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Lane TR, Koebel D, Lucas E, Moyer R, Ekins S. In Vitro Characterization and Rescue of VX Metabolism in Human Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:574-579. [PMID: 38594080 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Venomous agent X (VX) is an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, and although it is one of the most toxic AChE inhibitors known, the extent of metabolism in humans is not currently well understood. The known metabolism in humans is limited to the metabolite identification from a single victim of the Osaka poisoning in 1994, which allowed for the identification of several metabolic products. VX has been reported to be metabolized in vitro by paraoxonase-1 and phosphotriesterase, although their binding constants are many orders of magnitude above the LD50, suggesting limited physiologic relevance. Using incubation with human liver microsomes (HLMs), we have now characterized the metabolism of VX and the formation of multiple metabolites as well as identified a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] that enhances the metabolic rate. HLM incubation alone shows a pronounced increase in the metabolism of VX compared with buffer, suggesting that cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of VX is occurring. We identified a biphasic decay with two distinct rates of metabolism. The enhancement of VX metabolism in multiple buffers was assessed to attempt to mitigate the effect of hydrolysis rates. The formation of VX metabolites was shown to be shifted with HLMs, suggesting a pathway enhancement over simple hydrolysis. Additionally, our investigation of hydrolysis rates in various common buffers used in biologic assays discovered dramatic differences in VX stability. The new human in vitro VX metabolic data reported points to a potential in vivo treatment strategy (EDTA) for rescue in individuals that are poisoned though enhancement of metabolism alongside existing treatments. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Venomous agent X (VX) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and chemical weapon. To date, we do not possess a clear understanding of its metabolism in humans that would assist us in treating those exposed to it. This study now describes the human liver microsomal metabolism of VX and identifies ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which appears to enhance the rate of metabolism. This may provide a potential treatment option for human VX poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (T.R.L., S.E.) and Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (D.K., E.L., R.M.)
| | - David Koebel
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (T.R.L., S.E.) and Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (D.K., E.L., R.M.)
| | - Eric Lucas
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (T.R.L., S.E.) and Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (D.K., E.L., R.M.)
| | - Robert Moyer
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (T.R.L., S.E.) and Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (D.K., E.L., R.M.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (T.R.L., S.E.) and Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio (D.K., E.L., R.M.)
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Berndt A, Lee J, Nguyen A, Jin Z, Moghadasi A, Gibbs C, Wait S, Evitts K, Asencio A, Bremner S, Zuniga S, Chavan V, Williams A, Smith A, Moussavi-Harami F, Regnier M, Young J, Mack D, Nance E, Boyle P. Far-red and sensitive sensor for monitoring real time H2O2 dynamics with subcellular resolution and in multi-parametric imaging applications. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3974015. [PMID: 38699332 PMCID: PMC11065073 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3974015/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
H 2 O 2 is a key oxidant in mammalian biology and a pleiotropic signaling molecule at the physiological level, and its excessive accumulation in conjunction with decreased cellular reduction capacity is often found to be a common pathological marker. Here, we present a red fluorescent Genetically Encoded H 2 O 2 Indicator (GEHI) allowing versatile optogenetic dissection of redox biology. Our new GEHI, oROS-HT, is a chemigenetic sensor utilizing a HaloTag and Janelia Fluor (JF) rhodamine dye as fluorescent reporters. We developed oROS-HT through a structure-guided approach aided by classic protein structures and recent protein structure prediction tools. Optimized with JF 635 , oROS-HT is a sensor with 635 nm excitation and 650 nm emission peaks, allowing it to retain its brightness while monitoring intracellular H 2 O 2 dynamics. Furthermore, it enables multi-color imaging in combination with blue-green fluorescent sensors for orthogonal analytes and low auto-fluorescence interference in biological tissues. Other advantages of oROS-HT over alternative GEHIs are its fast kinetics, oxygen-independent maturation, low pH sensitivity, lack of photo-artifact, and lack of intracellular aggregation. Here, we demonstrated efficient subcellular targeting and how oROS-HT can map inter and intracellular H 2 O 2 diffusion at subcellular resolution. Lastly, we used oROS-HT with other green fluorescence reporters to investigate the transient effect of the anti-inflammatory agent auranofin on cellular redox physiology and calcium levels via multi-parametric, dual-color imaging.
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3
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Berndt A, Lee J, Won W, Kimball K, Neiswanger C, Schattauer S, Wang Y, Yeboah F, Ruiz M, Evitts K, Rappleye M, Bremner S, Chun C, Smith N, Mack D, Young J, Lee CJ, Chavkin C. Ultra-fast genetically encoded sensor for precise real-time monitoring of physiological and pathophysiological peroxide dynamics. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4048855. [PMID: 38585715 PMCID: PMC10996778 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048855/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is a central oxidant in redox biology due to its pleiotropic role in physiology and pathology. However, real-time monitoring of H2O2 in living cells and tissues remains a challenge. We address this gap with the development of an optogenetic hydRogen perOxide Sensor (oROS), leveraging the bacterial peroxide binding domain OxyR. Previously engineered OxyR-based fluorescent peroxide sensors lack the necessary sensitivity and response speed for effective real-time monitoring. By structurally redesigning the fusion of Escherichia coli (E. coli) ecOxyR with a circularly permutated green fluorescent protein (cpGFP), we created a novel, green-fluorescent peroxide sensor oROS-G. oROS-G exhibits high sensitivity and fast on-and-off kinetics, ideal for monitoring intracellular H2O2 dynamics. We successfully tracked real-time transient and steady-state H2O2 levels in diverse biological systems, including human stem cell-derived neurons and cardiomyocytes, primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse brain ex vivo and in vivo. These applications demonstrate oROS's capabilities to monitor H2O2 as a secondary response to pharmacologically induced oxidative stress and when adapting to varying metabolic stress. We showcased the increased oxidative stress in astrocytes via Aβ-putriscine-MAOB axis, highlighting the sensor's relevance in validating neurodegenerative disease models. Lastly, we demonstrated acute opioid-induced generation of H2O2 signal in vivo which highlights redox-based mechanisms of GPCR regulation. oROS is a versatile tool, offering a window into the dynamic landscape of H2O2 signaling. This advancement paves the way for a deeper understanding of redox physiology, with significant implications for understanding diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases.
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4
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Lee JD, Nguyen A, Jin ZR, Moghadasi A, Gibbs CE, Wait SJ, Evitts KM, Asencio A, Bremner SB, Zuniga S, Chavan V, Williams A, Smith N, Regnier M, Young JE, Mack D, Nance E, Boyle PM, Berndt A. Far-red and sensitive sensor for monitoring real time H 2O 2 dynamics with subcellular resolution and in multi-parametric imaging applications. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579232. [PMID: 38370715 PMCID: PMC10871219 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
H2O2 is a key oxidant in mammalian biology and a pleiotropic signaling molecule at the physiological level, and its excessive accumulation in conjunction with decreased cellular reduction capacity is often found to be a common pathological marker. Here, we present a red fluorescent Genetically Encoded H2O2 Indicator (GEHI) allowing versatile optogenetic dissection of redox biology. Our new GEHI, oROS-HT, is a chemigenetic sensor utilizing a HaloTag and Janelia Fluor (JF) rhodamine dye as fluorescent reporters. We developed oROS-HT through a structure-guided approach aided by classic protein structures and recent protein structure prediction tools. Optimized with JF635, oROS-HT is a sensor with 635 nm excitation and 650 nm emission peaks, allowing it to retain its brightness while monitoring intracellular H2O2 dynamics. Furthermore, it enables multi-color imaging in combination with blue-green fluorescent sensors for orthogonal analytes and low auto-fluorescence interference in biological tissues. Other advantages of oROS-HT over alternative GEHIs are its fast kinetics, oxygen-independent maturation, low pH sensitivity, lack of photo-artifact, and lack of intracellular aggregation. Here, we demonstrated efficient subcellular targeting and how oROS-HT can map inter and intracellular H2O2 diffusion at subcellular resolution. Lastly, we used oROS-HT with the green fluorescent calcium indicator Fluo-4 to investigate the transient effect of the anti-inflammatory agent auranofin on cellular redox physiology and calcium levels via multi-parametric, dual-color imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Daho Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zheyu Ruby Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Aida Moghadasi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea E. Gibbs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Wait
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kira M. Evitts
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony Asencio
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Samantha B Bremner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shani Zuniga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vedant Chavan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andy Williams
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Netta Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Regnier
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Mack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Boyle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Lee JD, Won W, Kimball K, Wang Y, Yeboah F, Evitts KM, Neiswanger C, Schattauer S, Rappleye M, Bremner SB, Chun C, Smith N, Mack DL, Young JE, Lee CJ, Chavkin C, Berndt A. Structure-guided engineering of a fast genetically encoded sensor for real-time H 2O 2 monitoring. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.31.578117. [PMID: 38352381 PMCID: PMC10862829 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.578117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is a central oxidant in redox biology due to its pleiotropic role in physiology and pathology. However, real-time monitoring of H2O2 in living cells and tissues remains a challenge. We address this gap with the development of an optogenetic hydRogen perOxide Sensor (oROS), leveraging the bacterial peroxide binding domain OxyR. Previously engineered OxyR-based fluorescent peroxide sensors lack the necessary sensitivity or response speed for effective real-time monitoring. By structurally redesigning the fusion of Escherichia coli (E. coli) ecOxyR with a circularly permutated green fluorescent protein (cpGFP), we created a novel, green-fluorescent peroxide sensor oROS-G. oROS-G exhibits high sensitivity and fast on-and-off kinetics, ideal for monitoring intracellular H2O2 dynamics. We successfully tracked real-time transient and steady-state H2O2 levels in diverse biological systems, including human stem cell-derived neurons and cardiomyocytes, primary neurons and astrocytes, and mouse neurons and astrocytes in ex vivo brain slices. These applications demonstrate oROS's capabilities to monitor H2O2 as a secondary response to pharmacologically induced oxidative stress, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-induced cell signaling, and when adapting to varying metabolic stress. We showcased the increased oxidative stress in astrocytes via Aβ-putriscine-MAOB axis, highlighting the sensor's relevance in validating neurodegenerative disease models. oROS is a versatile tool, offering a window into the dynamic landscape of H2O2 signaling. This advancement paves the way for a deeper understanding of redox physiology, with significant implications for diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Daho Lee
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Woojin Won
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kandace Kimball
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fred Yeboah
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kira M Evitts
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlie Neiswanger
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Selena Schattauer
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Rappleye
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samantha B Bremner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Changho Chun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Netta Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L Mack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Charles Chavkin
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience of Addiction, Pain and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Shulaeva MM, Zueva IV, Nikolaev AE, Saifina LF, Sharafutdinova DR, Babaev VM, Semenov VE, Petrov KA. Conjugates of nucleobases with triazole-hydroxamic acids for the reactivation of acetylcholinesterase and treatment of delayed neurodegeneration induced by organophosphate poisoning. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106858. [PMID: 37774432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of new uncharged conjugates of adenine, 3,6-dimetyl-, 1,6-dimethyl- and 6-methyluracil with 1,2,4-triazole-3-hydroxamic and 1,2,3-triazole-4-hydroxamic acid moieties were synthesized and studied as reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase. It is shown that triazole-hydroxamic acids can reactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by paraoxon (POX) in vitro, offering reactivation constants comparable to those of pralidoxime (2-PAM). However, in contrast to 2-PAM, triazole-hydroxamic acids demonstrated the ability to reactivate AChE in the brain of rats poisoned with POX. At a dose of 200 mg/kg (i.v.), the lead compound 3e reactivated 22.6 ± 7.3% of brain AChE in rats poisoned with POX. In a rat model of POX-induced delayed neurodegeneration, compound 3e reduced the neuronal injury labeled with FJB upon double administration 1 and 3 h after poisoning. Compound 3e was also shown to prevent memory impairment of POX-poisoned rats as tested in a Morris water maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Shulaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Anton E Nikolaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Liliya F Saifina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Dilyara R Sharafutdinova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily M Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav E Semenov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation; Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
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7
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Chan TS, Byer-Alcorace AJ, Latli B, Liu P, Maw HH, Raymond KG, Scaringella YS, Teitelbaum AM, Wang T, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Taub ME. Characterization of Divergent Metabolic Pathways in Elucidating an Unexpected, Slow-Forming, and Long Half-Life Major Metabolite of Iclepertin. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1901-1913. [PMID: 37280472 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE After single oral dosing of the glycine reuptake transporter (GlyT1) inhibitor, iclepertin (BI 425809), a single major circulating metabolite, M530a, was identified. However, upon multiple dosing, a second major metabolite, M232, was observed with exposure levels ~ twofold higher than M530a. Studies were conducted to characterize the metabolic pathways and enzymes responsible for formation of both major human metabolites. METHODS In vitro studies were conducted with human and recombinant enzyme sources and enzyme-selective inhibitors. The production of iclepertin metabolites was monitored by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Iclepertin undergoes rapid oxidation to a putative carbinolamide that spontaneously opens to an aldehyde, M528, which then undergoes reduction by carbonyl reductase to the primary alcohol, M530a. However, the carbinolamide can also undergo a much slower oxidation by CYP3A to form an unstable imide metabolite, M526, that is subsequently hydrolyzed by a plasma amidase to form M232. This difference in rate of metabolism of the carbinolamine explains why high levels of the M232 metabolite were not observed in vitro and in single dose studies in humans, but were observed in longer-term multiple dose studies. CONCLUSIONS The long half-life iclepertin metabolite M232 is formed from a common carbinolamine intermediate, that is also a precursor of M530a. However, the formation of M232 occurs much more slowly, likely contributing to its extensive exposure in vivo. These results highlight the need to employ adequate clinical study sampling periods and rigorous characterization of unexpected metabolites, especially when such metabolites are categorized as major, thus requiring safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Chan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA.
| | - Alexander J Byer-Alcorace
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Bachir Latli
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Pingrong Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Hlaing H Maw
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Klairynne G Raymond
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Young-Sun Scaringella
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Andrea Whitcher-Johnstone
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
- DMPK Oncology, AstraZeneca Inc., 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Rd., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
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8
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Balanced modulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission via M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors during inhibition of cholinesterases. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1688. [PMID: 35105922 PMCID: PMC8807813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05730-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase are a common cause of poisoning worldwide, resulting in several hundred thousand deaths each year. The pathways activated during OP compound poisoning via overstimulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a decisive role in toxidrome. The antidotal therapy includes atropine, which is a nonspecific blocker of all mAChR subtypes. Atropine is efficient for mitigating depression in respiratory control centers but does not benefit patients with OP-induced skeletal muscle weakness. By using an ex vivo model of OP-induced muscle weakness, we studied the effects of the M1/M4 mAChR antagonist pirenzepine and the M2/M4 mAChR antagonist methoctramine on the force of mouse diaphragm muscle contraction. It was shown that weakness caused by the application of paraoxon can be significantly prevented by methoctramine (1 µM). However, neither pirenzepine (0.1 µM) nor atropine (1 µM) was able to prevent muscle weakness. Moreover, the application of pirenzepine significantly reduced the positive effect of methoctramine. Thus, balanced modulation of neuromuscular synaptic transmission via M1 and M2 mAChRs contributes to paraoxon-induced muscle weakness. It was shown that methoctramine (10 µmol/kg, i.p.) and atropine (50 µmol/kg, i.p.) were equieffective toward increasing the survival of mice poisoned with a 2xLD50 dose of paraoxon.
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9
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Ofoedu CE, Iwouno JO, Ofoedu EO, Ogueke CC, Igwe VS, Agunwah IM, Ofoedum AF, Chacha JS, Muobike OP, Agunbiade AO, Njoku NE, Nwakaudu AA, Odimegwu NE, Ndukauba OE, Ogbonna CU, Naibaho J, Korus M, Okpala COR. Revisiting food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs: a perspective review, from vitamin classification, metabolic functions, absorption, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11940. [PMID: 34557342 PMCID: PMC8418216 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant attention gained by food-sourced vitamins has provided insights into numerous current researches; for instance, the potential reversal of epigenetic age using a diet and lifestyle intervention, the balance between food and dietary supplements in the general population, the role of diet and food intake in age-related macular degeneration, and the association of dietary supplement use, nutrient intake and mortality among adults. As relevant literature about food-sourced vitamin increases, continuous synthesis is warranted. To supplement existing information, this perspective review discussed food-sourced vitamins for consumer diet and health needs, scoping from vitamin absorption, metabolic functions, utilization, to balancing nutritional requirements. Relevant literatures were identified through a search of databases like Google Scholar, Web of Science, the Interscience Online Library, ScienceDirect, and PubMed. We demonstrated that vitamins whether from plant- and animal-based sources are prerequisites for the metabolic functions of the human body. The fat- and water-soluble classification of vitamins remains consistent with their respective absorption and dissolution potentials, underpinned by numerous physiological functions. Vitamins, largely absorbed in the small intestine, have their bioavailability dependent on the food composition, its associated interactions, as well as alignment with their metabolic functions, which involves antioxidants, coenzymes, electron acceptor/donor, and hormones. Moreover, vitamin deficiencies, in every form, pose a serious threat to human health. Vitamin toxicities remain rare, but can still occur mainly from supplementation, although it appears much less in water-soluble vitamins of which some excesses get readily removed by the human body, different from the fat-soluble ones that are stored in tissues and organs. Besides discussions of absorption, transport, and cellular uptake of vitamins, this perspective review also included approaches to meeting vitamin requirements and therapeutic strategies against micronutrient deficiency and COVID-19. We have also attempted on how to strike the balance between food-sourced vitamins and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigozie E. Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Jude O. Iwouno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Ebelechukwu O. Ofoedu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Chika C. Ogueke
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Victory S. Igwe
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma M. Agunwah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Arinze F. Ofoedum
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - James S. Chacha
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Consumer Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Onyinye P. Muobike
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Adedoyin O. Agunbiade
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Njideka E. Njoku
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Angela A. Nwakaudu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Nkiru E. Odimegwu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Onyekachi E. Ndukauba
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
| | - Joncer Naibaho
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Korus
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Soares PRS, Birolli WG, Ferreira IM, Porto ALM. Biodegradation pathway of the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion and profenofos by the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935 and its potential for methylation reactions of phenolic compounds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 166:112185. [PMID: 33640600 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of organophosphate pesticides causes serious environmental and human health problems. This study aims the biodegradation of chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion and profenofos with the proposal of new biodegradation pathways employing marine-derived fungi as biocatalysts. Firstly, a growth screening was carried out with seven fungi strains and Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935 was selected. For chlorpyrifos, 32% biodegradation was observed and the metabolites tetraethyl dithiodiphosphate, 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol, 2,3,5-trichloro-6-methoxypyridine, and 3,5,6-trichloro-1-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one were identified. Whereas 80% methyl parathion was biodegraded with the identification of isoparathion, methyl paraoxon, trimethyl phosphate, O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothioate, O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate, 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene, and 4-nitrophenol. For profenofos, 52% biodegradation was determined and the identified metabolites were 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol, 4-bromo-2-chloro-1-methoxybenzene and O,O-diethyl S-propylphosphorothioate. Moreover, A. sydowii CBMAI 935 methylated different phenolic substrates (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, 6-chloropyridin-3-ol, and pentachlorophenol). Therefore, the knowledge about the fate of these compounds in the sea was expanded, and the marine-derived fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 935 showed potential for biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto S Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian G Birolli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Chemistry Department, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of São Carlos, Via Washington Luiz, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Irlon M Ferreira
- Federal University of Amapá, Campus Ground Zero of Ecuador, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek Km 02, Bairro Zerão, 68902-280 Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - André Luiz M Porto
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, J. Santa Angelina, 13563-120 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Wang D, Lu C, Yu J, Zhang M, Zhu W, Gu J. Chinese Medicine for Psoriasis Vulgaris Based on Syndrome Pattern: A Network Pharmacological Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:5239854. [PMID: 32419809 PMCID: PMC7204377 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5239854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term use of conventional therapy for psoriasis vulgaris remains a challenge due to limited or no patient response and severe side effects. Complementary and alternative treatments such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are widely used in East Asia. TCM treatment is based on individual syndrome types. Three TCM formulae, Compound Qingdai Pills (F1), Yujin Yinxie Tablets (F2), and Xiaoyin Tablets (F3), are used for blood heat, blood stasis, and blood dryness type of psoriasis vulgaris, respectively. OBJECTIVES To explore the mechanism of three TCM formulae for three syndrome types of psoriasis vulgaris. METHODS The compounds of the three TCM formulae were retrieved from the Psoriasis Database of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PDTCM). Their molecular properties of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADME/T), and drug-likeness were compared by analyzing the distribution of compounds in the chemical space. The cellular targets of the compounds were predicted by molecular docking. By constructing the compound-target network and analyzing network centrality, key targets and compounds for each formula were screened. Three syndrome types of psoriasis vulgaris related pathways and biological processes (BPs) were enriched by the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) v6.8. RESULTS The compounds of the three formulae exhibited structural diversity, good drug-like properties, and ADME/T properties. A total of 72, 97 and 85 targets were found to have interactions with compounds of F1, F2, and F3, respectively. The three formulae were all related to 53 targets, 8 pathways, 9 biological processes, and 10 molecular functions (MFs). In addition, each formula had unique targets and regulated different pathways and BPs. CONCLUSION The three TCM formulae exhibited common mechanisms to some extent. The differences at molecular and systems levels may contribute to their unique applications in individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingjie Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Petroniene J, Morkvenaite‐Vilkonciene I, Miksiunas R, Bironaite D, Ramanaviciene A, Mikoliunaite L, Kisieliute A, Rucinskas K, Janusauskas V, Plikusiene I, Labeit S, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of Redox Activity of Human Myocardium‐derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Petroniene
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Inga Morkvenaite‐Vilkonciene
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy ConversionState Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
- Department of Mechatronics and RoboticsFaculty of MechanicsVilnius Gediminas Technical University Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Rokas Miksiunas
- Department of Regenerative medicineState Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- Department of Regenerative medicineState Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Nanotechnas-Centre of Nanotechnology and Materials ScienceFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Lina Mikoliunaite
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Aura Kisieliute
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Kestutis Rucinskas
- Centre of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Vilius Janusauskas
- Centre of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos Universiteto str. 3 LT-01513 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Department of Integrative PathophysiologyUniversitätsmedizin Mannheim Theodor-Kutzer-Uferstr. 1–3 DE-68167 Mannheim Germany
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryFaculty of Chemistry and GeosciencesVilnius University Naugadruko str. 24 LT-03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- Laboratory of NanotechnologyState Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology Sauletekio str. LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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13
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Kizhuveetil U, Omer S, Karunagaran D, Suraishkumar GK. Improved redox anti-cancer treatment efficacy through reactive species rhythm manipulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1588. [PMID: 32005913 PMCID: PMC6994657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhythms in the pseudo-steady state (PSS) levels of reactive species (RS), particularly superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, exist in cancer cells. The RS rhythm characteristics, particularly frequency and amplitude, are entrained (reset) by the anticancer compounds/drugs. In this work, we show for the first time that the phase of the RS rhythm at which the drug is added is significantly important in determining the cytotoxicity of anticancer compounds/drugs such as menadione and curcumin, in two different cancer cell lines. Curcumin, the more effective of the two drugs (IC50 = 15 µM, SiHa; 6 µM, HCT116) induced reset of superoxide and hydroxyl rhythms from 15.4 h to 9 h, and 25 h to 11 h respectively, as well as caused increases in these radical levels. However, menadione (IC50 = 20 µM, SiHa; 17 µM, HCT116) affected only the superoxide levels. Drug treatment at different time points/phase of the RS rhythm resulted in a maximum of 27% increase in cytotoxicity, which is significant. Further, we report for the first time, an unexpected absence of a correlation between the intracellular PSS RS and antioxidant levels; thus, the practice of using antioxidant enzyme levels as surrogate markers of intracellular oxidative stress levels may need a re-consideration. Therefore, the RS rhythm could be a fundamental/generic target to manipulate for improved cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Kizhuveetil
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Sonal Omer
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - D Karunagaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - G K Suraishkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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14
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Semenov VE, Zueva IV, Lushchekina SV, Lenina OA, Gubaidullina LM, Saifina LF, Shulaeva MM, Kayumova RM, Saifina AF, Gubaidullin AT, Kondrashova SA, Latypov SK, Masson P, Petrov KA. 6-Methyluracil derivatives as peripheral site ligand-hydroxamic acid conjugates: Reactivation for paraoxon-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111787. [PMID: 31675511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
New uncharged conjugates of 6-methyluracil derivatives with imidazole-2-aldoxime and 1,2,4-triazole-3-hydroxamic acid units were synthesized and studied as reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterase. Using paraoxon (POX) as a model organophosphate, it was shown that 6-methyluracil derivatives linked with hydroxamic acid are able to reactivate POX-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in vitro. The reactivating efficacy of one compound (5b) is lower than that of pyridinium-2-aldoxime (2-PAM). Meanwhile, unlike 2-PAM, in vivo study showed that the lead compound 5b is able: (1) to reactivate POX-inhibited AChE in the brain; (2) to decrease death of neurons and, (3) to prevent memory impairment in rat model of POX-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav E Semenov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation.
| | - Irina V Zueva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Sofya V Lushchekina
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str., 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Oksana A Lenina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Lilya M Gubaidullina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Lilya F Saifina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Marina M Shulaeva
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Ramilya M Kayumova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Alina F Saifina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Aidar T Gubaidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Kondrashova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Shamil K Latypov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Patrick Masson
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Petrov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Arbuzov str., 8, Kazan, 420088, Russian Federation
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15
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Lorke DE, Nurulain SM, Hasan MY, Kuča K, Petroianu GA. Oximes as pretreatment before acute exposure to paraoxon. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1506-1515. [PMID: 31264735 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates, useful agents as pesticides, also represent a serious danger due to their high acute toxicity. There is indication that oximes, when administered before organophosphate exposure, can protect from these toxic effects. We have tested at equitoxic dosage (25% of LD01 ) the prophylactic efficacy of five experimental (K-48, K-53, K-74, K-75, K-203) and two established oximes (pralidoxime and obidoxime) to protect from mortality induced by the organophosphate paraoxon. Mortalities were quantified by Cox analysis and compared with those observed after pretreatment with a strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (10-methylacridine) and after the FDA-approved pretreatment compound pyridostigmine. All nine tested substances statistically significantly reduced paraoxon-induced mortality. Best protection was conferred by the experimental oxime K-48, reducing the relative risk of death (RR) to 0.10, which was statistically significantly superior to pyridostigmine (RR = 0.31). The other oximes reduced the RR to 0.13 (obidoxime), 0.20 (K-203), 0.21 (K-74), 0.24 (K-75) and 0.26 (pralidoxime), which were significantly more efficacious than 10-methylacridine (RR = 0.65). These data support the hypothesis that protective efficacy is not primarily due to cholinesterase inhibition and indicate that the tested experimental oximes may be considered promising alternatives to the established pretreatment compound pyridostigmine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, University Park GL 495 D, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Bio Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Y Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, University Park GL 495 D, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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16
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Abstract
Standard therapy of Organophosphorus Compound (OPC) poisoning with
oxime-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators is unsatisfactory. New bispyridinium
oximes have therefore been synthesized. This review summarizes in vitro characteristics
of established (pralidoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) and experimental (K-)oximes,
and compares their protective efficacy in vivo, when administered shortly after exposure
to Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and three OPC pesticides (ethyl-paraoxon, methylparaoxon,
azinphos-methyl) in the same experimental setting.
In addition to reactivating cholinesterase, oximes also inhibit this enzyme; strongest
AChE inhibition (IC50 rat blood: 1-9 µM) is observed in vitro for the oximes with a xylene
linker (K-107, K-108, K-113). AChE inhibition is weakest for K-27, K-48 and HI-6 (IC50
>500 µM). Intrinsic AChE inhibition of oximes in vitro (IC50, rat) is strongly correlated with their LD50 (rat):
oximes with a high IC50 (K-27, K-48, pralidoxime, obidoxime) also show a high LD50, making them relatively
non-toxic, whereas oximes K-107, K-108 and K-113 (low IC50 and LD50) are far more toxic.
When given in vivo after OP exposure, best protection is conferred by K-27, reducing the relative risk of death
to 16-58% of controls, which is significantly superior to pralidoxime in DFP-, ethyl-paraoxon- and methylparaoxon-
exposure, and to obidoxime in ethyl-paraoxon- and methyl-paraoxon-exposure. Marked reduction in
mortality is also achieved by K-48, K-53, K-74 and K-75, whereas K-107, K-108 and K-113 have no or only a
very weak mortality-reducing effect. K-27 is the most promising K-oxime due to its strong reactivation potency,
weak cholinesterase inhibition and high LD50, allowing administration in large, very efficacious dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E. Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, University Park GL 495 D, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami 33199, Florida , United States
| | - Georg A. Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, University Park GL 495 D, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami 33199, Florida , United States
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17
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Quinone and nitrofurantoin redox cycling by recombinant cytochrome b5 reductase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 359:102-107. [PMID: 30222979 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NADH cytochrome b5 reductase mediates electron transfer from NADH to cytochrome b5 utilizing flavin adenine dinucleotide as a redox cofactor. Reduced cytochrome b5 is an important cofactor in many metabolic reactions including cytochrome P450-mediated xenobiotic metabolism, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism, hemoglobin reduction, and methionine and plasmalogen synthesis. Using recombinant human enzyme, we discovered that cytochrome b5 reductase mediates redox cycling of a variety of quinones generating superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and, in the presence of transition metals, hydroxyl radicals. Redox cycling activity was oxygen-dependent and preferentially utilized NADH as a co-substrate; NADH was 5-10 times more active than NADPH in supporting redox cycling. Redox cycling activity was greatest for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone, followed by 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), nitrofurantoin and 2-hydroxyestradiol. Using menadione as the substrate, quinone redox cycling was found to inhibit reduction of cytochrome b5 by cytochrome b5 reductase, as measured by heme spectral changes in cytochrome b5. Under anaerobic conditions where redox cycling is inhibited, menadione had no effect on the reduction of cytochrome b5. Chemical redox cycling by cytochrome b5 reductase may be important in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in target tissues. This activity, together with the inhibition of cytochrome b5 reduction by redox-active chemicals and consequent deficiencies in available cellular cytochrome b5, are likely to contribute to tissue injury following exposure to quinones and related redox active chemicals.
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Lorke DE, Petroianu GA. Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors as pretreatment for exposure to organophosphates. A review. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:101-116. [PMID: 30027640 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), are useful agents as pesticides, but also represent a serious health hazard. Standard therapy with atropine and established oxime-type enzyme reactivators (pralidoxime, obidoxime) is unsatisfactory. Better therapeutic results are obtained, when reversible AChE inhibitors are administered before OPC exposure. This review summarizes the history of such a pretreatment approach and sums up a set of experiments undertaken in search of compounds that are efficacious when given before a broad range of OPCs. The prophylactic efficacy of 10 known AChE inhibitors, either already used clinically for different indications (physostigmine, pyridostigmine, ranitidine, tiapride, tacrine, amiloride, metoclopramide, methylene blue) or developed for possible therapeutic use in the future (7-methoxytacrine, K-27) was compared, when administered before exposure to six chemically diverse OPCs in the same experimental setting: ethyl-paraoxon, methyl-paraoxon, diisopropylfluorophosphate, terbufos sulfone, azinphos-methyl and dicrotophos. The experimental oxime K-27 was the most efficacious compound, affording best protection, when administered before terbufos sulfone, azinphos-methyl and dicrotophos, second best before ethyl- and methyl-paraoxon exposure and third best before diisopropylfluorophosphate administration. This ranking was similar to that of physostigmine, which was superior to the Food and Drug Administration-approved pretreatment for soman with pyridostigmine. Tiapride, amiloride, metoclopramide, methylene blue and 7-methoxytacrine did not achieve protection. No correlation was observed between the IC50 of the reversible AChE inhibitors and their protective efficacy. These studies indicate that K-27 can be considered a very promising broad-spectrum prophylactic agent in case of imminent organophosphate exposure, which may be related to its AChE reactivating activity rather than its AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich E Lorke
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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19
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Roth AD, Lama P, Dunn S, Hong S, Lee MY. Polymer coating on a micropillar chip for robust attachment of PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel for 3D hepatic cell culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 90:634-644. [PMID: 29853133 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For better mimicking tissues in vivo and developing predictive cell models for high-throughput screening (HTS) of potential drug candidates, three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have been performed in various hydrogels. In this study, we have investigated several polymer coating materials to robustly attach PuraMatrix peptide hydrogel on a micropillar chip for 3D culture of Hep3B human hepatic cells, which can be used as a tool for high-throughput assessment of compound hepatotoxicity. Among several amphiphilic polymers with maleic anhydride groups tested, 0.01% (w/v) poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMA-OD) provided superior coating properties with no PuraMatrix spot detachment from the micropillar chip and no air bubble entrapment in a complementary microwell chip. To maintain Hep3B cell viability in PuraMatrix gel on the chip, gelation conditions were optimized in the presence of additional salts, at different seeding densities, and for growth medium washes. As a result, salts in growth media were sufficient for gelation, and relatively high cell seeding at 6 million cells/mL and two media washes for pH neutralization were required. With optimized 3D cell culture conditions, controlled gene expression and compound toxicity assessment were successfully demonstrated by using recombinant adenoviruses carrying genes for green and red fluorescent proteins as well as six model compounds. Overall, PuraMatrix hydrogel on the chip was suitable for 3D cell encapsulation, gene expression, and rapid toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander David Roth
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Pratap Lama
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Stephen Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Fenn Hall Room 455, 1960 East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, United States.
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20
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Celik E, Sanlier N. Effects of nutrient and bioactive food components on Alzheimer's disease and epigenetic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:102-113. [PMID: 28799782 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1359488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that is becoming widespread. For this reason, in recent years factors affecting the development, progression and cognitive function of the AD have been emphasized. Nutrients and other bioactive nutrients are among the factors that are effective in AD. In particular, vitamins A, C and E, vitamins B1, B6 and B12, folate, magnesium, choline, inositol, anthocyanins, isoflavones etc. nutrients and bioactive nutrients are known to be effective in the development of AD. Nutrients and nutrient components may also have an epigenetic effect on AD. At the same time, nutrients and bioactive food components slow down the progression of the disease. For this reason, the effect of nutrients and food components on AD was examined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Celik
- a Gazi University , Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- a Gazi University , Faculty of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Department , Ankara , Turkey
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21
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Hosogi J, Ohashi R, Maeda H, Tashiro S, Fuse E, Yamamoto Y, Kuwabara T. Monoamine oxidase B oxidizes a novel multikinase inhibitor KW-2449 to its iminium ion and aldehyde oxidase further converts it to the oxo-piperazine form in human. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 32:255-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Vukomanovic D, Rahman MN, Jia Z, Nakatsu K. Drug-enhanced carbon monoxide production from heme by cytochrome P450 reductase. Med Gas Res 2017; 7:37-44. [PMID: 28480030 PMCID: PMC5402345 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.202908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) formed endogenously is considered to be cytoprotective, and the vast majority of CO formation is attributed to the degradation of heme by heme oxygenases-1 and -2 (HO-1, HO-2). Previously, we observed that brain microsomes containing HO-2 produced many-fold more CO in the presence of menadione and its congeners; herein we explored these observations further. We determined the effects of various drugs on CO production of rat brain microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR); CO was measured by gas chromatography with reductive detection. Brain microsomes of Sprague-Dawley rats or recombinant human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) were incubated with NADPH and various drugs in closed vials in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37°C. After 15 minutes, the reaction was stopped by cooling in dry ice, and the headspace gas was analyzed for CO production using gas chromatography with reductive (mercuric oxide) detection. We observed drug-enhanced CO production in the presence of both microsomes and recombinant CPR alone; the presence of HO was not required. A range of structurally diverse drugs were capable of amplifying this CO formation; these molecules had structures consistent with redox cycling capability. The addition of catalase to a reaction mixture, that contained activating drugs, inhibited the production of CO. Drug-enhanced CO formation can be catalyzed by CPR. The mechanism of CPR activation was not through classical drug-receptor mediation. Redox cycling may be involved in the drug-induced amplification of CO production by CPR through the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragic Vukomanovic
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mona N Rahman
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kanji Nakatsu
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Jan YH, Richardson JR, Baker AA, Mishin V, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Novel approaches to mitigating parathion toxicity: targeting cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism with menadione. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:80-86. [PMID: 27441453 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accidental or intentional exposures to parathion, an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, can cause severe poisoning in humans. Parathion toxicity is dependent on its metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system to paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate), a highly poisonous nerve agent and potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. We have been investigating inhibitors of CYP-mediated bioactivation of OPs as a method of preventing or reversing progressive parathion toxicity. It is well recognized that NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, an enzyme required for the transfer of electrons to CYPs, mediates chemical redox cycling. In this process, the enzyme diverts electrons from CYPs to support chemical redox cycling, which results in inhibition of CYP-mediated biotransformation. Using menadione as the redox-cycling chemical, we discovered that this enzymatic reaction blocks metabolic activation of parathion in rat and human liver microsomes and in recombinant CYPs important to parathion metabolism, including CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. Administration of menadione to rats reduces metabolism of parathion, as well as parathion-induced inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity. This resulted in inhibition of parathion neurotoxicity. Menadione has relatively low toxicity and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for other indications. Its ability to block parathion metabolism makes it an attractive therapeutic candidate to mitigate parathion-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
| | - Angela A Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey.
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24
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Deshpande LS, Blair RE, Phillips KF, DeLorenzo RJ. Role of the calcium plateau in neuronal injury and behavioral morbidities following organophosphate intoxication. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:176-83. [PMID: 27327161 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) chemicals include nerve agents and pesticides, and there is a growing concern of OP-based chemical attacks against civilians. Current antidotes are essential in limiting immediate mortality associated with OP exposure. However, further research is needed to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying long-term neurological deficits following survival of OP toxicity in order to develop effective therapeutics. We have developed rat survival models of OP-induced status epilepticus (SE) that mimic chronic mortality and morbidity following OP intoxication. We have observed significant elevations in hippocampal calcium levels after OP SE that persisted for weeks following initial survival. Drugs inhibiting intracellular calcium-induced calcium release, such as dantrolene, levetiracetam, and carisbamate, lowered OP SE-mediated protracted calcium elevations. Given the critical role of calcium signaling in modulating behavior and cell death mechanisms, drugs targeted at preventing the development of the calcium plateau could enhance neuroprotection, help reduce morbidity, and improve outcomes following survival of OP SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert E Blair
- Departments of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kristin F Phillips
- Departments of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Robert J DeLorenzo
- Departments of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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