1
|
Zhou YM, Dong XR, Xu D, Tang J, Cui YL. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine for interstitial lung disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116952. [PMID: 37487964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a chronic lung dysfunction disease with a poor prognosis and poor recovery. The clinically used therapeutic drugs, such as glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, have no significant therapeutic effect and are accompanied with severe side effects. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in exploring and applying natural herb components for treating ILD. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) possesses innate, non-toxic characteristics and offers advantages in preventing and treating pulmonary ailments. However, a comprehensive study of TCM on ILD therapy has not yet been reviewed. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the monomer components, total extracts, and prescriptions of TCM for ILD therapy, elucidating their molecular mechanisms to serve as a reference in treating ILD. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature information was searched in the PubMed, Web of Science databases. The search keywords included 'interstitial lung disease', 'lung fibrosis' or 'pulmonary fibrosis', and 'traditional Chinese medicine', 'traditional herbal medicine', or 'herb medicine'. RESULTS The active components of single herbs, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and quinones, have potential therapeutic effects on ILD. The active extracts and prescriptions were also summarized and analyzed. The herbs, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Gancao), Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. Bunge. (Huangqi) and Angelicasinensis (Oliv.) Diels (Danggui), play significant roles in the treatment of ILD. The mechanisms involve the inhibition of inflammatory factor release, anti-oxidative injury, and interference with collagen production, etc. CONCLUSION: This review examines the therapeutic potential of TCM for ILD and elucidates its molecular mechanisms, demonstrating that mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating the immune system, and promoting tissue repair are efficacious strategies for ILD therapy. The depth research will yield both theoretical and practical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xin-Ran Dong
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, PR China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Yuan-Lu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He H, Ji X, Cao L, Wang Z, Wang X, Li XM, Miao M. Medicine Targeting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition to Treat Airway Remodeling and Pulmonary Fibrosis Progression. Can Respir J 2023; 2023:3291957. [PMID: 38074219 PMCID: PMC10701063 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3291957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Dysregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the airway epithelium is associated with airway remodeling and the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Many treatments have been shown to inhibit airway remodeling and pulmonary fibrosis progression in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by regulating EMT and have few side effects. This review aimed to describe the development of airway remodeling through the EMT pathway, as well as the potential therapeutic targets in these pathways. Furthermore, this study aimed to review the current research on drugs to treat airway remodeling and their effects on the EMT pathway. Findings. The dysregulation of EMT was associated with airway remodeling in various respiratory diseases. The cytokines released during inflammation may induce EMT and subsequent airway remodeling. Various drugs, including herbal formulations, specific herbal compounds, cytokines, amino acid or protein inhibitors, microRNAs, and vitamins, may suppress airway remodeling by inhibiting EMT-related pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan He
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ji
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, New York, NY 10595, USA
| | - Mingsan Miao
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh AK, Prajapati KS, Kumar S. Hesperidin potentially interacts with the catalytic site of gamma-secretase and modifies notch sensitive genes and cancer stemness marker expression in colon cancer cells and colonosphere. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8432-8444. [PMID: 36239003 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gamma secretase (GS) produces Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD) by trans-membrane cleavage of notch receptor. The NICD enters the nucleus and activates the notch signaling pathway (NSP) by activating notch-responsive gene transcription. Hyperactivation of NSP is related to cancer aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and poor therapy outcome, and decreased overall disease-free survival in patients. Till date, none of the GS inhibitors (GSI) has been clinically approved due to their toxicity in patients. Thus in the present study, we explored the GS catalytic site binding potential of hesperidin (natural flavone glycoside) and its effect on notch responsive gene expression in HCT-116 cells. Molecular docking, MM-GBSA binding energy calculations, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation experiments were performed to study the GS catalytic site binding potential of hesperidin. The compound showed better GS catalytic site binding potential at the active site compared to experimentally validated GSI, N-N-(3, 5-Difluorophenacetyl)-L-alanyl-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) in molecular docking and MM-GBSA experiments. MD simulation results showed that hesperidin forms stable and energetically favorable complex with gamma secretase in comparison to standard inhibitor (DAPT)-GS complex. Further, in vitro experiments showed that hesperidin inhibited cell growth and sphere formation potential in HCT-116 cells. Further, hesperidin treatment altered notch responsive genes (Hes1, Hey1, and E-cad) and cancer stemness/self-renewal markers expression at transcription levels. In conclusion, hesperidin produces toxicity in HCT-116 cells and decreases colonosphere formation by inhibiting transcription of notch signaling pathway target genes and stemness markers.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar Singh
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A comprehensive review of emodin in fibrosis treatment. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105358. [PMID: 36436587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is the main pharmacodynamic components of rhubarb, with significant pharmacological effects and clinical efficacy.Emodin has a variety of therapy effects, such as anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis effects, and is widely used to treat encephalitis, diabetic cataract and organ fibrosis. Several studies have shown that emodin has a good treatment effect on organ fibrosis, but the mechanism is complex. Moreover, the evidence of some studies is conflicting and confusing. This paper reviewed the mechanism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of emodin in fibrosis treatment, and briefly discussed relevant cutting-edge new formulations to improve the efficacy, the result can provide some reference for future study.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Q, Li W, Hu H, Lu X, Qin S. Monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine: New hopes for drug discovery in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114226. [PMID: 36657302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible pulmonary disease, and can lead to decreased lung function, respiratory failure and even death. The pathogenesis research and treatment strategy of PF significantly lag behind the medical progress and clinical needs. The treatment of this disease remains a thorny clinical problem, and the effective therapeutic drugs are still limited. Monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine own various biological activities and high safety. They play a broad part in treating diseases and is also a candidate drug for preventing and treating PF. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanism of action and potential value of various anti-PF monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine. These monomeric compounds can attenuate inflammatory response, oxidative stress, epithelial mesenchymal transformation and other processes of lung through many signaling pathways, and inhibit the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, thus contributing to the treatment of PF. This review can provide new ideas for the development of anti-PF drugs in high efficiency with low toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Haibo Hu
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Xuechao Lu
- Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Qingdao Hiser Hospital), Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Song Qin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiao X, Zhang Q. Asiaticoside conveys an antifibrotic effect by inhibiting activation of hepatic stellate cells via the Jagged-1/Notch-1 pathway. J Nat Med 2023; 77:128-136. [PMID: 36169781 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-022-01653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying protective mechanisms of asiaticoside (AS) against liver fibrosis (LF) both in vivo and in vitro. A rat model with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis is employed to verify the effect and mechanism of AS on the process of liver fibrosis in vivo experiment. Hematoxylin/eosin and sirius red staining was conducted to assess the severity of liver injury and fibrosis. Further, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), glutamyl transferase (GGT), and total bilirubin (TBil) were measured. In addition, LX2 cells were cultured for vitro experiment to investigate the influence of AS on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Overproduction of α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen is characteristic of LF and HSCs, as determined by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. The expression levels of molecules associated with the Notch signaling pathway (i.e., Notch-1, Jagged-1, and Delta-like-4) were assessed by Western blot analysis. The results revealed that AS attenuated LF, as defined by reduced deposition of collagen, expression of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen type 1, and expression of biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and hydroxyproline). Notably, AS suppressed the expression levels of Notch-1, Jagged-1, and Delta-like-4 in activated HSCs and LF. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AS prevented the progression of LF by modulating the Notch signaling pathway, indicating that AS has potential therapeutic effects against LF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhong Xiao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital With Wenzhou Medical University, 18 Changle Road, Yucheng Street, Yuhuan, 317600, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The People's Hospital of Yuhuan, The Yuhuan Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital With Wenzhou Medical University, 18 Changle Road, Yucheng Street, Yuhuan, 317600, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polygonum cuspidatum Extract (Pc-Ex) Containing Emodin Suppresses Lung Cancer-Induced Cachexia by Suppressing TCF4/TWIST1 Complex-Induced PTHrP Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071508. [PMID: 35406121 PMCID: PMC9002362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, which is characterised by the wasting of fat and skeletal muscles, is the most common risk factor for increased mortality rates among patients with advanced lung cancer. PTHLH (parathyroid hormone-like hormone) is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PTHLH expression and the inhibitors of PTHLH have not yet been identified. The PTHLH mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) expression levels were measured using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between TCF4 (Transcription Factor 4) and TWIST1 and the binding of the TCF4–TWIST1 complex to the PTHLH promoter were analysed using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results of the mammalian two-hybrid luciferase assay revealed that emodin inhibited TCF4–TWIST1 interaction. The effects of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (Pc-Ex), which contains emodin, on cachexia were investigated in vivo using A549 tumour-bearing mice. Ectopic expression of TCF4 upregulated PTHLH expression. Conversely, TCF4 knockdown downregulated PTHLH expression in lung cancer cells. The expression of PTHLH was upregulated in cells ectopically co-expressing TCF4 and TWIST1 when compared with that in cells expressing TCF4 or TWIST1 alone. Emodin inhibited the interaction between TCF4 and TWIST1 and consequently suppressed the TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced upregulated mRNA and protein levels of PTHLH and PTHrP. Meanwhile, emodin-containing Pc-Ex significantly alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy and downregulated fat browning-related genes in A549 tumour-bearing mice. Emodin-containing Pc-Ex exerted therapeutic effects on lung cancer-associated cachexia by inhibiting TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced PTHrP expression.
Collapse
|
8
|
Periyasamy L, Muruganantham B, Park WY, Muthusami S. Phyto-targeting the CEMIP Expression as a Strategy to Prevent Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:922-946. [PMID: 35236267 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220302153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastasis of primary pancreatic cancer (PC) to adjacent or distant organs is responsible for the poor survival rate of affected individuals. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are currently being prescribed to treat PC in addition to surgical resection. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment for PC that leads to 20% of 5-year survival, but only less than 20% of patients are eligible for surgical resection because of the poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis and clinical outcome, early diagnostic markers need to be identified, and targeting them would be of immense benefit to increase the efficiency of the treatment. Cell migration-inducing hyaluronan-binding protein (CEMIP) is identified as an important risk factor for the metastasis of various cancers, including PC. Emerging studies have pointed out the crucial role of CEMIP in the regulation of various signaling mechanisms, leading to enhanced migration and metastasis of PC. METHODS The published findings on PC metastasis, phytoconstituents, and CEMIP were retrieved from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library. Computational tools, such as gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) and Kaplan-Meier (KM) plotter, were used to study the relationship between CEMIP expression and survival of PC individuals. RESULTS Gene expression analysis using the GEPIA database identified a stupendous increase in the CEMIP transcript in PC compared to adjacent normal tissues. KM plotter analysis revealed the impact of CEMIP on the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) among PC patients. Subsequently, several risk factors associated with PC development were screened, and their ability to regulate CEMIP gene expression was analyzed using computational tools. CONCLUSION The current review is focused on gathering information regarding the regulatory role of phytocomponents in PC migration and exploring their possible impact on the CEMIP expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loganayaki Periyasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
| | - Bharathi Muruganantham
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
| | - Woo-Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 021, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carver W, Fix E, Fix C, Fan D, Chakrabarti M, Azhar M. Effects of emodin, a plant-derived anthraquinone, on TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast activation and function. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7440-7449. [PMID: 34041746 PMCID: PMC8530838 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis accompanies a number of pathological conditions and results in altered myocardial structure, biomechanical properties and function. The signaling networks leading to fibrosis are complex, contributing to the general lack of progress in identifying effective therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse this condition. Several studies have shown protective effects of emodin, a plant-derived anthraquinone, in animal models of fibrosis. A number of questions remain regarding the mechanisms whereby emodin impacts fibrosis. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a potent stimulus of fibrosis and fibroblast activation. In the present study, experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of emodin on activation and function of cardiac fibroblasts following treatment with TGF-β1. We demonstrate that emodin attenuates TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation and collagen accumulation in vitro. Emodin also inhibits activation of several canonical (SMAD2/3) and noncanonical (Erk1/2) TGF-β signaling pathways, while activating the p38 pathway. These results suggest that emodin may provide an effective therapeutic agent for fibrosis that functions via specific TGF-β signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Carver
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Ethan Fix
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Charity Fix
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng Q, Li S, Li X, Liu R. Advances in the study of emodin: an update on pharmacological properties and mechanistic basis. Chin Med 2021; 16:102. [PMID: 34629100 PMCID: PMC8504117 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, also known as rhubarb or Da Huang, has been widely used as a spice and as traditional herbal medicine for centuries, and is currently marketed in China as the principal herbs in various prescriptions, such as Da-Huang-Zhe-Chong pills and Da-Huang-Qing-Wei pills. Emodin, a major bioactive anthraquinone derivative extracted from rhubarb, represents multiple health benefits in the treatment of a host of diseases, such as immune-inflammatory abnormality, tumor progression, bacterial or viral infections, and metabolic syndrome. Emerging evidence has made great strides in clarifying the multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms underlying the efficacious therapeutic potential of emodin, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-fibrosis, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, and anti-diabetic properties. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated summary of recent developments on these pharmacological efficacies and molecular mechanisms of emodin, with a focus on the underlying molecular targets and signaling networks. We also reviewed recent attempts to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and biological activities of emodin by structural modification and novel material-based targeted delivery. In conclusion, emodin still has great potential to become promising therapeutic options to immune and inflammation abnormality, organ fibrosis, common malignancy, pathogenic bacteria or virus infections, and endocrine disease or disorder. Scientifically addressing concerns regarding the poor bioavailability and vague molecular targets would significantly contribute to the widespread acceptance of rhubarb not only as a dietary supplement in food flavorings and colorings but also as a health-promoting TCM in the coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, Feng Z, Han X, Xing Y, Zhang X. Downregulation of acylglycerol kinase suppresses high glucose-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in HRECs through regulating the LPAR1/TGF-β/Notch signaling pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 100:142-150. [PMID: 34559978 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) participates in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but cell-intrinsic factors modulating this process remain elusive. In this study, we explored the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-producing enzyme, acylglycerol kinase (AGK) in the EndMT of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs) under high glucose (HG) conditions. We found that AGK was significantly elevated in HG-treated cells. In addition, AGK knockdown reversed the HG-induced EndMT in HRECs, which was evidenced by the increased epithelial markers (CD31 and VE-cadherin) and decreased mesenchymal markers (FSP1 and α-SMA). Furthermore, downregulation of AGK inhibited the HG-induced activation of TGF-β/Notch pathways, whereas exogenous TGF-β1 (10 ng/ml) impeded the inhibitory effects of AGK knockdown on HG-induced EndMT in HRECs. Additionally, the silence of AGK abolished the HG-induced upregulation of LPA and its receptor LPAR1, and overexpression of LPAR1 further rescued the AGK knockdown-mediated inhibition of the EndMT process. In conclusion, we demonstrate that downregulation of acylglycerol kinase suppresses high glucose-induced endothelial-mesenchymal transition in HRECs through regulating the LPAR1/TGF-β/Notch signaling pathway, indicating that AGK might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 74559, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China;
| | - Zhuolei Feng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 74559, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China;
| | - Xue Han
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 74559, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China;
| | - Yue Xing
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 74559, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China;
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 74559, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo J, Jiang J, Huang H, Jiang F, Xu Z, Zhou Z, Zhu H. C-peptide ameliorates high glucose-induced podocyte dysfunction through the regulation of the Notch and TGF-β signaling pathways. Peptides 2021; 142:170557. [PMID: 33901627 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The podocyte is one of the main components of the glomerular filtration barrier in the kidney, and its injury may contribute to proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis and eventually kidney failure. C-peptide, a cleavage product of proinsulin, shows therapeutic potential for treating diabetic nephropathy (DN). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of C-peptide on high glucose-induced podocyte dysfunction. In the present study, we found that the protective effects of islet transplantation were superior to simple insulin therapy for the treatment of DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats. And such superiority may due to the function of C-peptide secreted at the implanted site. Based on this background, we determined that the application of C-peptide significantly prevented high glucose-induced podocyte injury by increasing the expression of nephrin and synaptopodin. Meanwhile, C-peptide suppressed high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and renal fibrosis via decreasing the expression of snail, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Moreover, the Notch and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathways were activated by high glucose, and treatment with C-peptide down-regulated the expression of the Notch signaling molecules Notch 1 and Jagged 1 and the TGF-β signaling molecule TGF-β1. These findings suggested that C-peptide might serve as a novel treatment method for DN and podocyte dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiahong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Hongjian Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Feifei Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zeru Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zijun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia Z, Wang J, Yang S, Liu C, Qin S, Li W, Cheng Y, Hu H, Qian J, Liu Y, Deng C. Emodin alleviates hypertrophic scar formation by suppressing macrophage polarization and inhibiting the Notch and TGF-β pathways in macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e11184. [PMID: 34320121 PMCID: PMC8302142 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HS) formation is a common complication that develops after skin injury; however, there are few effective and specific therapeutic approaches for HS. Emodin has previously been reported to inhibit mechanical stress-induced HS inflammation. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of emodin on HS formation. First, we conducted in vitro assays that revealed that emodin inhibited M1 and M2 polarization in rat macrophages. We subsequently established a combined rat model of tail HS and dorsal subcutaneous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge-induced wounds. Rats were treated with emodin or vehicle (DMEM). Tail scar specimens were harvested at 14, 28, and 42 days post-incision and subjected to H&E staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Histopathological analyses confirmed that emodin attenuated HS formation and fibrosis. Macrophages were separated from wound cells collected from the PVA sponge at 3 and 7 days after implantation. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that emodin suppressed in vivo macrophage recruitment and polarization at the wound site. Finally, we explored the molecular mechanisms of emodin in modulating macrophage polarization by evaluating the expression levels of selected effectors of the Notch and TGF-β pathways in macrophages isolated from PVA sponges. Western blot and qPCR assays showed that Notch1, Notch4, Hes1, TGF-β, and Smad3 were downregulated in response to emodin treatment. Taken together, our findings suggested that emodin attenuated HS formation and fibrosis by suppressing macrophage polarization, which is associated with the inhibition of the Notch and TGF-β pathways in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu Qin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Cheng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Qian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenliang Deng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nwafor EO, Lu P, Liu Y, Peng H, Qin H, Zhang K, Ma Z, Xing B, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu Z. Active Components from Traditional Herbal Medicine for the Potential Therapeutics of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Systemic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1093-1114. [PMID: 34107859 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x2150052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a tumor-like disease, is a serious and fatal pulmonary inflammatory condition usually characterized by irreversible destruction of the lung parenchyma, excessive matrix accumulation, and decline in lung function. IPF still remains a great burden to the universe. At the moment, the available therapeutic regimens utilized for IPF such as non-pharmacological therapies (lung transplantation) and pharmacological therapies (drugs, nintedanib, pirfenidone, etc.) are normally accompanied by significant limitations, such as adverse reactions, low bioavailability, poor selectivity, low-tissue distribution, in vivo instability, systemic toxicity, inconveniency and unsafe usage. There is a need for the exploration and discovery of new novel remedies by researchers and scientists globally. Recent numerous preliminary studies have laid significant emphasis and demonstrated the antifibrotic importance, good curative actions (little or no adverse reactions), and multiple target sites of the active components from traditional herbal medicine (THM) against IPF, which could serve as a modern, alternative and potential therapeutics or drug candidates in treating IPF. This paper extensively summarizes the pharmacological actions and signaling pathways or mechanisms of active components obtained from THM for treating IPF. Moreover, the sources and modernization, markets, relevant FDA and CFDA studies (the USA and China), preclinical analysis, and various compositions of THM currently under clinical trials are also highlighted. Additionally, this present analytical data would be instrumental towards further drug progression or advancement of active components from THM for the potential therapeutics of IPF in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebuka-Olisaemeka Nwafor
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Hui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Huan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Kuibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine, Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tuli HS, Aggarwal V, Tuorkey M, Aggarwal D, Parashar NC, Varol M, Savla R, Kaur G, Mittal S, Sak K. Emodin: A metabolite that exhibits anti-neoplastic activities by modulating multiple oncogenic targets. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105142. [PMID: 33722736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Liu W, Gu R, Lou Y, He C, Zhang Q, Li D. Emodin-induced autophagic cell death hinders epithelial-mesenchymal transition via regulation of BMP-7/TGF-β1 in renal fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 146:216-225. [PMID: 34116735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to explore the effects of emodin and its mechanisms on renal fibrosis (RF). We firstly modeled adriamycin-induced rat RF with unilateral nephrectomy. In vivo and in vitro pharmacological experiments were performed in this study. The presence of collagen deposition was detected by Masson staining. To verify whether emodin attenuates RF by monitoring autophagy, the immunohistochemistry staining for autophagy protein LC3B was performed. We conducted western blot to detect the expression of the autophagy-related proteins in EMT in vitro model after treating with emotin and BMP-7. In vivo, we demonstrated that emodin could improve renal dysfunction and decrease pathological damage of the kidney by activation of autophagy and inhibition of EMT. Upregulation of BMP-7 was recorded in the RF rats subjected to emodin treatment. In vitro studies, emodin has the capacity of reversing EMT and activating autophagy, and emodin could regulate the expression of BMP-7. The results revealed that the attenuation of EMT by emodin could be blocked after the inhibition of BMP-7 and suppression of autophagy. Our findings demonstrated that emodin alleviates EMT during RF by actuating autophagy through BMP-7, suggesting a role of BMP-7 in RF treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Renze Gu
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yujiao Lou
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Chunfeng He
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, PuTuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular Landscape of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071520. [PMID: 33917330 PMCID: PMC8038735 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern diagnostics are based on molecular analysis and have been focused on searching for new molecular markers to use in diagnostics. Included in this has been the search for the correlation between gene expression in tissue samples and liquid biological materials. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in the expression profile of messenger RNA (mRNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in different grades of endometrial cancer (G1-G3), in order to select the most promising molecular markers. The study material consisted of tissue samples and whole blood collected from 30 patients with endometrial cancer (study group; G1 = 15; G2 = 8; G3 = 7) and 30 without neoplastic changes (control group). The molecular analysis included the use of the microarray technique and RTqPCR. Microarray analysis indicated the following number of mRNA differentiating the endometrial cancer samples from the control (tissue/blood): G1 vs. C = 21/18 mRNAs, G2 vs. C = 19/14 mRNAs, and G3 vs. C = 10/9 mRNAs. The common genes for the tissue and blood samples (Fold Change; FC > 3.0) were G1 vs. C: TGFB1, WNT5A, TGFB2, and NOTCH1; G2 vs. C: BCL2L, SOX9, BAMBI, and SMAD4; G3 vs. C STAT1 and TGFB1. In addition, mRNA TGFB1, NOTCH1, and BCL2L are common for all grades of endometrial cancer. The analysis showed that miR-144, miR-106a, and miR-30d are most strongly associated with EMT, making them potential diagnostic markers.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pang X, Shao L, Nie X, Yan H, Li C, Yeo AJ, Lavin MF, Xia Q, Shao H, Yu G, Jia Q, Peng C. Emodin attenuates silica-induced lung injury by inhibition of inflammation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107277. [PMID: 33352442 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is a fatal pulmonary disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust, and characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the lung, with no effective treatment to date. Here we investigate the effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative isolated from rhubarb using a mouse silicosis model and in vitro cultured human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Results from histological examination indicated that emodin reduced the degree of alveolitis and fibrosis in the lungs of mice exposed to silica particles. We also demonstrated that emodin effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad3 and NF-κB and reduced the levels of inflammatory factors in the lung tissue of mice treated with silica particles. In addition, we found that emodin inhibited apoptosis and demonstrated an anti-fibrotic effect by down-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and up-regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Furthermore, emodin increased E-cadherin levels, reduced the expression of Vimentin, α-SMA and Col-I, as well as pro-inflammatory factors TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that emodin can regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway and the NF-κB signaling pathway to prevent alveolar inflammation and apoptotic process. Overall, this study showed that emodin can alleviate pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through regulating the inflammatory response and fibrotic process at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Pang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Linlin Shao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Nie
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiyue Yan
- Shandong Institute of Scientific and Technical Information
| | - Chao Li
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Abrey J Yeo
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Qing Xia
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hua Shao
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongchang Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Zhao X, Feng W, Li Y, Peng C. Inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text] 1-Mediated Cellular Processes as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis with Chinese Herbal Medicines. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1965-1999. [PMID: 34961416 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible interstitial lung disease that even threatens the lives of some patients infected with COVID-19. PF is a multicellular pathological process, including the initial injuries of epithelial cells, recruitment of inflammatory cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, etc. TGF-[Formula: see text]1 acts as a key effect factor that participates in these cellular processes of PF. Recently, much attention was paid to inhibiting TGF-[Formula: see text]1 mediated cell processes in the treatment of PF with Chinese herbal medicines (CHM), an important part of traditional Chinese medicine. Here, this review first summarized the effects of TGF-[Formula: see text]1 in different cellular processes of PF. Then, this review summarized the recent research on CHM (compounds, multi-components, single medicines and prescriptions) to directly and/or indirectly inhibit TGF-[Formula: see text]1 signaling (TLRs, PPARs, micrRNA, etc.) in PF. Most of the research focused on CHM natural compounds, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and terpenes. After review, the research perspectives of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1 inhibition in PF were further discussed. This review hopes that revealing the inhibiting effects of CHM on TGF-[Formula: see text]1-mediated cellular processes of PF can promote CHM to be better understood and utilized, thus transforming the therapeutic activities of CHM into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Wuwen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Emodin ameliorates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructed kidneys by inhibiting EZH2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:279-285. [PMID: 33288199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emodin, a major component of Chinese herbal rhubarb, delays the progression of chronic renal failure. However, the effect and working mechanisms of Emodin on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis remains elusive. We hypothesized that emodin inhibits renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis through EZH2, a histone methyltransferase. Our in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that emodin reduced extracellular collagen deposition and inhibited Smad3 and CTGF pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, which were correlated with the down-regulation of EZH2 and reduced trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3k27me3) in NRK-49F fibrotic cells and UUO kidneys. Inhibition of EZH2 by 3-DZNeP blocked or attenuated the anti-fibrotic effect of emodin in UUO kidneys and NRK-49F cells. These data indicate that emodin inhibits renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in obstructed kidneys and this effect is mediated through EZH2.
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng L, Wen L, Shi QF, Gao F, Huang B, Meng J, Hu CP, Wang CM. Scutellarin ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis through inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:978. [PMID: 33188176 PMCID: PMC7666141 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is featured with inflammation and extensive lung remodeling caused by overloaded deposition of extracellular matrix. Scutellarin is the major effective ingredient of breviscapine and its anti-inflammation efficacy has been reported before. Nevertheless, the impact of scutellarin on IPF and the downstream molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, scutellarin suppressed BLM-induced inflammation via NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway both in vivo and in vitro. BLM significantly elevated p-p65/p65 ratio, IκBα degradation, and levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-11, ASC, GSDMDNterm, IL-1β, and IL-18, while scutellarin reversed the above alterations except for that of caspase-11. Scutellarin inhibited BLM-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in vivo and in vitro. The expression levels of EMT-related markers, including fibronectin, vimentin, N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, were increased in BLM group, and suppressed by scutellarin. The expression level of E-cadherin showed the opposite changes. However, overexpression of NLRP3 eliminated the anti-inflammation and anti-EMT functions of scutellarin in vitro. In conclusion, scutellarin suppressed inflammation and EMT in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis through NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Key Site of the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, 541002, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Feng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, 541002, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, 541002, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, 541002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Key Site of the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Ping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Key Site of the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.
| | - Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin People's Hospital, Guilin, 541002, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou L, Gao R, Hong H, Li X, Yang J, Shen W, Wang Z, Yang J. Emodin inhibiting neutrophil elastase-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Notch1 signalling in alveolar epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11998-12007. [PMID: 32935466 PMCID: PMC7578861 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition of alveolar type II epithelial cells into fibroblasts has been reported to cause and/or aggravate pulmonary fibrosis (PF), which is characterized by fibroblast proliferation, an enhanced production and accumulation of ECM (extracellular matrix), alveolar wall damage and functional capillary unit loss. Traditional Chinese medicine Emodin has been reported to inhibit TGF‐β‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in alveolar epithelial cells through Notch signalling. In the present study, neutrophil elastase (NE, also known as ELA2) treatment promoted EMT, Notch1 cleavage (NICD/Notch1 ratio increase) and NICD nuclear translocation in RLE‐6TN cells and A549 cells. The promotive roles of NE treatment in these events were significantly reversed by Notch1 knockdown. Traditional Chinese medicine Emodin treatment remarkably inhibited the enzyme activity of NE, suppressed EMT, Notch1 cleavage and NICD nuclear translocation within RLE‐6TN and A549 cells, while NE treatment significantly reversed the effects of Emodin. Moreover, in RLE‐6TN, the effects of NE on EMT, Notch1 cleavage and NICD nuclear translocation were remarkably attenuated by Emodin treatment and more attenuated by the combination of Emodin and neutrophil elastase inhibitor Sivelestat or notch signal pathway inhibitor DAPT. In conclusion, we revealed the involvement of NE‐induced Notch1 cleavage in the functions of Emodin suppressing NE‐caused EMT in RLE‐6TN cells and A549 cells. This novel mechanism of Emodin inhibiting EMT might extend the application of Emodin in PF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linshui Zhou
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rundi Gao
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihua Hong
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Pulmonary Function, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese medicine preparation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Yang
- Department of Respiration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Flavonoids in Resina Draconis protect against pulmonary fibrosis via the TGF-β1/NOTCH1 pathway. Mol Cell Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-00070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Lu HY, Chu HX, Tan YX, Qin XC, Liu MY, Li JD, Ren TS, Zhang YS, Zhao QC. Novel ADAM-17 inhibitor ZLDI-8 inhibits the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2020; 244:117343. [PMID: 31978449 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the important regulators of metastasis in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Blocking the Notch signaling pathway and then reversing the EMT process is a hot spot in clinical tumor research. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of ADAM-17 (a key cleavage enzyme of Notch pathway) inhibitor ZLDI-8 we found before on the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS The cell viability of HCC cells was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays. Migration and invasion were assessed respectively with wound healing and transwell assays. The expression and location of proteins were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. The effects of ZLDI-8 on metastasis of liver cancer in vivo were investigated in a tail vein injection model. KEY FINDINGS In the present work, ZLDI-8 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT phenotype of highly aggressive MHCC97-H and LM3 cells. Moreover, ZLDI-8 could inhibit the migration and invasion of HepG2 and Bel7402 cells induced by TGF-β1. ZLDI-8 suppressed the protein expression of interstitial markers and increased that of epithelial markers. Meanwhile, ZLDI-8 decreased the expression of proteins in the Notch signaling pathway. Finally, ZLDI-8 blocks metastasis in the lung metastasis model in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE ZLDI-8 suppressed the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma, which was associated with reversing the EMT process and regulating Notch signaling pathway. The study laid the foundation for the discovery of drugs that reverse EMT to inhibit advanced HCC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China; Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hai-Xiao Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Yu-Xin Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Ming-Yue Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Jing-Da Li
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Tian-Shu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Ying-Shi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China; Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, China; Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
TGF-β1 signaling activates hepatic stellate cells through Notch pathway. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:881-891. [PMID: 31372876 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), as the most important stromal cells in the liver microenvironment, play crucial roles in hepatic fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver regeneration and fetal liver development after transdifferentiating into myofibroblasts (MFs). Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), as an important polyergic cytokine, is involved in HSCs activation process. However, the specific mechanisms of HSCs transdifferentiation process are not clearly demonstrated. Here we added exogenous recombinant TGF-β1 protein and transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) inhibitor SB431542 into mouse HSCs to detect the detailed impact of TGF-β1 signaling on HSCs activation. TGF-β1 signaling significantly increased phosphorylated (P)-Smad2/3 level and promoted Smad2/3 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, which also caused transdifferentiation of HSCs into MFs. Importantly, TGF-β1 signaling also resulted in high expression of Notch pathway markers Notch1, Jagged1, Hes1 in HSCs. In contrast, expression of those above markers in mouse HSCs were obviously decreased after hampering TGF-β1 signaling via TGF-βR1 inhibitor SB431542. To further examine the effect of Notch pathway on HSCs activation process, TGF-β1-stimulated HSCs and control HSCs were treated with or without LY450139, a specific inhibitor of Notch pathway. LY450139 evidently decreased the expression of Notch1 and MFs marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in HSCs. These above results may provide a novel insight that TGF-β1 signaling controls HSCs activation process through regulating the expression of Notch pathway markers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Cao M, Fang Y, Jia W, Wang Y, Sun J, Tao D. Emodin relieves hypoxia-triggered injury via elevation of microRNA-25 in PC-12 cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2678-2687. [PMID: 31257935 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1633339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emodin (EMO) possesses extensive pharmacological activities, which has been proven to exert the protective impact in diverse nervous system diseases. Nonetheless, whether EMO emerges a neuro-protective activity in hypoxic-evoked ischemic brain injury is still further probed. The intention of the research is to disclose whether EMO emerges neuro-protective activity in hypoxic-evoked ischemic brain injury. PC-12 received hypoxia administration, and then cell viability, apoptosis and autophagy were estimated. After EMO disposition, the above-involved cellular processes were evaluated again. MiR-25 functions in EMO-affected cells were also estimated. The interrelation between miR-25 and neurofilament light-chain polypeptide gene (NEFL) and the conceivable roles of NEFL in hypoxia-disposed cells were investigated. The latent mechanism was uncovered by mTOR and Notch pathways determination. Hypoxia triumphantly triggered apoptosis and autophagy, but EMO repressed these functions in PC-12 cells. Increased miR-25 was induced by EMO, and inhibited miR-25 abated the impacts of EMO on hypoxia-disposed PC-12 cells. NEFL as a neoteric target gene of miR-25 was predicated, and overexpressed NEFL annulled the functions of EMO in hypoxia-injured cells. EMO activated mTOR and Notch pathways through repressing NEFL. The investigations corroborated that EMO weakened hypoxia-triggered injury via elevating miR-25 by targeting NEFL in PC-12 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Cao
- a Department of Rehabilitation, Zibo Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital , Zibo , PR China
| | - Yuqing Fang
- b Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- c Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University , Jinan , PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- d Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- d Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| | - Dingbo Tao
- d Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng YL, Chen DQ, Vaziri ND, Guo Y, Zhao YY. Small molecule inhibitors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition for the treatment of cancer and fibrosis. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:54-78. [PMID: 31131921 DOI: 10.1002/med.21596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis and cancer both lead to high morbidity and mortality worldwide; thus, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Because drug resistance has been widely reported in fibrotic tissue and cancer, developing a strategy to discover novel targets for targeted drug intervention is necessary for the effective treatment of fibrosis and cancer. Although many factors lead to fibrosis and cancer, pathophysiological analysis has demonstrated that tissue fibrosis and cancer share a common process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is associated with many mediators, including transcription factors (Snail, zinc-finger E-box-binding protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), signaling pathways (transforming growth factor-β1, RAC-α serine/threonine-protein kinase, Wnt, nuclear factor-kappa B, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, Notch, and RAS), RNA-binding proteins (ESRP1 and ESRP2) and microRNAs. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT may be a promising therapy against both fibrosis and tumors. A large number of compounds that are synthesized or derived from natural products and their derivatives suppress the EMT by targeting these mediators in fibrosis and cancer. By targeting EMT, these compounds exhibited anticancer effects in multiple cancer types, and some of them also showed antifibrotic effects. Therefore, drugs targeting EMT not only have both antifibrotic and anticancer effects but also exert effective therapeutic effects on multiorgan fibrosis and cancer, which provides effective therapy against fibrosis and cancer. Taken together, the results highlighted in this review provide new concepts for discovering new antifibrotic and antitumor drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Long Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan-Qian Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ren Z, Shen J, Mei X, Dong H, Li J, Yu H. Hesperidin inhibits the epithelial to mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-β1 in A549 cells through Smad signaling in the cytoplasm. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000218172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouxin Ren
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Junling Shen
- Henan University of Tradicional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mei
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Popular Republic of China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Henan University of Tradicional Chinese Medicine, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu F, Zhang J, Qian J, Wu G, Ma Z. Emodin alleviates CCl4‑induced liver fibrosis by suppressing epithelial‑mesenchymal transition and transforming growth factor‑β1 in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3262-3270. [PMID: 30066878 PMCID: PMC6102702 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease that exhibits a complicated pathophysiology. It is characterized by the deposition of the extracellular matrix. Emodin, an active constituent isolated from rhubarb, has antibacterial, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, the mechanism through which emodin alleviates liver fibrosis in rats was investigated. A rat model of liver fibrosis was generated by administering CCl4 via subcutaneous injection twice a week for 12 weeks. Emodin or sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as the vehicle, were intragastrically administered daily. After 12 weeks, the liver function index was examined by blood analysis, histopathological scores of fibrosis was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and level of collagen deposition was examined by Masson staining. In addition, protein and RNA samples were collected for further analysis. The results of the present study revealed that emodin significantly reduced the liver function index and level of collagen deposition in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, emodin reduced the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the phosphorylation levels of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3, and inhibited the CCl4-induced downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers, fibronectin and vimentin. The expression levels of TGF-β1, Snail family transcriptional repressor (Snail) 2, Snail, twist-related protein 1 and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox (ZEB)1 and 2 mRNA were significantly decreased in emodin-treated groups compared with the untreated control. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that emodin may exert antifibrotic effects via the suppression of TGF-β1 signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nursing Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee GY, Cho BO, Shin JY, Jang SI, Cho IS, Kim HY, Park JS, Cho CW, Kang JS, Kim JH, Kim YH. Tyrosinase inhibitory components from the seeds of Cassia tora. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:490-496. [PMID: 29721815 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ten compounds (1-10) isolated from the seeds of Cassia tora were evaluated for tyrosinase inhibition. Compounds 3, 4, and 7 inhibited tyrosinase enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 3.0 ± 0.8, 7.0 ± 0.4, and 9.2 ± 3.4 μM, respectively. Kinetic analyses revealed a mechanism consistent with competitive inhibition. In silico molecular docking showed that compounds 3 and 4 docked in the active site of tyrosinase, whereas 7 interacted with Ala246 and Val248 at outside of the active site, and His244 and Glu256 at inside. Additionally, compounds 3, 4, and 7 suppressed melanogenesis in α-MSH-treated B16F10 melanoma cells at a concentration of 10 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Ok Cho
- Department of Health Care & Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Shin
- Department of Health Care & Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Il Jang
- Department of Health Care & Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Cho
- Department of Horticultural and Crop Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Young Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Emodin Alleviates Liver Fibrosis of Mice by Reducing Infiltration of Gr1 hi Monocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5738101. [PMID: 29743924 PMCID: PMC5884281 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5738101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Emodin, as a major active component of Rheum palmatum L. and Polygonum cuspidatum, has been reported to have antifibrotic effect. However, the mechanism of emodin on antifibrotic effect for liver fibrosis was still obscure. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether emodin can alleviate carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced liver fibrosis through reducing infiltration of Gr1hi monocytes. Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal CCl4 injection in mice. Mice in the emodin group received emodin treatment by gavage. Pretreatment with emodin significantly protected mice from liver inflammation and fibrosis revealed by the decreased elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as reduced hepatic necrosis and fibrosis by analysis of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Masson staining, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen-I immunohistochemistry staining. Further, compared to CCl4 group, mice in the emodin group showed significantly less intrahepatic infiltration of Gr1hi monocytes. Moreover, emodin significantly inhibited hepatic expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), granulin (GRN), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7), which was in line with the decreased numbers of intrahepatic Gr1hi monocytes. In conclusion, emodin can alleviate the degree of liver fibrosis by reducing infiltration of Gr1hi monocytes. These results suggest that emodin is a promising candidate to prevent and treat liver fibrosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Song K, Lv T, Chen Y, Diao Y, Yao Q, Wang Y. Emodin inhibits TGF-β2 by activating the FOXD3/miR‑199a axis in ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2018; 39:2063-2070. [PMID: 29512773 PMCID: PMC5928761 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly metastatic malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death in postmenopausal women. Emodin is a natural anthraquinone isolated from several traditional Chinese medicines including Rhubarb and Polygonum cuspidatum. Recently, emodin was demonstrated to reduce the growth of human ovarian carcinoma cells. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we identified that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 was significantly affected by emodin treatment in A2780 cells using microarray analysis. MicroRNA (miR)-199a was predicted as a potential miRNA targeting TGF-β2 by in silico prediction using TargetScan. The mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β2 were both significantly reduced by miR-199a. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between the expression level of miR-199a and TGF-β2 in human ovarian cancer specimens. Silencing of miR-199a with miR-199a inhibitor significantly restored the reduction in TGF-β2 expression induced by emodin. Additionally, cell viability and colony formation of A2780 cells were markedly inhibited by emodin treatment, which was mediated by miR-199a. We analyzed the primary mature miR-199a-1 and miR-199a-2 transcripts in A2780 cells treated with emodin or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and found that only pri-miR-199a-1 was regulated by emodin. A conserved binding site of Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3) was identified within pri-miR-199a-1. We further revealed that miR-199a expression was significantly regulated by FOXD3. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that emodin may directly promote FOXD3 expression and sequentially activates miR-199a, which in turn suppresses the expression of TGF-β2 to reduce cell viability and colony formation of A2780 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejuan Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Teng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yuchao Diao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yankui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ni MM, Wang YR, Wu WW, Xia CC, Zhang YH, Xu J, Xu T, Li J. Novel Insights on Notch signaling pathways in liver fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 826:66-74. [PMID: 29501868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by an increased and altered deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that make up excessive tissue scarring and promote chronic liver injury. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal cellular event in the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the mechanisms involved in the development of liver fibrosis are only now beginning to be unveiled. The Notch pathway is a fundamental and highly conserved pathway able to control cell-fate, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, regeneration and other cellular activities. Recently, the deregulation of Notch cascade has been found involved in many pathological processes, including liver fibrosis. These data give evidence for a role for Notch signaling in liver fibrosis. In addition,more and more date are available on the role of Notch pathways in the process. Therefore, this review focuses on the current knowledge about the Notch signaling pathway, which dramatically takes part in HSC activation and liver fibrosis, and look ahead on new perspectives of Notch signaling pathway research. Furthermore, we will summarize this new evidence on the different interactions in Notch signaling pathway-regulated liver fibrosis, and support the potentiality of putative biomarkers and unique therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210001,China
| | - Ya-Rui Wang
- TCM Research Institution, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001,China
| | - Wen-Wen Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210001,China
| | - Chong-Cai Xia
- TCM Research Institution, Nanjing Municipal Hospital of T.C.M, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of T.C.M, Nanjing 210001,China
| | - Yi-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210001,China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No.72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210001,China.
| | - Tao Xu
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University(AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University(AMU), Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|