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Alkhayyat SS, Al-kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, El-Bouseary MM, AboKamer AM, Batiha GES, Simal-Gandara J. Fenofibrate for COVID-19 and related complications as an approach to improve treatment outcomes: the missed key for Holy Grail. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1159-1167. [PMID: 35941297 PMCID: PMC9360649 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fenofibrate is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), that possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic properties. Fenofibrate is effective against a variety of viral infections and different inflammatory disorders. Therefore, the aim of critical review was to overview the potential role of fenofibrate in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and related complications. RESULTS By destabilizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and preventing it from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, fenofibrate can reduce SARS-CoV-2 entry in human cells Fenofibrate also suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways, which decreases SARS-CoV-2 infection-related inflammatory alterations. In conclusion, fenofibrate anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic capabilities may help to minimize the inflammatory and thrombotic consequences associated with SARSCoV-2 infection. Through attenuating the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2, fenofibrate can directly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS As a result, fenofibrate could be a potential treatment approach for COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Salem Alkhayyat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Maisra M. El-Bouseary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amal M. AboKamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511 Al Beheira Egypt
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty Science, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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Cure E, Cumhur Cure M. Strong relationship between cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein receptor, Na +/H + exchanger, and SARS-COV-2: this association may be the cause of death in the patient with COVID-19. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:179. [PMID: 34895256 PMCID: PMC8666266 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids have a wide variety and vital functions. Lipids play roles in energy metabolism, intracellular and extracellular signal traffic, and transport of fat-soluble vitamins. Also, they form the structure of the cell membrane. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with lipids since its genetic material contains lipid-enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA). Previous studies have shown that total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are lower in patients with severe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to patients with non-severe COVID-19.Na+/H+ Exchanger (NHE) is an important antiport that keeps the intracellular pH value within physiological limits. When the intracellular pH falls, NHE is activated and pumps H+ ions outward. However, prolonged NHE activation causes cell damage and atherosclerosis. Prolonged NHE activation may increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19.In COVID-19, increased angiotensin II (Ang II) due to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) dysfunction stimulates NHE. Lipids are in close association with the NHE pump. Prolonged NHE activity increases the influx of H+ ions and free fatty acid (FFA) inward. Ang II also causes increased low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) levels by inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Thus, intracellular atheroma plaque formation is accelerated.Besides, SARS-CoV-2 may replicate more rapidly as intracellular cholesterol increases. SARS-CoV-2 swiftly infects the cell whose intracellular pH decreases with NHE activation and FFA movement. Novel treatment regimens based on NHE and lipids should be explored for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bagcilar Medilife Hospital, 34200 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, Private Kucukcekmece Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Vlasov I, Panteleeva A, Usenko T, Nikolaev M, Izumchenko A, Gavrilova E, Shlyk I, Miroshnikova V, Shadrina M, Polushin Y, Pchelina S, Slonimsky P. Transcriptomic Profiles Reveal Downregulation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Receptor Pathway Activity in Patients Surviving Severe COVID-19. Cells 2021; 10:3495. [PMID: 34944005 PMCID: PMC8700658 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the biology of the lethal endpoint in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, we compared the transcriptional response to the virus in patients who survived or died during severe COVID-19. We applied gene expression profiling to generate transcriptional signatures for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time when they were placed in the Intensive Care Unit of the Pavlov First State Medical University of St. Petersburg (Russia). Three different bioinformatics approaches to RNA-seq analysis identified a downregulation of three common pathways in survivors compared with nonsurvivors among patients with severe COVID-19, namely, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle receptor activity (GO:0005041), important for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, leukocyte differentiation (GO:0002521), and cargo receptor activity (GO:0038024). Specifically, PBMCs from surviving patients were characterized by reduced expression of PPARG, CD36, STAB1, ITGAV, and ANXA2. Taken together, our findings suggest that LDL particle receptor pathway activity in patients with COVID-19 infection is associated with poor disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vlasov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexandra Panteleeva
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Usenko
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Mikhael Nikolaev
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Artem Izumchenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Gavrilova
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Irina Shlyk
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Valentina Miroshnikova
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Maria Shadrina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (M.S.)
| | - Yurii Polushin
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sofya Pchelina
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (T.U.); (M.N.); (E.G.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (Y.P.); (S.P.)
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Kurchatov Genome Center—PNPI, 188300 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Petr Slonimsky
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.); (M.S.)
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Tornhammar P, Jernberg T, Bergström G, Blomberg A, Engström G, Engvall J, Fall T, Gisslén M, Janson C, Lind L, Sköld CM, Sundström J, Söderberg S, Zaigham S, Östgren CJ, Andersson DP, Ueda P. Association of cardiometabolic risk factors with hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19: population-based cohort study in Sweden (SCAPIS). BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051359. [PMID: 34475186 PMCID: PMC8413466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19 in the general population. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Swedish population-based cohort including 29 955 participants. EXPOSURES Cardiometabolic risk factors assessed between 2014 and 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19, as registered in nationwide registers from 31 January 2020 through 12 September 2020. Associations of cardiometabolic risk factors with the outcome were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, birthplace and education. RESULTS Mean (SD) age was 61.2 (4.5) and 51.5% were women. 69 participants experienced hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19. Examples of statistically significant associations between baseline factors and subsequent hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19 included overweight (adjusted OR (aOR) vs normal weight 2.73 (95% CI 1.25 to 5.94)), obesity (aOR vs normal weight 4.09 (95% CI 1.82 to 9.18)), pre-diabetes (aOR vs normoglycaemia 2.56 (95% CI 1.44 to 4.55)), diabetes (aOR vs normoglycaemia 3.96 (95% CI 2.13 to 7.36)), sedentary time (aOR per hour/day increase 1.10 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.17)), grade 2 hypertension (aOR vs normotension 2.44 (95% CI 1.10 to 5.44)) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (aOR per mmol/L increase 0.33 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.65)). Statistically significant associations were not observed for grade 1 hypertension (aOR vs normotension 1.03 (95% CI 0.55 to 1.96)), current smoking (aOR 0.56 (95% CI 0.24 to 1.30)), total cholesterol (aOR per mmol/L increase 0.90 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.13)), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (aOR per mmol/L increase 0.90 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.15)) and coronary artery calcium score (aOR per 10 units increase 1.00 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.01)). CONCLUSIONS In a large population-based sample from the general population, several cardiometabolic risk factors were associated with hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Tornhammar
- Functional Area of Emergency Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jernberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Bergström
- Clinical Physiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Engvall
- CMIV, Centre of Medical Image Science and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory-, Allergy- and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Magnus Sköld
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Sundström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Suneela Zaigham
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Östgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Peter Andersson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge H7, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Ueda
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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