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Tsai MH, Lin YT. Density Functional Theory Calculation May Confirm Arsenic-Thiol Adhesion as the Primary Mechanism of Arsenical Toxicity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13975-13981. [PMID: 38559941 PMCID: PMC10976359 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Previously, it was believed that methylation was the body's primary method to detoxify inorganic arsenic. However, recent research has shown that the metabolized intermediate known as MMAIII is more toxic than arsenite and arsenate, contradicting a previous understanding. Another important question arises: is arsenical toxicity truly caused by arsenic binding to proteins through arsenic thiol adhesion? Based on the toxicity order of the experiment, with MMAIII being the most toxic, followed by arsenite, arsenate, DMAV, and MMAV, density functional theory (DFT) calculations can provide a straightforward assessment of this issue. Our practice captures all the transition states associated with a specific imaginary-frequency vibration mode, including proton transfer and simultaneous departure of leaving group. We have obtained the energy barriers for five arsenicals reacting with thiol, alcohol, and amine separately. In addition to energetic favorability, the following are the energy barriers for arsenic's reaction with thiol ranked from low to high: MMAIII (25.4 kcal/mol), arsenite (27.7 kcal/mol), arsenate (32.8 kcal/mol), DMAV (36.2 kcal/mol), and MMAV (38.3 kcal/mol). Results show that the toxicity of arsenicals is mainly caused by their reaction with thiol rather than with alcohol or amine, as supported by the trend of decreasing toxicity and increasing energy barriers. Thus, this DFT calculation may confirm the paradigm that arsenic-thiol adhesion is the primary cause of arsenic toxicity in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Tsai
- Department
of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ting Lin
- Department
of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Drug
Development & Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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2
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Alam T, Naseem S, Shahabuddin F, Abidi S, Parwez I, Khan F. Oral administration of Nigella sativa oil attenuates arsenic-induced redox imbalance, DNA damage, metabolic distress, and histopathological alterations in rat intestine. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127238. [PMID: 37343449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to arsenic, a widespread environmental toxin, produces multiple organ toxicity, including gastrointestinal toxicity. Nigella sativa (NS) has long been revered for its numerous health benefits under normal and pathological states. In view of this, the present study attempts to evaluate the protective efficacy of orally administered Nigella sativa oil (NSO) against arsenic-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic alterations in rat intestine and elucidate the underlying mechanism of its action. METHODS Rats were categorized into the control, NaAs, NSO, and NaAs+NSO groups. After pre-treatment of rats in the NaAs+NSO and NSO groups daily with NSO (2 ml/kg bwt, orally) for 14 days, NSO treatment was further continued for 30 days, with and without NaAs treatment (5 mg/kg bwt, orally), respectively. Various biochemical parameters, such as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, carbohydrate metabolic and brush border membrane marker enzyme activities were evaluated in the mucosal homogenates of all the groups. Intestinal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were isolated, and the activities of membrane marker enzyme viz. ALP, GGTase, LAP, and sucrase were determined. Further, the effect on kinetic parameters viz KM (Michaelis-Menten constant) and Vmax of these enzymes was assessed. Integrity of enterocyte DNA was examined using the comet assay. Histopathology of the intestines was performed to evaluate the histoarchitectural alterations induced by chronic arsenic exposure and/or NSO supplementation. Arsenic accumulation in the intestine was studied by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). RESULTS NaAs treatment caused substantial changes in the activities of brush border membrane (BBM), carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidant defense enzymes in the intestinal mucosal homogenates. The isolated BBM vesicles (BBMV) also showed marked suppression in the marker enzyme activities. Severe DNA damage and mucosal arsenic accumulation were observed in rats treated with NaAs alone. In contrast, oral NSO supplementation significantly alleviated all the adverse alterations induced by NaAs treatment. Histopathological examination supported the biochemical findings. CONCLUSION NSO, by improving the antioxidant status and energy metabolism, could significantly alter the ability of the intestine to protect against free radical-mediated arsenic toxicity in intestine. Thus, NSO may have an excellent scope in managing gastrointestinal distress in arsenic intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Samina Naseem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Farha Shahabuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Subuhi Abidi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Iqbal Parwez
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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Parida L, Patel TN. Systemic impact of heavy metals and their role in cancer development: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:766. [PMID: 37249740 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are well-recognised as environmental hazards due to their toxicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation in living organisms. Human health is a crucial concern related to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems poisoned by harmful heavy metals. Most heavy metals pollute the air, water, and soil, which can be fatal to humans. Humans and other species can be exposed to heavy metals through the food chain if the metals oxidise or combine with other environmental elements (such as water, soil, or air). Their entry into the food chain assures interactions with biological macromolecules in living systems, including humans, resulting in undesirable outcomes. Human poisonings have typically been caused by mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. The build-up of these metals in living organisms causes various harmful consequences on different organs and tissues. The gravitas of heavy metal toxicity regarding molecular impact and carcinogenesis needs in-depth understanding despite the plethora of available data. Hence, additionally, we attempt to elaborate on the multi-level impact of five heavy metals and emphasise their role in cancer development. The rationale of this essay is thus to understand the role of five heavy metals, viz., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg), in carcinogenesis. Heavy metals interfere with various biological functions, including proliferation, differentiation, repair of damage, and apoptosis. By comparing their modes of action, we see that these metals share common mechanisms for inducing toxicity, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant defence weakening, enzyme inactivation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Parida
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Trupti N Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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Sadiku OO, Rodríguez-Seijo A. Metabolic and genetic derangement: a review of mechanisms involved in arsenic and lead toxicity and genotoxicity. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:244-255. [PMID: 36607725 PMCID: PMC9985351 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urbanisation and industrialisation are on the rise all over the world. Environmental contaminants such as potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are directly linked with both phenomena. Two PTEs that raise greatest concern are arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) as soil and drinking water contaminants, whether they are naturally occurring or the consequence of human activities. Both elements are potential carcinogens. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which As and Pb impair metabolic processes and cause genetic damage in humans. Despite efforts to ban or limit their use, due to high persistence both continue to pose a risk to human health, which justifies the need for further toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubusayo Olujimi Sadiku
- University of Lagos, College of Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Andrés Rodríguez-Seijo
- University of Porto, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Porto, Portugal
- University of Vigo, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Sciences, Ourense, Spain
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5
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Wang L, Liu LZ, Jiang BH. Dysregulation of microRNAs in metal-induced angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:279-286. [PMID: 34428550 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that regulate cancer initiation, development, angiogenesis, and therapeutic resistance. Metal exposure widely occurs through air, water, soil, food, and industrial contaminants. Hundreds of millions of people may have metal exposure associated with toxicity, serious health problems, and cancer occurrence. Metal exposure is found to induce oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, and activation of multiple signaling pathways. However, molecular mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis remain to be elucidated. Recent studies demonstrated that the exposure of metals such as arsenic, hexavalent chromium, cadmium, and nickel caused dysregulation of microRNAs that are implicated to play an important role in cell transformation, tumor growth and angiogenesis. This review focuses on the recent studies that show metal-induced miRNA dysregulation and underlined mechanisms in cell malignant transformation, angiogenesis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, United States
| | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, United States.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, United States.
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6
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Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wright GM, Wang X, Gordon O, Pelch KE, Auerbach SS, Paules RS, DeVito MJ, Waalkes MP, Tokar EJ. Arsenite malignantly transforms human prostate epithelial cells in vitro by gene amplification of mutated KRAS. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215504. [PMID: 31009485 PMCID: PMC6476498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is an environmental human carcinogen of several organs including the urinary tract. RWPE-1 cells are immortalized, non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelia that become malignantly transformed into the CAsE-PE line after continuous in vitro exposure to 5μM arsenite over a period of months. For insight into in vitro arsenite transformation, we performed RNA-seq for differential gene expression and targeted sequencing of KRAS. We report >7,000 differentially expressed transcripts in CAsE-PE cells compared to RWPE-1 cells at >2-fold change, q<0.05 by RNA-seq. Notably, KRAS expression was highly elevated in CAsE-PE cells, with pathway analysis supporting increased cell proliferation, cell motility, survival and cancer pathways. Targeted DNA sequencing of KRAS revealed a mutant specific allelic imbalance, ‘MASI’, frequently found in primary clinical tumors. We found high expression of a mutated KRAS transcript carrying oncogenic mutations at codons 12 and 59 and many silent mutations, accompanied by lower expression of a wild-type allele. Parallel cultures of RWPE-1 cells retained a wild-type KRAS genotype. Copy number analysis and sequencing showed amplification of the mutant KRAS allele. KRAS is expressed as two splice variants, KRAS4a and KRAS4b, where variant 4b is more prevalent in normal cells compared to greater levels of variant 4a seen in tumor cells. 454 Roche sequencing measured KRAS variants in each cell type. We found KRAS4a as the predominant transcript variant in CAsE-PE cells compared to KRAS4b, the variant expressed primarily in RWPE-1 cells and in normal prostate, early passage, primary epithelial cells. Overall, gene expression data were consistent with KRAS-driven proliferation pathways found in spontaneous tumors and malignantly transformed cell lines. Arsenite is recognized as an important environmental carcinogen, but it is not a direct mutagen. Further investigations into this in vitro transformation model will focus on genomic events that cause arsenite-mediated mutation and overexpression of KRAS in CAsE-PE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Alex Merrick
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dhiral P. Phadke
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Meredith A. Bostrom
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ruchir R. Shah
- Sciome, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Garron M. Wright
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xinguo Wang
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Oksana Gordon
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Pelch
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erik J. Tokar
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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7
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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8
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Li Y, He M, Chen B, Hu B. Inhibition of arsenite methylation induces synergistic genotoxicity of arsenite and benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide in SCC-7 cells. Metallomics 2019; 11:176-182. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical method was developed to investigate the synergistic genotoxicity of BPDE and As(iii) in SCC-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education)
- Department of Chemistry
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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9
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Sage AP, Minatel BC, Ng KW, Stewart GL, Dummer TJB, Lam WL, Martinez VD. Oncogenomic disruptions in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25736-25755. [PMID: 28179585 PMCID: PMC5421966 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic affects more than 200 million people worldwide, and has been associated with many adverse health effects, including cancer in several organs. There is accumulating evidence that arsenic biotransformation, a step in the elimination of arsenic from the human body, can induce changes at a genetic and epigenetic level, leading to carcinogenesis. At the genetic level, arsenic interferes with key cellular processes such as DNA damage-repair and chromosomal structure, leading to genomic instability. At the epigenetic level, arsenic places a high demand on the cellular methyl pool, leading to global hypomethylation and hypermethylation of specific gene promoters. These arsenic-associated DNA alterations result in the deregulation of both oncogenic and tumour-suppressive genes. Furthermore, recent reports have implicated aberrant expression of non-coding RNAs and the consequential disruption of signaling pathways in the context of arsenic-induced carcinogenesis. This article provides an overview of the oncogenomic anomalies associated with arsenic exposure and conveys the importance of non-coding RNAs in the arsenic-induced carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Sage
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brenda C Minatel
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin W Ng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Greg L Stewart
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trevor J B Dummer
- Centre of Excellence in Cancer Prevention, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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10
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Minatel BC, Sage AP, Anderson C, Hubaux R, Marshall EA, Lam WL, Martinez VD. Environmental arsenic exposure: From genetic susceptibility to pathogenesis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:183-197. [PMID: 29275244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
More than 200 million people in 70 countries are exposed to arsenic through drinking water. Chronic exposure to this metalloid has been associated with the onset of many diseases, including cancer. Epidemiological evidence supports its carcinogenic potential, however, detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Despite the global magnitude of this problem, not all individuals face the same risk. Susceptibility to the toxic effects of arsenic is influenced by alterations in genes involved in arsenic metabolism, as well as biological factors, such as age, gender and nutrition. Moreover, chronic arsenic exposure results in several genotoxic and epigenetic alterations tightly associated with the arsenic biotransformation process, resulting in an increased cancer risk. In this review, we: 1) review the roles of inter-individual DNA-level variations influencing the susceptibility to arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; 2) discuss the contribution of arsenic biotransformation to cancer initiation; 3) provide insights into emerging research areas and the challenges in the field; and 4) compile a resource of publicly available arsenic-related DNA-level variations, transcriptome and methylation data. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of arsenic exposure and its subsequent health effects will support efforts to reduce the worldwide health burden and encourage the development of strategies for managing arsenic-related diseases in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C Minatel
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam P Sage
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine Anderson
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roland Hubaux
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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11
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Tocopherol and selenite modulate the transplacental effects induced by sodium arsenite in hamsters. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:204-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Xu X, Drobná Z, Voruganti VS, Barron K, González-Horta C, Sánchez-Ramírez B, Ballinas-Casarrubias L, Cerón RH, Morales DV, Terrazas FAB, Ishida MC, Gutiérrez-Torres DS, Saunders RJ, Crandell J, Fry RC, Loomis D, García-Vargas GG, Del Razo LM, Stýblo M, Mendez MA. Association Between Variants in Arsenic (+3 Oxidation State) Methyltranserase (AS3MT) and Urinary Metabolites of Inorganic Arsenic: Role of Exposure Level. Toxicol Sci 2016; 153:112-23. [PMID: 27370415 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in AS3MT, the gene encoding arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltranserase, have been shown to influence patterns of inorganic arsenic (iAs) metabolism. Several studies have suggested that capacity to metabolize iAs may vary depending on levels of iAs exposure. However, it is not known whether the influence of variants in AS3MT on iAs metabolism also vary by level of exposure. We investigated, in a population of Mexican adults exposed to drinking water As, whether associations between 7 candidate variants in AS3MT and urinary iAs metabolites were consistent with prior studies, and whether these associations varied depending on the level of exposure. Overall, associations between urinary iAs metabolites and AS3MT variants were consistent with the literature. Referent genotypes, defined as the genotype previously associated with a higher percentage of urinary dimethylated As (DMAs%), were associated with significant increases in the DMAs% and ratio of DMAs to monomethylated As (MAs), and significant reductions in MAs% and iAs%. For 3 variants, associations between genotypes and iAs metabolism were significantly stronger among subjects exposed to water As >50 versus ≤50 ppb (water As X genotype interaction P < .05). In contrast, for 1 variant (rs17881215), associations were significantly stronger at exposures ≤50 ppb. Results suggest that iAs exposure may influence the extent to which several AS3MT variants affect iAs metabolism. The variants most strongly associated with iAs metabolism-and perhaps with susceptibility to iAs-associated disease-may vary in settings with exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xu
- *Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Zuzana Drobná
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina
| | | | - Keri Barron
- *Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Carmen González-Horta
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Lourdes Ballinas-Casarrubias
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | | | | | | | - María C Ishida
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - Daniela S Gutiérrez-Torres
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - R Jesse Saunders
- *Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Jamie Crandell
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health School of Nursing
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health and Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dana Loomis
- International Agency for Research of Cancer, Monographs Section, Lyon Cedex, France
| | - Gonzalo G García-Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango, México
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- **Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México DF, México
| | - Miroslav Stýblo
- *Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Michelle A Mendez
- *Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health Carolina Population Center and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Bhattacharjee P, Paul S, Bhattacharjee P. Risk of occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon and arsenic on pulmonary disorders: Understanding the genetic-epigenetic interplay and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:425-434. [PMID: 26966890 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies suggest strong association of lung disorders with occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon and arsenic. The chronic occupational exposure primarily through inhalation results in adverse outcome on the respiratory tract which may also be fatal. Although several mechanisms have attributed towards these diseases; the molecular pathogenesis is still unknown. OBJECTIVE In this review, we investigated the plausible molecular mechanism based on current research that may identify the genetic and epigenetic susceptibility of respiratory disorders upon such occupational exposures in humans. METHODS We considered genetic variants and epigenetic alterations associated with pulmonary exposure hazards leading to asbestosis, silicosis and arsenicosis. Our review is stringently based on the literatures available through peer-reviewed articles mostly published in the last 10 years. Relevant search were conducted using keywords like "occupational lung disorders" along with "asbestos", "silicon" and "arsenic". RESULTS Till September 2015, pubmed search yielded approximately 780 articles relating to asbestos exposure; 240 articles for silicon exposure and 60 articles for arsenic exposure. Extensive screening for genetic and epigenetic factors identified certain genes and related pathways that are important to determine the susceptibility of an individual towards such occupational exposure. CONCLUSION The link between genotype and phenotype and its association with disease susceptibility is very complex in nature due to several factors like person's environment, lifestyle and nutritional status. The epigenome is dynamic as well as reversible and can be reshaped further by certain dietary components throughout its life. In the present review, we have addressed the role of molecular pathogenesis of occupational lung diseases based on the genetic variability and epigenetic alterations and also attempted to highlight the promising aspect of dietary interventions to counter toxic outcomes upon occupational exposure to asbestos, silicon or arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Somnath Paul
- Division of Molecular Genetics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Kim YJ, Kim JM. Arsenic Toxicity in Male Reproduction and Development. Dev Reprod 2015; 19:167-80. [PMID: 26973968 PMCID: PMC4786478 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2015.19.4.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations, the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water, chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non-cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children's health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation, and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins, and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jae Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea
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15
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Abdul KSM, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EPS, Jayasumana C, De Silva PMCS. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:828-46. [PMID: 26476885 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is ubiquitous in nature and humans being exposed to arsenic via atmospheric air, ground water and food sources are certain. Major sources of arsenic contamination could be either through geological or via anthropogenic activities. In physiological individuals, organ system is described as group of organs that transact collectively and associate with other systems for conventional body functions. Arsenic has been associated with persuading a variety of complications in body organ systems: integumentary, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, immune, endocrine, hepatic, renal, reproductive system and development. In this review, we outline the effects of arsenic on the human body with a main focus on assorted organ systems with respective disease conditions. Additionally, underlying mechanisms of disease development in each organ system due to arsenic have also been explored. Strikingly, arsenic has been able to induce epigenetic changes (in utero) and genetic mutations (a leading cause of cancer) in the body. Occurrence of various arsenic induced health effects involving emerging areas such as epigenetics and cancer along with their respective mechanisms are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Channa Jayasumana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rajarata University, Anuradhapura 50008, Sri Lanka
| | - P Mangala C S De Silva
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 81000, Sri Lanka
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16
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Liu SH, Yang RS, Yen YP, Chiu CY, Tsai KS, Lan KC. Low-Concentration Arsenic Trioxide Inhibits Skeletal Myoblast Cell Proliferation via a Reactive Oxygen Species-Independent Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137907. [PMID: 26359868 PMCID: PMC4567280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast proliferation and differentiation are essential for skeletal muscle regeneration. Myoblast proliferation is a critical step in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. The precise action of inorganic arsenic on myoblast growth has not been investigated. Here, we investigated the in vitro effect of inorganic arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the growth of C2C12 myoblasts. As2O3 decreased myoblast growth at submicromolar concentrations (0.25–1 μM) after 72 h of treatment. Submicromolar concentrations of As2O3 did not induce the myoblast apoptosis. Low-concentration As2O3 (0.5 and 1 μM) significantly suppressed the myoblast cell proliferative activity, which was accompanied by a small proportion of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression. As2O3 (0.5 and 1 μM) increased the intracellular arsenic content but did not affect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the myoblasts. Cell cycle analysis indicated that low-concentrations of As2O3 inhibited cell proliferation via cell cycle arrest in the G1 and G2/M phases. As2O3 also decreased the protein expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin B1, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, and CDK4, but did not affect the protein expressions of p21 and p27. Furthermore, As2O3 inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt. Insulin-like growth factor-1 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of As2O3 on Akt phosphorylation and cell proliferation in the myoblasts. These results suggest that submicromolar concentrations of As2O3 alter cell cycle progression and reduce myoblast proliferation, at least in part, through a ROS-independent Akt inhibition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Sen Yang
- Departments of Orthopaedic, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Peng Yen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Sung Tsai
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Hobbs CA, Recio L, Streicker M, Boyle MH, Tanaka J, Shiga A, Witt KL. Comet assay evaluation of six chemicals of known genotoxic potential in rats. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 786-788:172-81. [PMID: 26212309 PMCID: PMC4516904 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As a part of an international validation of the in vivo rat alkaline comet assay (comet assay) initiated by the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM) we examined six chemicals for potential to induce DNA damage: 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN), o-anisidine, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (1,2-DMH), sodium chloride, and sodium arsenite. DNA damage was evaluated in the liver and stomach of 7- to 9-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats. Of the five genotoxic carcinogens tested in our laboratory, DMN and 1,2-DMH were positive in the liver and negative in the stomach, 2-AAF and o-anisidine produced an equivocal result in liver and negative results in stomach, and sodium arsenite was negative in both liver and stomach. 1,2-DMH and DMN induced dose-related increases in hedgehogs in the same tissue (liver) that exhibited increased DNA migration. However, no cytotoxicity was indicated by the neutral diffusion assay (assessment of highly fragmented DNA) or histopathology in response to treatment with any of the tested chemicals. Therefore, the increased DNA damage resulting from exposure to DMN and 1,2-DMH was considered to represent a genotoxic response. Sodium chloride, a non-genotoxic non-carcinogen, was negative in both tissues as would be predicted. Although only two (1,2-DMH and DMN) out of five genotoxic carcinogens produced clearly positive results in the comet assay, the results obtained for o-anisidine and sodium arsenite in liver and stomach cells are consistent with the known mode of genotoxicity and tissue specificity exhibited by these carcinogens. In contrast, given the known genotoxic mode-of-action and target organ carcinogenicity of 2-AAF, it is unclear why this chemical failed to convincingly increase DNA migration in the liver. Thus, the results of the comet assay validation studies conducted in our laboratory were considered appropriate for five out of the six test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Hobbs
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Leslie Recio
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Michael Streicker
- Investigative Toxicology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Molly H Boyle
- Comparative and Molecular Pathology, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Genotoxicology Laboratory, Biosafety Research Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiga
- Pathology Laboratory, Biosafety Research Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Human AP endonuclease 1: a potential marker for the prediction of environmental carcinogenesis risk. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:730301. [PMID: 25243052 PMCID: PMC4158471 DOI: 10.1155/2014/730301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) functions mainly in DNA repair as an enzyme removing AP sites and in redox signaling as a coactivator of various transcription factors. Based on these multifunctions of APE1 within cells, numerous studies have reported that the alteration of APE1 could be a crucial factor in development of human diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. In fact, the study on the combination of an individual's genetic make-up with environmental factors (gene-environment interaction) is of great importance to understand the development of diseases, especially lethal diseases including cancer. Recent reports have suggested that the human carcinogenic risk following exposure to environmental toxicants is affected by APE1 alterations in terms of gene-environment interactions. In this review, we initially outline the critical APE1 functions in the various intracellular mechanisms including DNA repair and redox regulation and its roles in human diseases. Several findings demonstrate that the change in expression and activity as well as genetic variability of APE1 caused by environmental chemical (e.g., heavy metals and cigarette smoke) and physical carcinogens (ultraviolet and ionizing radiation) is likely associated with various cancers. These enable us to ultimately suggest APE1 as a vital marker for the prediction of environmental carcinogenesis risk.
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Kulshrestha A, Jarouliya U, Prasad GBKS, Flora SJS, Bisen PS. Arsenic-induced abnormalities in glucose metabolism: Biochemical basis and potential therapeutic and nutritional interventions. World J Transl Med 2014; 3:96-111. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v3.i2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Health hazards due to the consumption of heavy metals such as arsenic have become a worldwide problem. Metabolism of arsenic produces various intermediates which are more toxic and cause toxicity. Arsenic exposure results in impairment of glucose metabolism, insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells, altered gene expressions and signal transduction, and affects insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes or skeletal muscle cells. Arsenic toxicity causes abnormalities in glucose metabolism through an increase in oxidative stress. Arsenic interferes with the sulfhydryl groups and phosphate groups present in various enzymes involved in glucose metabolism including pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and contributes to their impairment. Arsenic inhibits glucose transporters present in the cell membrane, alters expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, transcription factors and inflammatory cytokines which stimulate oxidative stress. Some theories suggest that arsenic exposure under diabetic conditions inhibits hyperglycemia. However, the exact mechanism behind the behavior of arsenic as an antagonist or synergist on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion is not yet fully understood. The present review delineates the relationship between arsenic and the biochemical basis of its relationship to glucose metabolism. This review also addresses potential therapeutic and nutritional interventions for attenuating arsenic toxicity. Several other potential nutritional supplements are highlighted in the review that could be used to combat arsenic toxicity.
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20
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Ray PD, Yosim A, Fry RC. Incorporating epigenetic data into the risk assessment process for the toxic metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury: strategies and challenges. Front Genet 2014; 5:201. [PMID: 25076963 PMCID: PMC4100550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals poses a serious human health hazard based on ubiquitous environmental presence, the extent of exposure, and the toxicity and disease states associated with exposure. This global health issue warrants accurate and reliable models derived from the risk assessment process to predict disease risk in populations. There has been considerable interest recently in the impact of environmental toxicants such as toxic metals on the epigenome. Epigenetic modifications are alterations to an individual's genome without a change in the DNA sequence, and include, but are not limited to, three commonly studied alterations: DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA expression. Given the role of epigenetic alterations in regulating gene and thus protein expression, there is the potential for the integration of toxic metal-induced epigenetic alterations as informative factors in the risk assessment process. In the present review, epigenetic alterations induced by five high priority toxic metals/metalloids are prioritized for analysis and their possible inclusion into the risk assessment process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Ray
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Yosim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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AP-1 activation attenuates the arsenite-induced apoptotic response in human bronchial epithelial cells by up-regulating HO-1 expression. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1927-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xie H, Huang S, Martin S, Wise JP. Arsenic is cytotoxic and genotoxic to primary human lung cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 760:33-41. [PMID: 24291234 PMCID: PMC3928068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic originates from both geochemical and numerous anthropogenic activities. Exposure of the general public to significant levels of arsenic is widespread. Arsenic is a well-documented human carcinogen. Long-term exposure to high levels of arsenic in drinking water has been linked to bladder, lung, kidney, liver, prostate, and skin cancers. Among them, lung cancer is of great public concern. However, little is known about how arsenic causes lung cancer and few studies have considered effects in normal human lung cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of arsenic in human primary bronchial fibroblast and epithelial cells. Our data show that arsenic induces a concentration-dependent decrease in cell survival after short (24h) or long (120h) exposures. Arsenic induces concentration-dependent but not time-dependent increases in chromosome damage in fibroblasts. No chromosome damage is induced after either 24h or 120h arsenic exposure in epithelial cells. Using neutral comet assay and gamma-H2A.X foci forming assay, we found that 24h or 120h exposure to arsenic induces increases in DNA double strand breaks in both cell lines. These data indicate that arsenic is cytotoxic and genotoxic to human lung primary cells but lung fibroblasts are more sensitive to arsenic than epithelial cells. Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced genotoxicity in human lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States.
| | - Shouping Huang
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - Sarah Martin
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
| | - John P Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, United States
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Urinary arsenic metabolism in a Western Chinese population exposed to high-dose inorganic arsenic in drinking water: influence of ethnicity and genetic polymorphisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 274:117-23. [PMID: 24239724 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the differences in urinary arsenic metabolism patterns of individuals exposed to a high concentration of inorganic arsenic (iAs) in drinking water, an epidemiological investigation was conducted with 155 individuals living in a village where the arsenic concentration in the drinking water was 969μg/L. Blood and urine samples were collected from 66 individuals including 51 cases with skin lesions and 15 controls without skin lesions. The results showed that monomethylated arsenic (MMA), the percentage of MMA (%MMA) and the ratio of MMA to iAs (MMA/iAs) were significantly increased in patients with skin lesions as compared to controls, while dimethylated arsenic (DMA), the percentage of DMA (%DMA) and the ratio of DMA to MMA (DMA/MMA) were significantly reduced. The percent DMA of individuals with the Ala/Asp genotype of glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) was significantly lower than those with Ala/Ala. The percent MMA of individuals with the A2B/A2B genotype of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) was significantly lower than those with AB/A2B. The iAs and total arsenic (tAs) content in the urine of a Tibetan population were significantly higher than that of Han and Hui ethnicities, whereas MMA/iAs was significantly lower than that of Han and Hui ethnicities. Our results showed that when exposed to the same arsenic environment, different individuals exhibited different urinary arsenic metabolism patterns. Gender and ethnicity affect these differences and above polymorphisms may be effectors too.
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Leffers L, Ebert F, Taleshi MS, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterization of two arsenosugars and their metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1270-82. [PMID: 23564523 PMCID: PMC3739928 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In their recently published Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a risk assessment for arsenosugars is currently not possible, largely because of the lack of relevant toxicological data. To address this issue, we carried out a toxicological in vitro characterization of two arsenosugars and six arsenosugar metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS The highly pure synthesized arsenosugars, DMA(V) -sugar-glycerol and DMA(V) -sugar-sulfate, investigated in this study, as well as four metabolites, oxo-dimethylarsenoacetic acid (oxo-DMAA(V) ), oxo-dimethylarsenoethanol (oxo-DMAE(V) ), thio-DMAA(V) and thio-DMAE(V) , exerted neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity up to 500 μM exposure in cultured human bladder cells. However, two arsenosugar metabolites, namely dimethyl-arsinic acid (DMA(V) ) and thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V) ), were toxic to the cells; thio-DMA(V) was even slightly more cytotoxic than arsenite. Additionally, intestinal bioavailability of the arsenosugars was assessed applying the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. The observed low, but significant transfer rates of the arsenosugars across the barrier model provide further evidence that arsenosugars are intestinally bioavailable. CONCLUSION In a cellular system that metabolizes arsenosugars, cellular toxicity likely arises. Thus, in strong contrast to arsenobetaine, arsenosugars cannot be categorized as nontoxic for humans and a risk to human health cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Leffers
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Mojtaba S Taleshi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
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Muñiz Ortiz JG, Wallace KA, Leinisch F, Kadiiska MB, Mason RP, Kligerman AD. Catalase has a key role in protecting cells from the genotoxic effects of monomethylarsonous acid: a highly active metabolite of arsenic. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:317-326. [PMID: 23640787 DOI: 10.1002/em.21780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although it is widely known that arsenic-contaminated drinking water causes many diseases, arsenic's exact mode of action (MOA) is not fully understood. Induction of oxidative stress has been proposed as an important key event in the toxic MOA of arsenic. The authors' studies are centered on identifying a reactive species involved in the genotoxicity of arsenic using a catalase (CAT) knockout mouse model that is impaired in its ability to breakdown hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). The authors assessed the induction of DNA damage using the Comet assay following exposure of mouse Cat(+/) (+) and Cat(-) (/) (-) primary splenic lymphocytes to monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III) ) to identify the potential role of H2 O2 in mediating cellular effects of this metalloid. The results showed that the Cat(-) (/) (-) lymphocytes are more susceptible to MMA(III) than the Cat(+/) (+) lymphocytes by a small (1.5-fold) but statistically significant difference. CAT activity assays demonstrated that liver tissue has approximately three times more CAT activity than lymphocytes. Therefore, Comet assays were performed on primary Cat(+/) (+) , Cat(+/) (-) , and Cat(-) (/) (-) hepatocytes to determine if the Cat(-) (/) (-) cells were more susceptible to MMA(III) than lymphocytes. The results showed that the Cat(-) (/) (-) hepatocytes exhibit higher levels of DNA strand breakage than the Cat(+/) (+) (approximately fivefold) and Cat(+/) (-) (approximately twofold) hepatocytes exposed to MMA(III) . Electron spin resonance using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as the spin-trap agent detected the generation of ·OH via MMA(III) when H2 O2 was present. These experiments suggest that CAT is involved in protecting cells against the genotoxic effects of the ·OH generated by MMA(III) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G Muñiz Ortiz
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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Bomhard EM, Gelbke HP, Schenk H, Williams GM, Cohen SM. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:436-66. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.792329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sharma M, Sharma S, Arora M, Kaul D. Regulation of cellular Cyclin D1 gene by arsenic is mediated through miR-2909. Gene 2013; 522:60-4. [PMID: 23562784 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic through its ability to regulate genes that link cell cycle control with apoptosis has been widely recognized to play a crucial role in oncogenomics. However, the molecular event by which arsenic affects such genes is far from clear. Here we provide reasonably good evidence to support the view that arsenic exposure to human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) at low concentrations results in the over-expression of miR-2909 within these cells. This over-expressed miR-2909 was found to regulate CCND1 (Cyclin D1) gene expression, within these cells by inducing splice-switching of tumor suppresser CYLD (Cylindromatosis) gene as well as modulation of SP1 (Specificity Protein 1) activity through the repression of KLF4 (Kruppel-like factor4) expression at the translational level. Arsenic dependent regulation of AATF (Apoptosis Antagonizing Transcription factor) and BCL3 (B-cell Lymphoma 3) were also found to be modulated through its capacity to induce miR-2909 expression. Based upon these observations, a novel epigenomic pathway was proposed which may not only be useful in understanding the paradoxical role of arsenic in oncogenomics but also may even be useful in devising various strategies for the treatment/prevention of tumors induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharma
- Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology Department, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160012, India
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Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Giri AK. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 53:29-40. [PMID: 23314041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chronic arsenic toxicity is associated with cancer. Although unstable genome is a characteristic feature of cancer cells, the mechanisms leading to genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis are poorly understood. While there are excellent reviews relating to genomic instability in general, there is no comprehensive review presenting the mechanisms involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability. This review was undertaken to present the current state of research in this area and to highlight the major mechanisms that may involved in arsenic-induced genomic instability leading to cancer. Genomic instability is broadly classified into chromosomal instability (CIN), primarily associated with mitotic errors; and microsatellite instability (MIN), associated with DNA level instability. Arsenic-induced genomic instability is essentially multi-factorial in nature and involves molecular cross-talk across several cellular pathways, and is modulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors. Arsenic and its metabolites generate oxidative stress, which in turn induces genomic instability through DNA damage, irreversible DNA repair, telomere dysfunction, mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In addition to genetic alteration; epigenetic regulation through promoter methylation and miRNA expression alters gene expression profiling leading to genome more vulnerable and unstable towards cancer risk. Moreover, mutations or silencing of pro-apoptotic genes can lead to genomic instability by allowing survival of damaged cells that would otherwise die. Although a large body of information is now generated regarding arsenic-induced carcinogenesis; further studies exploring genome-wide association, role of environment and diet are needed for a better understanding of the arsenic-induced genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata-700 032, India
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Stamatelos SK, Androulakis IP, Kong ANT, Georgopoulos PG. A semi-mechanistic integrated toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK/TD) model for arsenic(III) in hepatocytes. J Theor Biol 2013; 317:244-56. [PMID: 23069314 PMCID: PMC4026948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systems engineering approach is presented for describing the kinetics and dynamics that are elicited upon arsenic exposure of human hepatocytes. The mathematical model proposed here tracks the cellular reaction network of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds present in the hepatocyte and analyzes the production of toxicologically potent by-products and the signaling they induce in hepatocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS The present modeling effort integrates for the first time a cellular-level semi-mechanistic toxicokinetic (TK) model of arsenic in human hepatocytes with a cellular-level toxicodynamic (TD) model describing the arsenic-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, the antioxidant response, and the oxidative DNA damage repair process. The antioxidant response mechanism is described based on the Keap1-independent Nuclear Factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling cascade and accounts for the upregulation of detoxifying enzymes. The ROS-induced DNA damage is simulated by coupling the TK/TD formulation with a model describing the multistep pathway of oxidative DNA repair. The predictions of the model are assessed against experimental data of arsenite-induced genotoxic damage to human hepatocytes; thereby capturing in silico the mode of the experimental dose-response curve. CONCLUSIONS The integrated cellular-level TK/TD model presented here provides significant insight into the underlying regulatory mechanism of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant response due to arsenic exposure. While computational simulations are in a fair good agreement with relevant experimental data, further analysis of the system unravels the role of a dynamic interplay among the feedback loops of the system in controlling the ROS upregulation and DNA damage response. This TK/TD framework that uses arsenic as an example can be further extended to other toxic or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros K. Stamatelos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Ioannis P. Androulakis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Panos G. Georgopoulos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) A Joint Institute of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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30
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Bailey KA, Wallace K, Smeester L, Thai SF, Wolf DC, Edwards SW, Fry RC. Transcriptional Modulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB Pathways in Human Urothelial Cells After Trivalent Arsenical Exposure: Implications for Urinary Bladder Cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH UPDATES 2012; 1:57-68. [PMID: 23487506 PMCID: PMC3593739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic (iAs) is associated with an increased risk of urinary bladder (UB) cancers in humans. The exact role of specific iAs metabolite(s) in As-mediated carcinogenesis remains largely unknown. Experimental evidence suggests that trivalent arsenicals, namely arsenite (iAsIII) and two of its metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), are possible proximate UB carcinogens. Here, we used a transcriptomics approach to examine perturbed molecular pathways in a human urothelial cell line (UROtsa) after short-term exposure to iAsIII, MMAIII and DMAIII. Molecular pathways containing genes that encode proteins implicated in UB cancer development were perturbed by both MMAIII and DMAIII. These pathways included those of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK 1/2 MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB). Together, these results may inform the current understanding of effects in the UB induced by acute As exposure and the relationship of these effects with As-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Bailey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kathleen Wallace
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Douglas C. Wolf
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Stephen W. Edwards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Maiti S, Chattopadhyay S, Deb B, Samanta T, Maji G, Pan B, Ghosh A, Ghosh D. Antioxidant and metabolic impairment result in DNA damage in arsenic-exposed individuals with severe dermatological manifestations in Eastern India. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:342-50. [PMID: 20925122 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental toxicant, free-radical generator, carcinogenic agent, and aging promoter. Recently, blood samples were analyzed from individuals (control- male 12, female 13; arsenic-exposed- male 16, female 14; and exposed to ≥100 μg/L As, ≥10 y) with dermatological symptoms in few affected villages in Eastern India to unravel their hematopoietic, metabolic, and antioxidant profiles. White blood cells recovered from buffy coat were used for DNA fragmentation test. Present observation suggests that significant number of individuals developed pigmentation and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with black-brownish patch on their body and many of those developed carcinomas. Hematopoietic data show a significant increase in eosinophil and decrease in monocyte count in either sex. Though insignificant, an increase in neutrophil in female and lymphocyte count in male arsenic-exposed individuals are supported by the earlier report on sex dimorphic immune sensitization. Significant increase in serum alanine transaminase in both sexes and bilirubin only in male suggests the eventuality of hepatic disintegration. Arsenic exposure significantly decreased serum amylase in female. A significant decrease in antioxidant components like catalase, soluble thiol, and recently recognized uric acid worsened the situation by generating free radicals as observed in significant rise in malondialdehyde level, which finally increased DNA fragmentation and arsenic-associated mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. This could attribute to lowering in immune competence and related necrotic and/or apoptotic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarajit Maiti
- Post Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
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32
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Qin XJ, Liu W, Li YN, Sun X, Hai CX, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibition by arsenite promotes the survival of cells with unrepaired DNA lesions induced by UV exposure. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:120-9. [PMID: 22387748 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arsenic exposure is associated with increased risk of skin cancer, and arsenite greatly enhances ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin tumors in a mouse model of carcinogenesis. Inhibition of DNA repair is one proposed mechanism for the observed cocarcinogenicity. We have previously demonstrated that low concentrations of arsenite inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, thus interfering with DNA repair process triggered by UV radiation. Because overactivation of PARP-1 often leads to apoptotic cell death, and unrepaired DNA lesions promote genomic instability and carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that inhibition of PARP-1 by arsenic may promote the survival of potentially "initiated carcinogenic cells," i.e., cells with unrepaired DNA lesions. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis on UV-challenged HaCat cells. Cells were pretreated with 2μM arsenite for 24 h before UV exposure. Outcome parameters included apoptotic death rate, PARP-1 activation, apoptotic molecules, and retention of DNA lesions. UV exposure induced PARP-1 activation and associated poly(ADP-ribose) production, apoptosis-inducing factor release, cytochrome C release, and caspases activation, which led to apoptotic death in HaCat cells. Pretreatment with 2μM arsenite significantly inhibited UV-induced cell death as well as the associated molecular events. Notably, knockdown of PARP-1 with small interfering RNA completely abolished the antagonism of arsenite. Furthermore, arsenite pretreatment led to long-term retention of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Together, these results suggest that low concentration of arsenite reduces UV-induced apoptosis via inhibiting PARP-1, thus promoting the survival of cells with unrepaired DNA lesions, which may be an important mechanism underlying arsenic cocarcinogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jun Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, USA
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33
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Shen L, Xu W, Li A, Ye J, Zhou J. JWA enhances As₂O₃-induced tubulin polymerization and apoptosis via p38 in HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1177-93. [PMID: 21847655 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) has potential anti-cancer activity against a wide range of carcinomas via apoptosis induction or oncoprotein degradation. The mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that As₂O₃ induced-apoptosis in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells was in part triggered by tubulin polymerization. High expression of JWA promoted tubulin polymerization and increased the sensitivity of the cancer cells to As₂O₃. The activation of the p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) signaling pathway was found to contribute to JWA-promoted tubulin polymerization. Our results suggest that JWA may serve as an effective enhancer of microtubule-targeted As₂O₃ anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Shen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology & Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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34
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011. [PMID: 22091411 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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35
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Sengupta MK, Dasgupta PK. Oxidation State-Differentiated Measurement of Aqueous Inorganic Arsenic by Continuous Flow Electrochemical Arsine Generation Coupled to Gas-Phase Chemiluminescence Detection. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9378-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201972m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K. Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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36
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Ebert F, Weiss A, Bültemeyer M, Hamann I, Hartwig A, Schwerdtle T. Arsenicals affect base excision repair by several mechanisms. Mutat Res 2011; 715:32-41. [PMID: 21782832 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a strong, widespread human carcinogen. How exactly inorganic arsenic exerts carcinogenicity in humans is as yet unclear, but it is thought to be closely related to its metabolism. At exposure-relevant concentrations arsenic is neither directly DNA reactive nor mutagenic. Thus, more likely epigenetic and indirect genotoxic effects, among others a modulation of the cellular DNA damage response and DNA repair, are important molecular mechanisms contributing to its carcinogenicity. In the present study, we investigated the impact of arsenic on several base excision repair (BER) key players in cultured human lung cells. For the first time gene expression, protein level and in case of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) protein function was examined in one study, comparing inorganic arsenite and its trivalent and pentavalent mono- and dimethylated metabolites, also taking into account their cellular bioavailability. Our data clearly show that arsenite and its metabolites can affect several cellular endpoints related to DNA repair. Thus, cellular OGG activity was most sensitively affected by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)), DNA ligase IIIα (LIGIIIα) protein level by arsenite and X-ray cross complementing protein 1 (XRCC1 protein) content by monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), with significant effects starting at ≥3.2μM cellular arsenic. With respect to MMA(V), to our knowledge these effects are the most sensitive endpoints, related to DNA damage response, that have been identified so far. In contrast to earlier nucleotide excision repair related studies, the trivalent methylated metabolites exerted strong effects on the investigated BER key players only at cytotoxic concentrations. In summary, our data point out that after mixed arsenic species exposure, a realistic scenario after oral inorganic arsenic intake in humans, DNA repair might be affected by different mechanisms and therefore very effectively, which might facilitate the carcinogenic process of inorganic arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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37
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Adonis M, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic biotransformation as a cancer promoting factor by inducing DNA damage and disruption of repair mechanisms. Mol Biol Int 2011; 2011:718974. [PMID: 22091411 PMCID: PMC3200225 DOI: 10.4061/2011/718974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water poses a major global health concern. Populations exposed to high concentrations of arsenic-contaminated drinking water suffer serious health consequences, including alarming cancer incidence and death rates. Arsenic is biotransformed through sequential addition of methyl groups, acquired from s-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Metabolism of arsenic generates a variety of genotoxic and cytotoxic species, damaging DNA directly and indirectly, through the generation of reactive oxidative species and induction of DNA adducts, strand breaks and cross links, and inhibition of the DNA repair process itself. Since SAM is the methyl group donor used by DNA methyltransferases to maintain normal epigenetic patterns in all human cells, arsenic is also postulated to affect maintenance of normal DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, and genomic stability. The biological processes underlying the cancer promoting factors of arsenic metabolism, related to DNA damage and repair, will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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38
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Ponte F, Carvalho F, Porto B. Protective effect of acetyl-l-carnitine and α-lipoic acid against the acute toxicity of diepoxybutane to human lymphocytes. Toxicology 2011; 289:52-8. [PMID: 21807063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation and oxidative stress may contribute to 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced toxicity to human lymphocytes of Fanconi Anemia (FA) patients. Thus, the identification of putative inhibitors of bioactivation, as well as the determination of the protective role of oxidant defenses, on DEB-induced toxicity, can help to understand what is failing in FA cells. In the present work we studied the contribution of several biochemical pathways for DEB-induced acute toxicity in human lymphocyte suspensions, by using inhibitors of epoxide hydrolases, inhibitors of protective enzymes as glutathione S-transferase and catalase, the depletion of glutathione (GSH), and the inhibition of protein synthesis; and a variety of putative protective compounds, including antioxidants, and mitochondrial protective agents. The present study reports two novel findings: (i) it was clearly evidenced, for the first time, that the acute exposure of freshly isolated human lymphocytes to DEB results in severe GSH depletion and loss of ATP, followed by cell death; (ii) acetyl-l-carnitine elicits a significant protective effect on DEB induced toxicity, which was potentiated by α-lipoic acid. Collectively, these findings contribute to increase our knowledge of DEB-induce toxicity and will be very useful when applied in studies with lymphocytes from FA patients, in order to find out a protective agent against spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Ponte
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Anibal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
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Tennant AH, Kligerman AD. Superoxide dismutase protects cells from DNA damage induced by trivalent methylated arsenicals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:238-243. [PMID: 20740636 DOI: 10.1002/em.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Heterozygous mice of strain B6;129S7-Sod1(tm1Leb)/J were obtained from Jackson Laboratories and bred to produce offspring that were heterozygous (+/Sod1(tm1Leb)), homozygous wild-type (+/+), and homozygous knockout (Sod1(tm1Leb) /Sod1(tm1Leb)) for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) gene. Splenocytes from these mice were exposed to several concentrations of either sodium arsenite (As3 [0-200 μM]), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA3 [0-10 μM]), or dimethylarsinous acid (DMA3 [0-10 μM]) for 2 hr. Cells were then examined for DNA damage using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a positive control. Splenocytes from each of the three genotypes for Sod1 were equally sensitive to MMS and As3. However, at equimolar concentrations, DMA3 and MMA3 produced significantly more DNA damage in the homozygous knockout mouse splenocytes than in the splenocytes from the wild-type or heterozygous mice. These findings suggest that superoxide is involved either directly or indirectly in producing DNA damage in cells exposed to trivalent methylated arsenicals. These arsenicals may generate reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. This DNA damage may be a key factor in initiating cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Tennant
- Division of Integrated Systems Toxicology, National Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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40
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Stamatelos SK, Brinkerhoff CJ, Isukapalli SS, Georgopoulos PG. Mathematical model of uptake and metabolism of arsenic(III) in human hepatocytes - Incorporation of cellular antioxidant response and threshold-dependent behavior. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:16. [PMID: 21266075 PMCID: PMC3302683 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Arsenic is an environmental pollutant, potent human toxicant, and oxidative stress agent with a multiplicity of health effects associated with both acute and chronic exposures. A semi-mechanistic cellular-level toxicokinetic (TK) model was developed in order to describe the uptake, biotransformation and clearance of arsenical species in human hepatocytes. Notable features of this model are the incorporation of arsenic-glutathione complex formation and a "switch-like" formulation to describe the antioxidant response of hepatocytes to arsenic exposure. Results The cellular-level TK model applies mass action kinetics in order to predict the concentrations of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals in hepatocytes. The model simulates uptake of arsenite (iAsIII) via aquaporin isozymes 9 (AQP9s), glutathione (GSH) conjugation, methylation by arsenic methyltransferase (AS3MT), efflux through multidrug resistant proteins (MRPs) and the induced antioxidant response via thioredoxin reductase (TR) activity. The model was parameterized by optimization of model estimates for arsenite (iAsIII), monomethylated (MMA) and dimethylated (DMA) arsenicals concentrations with time-course experimental data in human hepatocytes for a time span of 48 hours, and dose-response data at 24 hours for a range of arsenite concentrations from 0.1 to 10 μM. Global sensitivity analysis of the model showed that at low doses the transport parameters had a dominant role, whereas at higher doses the biotransformation parameters were the most significant. A parametric comparison of the TK model with an analogous model developed for rat hepatocytes from the literature demonstrated that the biotransformation of arsenite (e.g. GSH conjugation) has a large role in explaining the variation in methylation between rats and humans. Conclusions The cellular-level TK model captures the temporal modes of arsenical accumulation in human hepatocytes. It highlighted the key biological processes that influence arsenic metabolism by explicitly modelling the metabolic network of GSH-adducts formation. The parametric comparison with the TK model developed for rats suggests that the variability in GSH conjugation could have an important role in inter-species variability of arsenical methylation. The TK model can be incorporated into larger-scale physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models of arsenic for improving the estimates of PBTK model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros K Stamatelos
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), a joint institute of UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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41
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Rossman TG, Klein CB. Genetic and epigenetic effects of environmental arsenicals. Metallomics 2011; 3:1135-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oxidative damage in lymphocytes of copper smelter workers correlated to higher levels of excreted arsenic. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:403830. [PMID: 21253489 PMCID: PMC3022209 DOI: 10.1155/2010/403830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic has been associated with multiple harmful effects at the cellular level. Indirectly these defects could be related to impairment
of the integrity of the immune system, in particular in lymphoid population. To characterize the effect of Arsenic on redox status on this
population, copper smelter workers and arsenic unexposed donors were recruited for this study. We analyzed urine samples
and lymphocyte enriched fractions from donors to determinate arsenic levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, we studied the
presence of oxidative markers MDA, vitamin E and SOD activity in donor plasma. Here we demonstrated that in human beings
exposed to high arsenic concentrations, lymphocyte MDA and arsenic urinary levels showed a positive correlation with SOD activity,
and a negative correlation with vitamin E serum levels. Strikingly, lymphocytes from the arsenic exposed population respond to
a polyclonal stimulator, phytohemaglutinin, with higher rates of thymidine incorporation than lymphocytes of a control population.
As well, similar in vitro responses to arsenic were observed using a T cell line. Our results suggest that chronic
human exposure to arsenic induces oxidative damage in lymphocytes and could be considered more relevant than evaluation of T cell
surveillance.
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Banerjee M, Banerjee N, Ghosh P, Das JK, Basu S, Sarkar AK, States JC, Giri AK. Evaluation of the serum catalase and myeloperoxidase activities in chronic arsenic-exposed individuals and concomitant cytogenetic damage. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 249:47-54. [PMID: 20732340 PMCID: PMC3457024 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure through contaminated drinking water is a major environmental health issue. Chronic arsenic exposure is known to exert its toxic effects by a variety of mechanisms, of which generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most important. A high level of ROS, in turn, leads to DNA damage that might ultimately culminate in cancer. In order to keep the level of ROS in balance, an array of enzymes is present, of which catalase (CAT) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are important members. Hence, in this study, we determined the activities of these two enzymes in the sera and chromosomal aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes in individuals exposed and unexposed to arsenic in drinking water. Arsenic in drinking water and in urine was used as a measure of exposure. Our results show that individuals chronically exposed to arsenic have significantly higher CAT and MPO activities and higher incidence of CA. We found moderate positive correlations between CAT and MPO activities, induction of CA and arsenic in urine and water. These results indicate that chronic arsenic exposure causes higher CAT and MPO activities in serum that correlates with induction of genetic damage. We conclude that the serum levels of these enzymes might be used as biomarkers of early arsenic exposure induced disease much before the classical dermatological symptoms of arsenicosis begin to appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayukh Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilanjana Banerjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Jayanta K. Das
- Department of Dermatology, West Bank Hospital, Howrah, India
| | - Santanu Basu
- Department of General Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Seva Kendra, Kolkata, India
| | - Ajoy K. Sarkar
- Peerless Hospital and B.K Roy Research Centre, Kolkata, India
| | - J. Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Environmental Genomics and Integrative Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashok K. Giri
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Fucic A, Gamulin M, Ferencic Z, Rokotov DS, Katic J, Bartonova A, Lovasic IB, Merlo DF. Lung cancer and environmental chemical exposure: a review of our current state of knowledge with reference to the role of hormones and hormone receptors as an increased risk factor for developing lung cancer in man. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:849-55. [PMID: 20805318 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310378136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a dominant cause of cancer mortality. The etiology of lung cancer is mainly related to cigarette smoking, airborne genotoxic carcinogens, and arsenic, but its sex-specific incidence suggests that other mechanisms, such as hormones, may also be involved in the process of carcinogenesis. A number of agents commonly present in the living environment can have dual biological effects: not only are they genotoxic / carcinogenic, but they are also hormonally active as xenoestrogens. This dualism may explain sex-specific differences reported in both types and incidence of lung cancer. In a novel approach to investigate the complexity of lung cancer, etiology, including systems biology, will be used as a tool for a simultaneous interpretation of measurable environmental and biological parameters. Using this approach, the etiology of human lung cancer can be more thoroughly investigated using the available data from oncology and environmental health. The information gained could be applied in the introduction of preventive measures, in personalized medicine, and in more relevant legislation, which should be adjusted to reflect the current knowledge on the complex environmental interactions underlying this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra Fucic
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
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45
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Liu P, Wang CN, Song XY, Yu YF, Wu YN. Dietary intake of arsenic by children and adults from Jinhu area of China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1128-35. [DOI: 10.1080/19440041003753466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Sampayo-Reyes A, Hernández A, El-Yamani N, López-Campos C, Mayet-Machado E, Rincón-Castañeda CB, Limones-Aguilar MDL, López-Campos JE, de León MB, González-Hernández S, Hinojosa-Garza D, Marcos R. Arsenic induces DNA damage in environmentally exposed Mexican children and adults. Influence of GSTO1 and AS3MT polymorphisms. Toxicol Sci 2010; 117:63-71. [PMID: 20547570 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic (i-As) is an environmental carcinogen to which millions of people are chronically exposed mainly via drinking water. In this study, we used the comet assay to evaluate DNA damage in i-As-exposed inhabitants of the north of Mexico. The environmental monitoring and the exposure assessment were done by measuring both drinking water arsenic (As) content and total urinary As. In addition, the studied population was genetically characterized for four different glutathione S-transferase omega1 (GSTO1) polymorphisms (Ala140Asp, Glu155del, Glu208Lys, and Ala236Val) and the As (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) Met287Thr polymorphism to determine whether such variants influence As-related genotoxicity. As content in the drinking water of the population was found to range between 1 and 187 microg/l, with a mean concentration value of 16 microg/l. The total urinary As content of the exposed individuals was found to be correlated with the As content in drinking water, and subjects were classified as low (< 30 microg As/g creatinine), medium (31-60 microg As/g creatinine), and highly exposed (> 61 microg As/g creatinine). A positive association was found between the level of exposure and the genetic damage measured as percentage of DNA in tail (p < 0.001), and AS3MT Met287Thr was found to significantly influence the effect (p < 0.034) among children carrying the 287Thr variant allele. Altogether, our results evidenced that people living in As-contaminated areas are at risk and that AS3MT genetic variation may play an important role modulating such risk in northern Mexico, especially among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Sampayo-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico
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Habib GM. Arsenite causes down-regulation of Akt and c-Fos, cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis in glutathione-deficient cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:363-71. [PMID: 20336670 PMCID: PMC2862122 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant but the mechanism by which it causes cytotoxicity is poorly understood. Arsenite induces apoptosis in glutathione (GSH)-deficient GCS-2 cells by causing cell cycle dysfunction and down-regulating critical signaling pathways. This study was designed to examine the effect of arsenite on redox-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a signaling pathway involved in cell survival and growth, and transcription factor, activating protein-1 (AP-1). Arsenite significantly diminished Akt and c-Fos levels and caused accelerated degradation of these proteins by ubiquitnation. Arsenite also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The cell cycle arrest involved the down-regulation of cyclin A2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 2, CDK4, and CDK6. Apoptosis involved down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Taken together, our results suggest that a possible mechanism of arsenite-induced toxicity under low/no GSH conditions, is to negatively regulate GCS-2 cell proliferation by attenuating Akt and AP-1 by ubiquitination and causing cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha M Habib
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Gentry PR, McDonald TB, Sullivan DE, Shipp AM, Yager JW, Clewell HJ. Analysis of genomic dose-response information on arsenic to inform key events in a mode of action for carcinogenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:1-14. [PMID: 19551812 DOI: 10.1002/em.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify information on gene expression changes following exposures to inorganic arsenic compounds. This information was organized by compound, exposure, dose/concentration, species, tissue, and cell type. A concentration-related hierarchy of responses was observed, beginning with changes in gene/protein expression associated with adaptive responses (e.g., preinflammatory responses, delay of apoptosis). Between 0.1 and 10 microM, additional gene/protein expression changes related to oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, inflammation, and proliferative signaling occur along with those related to DNA repair, cell cycle G2/M checkpoint control, and induction of apoptosis. At higher concentrations (10-100 microM), changes in apoptotic genes dominate. Comparisons of primary cell results with those obtained from immortalized or tumor-derived cell lines were also evaluated to determine the extent to which similar responses are observed across cell lines. Although immortalized cells appear to respond similarly to primary cells, caution must be exercised in using gene expression data from tumor-derived cell lines, where inactivation or overexpression of key genes (e.g., p53, Bcl-2) may lead to altered genomic responses. Data from acute in vivo exposures are of limited value for evaluating the dose-response for gene expression, because of the transient, variable, and uncertain nature of tissue exposure in these studies. The available in vitro gene expression data, together with information on the metabolism and protein binding of arsenic compounds, provide evidence of a mode of action for inorganic arsenic carcinogenicity involving interactions with critical proteins, such as those involved in DNA repair, overlaid against a background of chemical stress, including proteotoxicity and depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls. The inhibition of DNA repair under conditions of toxicity and proliferative pressure may compromise the ability of cells to maintain the integrity of their DNA.
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Kligerman AD, Malik SI, Campbell JA. Cytogenetic insights into DNA damage and repair of lesions induced by a monomethylated trivalent arsenical. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 695:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Wang A, Kligerman AD, Holladay SD, Wolf DC, Robertson JL. Arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid in drinking water did not affect DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells or micronuclei in bone marrow. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2009; 50:760-770. [PMID: 19472316 DOI: 10.1002/em.20496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a human skin, lung, and urinary bladder carcinogen, and may act as a cocarcinogen in the skin and urinary bladder. Possible modes of action of arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis include oxidative stress induction and inhibition of DNA damage repair. We investigated the effects of arsenic in drinking water on DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells and on micronucleus formation in bone marrow. F344 rats were given 100 ppm arsenate [As(V)] or dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)] in drinking water for 1 week. The in vivo repair of cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage resulting from a single oral gavage of CP, and the in vitro repair of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, resulting from adding H(2)O(2) or formaldehyde into cell medium, were measured by the Comet assay. DMA(V) effects were not observed on either CP-induced DNA damage induction or on DNA repair. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the H(2)O(2)- or formaldehyde-induced DNA damage, and neither inhibited the repair of H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage. Neither DMA(V) nor As(V) increased the micronucleus frequency, nor did they elevate micronucleus frequency resulting from CP treatment above the level observed by the treatment with CP alone. These results suggest that arsenic carcinogenesis/cocarcinogenesis in the urinary bladder may not be via DNA damage repair inhibition. To our knowledge this is the first report of arsenic effects on DNA damage repair in the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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