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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Romualdo B, Cristina F, Stephen H, Marco I, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Riolo F, Christodoulidou A, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of N-nitrosamines in food. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07884. [PMID: 36999063 PMCID: PMC10043641 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of N-nitrosamines (N-NAs) in food. The risk assessment was confined to those 10 carcinogenic N-NAs occurring in food (TCNAs), i.e. NDMA, NMEA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NMA, NSAR, NMOR, NPIP and NPYR. N-NAs are genotoxic and induce liver tumours in rodents. The in vivo data available to derive potency factors are limited, and therefore, equal potency of TCNAs was assumed. The lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose at 10% (BMDL10) was 10 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, derived from the incidence of rat liver tumours (benign and malignant) induced by NDEA and used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Analytical results on the occurrence of N-NAs were extracted from the EFSA occurrence database (n = 2,817) and the literature (n = 4,003). Occurrence data were available for five food categories across TCNAs. Dietary exposure was assessed for two scenarios, excluding (scenario 1) and including (scenario 2) cooked unprocessed meat and fish. TCNAs exposure ranged from 0 to 208.9 ng/kg bw per day across surveys, age groups and scenarios. 'Meat and meat products' is the main food category contributing to TCNA exposure. MOEs ranged from 3,337 to 48 at the P95 exposure excluding some infant surveys with P95 exposure equal to zero. Two major uncertainties were (i) the high number of left censored data and (ii) the lack of data on important food categories. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the MOE for TCNAs at the P95 exposure is highly likely (98-100% certain) to be less than 10,000 for all age groups, which raises a health concern.
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Uptake and cellular effects of PE, PP, PET and PVC microplastic particles. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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In vitro proteomic analysis of methapyrilene toxicity in rat hepatocytes reveals effects on intermediary metabolism. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:369-383. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Proteomic analysis of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and 2-MCPD dipalmitate toxicity in rat kidney and liver in a 28-days study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Sieg H, Braeuning C, Kunz BM, Daher H, Kästner C, Krause BC, Meyer T, Jalili P, Hogeveen K, Böhmert L, Lichtenstein D, Burel A, Chevance S, Jungnickel H, Tentschert J, Laux P, Braeuning A, Gauffre F, Fessard V, Meijer J, Estrela-Lopis I, Thünemann AF, Luch A, Lampen A. Uptake and molecular impact of aluminum-containing nanomaterials on human intestinal caco-2 cells. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:992-1013. [PMID: 30317887 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1504999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is one of the most common elements in the earth crust and increasingly used in food, consumer products and packaging. Its hazard potential for humans is still not completely understood. Besides the metallic form, Al also exists as mineral, including the insoluble oxide, and in soluble ionic forms. Representatives of these three species, namely a metallic and an oxidic species of Al-containing nanoparticles and soluble aluminum chloride, were applied to human intestinal cell lines as models for the intestinal barrier. We characterized physicochemical particle parameters, protein corona composition, ion release and cellular uptake. Different in vitro assays were performed to determine potential effects and molecular modes of action related to the individual chemical species. For a deeper insight into signaling processes, microarray transcriptome analyses followed by bioinformatic data analysis were employed. The particulate Al species showed different solubility in biological media. Metallic Al nanoparticles released more ions than Al2O3 nanoparticles, while AlCl3 showed a mixture of dissolved and agglomerated particulate entities in biological media. The protein corona composition differed between both nanoparticle species. Cellular uptake, investigated in transwell experiments, occurred predominantly in particulate form, whereas ionic Al was not taken up by intestinal cell lines. Transcellular transport was not observed. None of the Al species showed cytotoxic effects up to 200 µg Al/mL. The transcriptome analysis indicated mainly effects on oxidative stress pathways, xenobiotic metabolism and metal homeostasis. We have shown for the first time that intestinal cellular uptake of Al occurs preferably in the particle form, while toxicological effects appear to be ion-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Sieg
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Caroline Braeuning
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Birgitta Maria Kunz
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Hannes Daher
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Kästner
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin-Christoph Krause
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- d Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Pégah Jalili
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Linda Böhmert
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Agnès Burel
- f CNRS, Inserm , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Soizic Chevance
- g CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Fabienne Gauffre
- g CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226 , Univ Rennes , Rennes , France
| | - Valérie Fessard
- e ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety , Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants unit , Fougères Cedex , France
| | - Jan Meijer
- h Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- d Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics , Leipzig University , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- b German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- c Department of Chemical and Product Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- a Department of Food Safety , German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
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6
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Frenzel F, Oberemm A, Lampen A, Braeuning A. Proteomic effects of repeated-dose oral exposure to 2-monochloropropanediol and its dipalmitate in rat testes. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:354-359. [PMID: 29705614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) and their fatty acid esters are food contaminants which are concomitantly formed upon thermal treatment of foodstuff containing fats and salt. Exposure to 2- or 3-MCPD thus results, for example, from refined vegetable oils, in instant meals or infant formula, as well as in cereals or pastries. The molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of 2-MCDP-induced alterations in the testes from rats following oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight per day 2-MCPD, or an equimolar dose of 2-MCPD dipalmitate as a representative 2-MCPD fatty acid ester. In the absence of overt histopathologically detectable toxicity, moderate alterations in cellular proteomic signatures were recorded. The observations are in line with the assumption that the molecular mechanisms of 2-MCPD and 3-MCPD toxicity differ. Observed proteomic alterations point towards effects of 2-MCPD on mitogen-dependent signaling and mitochondrial energy utilization. Presented data for the first time provide insight into proteomic effects of 2-MCPD in testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Frenzel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Juling S, Böhmert L, Lichtenstein D, Oberemm A, Creutzenberg O, Thünemann AF, Braeuning A, Lampen A. Comparative proteomic analysis of hepatic effects induced by nanosilver, silver ions and nanoparticle coating in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:255-266. [PMID: 29408364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nano-scaled particles in food and food-related products has drawn attention to the oral uptake of nanoparticles and their interactions with biological systems. In the present study, we used a toxicoproteomics approach to allow for the untargeted experimental identification and comparative analysis of cellular responses in rat liver after repeated-dose treatment with silver nanoparticles, ions, and the coating matrix used for particle stabilization. The proteomic analysis revealed treatment-related effects caused by exposure to silver in particulate and ionic form. Both silver species induced similar patterns of signaling and metabolic alterations. Silver-induced cellular alterations comprised, amongst others, proteins involved in metal homeostasis, oxidative stress response, and energy metabolism. However, we discovered that secondary nano-scaled structures were formed from ionic silver. Furthermore, also the coating matrix alone gave rise to the formation of nano-scaled particles. The present data confirm, complement, and extend previous knowledge on silver toxicity in rodent liver by providing a comprehensive proteomic data set. The observation of secondary particle formation from non-particle controls underlines the difficulties in separating particle-, ion-, and matrix coating-related effects in biological systems. Awareness of this issue will support proper evaluation of nanotoxicology-related data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Juling
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Böhmert
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Oberemm
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- ITEM, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs Str. 1, 30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- BAM, German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter Den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- BfR, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Comparative proteomic analysis of 2-MCPD- and 3-MCPD-induced heart toxicity in the rat. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3145-3155. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Analysis of 3-MCPD- and 3-MCPD dipalmitate-induced proteomic changes in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:374-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Oberemm A, Hansen U, Böhmert L, Meckert C, Braeuning A, Thünemann AF, Lampen A. Proteomic responses of human intestinal Caco-2 cells exposed to silver nanoparticles and ionic silver. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:404-13. [PMID: 26434666 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Even although quite a number of studies have been performed so far to demonstrate nanoparticle-specific effects of substances in living systems, clear evidence of these effects is still under debate. The present study was designed as a comparative proteomic analysis of human intestinal cells exposed to a commercial silver nanoparticle reference material and ions from AgNO3. A two-dimensional gel electrophoresis/MALDI mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis was conducted after 24-h incubation of differentiated Caco-2 cells with non-cytotoxic and low cytotoxic silver concentrations (2.5 and 25 µg ml(-1) nanosilver, 0.5 and 5 µg ml(-1) AgNO3). Out of an overall number of 316 protein spots differentially expressed at a fold change of ≥ 1.4 or ≤ -1.4 in all treatments, 169 proteins could be identified. In total, 231 spots were specifically deregulated in particle-treated groups compared with 41 spots, which were limited to AgNO3-treatments. Forty-four spots (14 %) were commonly deregulated by both types of treatment. A considerable fraction of the proteins differentially expressed after treatment with nanoparticles is related to protein folding, synthesis or modification of proteins as well as cellular assembly and organization. Overlays of networks obtained for particulate and ionic treatments showed matches, indicating common mechanisms of combined particle and ionic silver exposure and exclusive ionic silver treatment. However, proteomic responses of Caco-2 cells treated with higher concentrations of silver species also showed some differences, for example regarding proteins related to fatty acid and energy metabolism, suggesting an induction of also some different molecular mechanisms for particle exposure and ionic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Oberemm
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Hansen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Böhmert
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Meckert
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Proteomic analysis of 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD dipalmitate toxicity in rat testis. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Toxicology: a discipline in need of academic anchoring--the point of view of the German Society of Toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1881-93. [PMID: 26314262 PMCID: PMC4572062 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the importance of toxicology as a discipline, its past achievements, current scientific challenges, and future development. Toxicological expertise is instrumental in the reduction of human health risks arising from chemicals and drugs. Toxicological assessment is needed to evaluate evidence and arguments, whether or not there is a scientific base for concern. The immense success already achieved by toxicological work is exemplified by reduced pollution of air, soil, water, and safer working places. Predominantly predictive toxicological testing is derived from the findings to assess risks to humans and the environment. Assessment of the adversity of molecular effects (including epigenetic effects), the effects of mixtures, and integration of exposure and biokinetics into in vitro testing are emerging challenges for toxicology. Toxicology is a translational science with its base in fundamental science. Academic institutions play an essential part by providing scientific innovation and education of young scientists.
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Proteomic analysis of 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD dipalmitate-induced toxicity in rat kidney. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1437-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Ehlers A, Florian S, Schumacher F, Meinl W, Lenze D, Hummel M, Heise T, Seidel A, Glatt H, Lampen A. The glucosinolate metabolite 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol induces a gene expression profile in mouse liver similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:685-97. [PMID: 25559983 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Breakdown products of certain glucosinolates induce detoxifying enzymes and demonstrate preventive activities against chemically induced tumourigenesis in animal models. However, other breakdown products are genotoxic. 1-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol (1-MIM-OH) is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian cells upon activation by sulphotransferases and forms DNA adducts in mouse tissues. This effect is enhanced in mice transgenic for human sulphotransferases 1A1/2 (FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2). Therefore, we explored gene expression changes induced by 1-MIM-OH in mouse liver. METHODS AND RESULTS FVB/N-hSULT1A1/2 mice were orally treated with 1-MIM-OH for 21 or 90 days, leading to high levels of hepatic 1-MIM-DNA adducts. Genome-wide expression analyses demonstrated no influence on detoxifying enzymes, but up-regulation of many mediators of the tumour suppressor p53 and down-regulation of Fhit and other long genes. While this p53 response might indicate protection, it was unable to prevent the accumulation of DNA adducts. However, various epidemiological studies reported inverse associations between the intake of cruciferous vegetables and cancer. This association may be due to the presence of other glucosinolates with tumour-preventing influences possibly outweighing adverse effects of some metabolites. CONCLUSION 1-MIM-OH is a genotoxic substance inducing a gene expression profile similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Ehlers
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Potier E, Rivron NC, Van Blitterswijk CA, Ito K. Micro-aggregates do not influence bone marrow stromal cell chondrogenesis. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:1021-1032. [PMID: 24700552 DOI: 10.1002/term.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) appear promising for cartilage repair, current clinical results are suboptimal and the success of BMSC-based therapies relies on a number of methodological improvements, among which is better understanding and control of their differentiation pathways. We investigated here the role of the cellular environment (paracrine vs juxtacrine signalling) in the chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Bovine BMSCs were encapsulated in alginate beads, as dispersed cells or as small micro-aggregates, to create different paracrine and juxtacrine signalling conditions. BMSCs were then cultured for 21 days with TGFβ3 added for 0, 7 or 21 days. Chondrogenic differentiation was assessed at the gene (type II and X collagens, aggrecan, TGFβ, sp7) and matrix (biochemical assays and histology) levels. The results showed that micro-aggregates had no beneficial effects over dispersed cells: matrix production was similar, whereas chondrogenic marker gene expression was lower for the micro-aggregates, under all TGFβ conditions tested. This weakened chondrogenic differentiation might be explained by a different cytoskeleton organization at day 0 in the micro-aggregates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Potier
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N C Rivron
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - C A Van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - K Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of the acetaminophen toxicity in liver microfluidic biochip. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21268. [PMID: 21857903 PMCID: PMC3152546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic bioartificial organs allow the reproduction of in vivo-like properties such as cell culture in a 3D dynamical micro environment. In this work, we established a method and a protocol for performing a toxicogenomic analysis of HepG2/C3A cultivated in a microfluidic biochip. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have shown the induction of the NRF2 pathway and the related drug metabolism pathways when the HepG2/C3A cells were cultivated in the biochip. The induction of those pathways in the biochip enhanced the metabolism of the N-acetyl-p-aminophenol drug (acetaminophen-APAP) when compared to Petri cultures. Thus, we observed 50% growth inhibition of cell proliferation at 1 mM in the biochip, which appeared similar to human plasmatic toxic concentrations reported at 2 mM. The metabolic signature of APAP toxicity in the biochip showed similar biomarkers as those reported in vivo, such as the calcium homeostasis, lipid metabolism and reorganization of the cytoskeleton, at the transcriptome and proteome levels (which was not the case in Petri dishes). These results demonstrate a specific molecular signature for acetaminophen at transcriptomic and proteomic levels closed to situations found in vivo. Interestingly, a common component of the signature of the APAP molecule was identified in Petri and biochip cultures via the perturbations of the DNA replication and cell cycle. These findings provide an important insight into the use of microfluidic biochips as new tools in biomarker research in pharmaceutical drug studies and predictive toxicity investigations.
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Buhrke T, Lengler I, Lampen A. Analysis of proteomic changes induced upon cellular differentiation of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:411-26. [PMID: 21492153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human intestinal cell line Caco-2 is a well-established model system to study cellular differentiation of human enterocytes of intestinal origin, because these cells have the capability to differentiate spontaneously into polarized cells with morphological and biochemical features of small intestinal enterocytes. Therefore, the cells are widely used as an in vitro model for the human intestinal barrier. In this study, a proteomic approach was used to identify the molecular marker of intestinal cellular differentiation. The proteome of proliferating Caco-2 cells was compared with that of fully differentiated cells. Two-dimensional gel analysis yielded 53 proteins that were differently regulated during the differentiation process. Pathway analysis conducted with those 34 proteins that were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) analysis revealed subsets of proteins with common molecular and cellular function. It was shown that proteins involved in xenobiotic and drug metabolism as well as in lipid metabolism were upregulated upon cellular differentiation. In parallel, proteins associated with proliferation, cell growth and cancer were downregulated, reflecting the loss of the tumorigenic phenotype of the cells. Thus, the proteomic approach in combination with a literature-based pathway analysis yielded valuable information about the differentiation process of Caco-2 cells on the molecular level that contributes to the understanding of the development of colon cancer or inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis--diseases associated with an imbalanced differentiation process of intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Buhrke
- Food Safety Department, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Kienhuis AS, Bessems JGM, Pennings JLA, Driessen M, Luijten M, van Delft JHM, Peijnenburg AACM, van der Ven LTM. Application of toxicogenomics in hepatic systems toxicology for risk assessment: acetaminophen as a case study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:96-107. [PMID: 20970440 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic systems toxicology is the integrative analysis of toxicogenomic technologies, e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, in combination with traditional toxicology measures to improve the understanding of mechanisms of hepatotoxic action. Hepatic toxicology studies that have employed toxicogenomic technologies to date have already provided a proof of principle for the value of hepatic systems toxicology in hazard identification. In the present review, acetaminophen is used as a model compound to discuss the application of toxicogenomics in hepatic systems toxicology for its potential role in the risk assessment process, to progress from hazard identification towards hazard characterization. The toxicogenomics-based parallelogram is used to identify current achievements and limitations of acetaminophen toxicogenomic in vivo and in vitro studies for in vitro-to-in vivo and interspecies comparisons, with the ultimate aim to extrapolate animal studies to humans in vivo. This article provides a model for comparison of more species and more in vitro models enhancing the robustness of common toxicogenomic responses and their relevance to human risk assessment. To progress to quantitative dose-response analysis needed for hazard characterization, in hepatic systems toxicology studies, generation of toxicogenomic data of multiple doses/concentrations and time points is required. Newly developed bioinformatics tools for quantitative analysis of toxicogenomic data can aid in the elucidation of dose-responsive effects. The challenge herein is to assess which toxicogenomic responses are relevant for induction of the apical effect and whether perturbations are sufficient for the induction of downstream events, eventually causing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Steimer JL, Dahl SG, De Alwis DP, Gundert-Remy U, Karlsson MO, Martinkova J, Aarons L, Ahr HJ, Clairambault J, Freyer G, Friberg LE, Kern SE, Kopp-Schneider A, Ludwig WD, De Nicolao G, Rocchetti M, Troconiz IF. Modelling the genesis and treatment of cancer: the potential role of physiologically based pharmacodynamics. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:21-32. [PMID: 19954965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based modelling of pharmacodynamics/toxicodynamics requires an a priori knowledge on the underlying mechanisms causing toxicity or causing the disease. In the context of cancer, the objective of the expert meeting was to discuss the molecular understanding of the disease, modelling approaches used so far to describe the process, preclinical models of cancer treatment and to evaluate modelling approaches developed based on improved knowledge. Molecular events in cancerogenesis can be detected using 'omics' technology, a tool applied in experimental carcinogenesis, but also for diagnostics and prognosis. The molecular understanding forms the basis for new drugs, for example targeting protein kinases specifically expressed in cancer. At present, empirical preclinical models of tumour growth are in great use as the development of physiological models is cost and resource intensive. Although a major challenge in PKPD modelling in oncology patients is the complexity of the system, based in part on preclinical models, successful models have been constructed describing the mechanism of action and providing a tool to establish levels of biomarker associated with efficacy and assisting in defining biologically effective dose range selection for first dose in man. To follow the concentration in the tumour compartment enables to link kinetics and dynamics. In order to obtain a reliable model of tumour growth dynamics and drug effects, specific aspects of the modelling of the concentration-effect relationship in cancer treatment that need to be accounted for include: the physiological/circadian rhythms of the cell cycle; the treatment with combinations and the need to optimally choose appropriate combinations of the multiple agents to study; and the schedule dependence of the response in the clinical situation.
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