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Guo Y, Gao J, Cui Y, Zhao Y, Ma B, Zeng L, Chen H. Hormesis and synergistic effects of disinfectants chloroxylenol and benzethonium chloride on highly efficient heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification functional strain: From performance to mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135160. [PMID: 38991646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HNAD) strain Exiguobacterium H1 (H1) was isolated in this study. The changes in nitrogen metabolism functions of H1 strain were discussed in presence of disinfectants chloroxylenol (PCMX) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) alone and combined pollution (PCMX+BEC). The H1 strain could use NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N as nitrogen sources and had good nitrogen removal performance under conditions of C/N ratio 25, pH 5-8, 25-35 oC and sodium acetate as carbon. PCMX and BEC alone exhibited hormesis effects on H1 strain which promoted the growth of H1 strain at low concentrations but inhibited it at high concentrations, and combined pollution showed synergistic inhibitory on H1 strain. H1 strain owned a full nitrogen metabolic pathway according to functional genes quantification. PCMX encouraged nitrification process of H1, while BEC and combined pollution mostly blocked nitrogen removal. PCMX, but not BEC, mainly led to the enrichment of resistance genes. These findings will aid in systematic assessment of contaminant tolerance characteristics of HNAD strain and its application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingfeng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yingchao Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Biao Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liqin Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Park JE, Ryu SH, Ito S, Song MK, Gu EJ, Shin H, Kim YH, Jeon J. Bioaccumulation and in vivo fate of toxic benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride in rats via the radiotracer analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139460. [PMID: 37437624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylammonium chloride (BAC), a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), is utilized in industrial and biomedical applications for antimicrobial purposes. Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, various types of BAC-containing household chemicals have been produced. BACs have several adverse effects; however, their biological uptake, translocation, and excretion in animal models (essential for better understanding in vivo behavior and toxicological impact) remain unclear. In this study, we performed the first biodistribution and whole-body imaging studies of BAC in male Sprague Dawley rats, using two different administration routes. Quantitative whole-body autoradiography (QWBA) data obtained for intranasal 14C-labeled BAC ([14C]C12-BAC) exposure showed substantial uptake values for the respiratory organs (e.g. 346 ng g-1 of lung at 3 h post administration) and the radiotracer was transported to other internal organs. The amount of radiotracer in the heart, adrenal gland, and pancreas were 198, 1410, and 186 ng g-1 tissue respectively at 168 h following exposure. Autoradiograms obtained after intravenous injection also showed high accumulation and slow excretion in these organs. The cumulative excretion analysis revealed that approximately 6.4% of the administered radioactivity remained in rats after a week. The results indicated that continuous inhalation exposure to BAC leads to potential toxic effects in extrapulmonary organs and the respiratory tract. Thus, the radiolabeling method utilized may help assess various synthetic QACs in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Ryu
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoshi Ito
- Drug Development Solutions Center, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd., 2117 Muramatsu, Tokai, Ibaraki, 319-1182, Japan
| | - Mi-Kyung Song
- Inhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Gu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunil Shin
- KRCC Co., Ltd, 193 Chenggyesan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06802, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongho Jeon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Yang T, Lu Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang F, Di Ming, Cao Q, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wei W. Toxicity of benzethonium chloride and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride mixtures on Daphnia carinata: synergistic and antagonistic effects at specific ratios. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115268. [PMID: 37480694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the sanitizing products benzethonium chloride (BEC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG-H) were widely used; however, few studies have investigated their combined toxicity to organisms. In the present study, acute toxicity and genotoxicity of BEC, PHMG-H, and the combination of the two were investigated as endpoints using Daphnia carinata as the model organism. For individual reagents, PHMG-H was found to be more toxic than BEC in terms of both mortality and genotoxicity. DNA damage and survival rate were used as toxicity endpoints. The interaction was evaluated with the concentration addition (CA) model via toxic unit (TU) approach and additive index (AI) method in mixtures at different ratios in TU. Only the binary mixture BEC + PHMG-H at the ratio 1:9 in TU was regarded as synergistic, while all others indicated increased antagonistic effects as the proportion of BEC increased over the PHMG-H concentration. The findings here benefit understanding surrounding precisely how BEC and PHMG-H interact at different mixing ratios, and can assist with the evaluation of risk assessments for binary mixtures in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Liufu Wang
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Di Ming
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Qingsheng Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China
| | - Wenzhi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225229, China.
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Brown KA, Zanos P, Powels CF, Fix CJ, Michaelides M, Pereira EFR, Moaddel R, Gould TD. Ketamine preservative benzethonium chloride potentiates hippocampal synaptic transmission and binds neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. Neuropharmacology 2023; 225:109403. [PMID: 36565852 PMCID: PMC9867909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Benzethonium chloride (BZT) is an excipient used in numerous products including (R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) drug formulations for human and veterinary use. Emerging evidence indicates BZT is pharmacologically active. BZT may therefore contribute to some of the clinical or preclinical effects observed with ketamine. In the present study, we evaluated: (i) the affinity of BZT for neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, (ii) the effects of BZT on hippocampal synaptic transmission in vitro, and (iii) plasma and brain concentrations of BZT following its intraperitoneal administration to male CD1 mice. Radioligand binding assays determined the affinity of BZT for neurotransmitter targets. Effects of BZT on field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were established via electrophysiological recordings from slices collected from male C57BL/6J mice. The binding assays revealed that BZT binds to numerous receptors (e.g., σ2 Ki = 7 nM) and transporters (e.g., dopamine transporter Ki = 545 nM). Bath application of BZT potentiated hippocampal fEPSPs in mouse hippocampal slices with an EC50 of 2.03 nM. Following intraperitoneal administration, BZT was detected in the plasma, but not in the brain of mice. These data highlight that studies measuring peripheral endpoints or directly exposing systems, in vitro, intracerebroventricularly, or intracortically, to BZT-containing formulations should account for the direct effects of BZT. Our findings also suggest that earlier data attributing pharmacological effects to ketamine may be confounded by BZT and that additional investigation into the functional impact of BZT is warranted. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Chris F Powels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Connor J Fix
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Translational Toxicology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Todd D Gould
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Du W, Xu R, He Z, Yang H, Gu Y, Liu Y. Transcriptomics-based investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic antimicrobial effects of AgNPs and Domiphen on the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1089267. [PMID: 36819018 PMCID: PMC9928863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1089267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients have higher risk of serious fungal infections, such as invasive aspergillosis (IA) which is mainly caused by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Triazole drugs are the primary therapeutic agents for the first-line treatment of IA, which could easily cause drug resistance problems. Here, we assess the potential of AgNPs synthesized with Artemisia argyi leaf extract and domiphen as new antifungal agents to produce synergistic antimicrobial effects on Aspergillus fumigatus, and dissect possible molecular mechanisms of action. Plate inoculation assays combined with drug susceptibility test and cytotoxicity test showed that the combination of AgNPs and domiphen has synergistic antimicrobial effects on A. fumigatus with low cytotoxicity. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that AgNPs and domiphen inhibit the growth of A. fumigatus by suppressing nitrate assimilation, and purine nucleobase metabolic process and amino acid transmembrane transport, respectively. When the two drugs are combined, AgNPs has epistatic effects on domiphen. Moreover, the combination of AgNPs and domiphen primarily influence secondary metabolites biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis and nucleotide sugar metabolism of A. fumigatus via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis combined with validation experiments showed that the combination of AgNPs and domiphen could enhance the expression of copper transporter and inhibit nitrogen source metabolism. In addition, the synergistic antimicrobial effects could be enhanced or eliminated depending on exogenous addition of copper and nitrogen source, respectively. Taken together, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis and a new strategy for the treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Du
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Wenlong Du, ✉
| | - Ruolin Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang He
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufan Gu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China,Yi Liu, ✉
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Hou J, Huang S, Long Y, Feng K, Shang L, Zhou Z, Yue Y, Huang X, Chen G, Wu Z. Disheveled binding antagonist of β-catenin 1 interacted with β-catenin and connexin 43 in human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11594-11601. [PMID: 35510412 PMCID: PMC9275970 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2070448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the disheveled binding antagonist of β-catenin 1 (DACT1) was involved in atrial fibrillation by regulating the reorganization of connexin 43 and β-catenin in cardiomyocytes. Little is known, however, about DACT1 in human normal myocardial cells. Therefore, we used cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to investigate the role of DACT1 and its connection with β-catenin and connexin 43. While the ESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs were differentiated using commercial differentiation kits, the cardiac-specific markers were detected by immunofluorescence. The expression level of DACT1 was detected using western blotting, whereas the interaction of DACT1 and connexin 43 or β-catenin was detected by immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Both H1-CMs and SF-CMs were immunostained for cardiac-specific markers, including Troponin I, Troponin T, α-actinin, NKX2.5, and GATA6. While DACT1 was not expressed in both H1 ESCs and SF-iPSCs, it was, however, highly expressed in differentiated CMs, being also localized in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of differentiated CMs. Interestingly, the DACT1 expression in different nuclei was different in the same multinucleated cell. Moreover, DACT1 colocalized with β-catenin in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of differentiated CMs, and it also colocalized with connexin 43 in the perinuclear region and the gap junctions of differentiated CMs. Co-IP results showed that DACT1 could directly bind to β-catenin and connexin 43. Taken together, DACT1 interacted with β-catenin and connexin 43 in human-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suiqing Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangni Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Shang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoming Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yue
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxian Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Nhc Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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