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Bondy SC. The Hormesis Concept: Strengths and Shortcomings. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1512. [PMID: 37892194 PMCID: PMC10604602 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormesis implies that the effects of various materials or conditions that organisms are exposed to, may not have linear dose-response characteristics but rather, can be biphasic. Thus the response to a low dose of a stressor may be the opposite to that occurring at higher doses. Such a dual response is postulated for many toxicants and physical conditions and may involve a beneficial adaptive response. Such a non-linear effect is undoubtedly present in many useful pharmacological and nutraceutical agents with can be toxic at high concentrations. This somewhat divisive topic is an area of study that should be objectively studied and not clouded by political and policy considerations. The objective of this review is to examine claims concerning those exposures where hormesis seems to exist and also those where there is no good supporting evidence. The breadth of this phenomenon and potential mechanisms underlying hormetic events are discussed together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Bondy
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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2
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Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM, El Tawel G, El Bakary NM, El Fatih NM, Sh Azab K. Role of leptin/STAT3 signaling and RIP-kinases in fucoxanthin influences on mice exposed to LPS and gamma radiation. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2008451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K. Abdel-Rafei
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Thabet
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada El Tawel
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen M. El Bakary
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neama M. El Fatih
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Sh Azab
- Radiation Biology Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Huang X, Lu Y, Li L, Sun T, Jiang X, Li M, Zhang T, Yu A. Protective effect of acute splenic irradiation in rats with traumatic brain injury. Neuroreport 2021; 32:711-720. [PMID: 33876783 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the protective effect of acute splenic irradiation against traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS A rat model of TBI was established according to Feeney's method. Splenic irradiation was performed by the reverse intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) source-axis distance (SAD) irradiation technique. Rat brain tissue samples were collected, the water content of the rat brain tissue was determined and the abundance of microglia was detected by immunofluorescence. Spleens were collected to measure the spleen index. Lung, liver, small intestine and kidney tissues were taken for hematoxylin and eosin staining to observe whether there was radiation-induced pathological damage. Peripheral blood was collected to detect tuftsin and the inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-10. RESULTS Compared with the nonirradiated TBI rat group, the 4-h spleen irradiation TBI rat group showed (1) increased behavioral scores at 3 days after TBI (P < 0.05), (2) reduced water content of the ipsilateral hemisphere at 3 days after TBI, (3) reduced spleen index at 3 and 7 days after TBI, (4) reduced number of microglia cells infiltrating around the lesion at 7 days after TBI, (5) reduced IL-6 levels at 3 days after TBI, (6) increased IL-10 levels at 3 and 5days after TBI and (7) Compared with the nonirradiated TBI rat group, the 8-h spleen irradiation TBI rat group showed reduced tuftsin levels at 3 and 7days after TBI. CONCLUSIONS Acute splenic irradiation had a protective effect in rats with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lie Li
- Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Mack SLA. Eliminating the stigma: A systematic review of the health effects of low-dose radiation within the diagnostic imaging department and its implications for the future of medical radiation. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2020; 51:662-670. [PMID: 33342484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose radiation exposure to Canadians is exponentially increasing due to the influx of diagnostic imaging and medical procedures that utilize radiation. Despite the use of medical radiation since 1896, the standardized acceptable dose for the Canadian public is still debated. The current annual dose limit for the public is set at 1 millisievert (mSv). This set dose limit intrinsically restricts the use of medical radiation for diagnosis due to concerns of public health. METHODS This systematic review is in the form of a retrospective meta-analysis of previous experimental studies and observational reviews of low-dose radiation health effects. A database search using PubMed and Medscape identified 1,296 articles using the terms "low-dose radiation", "radiation hormesis", "radiation safety", "dose exposure", and "medical radiation". Full text articles were excluded for the following reasons: radiation dose level not <100mSv, results of radiation effects not included, or no inclusion of biologic effects on living tissue. After screening, 15 studies were selected for inclusion. RESULTS The concerns of radiation exposure are based on epidemiological and experimental studies that have indicated that high-dose ionizing radiation has toxic effects and increases cancer risk. In contrast, low-dose radiation has experimentally demonstrated various beneficial effects through a combination of molecular and cohort studies, randomized control trials, and observational analysis. The limitation of radiation in medical imaging is founded on the assumption that low-dose radiation health risks are a linear extrapolation of high-dose radiation. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Through a systematic review of research, it is proposed that the current dose-response extrapolation for radiation-related health risks cannot be linearly based on the effects at high doses. By altering this knowledge, we could effectively improve patient diagnosis and public health by redefining the restrictions of current radiation limits within diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaina-Lynn A Mack
- Confederation College, Medical Radiation Technology (MRT) Program, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.
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Saliev T, Baiskhanova D, Beznosko D, Begimbetova D, Umbayev B, Nurgozhin T, Fakhradiyev I, Tanabayev B, Pavalkis D. A New Insight on the Radioprotective Potential of Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E663. [PMID: 33266046 PMCID: PMC7760922 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of the study was to scrutinize the ability of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) to prevent radiation-induced damage to human cells. Materials and Methods: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to ionizing radiation at three low doses (22.62 mGy, 45.27 mGy, and 67.88 mGy) in the presence of EACA at the concentration of 50 ng/mL. Results: EACA was able to prevent cell death induced by low-dose X-ray radiation and suppress the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). EACA also demonstrated a capacity to protect DNA from radiation-induced damage. The data indicated that EACA is capable of suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis. Comparative tests of antioxidative activity of EACA and a range of free radical scavengers showed an ability of EACA to effectively inhibit the generation of ROS. Conclusions: This study showed that the pretreatment of PBMCs with EACA is able to protect the cells from radiation-elicited damage, including free radicals' formation, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Saliev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | - Dinara Baiskhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | | | - Dinara Begimbetova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | - Ildar Fakhradiyev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | | | - Dainius Pavalkis
- NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Nur-sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
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Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Effects of Whole-Body Low-Dose Irradiation in Metastatic Mouse Models. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051126. [PMID: 32365904 PMCID: PMC7281283 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-dose irradiation (LDI) has recently been shown to have various beneficial effects on human health, such as on cellular metabolic activities, DNA repair, antioxidant activity, homeostasis potency, and immune activation. Although studies on the immunogenic effects of LDI are rapidly accumulating, clinical trials for cancer treatment are considered premature owing to the lack of available preclinical results and protocols. Here, we aim to investigate anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects of whole-body LDI in several tumor-bearing mouse models. Mice were exposed to single or fractionated whole-body LDI prior to tumor transplantation, and tumor growth and metastatic potential were determined, along with analysis of immune cell populations and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Whole-body fractionated-LDI decreased tumor development and lung metastasis not only by infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) but also by attenuating EMT. Moreover, a combination of whole-body LDI with localized high-dose radiation therapy reduced the non-irradiated abscopal tumor growth and increased infiltration of effector T cells and DCs. Therefore, whole-body LDI in combination with high-dose radiation therapy could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating cancer.
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Son B, Lee S, Kim H, Kang H, Kim J, Youn H, Nam SY, Youn B. Low dose radiation attenuates inflammation and promotes wound healing in a mouse burn model. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 96:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhu Y, Liu C, You Y, Liu J, Guo Y, Han J. Magnitude of the mixture hormetic response of soil alkaline phosphatase can be predicted based on single conditions of Cd and Pb. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:790-800. [PMID: 31313051 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In soil ecosystems, it is very challenging to predict mixture hormesis effects. In the present study, soil alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was selected to investigate and predict its potential hormetic responses under Cd and Pb stresses. Typical reverse U-shaped dose-response relationships between ALP activities and the single and combined Cd and Pb were observed, showing a hormetic response of soil itself. The maximum stimulatory magnitudes ranged in 8.0 - 8.6% under 0.004 - 0.2 mg/kg Cd and 80 - 400 mg/kg Pb, respectively. An enhanced stimulation of 15.7% occurred under the binary mixtures of 0.6 mg/kg Cd and 200 mg/kg Pb. In addition, a dosage-independent binary linear regression model was proposed based on an assumption of a linear relationship between the single and combined hormetic responses under Cd and Pb. Our model can well predict ALP's responses in the presence of the two metals' mixtures (p < 0.1). Our findings provided new understandings to hormesis in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglei Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang You
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, 100044, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Guo
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Han
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Anti-bacterial activity of baicalin against APEC through inhibition of quorum sensing and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4063. [PMID: 30858423 PMCID: PMC6411720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), collectively known as causative agent of extraintestinal infections, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry. Currently, quorum sensing (QS), biofilm formation and virulence factors are considered as novel prospective targets for antimicrobial therapy to control APEC invasion. In addition, inflammatory responses are also served as the major pathological features of APEC invasion. This study was aimed to explore the effect of baicalin on APEC and APEC-induced inflammatory responses. After treatment with baicalin, we mainly examined the AI-2 secretion, biofilm formation, expression of virulence genes of APEC, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as the expression of NF-κB pathway. Our results showed that baicalin significantly inhibited the QS via decreasing the AI-2 secretion, biofilm formation, and the expression of virulence genes of APEC such as LsrB, LsrK, LuxS, pfs, H-NS, fimA, fimB, fyuA, csgA, csgB, and rpoS. Moreover, baicalin significantly attenuated the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the adhesion of APEC to chicken type II pneumocytes to reduce cell damage. Furthermore, baicalin also inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB activation. Thus, our data revealed that baicalin could interfere with the quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence genes expression to relieve the APEC pathogenicity. Additionally, baicalin decreased the inflammatory responses of chicken type II pneumocytes induced by APEC. Taken together, these data provide a novel potential pharmaco-therapeutic approach to chicken colibacillosis.
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Laudanski K, Stentz M, DiMeglio M, Furey W, Steinberg T, Patel A. Potential Pitfalls of the Humanized Mice in Modeling Sepsis. Int J Inflam 2018; 2018:6563454. [PMID: 30245803 PMCID: PMC6139216 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6563454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice are a state-of-the-art tool used to study several diseases, helping to close the gap between mice and human immunology. This review focuses on the potential obstacles in the analysis of immune system performance between humans and humanized mice in the context of severe acute inflammation as seen in sepsis or other critical care illnesses. The extent to which the reconstituted human immune system in mice adequately compares to the performance of the human immune system in human hosts is still an evolving question. Although certain viral and protozoan infections can be replicated in humanized mice, whether a highly complex and dynamic systemic inflammation like sepsis can be accurately represented by current humanized mouse models in a clinically translatable manner is unclear. Humanized mice are xenotransplant animals in the most general terms. Several organs (e.g., bone marrow mesenchymal cells, endothelium) cannot interact with the grafted human leukocytes effectively due to species specificity. Also the interaction between mice gut flora and the human immune system may be paradoxical. Often, grafting is performed utilizing an identical batch of stem cells in highly inbred animals which fails to account for human heterogeneity. Limiting factors include the substantial cost and restricting supply of animals. Finally, humanized mice offer an opportunity to gain knowledge of human-like conditions, requiring careful data interpretation just as in nonhumanized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Stentz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew DiMeglio
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - William Furey
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Toby Steinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arpit Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhang HF, Cheng J, Lv Y, Li FS, He GY, Wang B, Cai L, Guo WY. Repeated Whole-Body Exposure to Low-Dose Radiation Combined With Topical Application of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Zinc Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818789845. [PMID: 30150908 PMCID: PMC6108023 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818789845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the acceleration of skin wound healing in diabetic rats by repeated exposure to low-dose radiation (LDR). Here, we explored whether the wound healing could be further improved when LDR was combined with a topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or zinc. Wounds were established on the backs of type 1 diabetic rats induced by a single injection of streptozotocin. Rats were treated daily with normal saline (Diabetes), LDR, bFGF, zinc, or combined 3 treatments for 5 consecutive days with a 2-day break between each consecutive 5-day treatment. Changes in wound size, histopathology, and microvessel density were assessed on days 5, 10, and 15, respectively, once treatment is started. All treatment regimens significantly accelerated skin wound healing, tissue remodeling, and new vessel formation compared to diabetes group. However, the combined LDR plus bFGF and zinc provided a better beneficial effect on wound healing than either one of these treatments alone. Further, we found that the effects of LDR and bFGF were similar, whereas zinc alone induced a weaker response. Our results suggest that whole-body LDR plus the topical application of bFGF and zinc can further accelerate wound healing in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, the Tongren Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - You Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng-Sheng Li
- Lab of Radiation Damage Research, the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Brain Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Wei-Ying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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