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Bin Dayel FF, Alfirevic A, Chadwick AE. Developing In Vitro Models to Define the Role of Direct Mitochondrial Toxicity in Frequently Reported Drug-Induced Rhabdomyolysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051485. [PMID: 37239154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) logged 27,140 rhabdomyolysis cases from 2004 to 31 March 2020. We used FAERS to identify 14 drugs frequently reported in 6583 rhabdomyolysis cases and to investigate whether mitochondrial toxicity is a common pathway of drug-induced rhabdomyolysis by these drugs. Preliminary screening for mitochondrial toxicity was performed using the acute metabolic switch assay, which is adapted here for use in murine L6 cells. Fenofibrate, risperidone, pregabalin, propofol, and simvastatin lactone drugs were identified as mitotoxic and underwent further investigation, using real-time respirometry (Seahorse Technology) to provide more detail on the mechanism of mitochondrial-induced toxicity. To confirm the human relevance of the findings, fenofibrate and risperidone were evaluated in primary human skeletal muscle-derived cells (HSKMDC), using the acute metabolic switch assay and real-time respirometry, which confirmed this designation, although the toxic effects on the mitochondria were more pronounced in HSKMDC. Overall, these studies demonstrate that the L6 model of acute modification may find utility as an initial, cost-effective screen for identifying potential myotoxicants with relevance to humans and, importantly, that drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may be a common mechanism shared by some drugs that induce myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten F Bin Dayel
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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2
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Jiménez-Salvador I, Meade P, Iglesias E, Bayona-Bafaluy P, Ruiz-Pesini E. Developmental origins of Parkinson disease: Improving the rodent models. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101880. [PMID: 36773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pesticides are inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction adversely affects neurogenesis and often accompanies Parkinson disease. Since brain development occurs mainly in the prenatal period, early exposure to pesticides could alter the development of the nervous system and increase the risk of Parkinson disease. Different rodent models have been used to confirm this hypothesis. However, more precise considerations of the selected strain, the xenobiotic, its mode of administration, and the timing of animal analysis, are necessary to resemble the model to the human clinical condition and obtain more reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009- and 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Huang YL, De Gregorio C, Silva V, Elorza ÁA, Léniz P, Aliaga-Tobar V, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Budini M, Ezquer F, Ezquer M. Administration of Secretome Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Hepatoprotective Effects in Models of Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by Amiodarone or Tamoxifen. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040636. [PMID: 36831304 PMCID: PMC9954258 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of acute liver injury. While many factors may contribute to the susceptibility to DILI, obese patients with hepatic steatosis are particularly prone to suffer DILI. The secretome derived from mesenchymal stem cell has been shown to have hepatoprotective effects in diverse in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we evaluate whether MSC secretome could improve DILI mediated by amiodarone (AMI) or tamoxifen (TMX). Hepatic HepG2 and HepaRG cells were incubated with AMI or TMX, alone or with the secretome of MSCs obtained from human adipose tissue. These studies demonstrate that coincubation of AMI or TMX with MSC secretome increases cell viability, prevents the activation of apoptosis pathways, and stimulates the expression of priming phase genes, leading to higher proliferation rates. As proof of concept, in a C57BL/6 mouse model of hepatic steatosis and chronic exposure to AMI, the MSC secretome was administered endovenously. In this study, liver injury was significantly attenuated, with a decrease in cell infiltration and stimulation of the regenerative response. The present results indicate that MSC secretome administration has the potential to be an adjunctive cell-free therapy to prevent liver failure derived from DILI caused by TMX or AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Huang
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Cristian De Gregorio
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Álvaro A. Elorza
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Patricio Léniz
- Unidad de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética, Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Víctor Aliaga-Tobar
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 7610658, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
| | - Marcelo Ezquer
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.E.); (M.E.); Tel.: +56-990-699-272 (F.E.); +56-976-629-880 (M.E.)
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4
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Deng Y, Ngo DTM, Holien JK, Lees JG, Lim SY. Mitochondrial Dynamin-Related Protein Drp1: a New Player in Cardio-oncology. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:1751-1763. [PMID: 36181612 PMCID: PMC9715477 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01333-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study is aimed at reviewing the recent progress in Drp1 inhibition as a novel approach for reducing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and for improving cancer treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) are one of the most common and effective chemotherapeutic agents to treat a variety of cancers. However, the clinical usage of doxorubicin has been hampered by its severe cardiotoxic side effects leading to heart failure. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the major aetiologies of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The morphology of mitochondria is highly dynamic, governed by two opposing processes known as fusion and fission, collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics. An imbalance in mitochondrial dynamics is often reported in tumourigenesis which can lead to adaptive and acquired resistance to chemotherapy. Drp1 is a key mitochondrial fission regulator, and emerging evidence has demonstrated that Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission is upregulated in both cancer cells to their survival advantage and injured heart tissue in the setting of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Effective treatment to prevent and mitigate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is currently not available. Recent advances in cardio-oncology have highlighted that Drp1 inhibition holds great potential as a targeted mitochondrial therapy for doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Deng
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria Australia
| | - Doan T. M. Ngo
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, Hunter Medical Research Institute & University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales Australia
| | - Jessica K. Holien
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Jarmon G. Lees
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria Australia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria Australia ,Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Investigating the importance of individual mitochondrial genotype in susceptibility to drug-induced toxicity. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:787-797. [PMID: 32453388 PMCID: PMC7329340 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an essential organelle responsible for generating cellular energy. Additionally, mitochondria are a source of inter-individual variation as they contain their own genome. Evidence has revealed that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation can confer differences in mitochondrial function and importantly, these differences may be a factor underlying the idiosyncrasies associated with unpredictable drug-induced toxicities. Thus far, preclinical and clinical data are limited but have revealed evidence in support of an association between mitochondrial haplogroup and susceptibility to specific adverse drug reactions. In particular, clinical studies have reported associations between mitochondrial haplogroup and antiretroviral therapy, chemotherapy and antibiotic-induced toxicity, although study limitations and conflicting findings mean that the importance of mtDNA variation to toxicity remains unclear. Several studies have used transmitochondrial cybrid cells as personalised models with which to study the impact of mitochondrial genetic variation. Cybrids allow the effects of mtDNA to be assessed against a stable nuclear background and thus the in vitro elucidation of the fundamental mechanistic basis of such differences. Overall, the current evidence supports the tenet that mitochondrial genetics represent an exciting area within the field of personalised medicine and drug toxicity. However, further research effort is required to confirm its importance. In particular, efforts should focus upon translational research to connect preclinical and clinical data that can inform whether mitochondrial genetics can be useful to identify at risk individuals or inform risk assessment during drug development.
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Abstract
Anthracycline-based chemotherapy can result in the development of a cumulative and progressively developing cardiomyopathy. Doxorubicin is one of the most highly prescribed anthracyclines in the United States due to its broad spectrum of therapeutic efficacy. Interference with different mitochondrial processes is chief among the molecular and cellular determinants of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, contributing to the development of cardiomyopathy. The present review provides the basis for the involvement of mitochondrial toxicity in the different functional hallmarks of anthracycline toxicity. Our objective is to understand the molecular determinants of a progressive deterioration of functional integrity of mitochondria that establishes a historic record of past drug treatments (mitochondrial memory) and renders the cancer patient susceptible to subsequent regimens of drug therapy. We focus on the involvement of doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress, disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and permeability transition, contributing to altered metabolic and redox circuits in cardiac cells, ultimately culminating in disturbances of autophagy/mitophagy fluxes and increased apoptosis. We also suggest some possible pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions that can reduce mitochondrial damage. Understanding the key role of mitochondria in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy is essential to reduce the barriers that so dramatically limit the clinical success of this essential anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Wallace
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth (K.B.W.)
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal (V.A.S., P.J.O.)
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal (V.A.S., P.J.O.)
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7
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Sheik Abdul N, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon AA. The neglected foodborne mycotoxin Fusaric acid induces bioenergetic adaptations by switching energy metabolism from mitochondrial processes to glycolysis in a human liver (HepG2) cell line. Toxicol Lett 2020; 318:74-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Stoker ML, Newport E, Hulit JC, West AP, Morten KJ. Impact of pharmacological agents on mitochondrial function: a growing opportunity? Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:1757-1772. [PMID: 31696924 PMCID: PMC6925523 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Present-day drug therapies provide clear beneficial effects as many diseases can be driven into remission and the symptoms of others can be efficiently managed; however, the success of many drugs is limited due to both patient non-compliance and adverse off-target or toxicity-induced effects. There is emerging evidence that many of these side effects are caused by drug-induced impairment of mitochondrial function and eventual mitochondrial dysfunction. It is imperative to understand how and why drug-induced side effects occur and how mitochondrial function is affected. In an aging population, age-associated drug toxicity is another key area of focus as the majority of patients on medication are older. Therefore, with an aging population possessing subtle or even more dramatic individual differences in mitochondrial function, there is a growing necessity to identify and understand early on potentially significant drug-associated off-target effects and toxicity issues. This will not only reduce the number of unwanted side effects linked to mitochondrial toxicity but also identify useful mitochondrial-modulating agents. Mechanistically, many successful drug classes including diabetic treatments, antibiotics, chemotherapies and antiviral agents have been linked to mitochondrial targeted effects. This is a growing area, with research to repurpose current medications affecting mitochondrial function being assessed in cancer, the immune system and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. Here, we review the effects that pharmacological agents have on mitochondrial function and explore the opportunities from these effects as potential disease treatments. Our focus will be on cancer treatment and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Stoker
- NDWRH, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Emma Newport
- NDWRH, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, U.K
| | | | - A. Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Byran, TX, U.S.A
| | - Karl J. Morten
- NDWRH, The Women's Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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9
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Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:131-148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Delp J, Funke M, Rudolf F, Cediel A, Bennekou SH, van der Stel W, Carta G, Jennings P, Toma C, Gardner I, van de Water B, Forsby A, Leist M. Development of a neurotoxicity assay that is tuned to detect mitochondrial toxicants. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1585-1608. [PMID: 31190196 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many neurotoxicants affect energy metabolism in man, but currently available test methods may still fail to predict mito- and neurotoxicity. We addressed this issue using LUHMES cells, i.e., human neuronal precursors that easily differentiate into mature neurons. Within the NeuriTox assay, they have been used to screen for neurotoxicants. Our new approach is based on culturing the cells in either glucose or galactose (Glc-Gal-NeuriTox) as the main carbohydrate source during toxicity testing. Using this Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay, 52 mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial toxicants were tested. The panel of chemicals comprised 11 inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (cI), 4 inhibitors of cII, 8 of cIII, and 2 of cIV; 8 toxicants were included as they are assumed to be mitochondrial uncouplers. In galactose, cells became more dependent on mitochondrial function, which made them 2-3 orders of magnitude more sensitive to various mitotoxicants. Moreover, galactose enhanced the specific neurotoxicity (destruction of neurites) compared to a general cytotoxicity (plasma membrane lysis) of the toxicants. The Glc-Gal-NeuriTox assay worked particularly well for inhibitors of cI and cIII, while the toxicity of uncouplers and non-mitochondrial toxicants did not differ significantly upon glucose ↔ galactose exchange. As a secondary assay, we developed a method to quantify the inhibition of all mitochondrial respiratory chain functions/complexes in LUHMES cells. The combination of the Glc-Gal-NeuriTox neurotoxicity screening assay with the mechanistic follow up of target site identification allowed both, a more sensitive detection of neurotoxicants and a sharper definition of the mode of action of mitochondrial toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Delp
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Cooperative Doctorate College InViTe, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Melina Funke
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Franziska Rudolf
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Andrea Cediel
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Wanda van der Stel
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Toma
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via la Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Forsby
- Swetox Unit for Toxicological Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Leist
- Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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11
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Kamalian L, Douglas O, Jolly CE, Snoeys J, Simic D, Monshouwer M, Williams DP, Kevin Park B, Chadwick AE. The utility of HepaRG cells for bioenergetic investigation and detection of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:136-147. [PMID: 30096366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondrial toxicity in drug-induced liver injury is well established. The bioenergetic phenotype of the HepaRG cell line was defined in order to assess their suitability as a model of mitochondrial hepatotoxicity. Bioenergetic phenotyping categorised the HepaRG cells as less metabolically active when measured beside the more energetic HepG2 cells. However, inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase induced an increase in glycolytic activity of both HepaRG and HepG2 cells suggesting an active Crabtree Effect in both cell lines. The suitability of HepaRG cells for the acute metabolic modification assay as a screen for mitotoxicity was confirmed using a panel of compounds, including both positive and negative mitotoxic compounds. Seahorse respirometry studies demonstrated that a statistically significant decrease in spare respiratory capacity is the first indication of mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, based upon comparing changes in respiratory parameters to those of the positive controls, rotenone and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, compounds were categorised into two mechanistic groups; inhibitors or uncouplers of the electron transport chain. Overall, the findings from this study have demonstrated that HepaRG cells, despite having different resting bioenergetic phenotype to HepG2 cells are a suitable model to detect drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity with similar detection rates to HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Kamalian
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Oisin Douglas
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Carol E Jolly
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Damir Simic
- Mechanistic and Investigative Toxicology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Mario Monshouwer
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development
- Drug Safety and Metabolism
- Translational Safety, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom.
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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12
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Pereira SP, Deus CM, Serafim TL, Cunha-Oliveira T, Oliveira PJ. Metabolic and Phenotypic Characterization of Human Skin Fibroblasts After Forcing Oxidative Capacity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:191-204. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Pereira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Cláudia M Deus
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa L Serafim
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Teresa Cunha-Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, Biocant Park, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Abstract
Recent decades have seen a rapid increase in reported toxic effects of drugs and pollutants on mitochondria. Researchers have also documented many genetic differences leading to mitochondrial diseases, currently reported to affect ∼1 person in 4,300, creating a large number of potential gene-environment interactions in mitochondrial toxicity. We briefly review this history, and then highlight cutting-edge areas of mitochondrial research including the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in signaling; increased understanding of fundamental biological processes involved in mitochondrial homeostasis (DNA maintenance and mutagenesis, mitochondrial stress response pathways, fusion and fission, autophagy and biogenesis, and exocytosis); systemic effects resulting from mitochondrial stresses in specific cell types; mitochondrial involvement in immune function; the growing evidence of long-term effects of mitochondrial toxicity; mitochondrial-epigenetic cross-talk; and newer approaches to test chemicals for mitochondrial toxicity. We also discuss the potential importance of hormetic effects of mitochondrial stressors. Finally, we comment on future areas of research we consider critical for mitochondrial toxicology, including increased integration of clinical, experimental laboratory, and epidemiological (human and wildlife) studies; improved understanding of biomarkers in the human population; and incorporation of other factors that affect mitochondria, such as diet, exercise, age, and nonchemical stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0328
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14
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Sanuki Y, Araki T, Nakazono O, Tsurui K. A rapid mitochondrial toxicity assay utilizing rapidly changing cell energy metabolism. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:349-358. [PMID: 28496041 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a major cause of safety-related drug-marketing withdrawals. Several drugs have been reported to disrupt mitochondrial function, resulting in hepatotoxicity. The development of a simple and effective in vitro assay to identify the potential for mitochondrial toxicity is thus desired to minimize the risk of causing hepatotoxicity and subsequent drug withdrawal. An in vitro test method called the "glucose-galactose" assay is often used in drug development but requires prior-culture of cells over several passages for mitochondrial adaptation, thereby restricting use of the assay. Here, we report a rapid version of this method with the same predictability as the original method. We found that replacing the glucose in the medium with galactose resulted in HepG2 cells immediately shifting their energy metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation due to drastic energy starvation; in addition, the intracellular concentration of ATP was reduced by mitotoxicants when glucose in the medium was replaced with galactose. Using our proposed rapid method, mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells can be evaluated by drug exposure for one hour without a pre-culture step. This rapid assay for mitochondrial toxicity may be more suitable for high-throughput screening than the original method at an early stage of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sanuki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Tetsuro Araki
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Osamu Nakazono
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
| | - Kazuyuki Tsurui
- Laboratory for Safety Assessment and ADME, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp
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15
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Structure-activity relationship analysis of mitochondrial toxicity caused by antiviral ribonucleoside analogs. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:151-161. [PMID: 28412183 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent cases of severe toxicity during clinical trials have been associated with antiviral ribonucleoside analogs (e.g. INX-08189 and balapiravir). Some have hypothesized that the active metabolites of toxic ribonucleoside analogs, the triphosphate forms, inadvertently target human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), thus inhibiting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis. Others have proposed that the prodrug moiety released from the ribonucleoside analogs might instead cause toxicity. Here, we report the mitochondrial effects of several clinically relevant and structurally diverse ribonucleoside analogs including NITD-008, T-705 (favipiravir), R1479 (parent nucleoside of balapiravir), PSI-7851 (sofosbuvir), and INX-08189 (BMS-986094). We found that efficient substrates and chain terminators of POLRMT, such as the nucleoside triphosphate forms of R1479, NITD-008, and INX-08189, are likely to cause mitochondrial toxicity in cells, while weaker chain terminators and inhibitors of POLRMT such as T-705 ribonucleoside triphosphate do not elicit strong in vitro mitochondrial effects. Within a fixed 3'-deoxy or 2'-C-methyl ribose scaffold, changing the base moiety of nucleotides did not strongly affect their inhibition constant (Ki) against POLRMT. By swapping the nucleoside and prodrug moieties of PSI-7851 and INX-08189, we demonstrated that the cell-based toxicity of INX-08189 is mainly caused by the nucleoside component of the molecule. Taken together, these results show that diverse 2' or 4' mono-substituted ribonucleoside scaffolds cause mitochondrial toxicity. Given the unpredictable structure-activity relationship of this ribonucleoside liability, we propose a rapid and systematic in vitro screen combining cell-based and biochemical assays to identify the early potential for mitochondrial toxicity.
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16
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Abstract
Attrition due to nonclinical safety represents a major issue for the productivity of pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) organizations, especially during the compound optimization stages of drug discovery and the early stages of clinical development. Focusing on decreasing nonclinical safety-related attrition is not a new concept, and various approaches have been experimented with over the last two decades. Front-loading testing funnels in Discovery with in vitro toxicity assays designed to rapidly identify unfavorable molecules was the approach adopted by most pharmaceutical R&D organizations a few years ago. However, this approach has also a non-negligible opportunity cost. Hence, significant refinements to the "fail early, fail often" paradigm have been proposed recently to reflect the complexity of accurately categorizing compounds with early data points without taking into account other important contextual aspects, in particular efficacious systemic and tissue exposures. This review provides an overview of toxicology approaches and models that can be used in pharmaceutical Discovery at the series/lead identification and lead optimization stages to guide and inform chemistry efforts, as well as a personal view on how to best use them to meet nonclinical safety-related attrition objectives consistent with a sustainable pharmaceutical R&D model. The scope of this review is limited to small molecules, as large molecules are associated with challenges that are quite different. Finally, a perspective on how several emerging technologies may impact toxicity evaluation is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A G Blomme
- Global Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Inc. , 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer , Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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17
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Funes HA, Blas-Garcia A, Esplugues JV, Apostolova N. Efavirenz alters mitochondrial respiratory function in cultured neuron and glial cell lines. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2249-54. [PMID: 25925594 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NNRTI efavirenz is among the most widely employed antiretroviral drugs. Although it is considered safe, efavirenz has been linked with several adverse effects including neurological manifestations, which appear in the majority of the patients on efavirenz-containing regimens. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these manifestations are not understood, but mounting evidence points to altered brain bioenergetics. METHODS We evaluated the effect of short-term efavirenz treatment on the mitochondrial respiratory function of cultured glioblastoma and differentiated neuroblastoma cell lines using a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. RESULTS Incubation with efavirenz provoked a significant and concentration-dependent decrease in basal respiration and specifically in ATP production-coupled O2 consumption in both SH-SY5Y and U-251MG cells, with the effect being more pronounced in the latter. In contrast, efavirenz did not alter mitochondrial proton leakage in either of the cell types. Efavirenz led to a decrease in the respiratory control ratio as well as to a reduction in the maximal respiration rate and spare respiratory capacity in both U-251MG and SH-SY5Y cells, the former cells being more susceptible. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that efavirenz specifically alters mitochondrial respiration, which is of relevance for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the efavirenz-associated neurological effects that have been recorded in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haryes A Funes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- CIBERehd, Valencia, Spain Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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18
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Kamalian L, Chadwick AE, Bayliss M, French NS, Monshouwer M, Snoeys J, Park BK. The utility of HepG2 cells to identify direct mitochondrial dysfunction in the absence of cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:732-40. [PMID: 25746382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been hypothesized to be an important determining factor in the onset of drug-induced liver injury. It is essential to develop robust screens with which to identify drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity and to dissect its role in hepatotoxicity. In this study we have characterised a mechanistically refined HepG2 model, using a panel of selected hepatotoxicants and non-hepatotoxicants. We have demonstrated that acute metabolic modification, via glucose-deprivation over a 4 h period immediately prior to compound addition, is sufficient to allow the identification of drugs which induce mitochondrial dysfunction, in the absence of cell death over a short exposure (2-8 h) using a plate-based screen to measure cellular ATP content and cytotoxicity. These effects were verified by measuring changes in cellular respiration, via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Overall, these studies demonstrate the utility of HepG2 cells for the identification of mitochondrial toxins which act directly on the electron transport chain and that the dual assessment of ATP content alongside cytotoxicity provides an enhanced mechanistic understanding of the causes of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Kamalian
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Mark Bayliss
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil S French
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Mario Monshouwer
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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19
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Will Y, Dykens J. Mitochondrial toxicity assessment in industry--a decade of technology development and insight. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 10:1061-7. [PMID: 25023361 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.939628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Will
- Compound Safety Prediction - WWMC, Pfizer Global Research and Development , Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340 , USA +1 860 686 2832 ;
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