect of preoperative hair removal method on outcomes following penile inversion vaginoplasty. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-023-02059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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11
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Burton JS, Pfeifauf K, Skolnick GB, Sacks JM, Snyder-Warwick AK. Determinants of Public Opinion Toward Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United States. Transgend Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2022.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Burton
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristin Pfeifauf
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary B. Skolnick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Justin M. Sacks
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alison K. Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Principles and outcomes of gender-affirming vaginoplasty. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:308-322. [PMID: 36726039 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaginoplasty is the most frequently performed gender-affirming genital surgery for gender-diverse people with genital gender incongruence. The procedure is performed to create an aesthetic and functional vulva and vaginal canal that enables receptive intercourse, erogenous clitoral sensation and a downward-directed urine stream. Penile inversion vaginoplasty (PIV) is a single surgical procedure involving anatomical component rearrangement of the penis and scrotum that enables many patients to meet these anatomical goals. Other options include minimal-depth, peritoneal and intestinal vaginoplasty. Patient quality of life has been shown to improve drastically after vaginoplasty, but complication rates have been documented to be as high as 70%. Fortunately, most complications do not alter long-term postoperative clinical outcomes and can be managed without surgical intervention in the acute perioperative phase. However, major complications, such as rectal injury, rectovaginal fistula, and urethral or introital stenosis can substantially affect the patient experience. Innovations in surgical approaches and techniques have demonstrated promising early results for reducing complications and augmenting vaginal depth, but long-term data are scarce.
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13
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Oorthuys AOJ, Ross M, Kreukels BPC, Mullender MG, van de Grift TC. Identifying Coping Strategies Used by Transgender Individuals in Response to Stressors during and after Gender-Affirming Treatments-An Explorative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010089. [PMID: 36611552 PMCID: PMC9818796 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender-affirming treatments are reported to improve mental health significantly. However, a substantial number of transgender individuals report a relapse in, or persistence of, mental health problems following gender-affirming treatments. This is due to multiple stressors occurring during this period, and in general as a consequence of widespread stigma and minority stress. AIM The aim of this pilot study was to identify different coping strategies that transgender individuals use in response to stressors prior to and following gender-affirming treatments, as mediator of mental health. METHODS Qualitative interviews were conducted to better understand the treatment outcomes and healthcare experiences of Dutch transgender individuals who had received gender-affirming treatments. Nineteen participants were included, of which 12 identified as (transgender) male, six as (transgender) female and one as transgender. OUTCOMES Inductive coding and theory-informed thematic analysis were used to assess stressors (ncodes = 335) and coping strategies (ncodes = 869). RESULTS Four stressor domains were identified, including lack of support system, stressors related to transition, and physical and psychosocial stressors post-transition. We identified six adaptive coping strategies of which acceptance, help seeking and adaptive cognitions concerning gender and transition were reported most frequently. Of the seven maladaptive strategies that we identified, social isolation and maladaptive cognitions concerning gender and transition were the most-reported maladaptive coping strategies Clinical implications: The results indicated that transgender individuals may experience significant stress, both transgender-specific and non-specific, prior to and following gender-affirming treatments and, as a result, use many coping strategies to adapt. Increased awareness of stressors and (mal)adaptive coping strategies may help to improve mental healthcare and overall support for transgender individuals. Strengths and Limitations: This is the first (pilot) study to provide insight into the range of stressors that transgender individuals experience during and after gender-affirming treatments, as well as the variety of coping strategies that are used to adapt. However, since this was a pilot study assumptions and generalizations of the evidence should be made cautiously. CONCLUSION Results of this pilot study showed that transgender individuals may undergo significant stress during and after gender-affirming medical treatment related to the treatments and the social experiences that occur during this period, and as a result, use a range of coping strategies to adapt to the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O. J. Oorthuys
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maeghan Ross
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P. C. Kreukels
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet G. Mullender
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim C. van de Grift
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Institute, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location VUmc, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-204443520
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Sudhakar D, Huang Z, Zietkowski M, Powell N, Fisher AR. Feminizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy for the transgender and gender diverse population: An overview of treatment modality, monitoring, and risks. Neurourol Urodyn 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.25097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhong Huang
- Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Maeson Zietkowski
- Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Natasha Powell
- Pritzker School of Medicine University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Andrew R. Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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Anderson D, Wijetunge H, Moore P, Provenzano D, Li N, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Gender Dysphoria and Its Non-Surgical and Surgical Treatments. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:38358. [PMID: 36168640 PMCID: PMC9501960 DOI: 10.52965/001c.38358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender dysphoria is defined by severe or persistent distress associated with an incongruence between one's gender identity and biological sex. It is estimated that 1.4 million Americans and 25 million people worldwide identify as transgender and that 0.6% of Americans experience gender dysphoria. The pathophysiology of gender dysphoria is multifactorial and incompletely understood. Genetics, androgen exposure, neuroanatomy, brain connectivity, history of trauma, parents with psychological disorders, and being raised by less than two parents are associated with gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria most frequently presents in early teenage years but can present earlier or later. Anxiety and depression are the two most common comorbid diagnoses and may be the reason for presentation to medical care. Diagnosis is established through history and or validated questionnaires. Treatment includes psychosocial therapy, pharmacotherapy for underlying depression and/or anxiety, hormonal therapy, non-genital and/or genital feminization or masculinization operations. The frequency and severity of treatment related morbidity increases progressively as treatments go from conservative to more invasive. Gender dysphoria and its treatment is individualized and not completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himasa Wijetunge
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Peyton Moore
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center
| | - Daniel Provenzano
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Nathan Li
- Medical School, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Jamal Hasoon
- Anesthesiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
| | - Omar Viswanath
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Alan D Kaye
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Ivan Urits
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
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16
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Coleman E, Radix AE, Bouman WP, Brown GR, de Vries ALC, Deutsch MB, Ettner R, Fraser L, Goodman M, Green J, Hancock AB, Johnson TW, Karasic DH, Knudson GA, Leibowitz SF, Meyer-Bahlburg HFL, Monstrey SJ, Motmans J, Nahata L, Nieder TO, Reisner SL, Richards C, Schechter LS, Tangpricha V, Tishelman AC, Van Trotsenburg MAA, Winter S, Ducheny K, Adams NJ, Adrián TM, Allen LR, Azul D, Bagga H, Başar K, Bathory DS, Belinky JJ, Berg DR, Berli JU, Bluebond-Langner RO, Bouman MB, Bowers ML, Brassard PJ, Byrne J, Capitán L, Cargill CJ, Carswell JM, Chang SC, Chelvakumar G, Corneil T, Dalke KB, De Cuypere G, de Vries E, Den Heijer M, Devor AH, Dhejne C, D'Marco A, Edmiston EK, Edwards-Leeper L, Ehrbar R, Ehrensaft D, Eisfeld J, Elaut E, Erickson-Schroth L, Feldman JL, Fisher AD, Garcia MM, Gijs L, Green SE, Hall BP, Hardy TLD, Irwig MS, Jacobs LA, Janssen AC, Johnson K, Klink DT, Kreukels BPC, Kuper LE, Kvach EJ, Malouf MA, Massey R, Mazur T, McLachlan C, Morrison SD, Mosser SW, Neira PM, Nygren U, Oates JM, Obedin-Maliver J, Pagkalos G, Patton J, Phanuphak N, Rachlin K, Reed T, Rider GN, Ristori J, Robbins-Cherry S, Roberts SA, Rodriguez-Wallberg KA, Rosenthal SM, Sabir K, Safer JD, Scheim AI, Seal LJ, Sehoole TJ, Spencer K, St Amand C, Steensma TD, Strang JF, Taylor GB, Tilleman K, T'Sjoen GG, Vala LN, Van Mello NM, Veale JF, Vencill JA, Vincent B, Wesp LM, West MA, Arcelus J. Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2022; 23:S1-S259. [PMID: 36238954 PMCID: PMC9553112 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 280.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health. One of the main functions of WPATH is to promote the highest standards of health care for TGD people through the Standards of Care (SOC). The SOC was initially developed in 1979 and the last version (SOC-7) was published in 2012. In view of the increasing scientific evidence, WPATH commissioned a new version of the Standards of Care, the SOC-8. Aim: The overall goal of SOC-8 is to provide health care professionals (HCPs) with clinical guidance to assist TGD people in accessing safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves with the aim of optimizing their overall physical health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. Methods: The SOC-8 is based on the best available science and expert professional consensus in transgender health. International professionals and stakeholders were selected to serve on the SOC-8 committee. Recommendation statements were developed based on data derived from independent systematic literature reviews, where available, background reviews and expert opinions. Grading of recommendations was based on the available evidence supporting interventions, a discussion of risks and harms, as well as the feasibility and acceptability within different contexts and country settings. Results: A total of 18 chapters were developed as part of the SOC-8. They contain recommendations for health care professionals who provide care and treatment for TGD people. Each of the recommendations is followed by explanatory text with relevant references. General areas related to transgender health are covered in the chapters Terminology, Global Applicability, Population Estimates, and Education. The chapters developed for the diverse population of TGD people include Assessment of Adults, Adolescents, Children, Nonbinary, Eunuchs, and Intersex Individuals, and people living in Institutional Environments. Finally, the chapters related to gender-affirming treatment are Hormone Therapy, Surgery and Postoperative Care, Voice and Communication, Primary Care, Reproductive Health, Sexual Health, and Mental Health. Conclusions: The SOC-8 guidelines are intended to be flexible to meet the diverse health care needs of TGD people globally. While adaptable, they offer standards for promoting optimal health care and guidance for the treatment of people experiencing gender incongruence. As in all previous versions of the SOC, the criteria set forth in this document for gender-affirming medical interventions are clinical guidelines; individual health care professionals and programs may modify these in consultation with the TGD person.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coleman
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A E Radix
- Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W P Bouman
- Nottingham Centre for Transgender Health, Nottingham, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - G R Brown
- James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- James H. Quillen VAMC, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - A L C de Vries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M B Deutsch
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Gender Affirming Health Program, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Ettner
- New Health Foundation Worldwide, Evanston, IL, USA
- Weiss Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - L Fraser
- Independent Practice, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Goodman
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Green
- Independent Scholar, Vancouver, WA, USA
| | - A B Hancock
- The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - T W Johnson
- Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, CA, USA
| | - D H Karasic
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Independent Practice at dankarasic.com
| | - G A Knudson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - S F Leibowitz
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H F L Meyer-Bahlburg
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J Motmans
- Transgender Infopunt, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Research on Culture and Gender, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - L Nahata
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Endocrinology and Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T O Nieder
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Interdisciplinary Transgender Health Care Center Hamburg, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S L Reisner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Richards
- Regents University London, UK
- Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - V Tangpricha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - A C Tishelman
- Boston College, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - M A A Van Trotsenburg
- Bureau GenderPRO, Vienna, Austria
- University Hospital Lilienfeld-St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - S Winter
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - K Ducheny
- Howard Brown Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - N J Adams
- University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada
- Transgender Professional Association for Transgender Health (TPATH)
| | - T M Adrián
- Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Diverlex Diversidad e Igualdad a Través de la Ley, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - L R Allen
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - D Azul
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - H Bagga
- Monash Health Gender Clinic, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Başar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D S Bathory
- Independent Practice at Bathory International PLLC, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - J J Belinky
- Durand Hospital, Guemes Clinic and Urological Center, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D R Berg
- National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J U Berli
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - R O Bluebond-Langner
- NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - M-B Bouman
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M L Bowers
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | - P J Brassard
- GrS Montreal, Complexe CMC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Byrne
- University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
| | - L Capitán
- The Facialteam Group, Marbella International Hospital, Marbella, Spain
| | | | - J M Carswell
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S C Chang
- Independent Practice, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - G Chelvakumar
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T Corneil
- School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K B Dalke
- Penn State Health, PA, USA
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G De Cuypere
- Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - E de Vries
- Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Den Heijer
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H Devor
- University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - C Dhejne
- ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A D'Marco
- UCTRANS-United Caribbean Trans Network, Nassau, The Bahamas
- D M A R C O Organization, Nassau, The Bahamas
| | - E K Edmiston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Edwards-Leeper
- Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
- Independent Practice, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - R Ehrbar
- Whitman Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
- Independent Practice, Maryland, USA
| | - D Ehrensaft
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Eisfeld
- Transvisie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - E Elaut
- Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Experimental and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - L Erickson-Schroth
- The Jed Foundation, New York, NY, USA
- Hetrick-Martin Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J L Feldman
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A D Fisher
- Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - M M Garcia
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Departments of Urology and Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Gijs
- Institute of Family and Sexuality Studies, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - B P Hall
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Adult Gender Medicine Clinic, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T L D Hardy
- Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - M S Irwig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - A C Janssen
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K Johnson
- RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - D T Klink
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B P C Kreukels
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - L E Kuper
- Department of Psychiatry, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - E J Kvach
- Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M A Malouf
- Malouf Counseling and Consulting, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Massey
- WPATH Global Education Institute
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T Mazur
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C McLachlan
- Professional Association for Transgender Health, South Africa
- Gender DynamiX, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S D Morrison
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S W Mosser
- Gender Confirmation Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Saint Francis Memorial Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P M Neira
- Johns Hopkins Center for Transgender Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Medicine Office of Diversity, Inclusion and Health Equity, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - U Nygren
- Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Speech and Language Pathology, Medical Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Oates
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Voice Analysis Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Obedin-Maliver
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - G Pagkalos
- Independent PracticeThessaloniki, Greece
- Military Community Mental Health Center, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J Patton
- Talkspace, New York, NY, USA
- CytiPsychological LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - N Phanuphak
- Institute of HIV Research and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - K Rachlin
- Independent Practice, New York, NY, USA
| | - T Reed
- Gender Identity Research and Education Society, Leatherhead, UK
| | - G N Rider
- National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Ristori
- Andrology, Women Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - S A Roberts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston's Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K A Rodriguez-Wallberg
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S M Rosenthal
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Child and Adolescent Gender Center
| | - K Sabir
- FtM Phoenix Group, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
| | - J D Safer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - A I Scheim
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - L J Seal
- Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - K Spencer
- National Center for Gender Spectrum Health, Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C St Amand
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - T D Steensma
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J F Strang
- Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G B Taylor
- Atrium Health Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - K Tilleman
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - G G T'Sjoen
- Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - L N Vala
- Independent Practice, Campbell, CA, USA
| | - N M Van Mello
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J F Veale
- School of Psychology, University of Waikato/Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato, Hamilton/Kirikiriroa, New Zealand/Aotearoa
| | - J A Vencill
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B Vincent
- Trans Learning Partnership at https://spectra-london.org.uk/trans-learning-partnership, UK
| | - L M Wesp
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin MilwaukeeMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Health Connections Inc., Glendale, WI, USA
| | - M A West
- North Memorial Health Hospital, Robbinsdale, MN, USA
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Arcelus
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Jerome RR, Randhawa MK, Kowalczyk J, Sinclair A, Monga I. Sexual Satisfaction After Gender Affirmation Surgery in Transgender Individuals. Cureus 2022; 14:e27365. [PMID: 36046300 PMCID: PMC9417774 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender affirmation surgery (GAS) is a collection of surgical procedures that involve the reconstruction of patients’ genitalia with the aim of achieving the physical appearance and functional abilities of the gender they desire. They are classified into male-to-female (MtF) and female-to-male (FtM). This study is aimed at assessing sexual satisfaction after MtF GAS. A total of 150 patients who underwent MtF GAS at the Urology Group of Southern California and Sinclair Plastic Surgery in Los Angeles, California, were retrospectively surveyed. In total, we received 29 responses, with an average of five years after their surgery. There was a significant correlation between the sensitivity of the neoclitoris and sexual satisfaction but not with vaginal sensitivity or depth. Furthermore, this study revealed an important correlation between gender dysphoria relief after GAS.
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18
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Rao TSS, Banerjee D, Tandon A, Sawant NS, Jha A, Manohar S, Rao SS. Psychosexual Health and Sexual Medicine in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:S429-S448. [PMID: 35602370 PMCID: PMC9122165 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_13_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T S Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Abhinav Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, United Institute of Medical Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neena S Sawant
- Department of Psychiatry, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Shivanand Manohar
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Suman S Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India E-mail:
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Genitalchirurgische Maßnahmen zur Feminisierung bei Geschlechtsdysphorie. Urologe A 2022; 61:205-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00120-022-01783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Sharp G. Genital Self-Image and Aesthetic Genital Surgeries: Novel Perspectives Across the Cisgender and Transgender Spectrum. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP2046-NP2052. [PMID: 34223889 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital-focused body image concerns or negative genital self-image are a common experience across the gender spectrum, including among cisgender and transgender populations. Such concerns can result in lower psychological and sexual well-being. In this article, it is proposed that the development of genital self-image concerns may be partly explained by the theoretical framework of cisgenderism. This theory proposes that there are only 2 genders-men and women-and these are dictated solely by the appearance of the genitals. Any deviation from these 2 categories can result in discrimination, which particularly impacts transgender individuals. An increasing number of cisgender and transgender people are seeking out aesthetic genital procedures to alleviate genital self-image concerns (and gender dysphoria in transgender populations). The growing body of research suggests that cisgender and transgender men and women are relatively satisfied with the results of their genital procedures. However, this research is limited by a lack of standardized and validated patient-reported measures to evaluate surgical outcomes. Furthermore, despite negative genital self-image being a key motivator for surgery, it is often not included as an outcome measure. In this article, recommendations are proposed for conducting higher-quality evaluation studies of aesthetic genital procedures in cisgender and transgender populations. Moreover, future research and clinical directions are suggested to assist transgender men and women who choose not to undergo genital gender-confirming surgery. The vast majority of transgender individuals do not have this surgery and so are in great need of support in managing their gender dysphoria and negative genital self-image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sharp
- National Health and Medical Research Council early career senior research fellow and clinical psychologist, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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de Brouwer IJ, Elaut E, Becker-Hebly I, Heylens G, Nieder TO, van de Grift TC, Kreukels BPC. Aftercare Needs Following Gender-Affirming Surgeries: Findings From the ENIGI Multicenter European Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1921-1932. [PMID: 37057483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much emphasis has been put on the evaluation of gender-affirming surgery (GAS) approaches and their effectiveness, little is known about the health care needs after completion of these interventions. AIM To assess post-GAS aftercare needs using a mixed-method approach and relate these to participant characteristics. METHODS As part of the ENIGI follow-up study, data was collected 5 years after first contact for gender-affirming treatments in 3 large European clinics. For the current analyses, only participants that had received GAS were included. Data on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was collected. Standard aftercare protocols were followed. The study focused on participants' aftercare experiences. Participants rated whether they (had) experienced (predefined) aftercare needs and further elaborated in 2 open-ended questions. Frequencies of aftercare needs were analyzed and associated with participant characteristics via binary logistic regression. Answers to the open-ended questions were categorized through thematic analysis. OUTCOMES Aftercare needs transgender individuals (had) experienced after receiving GAS and the relation to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS Of the 543 individuals that were invited for the ENIGI follow-up study, a total of 260 individuals were included (122 (trans) masculine, 119 (trans) feminine, 16 other, 3 missing). The most frequently mentioned aftercare need was (additional) assistance in surgical recovery (47%), followed by consultations with a mental health professional (36%) and physiotherapy for the pelvic floor (20%). The need for assistance in surgical recovery was associated with more psychological symptoms (OR=1.65), having undergone genital surgery (OR=2.55) and lower surgical satisfaction (OR=0.61). The need for consultation with a mental health professional was associated with more psychological symptoms and lower surgical satisfaction. The need for pelvic floor therapy was associated with more psychological symptoms as well as with having undergone genital surgery. Thematic analysis revealed 4 domains regarding aftercare optimization: provision of care, additional mental health care, improvement of organization of care and surgical technical care. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Deeper understanding of post-GAS aftercare needs and associated individual characteristics informs health care providers which gaps are experienced and therefore should be addressed in aftercare. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS We provided first evidence on aftercare needs of transgender individuals after receiving GAS and associated these with participant characteristics in a large multicenter clinical cohort. No standardized data on aftercare received was collected, therefore the expressed aftercare needs cannot be compared with received aftercare. CONCLUSION These results underline a widely experienced desire for aftercare and specify the personalized needs it should entail. IJ de Brouwer, E Elaut, I Becker-Hebly et al. Aftercare Needs Following Gender-Affirming Surgeries: Findings From the ENIGI Multicenter European Follow-Up Study. J Sex Med 2021;18:1921-1932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris J de Brouwer
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Els Elaut
- University Hospital Ghent, Center of Sexology and Gender, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inga Becker-Hebly
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Heylens
- University Hospital Ghent, Center of Sexology and Gender, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Timo O Nieder
- Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim C van de Grift
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- Amsterdam University Medical Center (location VUmc), Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Jun MS, Gonzalez E, Zhao LC, Bluebond-Langner R. Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty with Robotically Assisted Peritoneal Flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:439-442. [PMID: 34398096 PMCID: PMC10538597 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min S. Jun
- From the Department of Urology and the Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Eduardo Gonzalez
- From the Department of Urology and the Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Lee C. Zhao
- From the Department of Urology and the Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Rachel Bluebond-Langner
- From the Department of Urology and the Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine
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23
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Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, Johnston CM, Muzny CA, Park I, Reno H, Zenilman JM, Bolan GA. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021; 70:1-187. [PMID: 34292926 PMCID: PMC8344968 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 245.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
These guidelines for the treatment of persons who have or are at risk for
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were updated by CDC after consultation
with professionals knowledgeable in the field of STIs who met in Atlanta,
Georgia, June 11–14, 2019. The information in this report updates the
2015 guidelines. These guidelines discuss 1) updated recommendations for
treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis,
and Trichomonas vaginalis; 2) addition of
metronidazole to the recommended treatment regimen for pelvic inflammatory
disease; 3) alternative treatment options for bacterial vaginosis; 4) management
of Mycoplasma genitalium; 5) human papillomavirus vaccine
recommendations and counseling messages; 6) expanded risk factors for syphilis
testing among pregnant women; 7) one-time testing for hepatitis C infection; 8)
evaluation of men who have sex with men after sexual assault; and 9) two-step
testing for serologic diagnosis of genital herpes simplex virus. Physicians and
other health care providers can use these guidelines to assist in prevention and
treatment of STIs.
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Schardein JN, Nikolavsky D. Sexual Functioning of Transgender Females Post-Vaginoplasty: Evaluation, Outcomes and Treatment Strategies for Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2021; 10:77-90. [PMID: 34219008 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transfeminine genital reconstructive surgery is an important part of gender affirmation for many transgender women. Sexual health post-vaginoplasty is an important aspect of quality of life that can have a significant impact on overall well-being. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the sexual outcomes of transgender females post-vaginoplasty and identify treatment strategies for those experiencing sexual dysfunction. METHODS A literature review was conducted with a focus on sexual health outcomes in transgender females post-vaginoplasty as well as treatment options for sexual dysfunction. RESULTS Penile inversion vaginoplasty with or without free skin grafts or local tissue flaps and intestinal vaginoplasty are the options available to patients interested in transfeminine genital reconstructive surgery with a neovagina. Sexual satisfaction post-vaginoplasty is high regardless of the vaginoplasty technique, however up to 29% of patients may be diagnosed with a sexual dysfunction due to associated distress with a sexual function disturbance. Hormone treatment, pelvic floor physical therapy, sex therapy, and sex surrogacy are treatment options for patients with sexual dysfunctions. CONCLUSION Patient reported outcome measures appropriately validated for this patient population are necessary to better understand sexual function outcomes, sexual dysfunction and treatment options for post-vaginoplasty patients. Schardein JN, Nikolavsky D. Sexual Functioning of Transgender Females Post-Vaginoplasty: Evaluation, Outcomes and Treatment Strategies for Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX-XXX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitriy Nikolavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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25
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Hontscharuk R, Alba B, Hamidian Jahromi A, Schechter L. Penile inversion vaginoplasty outcomes: Complications and satisfaction. Andrology 2021; 9:1732-1743. [PMID: 33955679 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Penile inversion vaginoplasty helps to alleviate gender dysphoria and improve quality of life in many transgender individuals. Overall, the procedure is associated with high post-operative satisfaction, even when complications occur. Adverse events related to vaginoplasty are commensurate with other genitourinary reconstructive procedures performed for other diagnoses (ie, cancer or congenital issues). Here, we explore the incidence of complications following vaginoplasty, emphasizing the challenges in defining and managing these adverse events. In addition, outcome measures to assess patient satisfaction will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayisa Hontscharuk
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brandon Alba
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Loren Schechter
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Moisés da Silva GV, Lobato MIR, Silva DC, Schwarz K, Fontanari AMV, Costa AB, Tavares PM, Gorgen ARH, Cabral RD, Rosito TE. Male-to-Female Gender-Affirming Surgery: 20-Year Review of Technique and Surgical Results. Front Surg 2021; 8:639430. [PMID: 34026813 PMCID: PMC8131861 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.639430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Gender dysphoria (GD) is an incompatibility between biological sex and personal gender identity; individuals harbor an unalterable conviction that they were born in the wrong body, which causes personal suffering. In this context, surgery is imperative to achieve a successful gender transition and plays a key role in alleviating the associated psychological discomfort. In the current study, a retrospective cohort, we report the 20-years outcomes of the gender-affirming surgery performed at a single Brazilian university center, examining demographic data, intra and postoperative complications. During this period, 214 patients underwent penile inversion vaginoplasty. Results: Results demonstrate that the average age at the time of surgery was 32.2 years (range, 18-61 years); the average of operative time was 3.3 h (range 2-5 h); the average duration of hormone therapy before surgery was 12 years (range 1-39). The most commons minor postoperative complications were granulation tissue (20.5 percent) and introital stricture of the neovagina (15.4 percent) and the major complications included urethral meatus stenosis (20.5 percent) and hematoma/excessive bleeding (8.9 percent). A total of 36 patients (16.8 percent) underwent some form of reoperation. One hundred eighty-one (85 percent) patients in our series were able to have regular sexual intercourse, and no individual regretted having undergone GAS. Conclusions: Findings confirm that it is a safety procedure, with a low incidence of serious complications. Otherwise, in our series, there were a high level of functionality of the neovagina, as well as subjective personal satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karine Schwarz
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Angelo Brandelli Costa
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tiago Elias Rosito
- Serviço de Urologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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27
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Perioperative Transgender Hormone Management: Avoiding Venous Thromboembolism and Other Complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 147:1008-1017. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000007786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Building a Multidisciplinary Academic Surgical Gender-affirmation Program: Lessons Learned. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3478. [PMID: 33968551 PMCID: PMC8099415 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Every day, we see more patients present to hospitals and clinics seeking gender-affirmation care to ameliorate the symptoms of gender dysphoria. However, to provide a multidisciplinary approach, it is important to offer an integrated clinical program that provides mental health assessment, endocrine therapy, physical therapy, research, and the full spectrum of surgical services devoted to transgender patients. This article describes our experience on building a specialized, multidisciplinary, academic state-of-the-art gender-affirmation program. Methods: Herein, we describe the main and critical components on how to build a multidisciplinary academic gender-affirmation program. We share our lessons learned from this experience and describe how to overcome some of the obstacles during the process. Results: Building a multidisciplinary academic gender-affirmation program requires an invested team, as each and every member is essential for feedback, referrals, and to improve patient’s experience. Institutional support is essential and by far the most important component to overcome some of the obstacles during the process. Having all team members working under the same institution provides all the critical components needed to improve outcomes and patient satisfaction. In addition, the collection of prospective data with a well-structured research team will provide information needed to improve clinical services and standardize clinical protocols, while leaving space for innovation. Conclusions: This article describes the steps and experience needed to build a multidisciplinary holistic academic gender-affirmation program. We provide our lessons learned during the process that will help guide those who intend to start an academic gender-affirmation program.
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Bustos VP, Bustos SS, Mascaro A, Del Corral G, Forte AJ, Ciudad P, Kim EA, Langstein HN, Manrique OJ. Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3477. [PMID: 33968550 PMCID: PMC8099405 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an unknown percentage of transgender and gender non-confirming individuals who undergo gender-affirmation surgeries (GAS) that experiences regret. Regret could lead to physical and mental morbidity and questions the appropriateness of these procedures in selected patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of regret in transgender individuals who underwent GAS and evaluate associated factors. METHODS A systematic review of several databases was conducted. Random-effects meta-analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 27 studies, pooling 7928 transgender patients who underwent any type of GAS, were included. The pooled prevalence of regret after GAS was 1% (95% CI <1%-2%). Overall, 33% underwent transmasculine procedures and 67% transfemenine procedures. The prevalence of regret among patients undergoing transmasculine and transfemenine surgeries was <1% (IC <1%-<1%) and 1% (CI <1%-2%), respectively. A total of 77 patients regretted having had GAS. Twenty-eight had minor and 34 had major regret based on Pfäfflin's regret classification. The majority had clear regret based on Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis classification. CONCLUSIONS Based on this review, there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after GAS. We believe this study corroborates the improvements made in regard to selection criteria for GAS. However, there is high subjectivity in the assessment of regret and lack of standardized questionnaires, which highlight the importance of developing validated questionnaires in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P. Bustos
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Samyd S. Bustos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Andres Mascaro
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Weston, Fla
| | - Gabriel Del Corral
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, D.C
| | - Antonio J. Forte
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla
| | - Pedro Ciudad
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Burn Surgery, Arzobispo Loayza National Hospital, Lima, Peru
| | - Esther A. Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Howard N. Langstein
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N.Y
| | - Oscar J. Manrique
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N.Y
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30
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Mann RA, Kasabwala K, Kim N, Pariser JJ. The Management of Complications of Feminizing Gender Affirming Genital Surgery. Urology 2021; 152:67-73. [PMID: 33493512 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the most common technique used for gender affirming genital surgery in the treatment of gender dysphoria among transwomen. As vaginoplasty becomes more widely available, the management of associated complications has become its own field. There is a relative dearth of literature on surgery for complications following vaginoplasty. This review illustrates surgical technique and management options for patient reported complaints and complications following vaginoplasty. The goal of this manuscript is 2-fold (1) to introduce community surgeons to common postoperative issues they may encounter and (2) provide a systematic operative approach to complications for reconstructive surgeons who see transgender patients regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Mann
- University of Minnesota, Department of Urology, Minneapolis, MN.
| | | | - Nicholas Kim
- University of Minnesota, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Minneapolis, MN
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31
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Mishra K, Bukavina L, Gupta S. Understanding Male to Female Transgender Surgery and Associated Complications—a Comprehensive Review. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-020-00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
For many trans*women, the surgical assignment of the male genital into a female is a fundamental part of the transition. Erogenous sensation of the neoclitoris is achieved by meticulous preparation of the penile glans with the neurovascular bundle. Several techniques are available for the formation of a neovagina, the penile inversion technique developed by Burou in the 1950s being the gold standard. With this technique, the inverted penile shaft skin is used as a pedicled flap to line the neovaginal canal. Alternatively, free skin grafts can be used, which serve primarily as a technique for redo procedures. Another technique is the use of intestinal segments to line the vaginal canal. This method is mostly used for redo procedures, but can also be performed primarily if penile skin is too small. Due to the numerous steps involved in the preparation, a wide variety of complications must be expected. Injury to the rectum during dissection of the neovaginal space, with an incidence of 4.5%, represents the greatest challenge. The most common complications are urethra-associated; hereby both a deviation of the urinary stream and strictures of the urethra are possible. The subjective satisfaction of trans*women with the surgical outcome is high and is reported in various studies to be 72-92%. On the basis of validated questionnaires it could also be shown that gender reassignment surgery leads to an increase in the trans*specific quality of life and promotes both subjectively perceived well-being and sexual satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heß
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie, Uroonkologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinik Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45122, Essen, Deutschland.
| | - M Sohn
- Klinik für Urologie, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Wilhelm-Epstein-Straße 4, 60431, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - M Küntscher
- Klinik für Plastische Chirurgie und Handchirurgie, Evangelische Elisabeth Klinik, Lützowstraße 26, 10785, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - J Bohr
- Klinik für Urologie, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Henricistr. 92, 45136, Essen, Deutschland
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Panagiotakopoulos L, Chulani V, Koyama A, Childress K, Forcier M, Grimsby G, Greenberg K. The effect of early puberty suppression on treatment options and outcomes in transgender patients. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:626-636. [PMID: 32968238 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past 10-15 years, paediatric transgender care has emerged at the forefront of several general practice and subspecialty guidelines and is the topic of continuing medical education for various medical disciplines. Providers in specialties ranging from family medicine, paediatrics and adolescent medicine to endocrinology, gynaecology and urology are caring for transgender patients in increasing numbers. Current and evolving national and international best practice guidelines recommend offering a halt of endogenous puberty for patients with early gender dysphoria, in whom impending puberty is unacceptable for their psychosocial health and wellness. Pubertal blockade has implications for fertility preservation, transgender surgical care and psychosocial health, all of which must be considered and discussed with the patient and their family and/or legal guardian before initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veenod Chulani
- Department of Paediatrics, Chief of Adolescent Medicine, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Atsuko Koyama
- Department of Paediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michelle Forcier
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gwen Grimsby
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Departments of Paediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine Greenberg
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Francis C, Grober E, Potter E, Blodgett N, Krakowsky Y. A Simple Guide for Simple Orchiectomy in Transition-Related Surgeries. Sex Med Rev 2020; 8:492-496. [PMID: 31959532 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is no literature on orchiectomy as a stand-alone procedure in the transgender surgical context. AIM To propose a simple guide to aid health-care professionals caring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals seeking bilateral simple orchiectomy. METHODS We use expert opinion to provide a novel guide for simple orchiectomy in the transition-related context for health-care professionals caring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. A review of relevant literature was also performed focusing on simple orchiectomy and vaginoplasty surgeries for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE We describe the indications, surgical approach, preoperative and postoperative assessment, and the risks and benefits of bilateral simple orchiectomy in the context of gender surgery. RESULTS This article is the first, to our knowledge, to describe a structured guide to bilateral simple orchiectomy in the context of gender surgery for health-care professionals caring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Bilateral scrotal orchiectomy is a simple surgical procedure that has a defined role in the surgical management of many transgender individuals. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS This article provides an approach to simple orchiectomy in the context of gender surgery for health-care professionals. Only guidelines written in English were included. The quality of the included guidelines was not evaluated, but this was beyond the scope of this review. CONCLUSION We present a novel guide for health-care professionals caring for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals seeking bilateral simple orchiectomy in the context of gender surgery. Francis C, Grober E, Potter E, et al. A Simple Guide for Simple Orchiectomy in Transition-Related Surgeries. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:492-496.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan Grober
- Division of Urology, Transition Related Surgery Program, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emery Potter
- Transition Related Surgery Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nolan Blodgett
- Transition Related Surgery Program, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yonah Krakowsky
- Division of Urology, Transition Related Surgery Program, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Agana MG, Greydanus DE, Indyk JA, Calles JL, Kushner J, Leibowitz S, Chelvakumar G, Cabral MD. Caring for the transgender adolescent and young adult: Current concepts of an evolving process in the 21st century. Dis Mon 2019; 65:303-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
For individuals with gender dysphoria, gender-affirming surgeries (GAS) are one means of reducing the significant distress associated with primary and secondary sex characteristics misaligned with their gender identity. This article uses a systematic review to examine the existing literature on the psychological benefits of GAS. Findings from this review indicate that GAS can lead to multiple, significant improvements in psychological functioning. Methodological differences in the literature demonstrate the need for additional research to draw more definitive conclusions about the psychological benefits of GAS.
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Chen ML, Reyblat P, Poh MM, Chi AC. Overview of surgical techniques in gender-affirming genital surgery. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:191-208. [PMID: 31380226 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.06.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender related genitourinary surgeries are vitally important in the management of gender dysphoria. Vaginoplasty, metoidioplasty, phalloplasty and their associated surgeries help patients achieve their main goal of aligning their body and mind. These surgeries warrant careful adherence to reconstructive surgical principles as many patients can require corrective surgeries from complications that arise. Peri-operative assessment, the surgical techniques employed for vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, metoidioplasty, and their associated procedures are described. The general reconstructive principles for managing complications including urethroplasty to correct urethral bulging, vaginl stenosis, clitoroplasty and labiaplasty after primary vaginoplasty, and urethroplasty for strictures and fistulas, neophallus and neoscrotal reconstruction after phalloplasty are outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polina Reyblat
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melissa M Poh
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amanda C Chi
- Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gender-affirming surgery has become a more common procedure in the last 5 years. Feminizing genitoplasty typically involves inversion of penile skin as a neovagina, urethral shortening, and glans reduction to create a neoclitoris. Masculinizing genitoplasty is more complex, typically is performed in multiple stages, and has more inherent urologic risks. RECENT FINDINGS The most common urologic complications involve voiding dysfunction, specifically meatal stenosis or fistula to the urinary tract. Urethral stricture, fistula, urinary retention, and voiding dysfunction are very common and require early recognition and intervention. This includes placement of catheter drainage, if necessary with the appropriate urologic instrumentation. Genital risks relating to phallus health are rare, but risks associated with placement of penile prosthesis for sexual function are common and require immediate attention. Urological complications after gender-affirming surgery are common, and the general urologist and urogynecologist should be able to identify and treat problems in this population after review of this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell Bryson
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, 789 Howard Avenue, FMP 302, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Stanton C Honig
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, 330 Orchard St. Suite 164, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Ellis SA, Dalke L. Midwifery Care for Transfeminine Individuals. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019; 64:298-311. [DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lily Dalke
- Planned Parenthood of New York City New York City New York
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Woodhull Brooklyn New York
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Evaluation of BMI as a Risk Factor for Complications following Gender-affirming Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2097. [PMID: 31044103 PMCID: PMC6467628 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Gender affirmation surgery (GAS) has a positive impact on the health of transgender patients; however, some centers employ body mass index (BMI) as a strict selection criterion for surgical candidacy. Several single-center studies have found no clear correlation between BMI and complication rates. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study at 2 university-based centers to test the null hypothesis: obesity is not a significant determinant of the risk of acute surgical complications in patients undergoing penile inversion vaginoplasty (PIV). Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of all adult patients at the University of Michigan and the University of Miami undergoing gender-affirming PIV with minimum follow-up time of 3 months between 1999 and 2017. A logistic regression model of analysis is used to examine the predictive factors for surgical complications and delayed revision urethroplasty in our patient sample. Results: One hundred and one patients met inclusion criteria for this study. The mean BMI at the time of procedure was 26.9kg/m2 (range 17.8–48.2). Seventeen patients (16.8%) had major complications and 36 patients (35.6%) had minor complications. On logistic regression analysis, none of the recorded covariates were significant predictors of delayed revision urethroplasty or major, minor, or any complications. Conclusions: We found that obese patients can safely undergo GAS and that BMI alone should not preclude appropriately selected patients from undergoing GAS. We acknowledge that selection based on overall health and other medical comorbidities is certainly warranted for gender-affirming PIV and all other surgical procedures.
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Milrod C, Monto M, Karasic DH. Recommending or Rejecting "the Dimple": WPATH-Affiliated Medical Professionals' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Gender-Confirming Vulvoplasty in Transgender Women. J Sex Med 2019; 16:586-595. [PMID: 30833148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rising numbers of trans women are undergoing genital surgeries, such as vulvoplasty or vulvovaginoplasty, to create a neovagina. Medical professionals who adhere to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, Version 7, and who recommend or perform these procedures, are expected to balance best practices with patient preferences, specifically the decision to create or omit the vaginal canal. Due to a paucity of literature on gender-confirming vulvoplasty (GCV) in trans women, there has been no documentation of factors that prompt practitioners to reject or recommend the procedure. AIM The aim of the study was to provide descriptive data of WPATH-affiliated medical professionals' knowledge, experiences, and attitudes toward GCV; surgical risks, benefits, and any considerations when referring transgender women 18-21 years of age for this procedure. METHODS Purposive sampling of all physicians, surgeons, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and registered nurses listed in the WPATH membership directory was initiated via invitational e-mails. The 32-item survey focused on demographics, medical practices, surgical techniques, and reasons for recommending or rejecting the procedure. Data analysis included frequencies and Pearson's χ2 test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Key outcome measures included frequency of cases performed; reasons for recommending, rejecting, or performing GCV; and differences in attitudes toward the procedure among various medical professionals. RESULTS N = 198 (20.7%) of 956 solicited professionals completed the survey. Surgeons (n = 61) comprised 30.8% of the total sample. 46 surgeons (76.7%) reported having performed vulvovaginoplasty, and 25 (41.7%) had performed GCV. "Patient request" was the most common reason for recommending or performing GCV. Surgeons were more likely to either agree and perform (30.4%), or reject (32.1%) GCV in a patient aged 18-21 than other practitioners, who were more likely to be "unsure" (68.5%). These differences were statistically significant (χ2 = 16.467 [2]; n = 193; P < .001). CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The data identify a lack of standardized terminology and surgical techniques concerning GCV. STRENGTH & LIMITATIONS This is the first exploratory study to assess medical practitioner experiences and attitudes toward a seldom documented procedure. A larger, more inclusive sample would increase the statistical strength and representative aspect of the study. CONCLUSION The study shows divergence in attitudes and knowledge among medical practitioners who recommend or perform GCV, and uncertainty when the patient is 18-21 years old. The study contributes to an expanded description and specific indications of performing GCV in the updated WPATH SOC Version 8. Milrod C, Monto M, Karasic DH. Recommending or Rejecting "the Dimple": WPATH-Affiliated Medical Professionals' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Gender-Confirming Vulvoplasty in Transgender Women. J Sex Med 2019;16:586-595.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Milrod
- Southern California Transgender Counseling, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin Monto
- Southern California Transgender Counseling, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dan H Karasic
- Southern California Transgender Counseling, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hadj-Moussa M, Agarwal S, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM. Masculinizing Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018; 7:141-155. [PMID: 30122339 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article is the third in a 3-part series focused on the comprehensive treatment of gender dysphoria. Multidisciplinary gender dysphoria care may involve a combination of counseling, social gender transition, hormone therapy, and gender confirmation surgery (GCS) to maximize physical characteristics congruent with a patient's gender identity. Nonoperative management of gender dysphoria was covered in part 1. The focus of part 2 was feminizing GCS. In part 3, surgical considerations for masculinizing GCS are summarized, including a review of different phalloplasty techniques. This installment also includes information about adjunctive procedures, therapies, and products used by transgender men and women to express their gender identity. AIM To provide an overview of both genital and nongenital masculinizing gender confirmation procedures. To review phalloplasty techniques, preoperative considerations, complications, and outcomes. To summarize ancillary services and procedures available to transgender patients to facilitate their gender presentation. METHODS A review of relevant literature through May 2017 was performed via PubMed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To summarize ancillary products and services used by transgender patients and to review surgical considerations for masculinizing genitoplasty. RESULTS A variety of nonsurgical ancillary services exist for transgender patients to aid their transition. A variety of phalloplasty procedures have been developed for transgender men who seek genital GCS. Most surgeons prefer radial forearm phalloplasty, including the authors whose surgical technique is described. Each phalloplasty approach is associated with its own benefits, drawbacks, and complications. CONCLUSION A variety of ancillary services and procedures that help transgender men and women communicate their gender identity in society is available and is an important adjunct to medical or surgical treatment of gender dysphoria. Pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative considerations of masculinizing genital gender confirmation procedures were reviewed. Hadj-Moussa M, Agarwal S, Ohl DA, et al. Masculinizing Genital Gender Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:141-155.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shailesh Agarwal
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dana A Ohl
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William M Kuzon
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Hadj-Moussa M, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM. Evaluation and Treatment of Gender Dysphoria to Prepare for Gender Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018; 6:607-617. [PMID: 29891226 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gender dysphoria is the experience of marked distress due to incongruence between genetically determined gender and experienced gender. Treatment of gender dysphoria should be individualized and multidisciplinary, involving a combination of psychotherapy, social gender transition, cross-sex hormone therapy, gender-affirming surgery, and/or ancillary procedures and services. The goal of all treatment modalities is to alleviate distress and affirm the patient's experienced gender identity. This article is the first in a 3-part series focused on the diagnostic assessment and non-operative treatment of gender dysphoria. Parts 2 and 3 focus on operative aspects of gender dysphoria treatment. AIM To summarize the recommendations of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) and the Endocrine Society (ES), as well as review published literature regarding the non-operative treatment of gender dysphoria. METHODS A review of relevant literature through January 2017 was performed via PubMed. OUTCOMES WPATH guidelines regarding diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of gender dysphoria, specifically regimens and risks of cross-sex hormone therapy were reviewed. RESULTS Few physicians have experience with the diagnosis or treatment of gender dysphoria, although the number of patients seeking treatment has risen substantially in recent years. As a result, clinicians have turned to published recommendations from WPATH and ES, both of which promote high-quality, evidence-based care for patients with gender dysphoria. Successful treatment requires an individualized multidisciplinary approach. Non-operative treatment is both safe and effective for the majority of patients with gender dysphoria. CONCLUSIONS Guidelines from WPATH and ES, along with published literature pertaining to the diagnosis and non-operative treatment of gender dysphoria, were reviewed and summarized. Hadj-Moussa M, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM. Evaluation and Treatment of Gender Dysphoria to Prepare for Gender Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:607-617.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana A Ohl
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William M Kuzon
- Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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