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Takahara H, Morikawa A, Kitayama S, Matsuyama T, Tsuji K. Elemental analysis of hourly collected air filters with X-ray fluorescence under grazing incidence. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:519-529. [PMID: 38143248 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray fluorescence under grazing incidence condition (XRF-UGI) was applied for the direct analysis of aerosol filters. Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) was collected hourly on polytetrafluoroethylene filters using a continuous PM monitor with a virtual impactor method. Although the sampling mass is in trace amounts of 5-30 μg, the metallic contents, such as V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Pb, can be measured at sub-ng m-3 detection limits. The effects of the non-uniformity and poor flatness of the PM filters were discussed with regard to the measurement repeatability. The relationship between the XRF-UGI intensities and the mass concentrations obtained via conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was confirmed using the fundamental parameter method. Finally, quantification was successfully demonstrated using the XRF-UGI results with the relative sensitivity factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Takahara
- X-ray Product Div., Rigaku Corporation, 14-8 Akaoji-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1146, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Morikawa
- X-ray Product Div., Rigaku Corporation, 14-8 Akaoji-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1146, Japan
| | - Saori Kitayama
- Engineering Sect., Kimoto Electric Co., Ltd., 3-1, Funabashi-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0024, Japan
| | - Tsugufumi Matsuyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto-cho, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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Lucchini R, Tieu K. Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism: Evidence from Epidemiological and Experimental Studies. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1190. [PMID: 37627255 PMCID: PMC10452806 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) exposure has evolved from acute, high-level exposure causing manganism to low, chronic lifetime exposure. In this latter scenario, the target areas extend beyond the globus pallidus (as seen with manganism) to the entire basal ganglia, including the substantia nigra pars compacta. This change of exposure paradigm has prompted numerous epidemiological investigations of the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD), or parkinsonism, due to the long-term impact of Mn. In parallel, experimental research has focused on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of Mn and its interactions with genetic susceptibility. In this review, we provide evidence from both types of studies, with the aim to link the epidemiological data with the potential mechanistic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Kim Tieu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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India Aldana S, Valvi D, Joshi A, Lucchini RG, Placidi D, Petrick L, Horton M, Niedzwiecki M, Colicino E. Salivary Metabolomic Signatures and Body Mass Index in Italian Adolescents: A Pilot Study. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad091. [PMID: 37457847 PMCID: PMC10341611 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Obesity surveillance is scarce in adolescents, and little is known on whether salivary metabolomics data, emerging minimally invasive biomarkers, can characterize metabolic patterns associated with overweight or obesity in adolescents. Objective This pilot study aims to identify the salivary molecular signatures associated with body mass index (BMI) in Italian adolescents. Methods Saliva samples and BMI were collected in a subset of n = 74 young adolescents enrolled in the Public Health Impact of Metal Exposure study (2007-2014). A total of 217 untargeted metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Robust linear regression was used to cross-sectionally determine associations between metabolomic signatures and sex-specific BMI-for-age z-scores (z-BMI). Results Nearly 35% of the adolescents (median age: 12 years; 51% females) were either obese or overweight. A higher z-BMI was observed in males compared to females (P = .02). One nucleoside (deoxyadenosine) and 2 lipids (18:0-18:2 phosphatidylcholine and dipalmitoyl-phosphoethanolamine) were negatively related to z-BMI (P < .05), whereas 2 benzenoids (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and a phthalate metabolite) were positively associated with z-BMI (P < .05). In males, several metabolites including deoxyadenosine, as well as deoxycarnitine, hyodeoxycholic acid, N-methylglutamic acid, bisphenol P, and trigonelline were downregulated, while 3 metabolites (3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, theobromine/theophylline/paraxanthine, and alanine) were upregulated in relation to z-BMI (P < .05). In females, deoxyadenosine and dipalmitoyl-phosphoethanolamine were negatively associated with z-BMI while deoxycarnitine and a phthalate metabolite were positively associated (P < .05). A single energy-related pathway was enriched in the identified associations in females (carnitine synthesis, P = .04). Conclusion Salivary metabolites involved in nucleotide, lipid, and energy metabolism were primarily altered in relation to BMI in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra India Aldana
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Damaskini Valvi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anu Joshi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lauren Petrick
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Nanocomposites of functionalized Metal−Organic frameworks and magnetic graphene oxide for selective adsorption and efficient determination of Lead(II). J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Costa CL, Prais CT, Nascentes CC. A simple method for glass analysis using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 243:123354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Han C, Xu R, Zhang Y, Yu W, Zhang Z, Morawska L, Heyworth J, Jalaludin B, Morgan G, Marks G, Abramson M, Sun L, Li S, Guo Y. Air pollution control efficacy and health impacts: A global observational study from 2000 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117211. [PMID: 34052602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) concentrations vary between countries with similar carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which can be partially explained by differences in air pollution control efficacy. However, no indicator of air pollution control efficacy has yet been developed. We aimed to develop such an indicator, and to evaluate its global and temporal distribution and its association with country-level health metrics. A novel indicator, ambient population-weighted average PM2.5 concentration per unit per capita CO2 emission (PM2.5/CO2), was developed to assess country-specific air pollution control efficacy (abbreviated as APCI). We estimated and mapped the global average distribution of APCI and its changes during 2000-2016 across 196 countries. Pearson correlation coefficients and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) were used to evaluate the relationship between APCI and health metrics. APCI varied by country with an inverse association with economic development. APCI showed an almost stable trend globally from 2000 to 2016, with the low-income groups increased and several countries (China, India, Bangladesh) decreased. The Pearson correlation coefficients between APCI and life expectancy at birth (LE), infant-mortality rate (IMR), under-five year of age mortality rate (U5MR) and logarithm of per capita GDP (LPGDP) were -0.57, 0.65, 0.66, -0.59 respectively (all P values < 0.001). APCI could explain international variation of LE, IMR and U5MR. The associations between APCI and LE, IMR, U5MR were independent of per capita GDP and climatic factors. We consider APCI to be a good indicator for air pollution control efficacy given its relation to important population health indicators. Our findings provide a new metric to interpret health inequity across the globe from the point of climate change and air pollution control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Han
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Rongbin Xu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, 750004, PR China
| | - Wenhua Yu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Zhongwen Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Morgan
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guy Marks
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2170, Australia
| | - Michael Abramson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liwei Sun
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264003, PR China; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality for Sustainable Life: A Case Study of Rural and Urban Settlements in Poor Neighbourhoods in Kenya. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the indoor and outdoor air quality in informal urban and rural settlements in Kenya. The study is motivated by the need to improve consciousness and to understand the harmful health effects of air quality to vulnerable people, especially in poor communities. Ng’ando urban informal settlement and Leshau Pondo rural village in Kenya are selected as representative poor neighborhoods where unclean energy sources are used indoor for cooking, lighting and heating. Filter based sampling for gravimetrical, elemental composition and black carbon (BC) analysis of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is performed. findings from Ng’ando and Leshau Pondo showed levels exceeding the limit suggested by the world health organization (WHO), with rare exceptions. Significantly higher levels of PM2.5 and black carbon are observed in indoors than outdoor samples, with a differences in the orders of magnitudes and up to 1000 µg/m3 for PM2.5 in rural settlements. The elemental composition reveals the presence of potentially toxic elements, in addition to characterization, emission sources were also identified. Levels of Pb exceeding the WHO limit are found in the majority of samples collected in the urban locations near major roads with heavy traffic. Our results demonstrate that most of the households live in deplorable air quality conditions for more than 12 h a day and women and children are more affected. Air quality condition is much worse in rural settlements where wood and kerosene are the only available fuels for their energy needs.
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Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Renzetti S, Broberg K, Caci M, Covolo L, Crippa P, Gelatti U, Hashim D, Oppini M, Pepe F, Pilotto A, Passeri C, Placidi D, Rizzetti MC, Turla M, Wahlberg K, Padovani A. Metal Exposure and SNCA rs356219 Polymorphism Associated With Parkinson Disease and Parkinsonism. Front Neurol 2020; 11:556337. [PMID: 33362685 PMCID: PMC7755861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.556337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In the province of Brescia, Italy, historical neurotoxic metal exposure has occurred for several decades. This study aimed to explore the role of metal exposure and genetics on Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Parkinsonism. Methods: Cases were enrolled from four local clinics for movement disorders. Randomly selected controls non-affected by neurological or psychiatric conditions were enrolled from the same health centers keeping a similar gender ratio and age distribution as for cases. Data on sociodemographic variables, clinical onset and life habits were collected besides accurate occupational and residential history. Blood samples were collected from all participants for genotyping of target polymorphisms in genes linked to PD and/or metal transport. Results: A total number of 432 cases and 444 controls were enrolled in the study, with average age of 71 years (72.2 for cases and 70 for controls). The average age at diagnosis was 65.9 years (SD 9.9). Among the potential risk factors, family history of PD or Parkinsonism showed the strongest association with the diseases (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 2.3, 7.6 on PD; OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.9, 9.5 for Parkinsonism), followed by polymorphism rs356219 in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.3, 3.3 for CC vs. TT on PD; OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1, 5.3 for CC vs. TT on Parkinsonism), exposure to metals (OR = 2.4;, 95% CI 1.3, 4.2 on PD), being born in a farm (OR = 1.8; 95% CI 1.1, 2.8 on PD; OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.4, 4.9 on Parkinsonism) and being born in the province of Brescia (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.0, 2.9 on PD). Conditional OR of having PD depending by SNCA polymorphism and metal exposure highlights higher risk of PD among CC SNCA carriers and being exposed to metals. However, the interaction term was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Lifetime exposure to metals and genetic variation in SNCA gene are relevant determinants of PD and Parkinsonism in the highly industrialized area of Brescia, Italy. The lack of evidence of statistical interaction between environmental and genetic factors may be due to the low frequencies of subjects representing the exposure categories and the polymorphism variants and does not rule out the biological interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G. Lucchini
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Margherita Caci
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loredana Covolo
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Gelatti
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Dana Hashim
- Hematology & Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manuela Oppini
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pepe
- Neurology, Poliambulanza Foundation, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Parkinson Rehabilitation Center, Ospedale S. Isidoro - FERB Onlus, Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Passeri
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maira Cristina Rizzetti
- Parkinson Rehabilitation Center, Ospedale S. Isidoro - FERB Onlus, Trescore Balneario, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Karin Wahlberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Butler L, Gennings C, Peli M, Borgese L, Placidi D, Zimmerman N, Hsu HHL, Coull BA, Wright RO, Smith DR, Lucchini RG, Claus Henn B. Assessing the contributions of metals in environmental media to exposure biomarkers in a region of ferroalloy industry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:674-687. [PMID: 30337680 PMCID: PMC6472994 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Residential proximity to ferroalloy production has been associated with increased manganese exposure, which can adversely affect health, particularly among children. Little is known, however, about which environmental samples contribute most to internal levels of manganese and other ferroalloy metals. We aimed to characterize sources of exposure to metals and evaluate the ability of internal biomarkers to reflect exposures from environmental media. In 717 Italian adolescents residing near ferromanganese industry, we examined associations between manganese, lead, chromium, and copper in environmental samples (airborne particles, surface soil, indoor/outdoor house dust) and biological samples (blood, hair, nails, saliva, urine). In multivariable regression analyses adjusted for child age and sex, a 10% increase in soil Mn was associated with increases of 3.0% (95% CI: 1.1%, 4.9%) in nail Mn and 1.6% (95% CI: -0.2%, 3.4%) in saliva Mn. Weighted-quantile-sum (WQS) regression estimated that higher soil and outdoor dust Mn accounted for most of the effect on nail Mn (WQS weights: 0.61 and 0.22, respectively, out of a total of 1.0). Higher air and soil Mn accounted for most of the effect on saliva Mn (WQS weights: 0.65 and 0.29, respectively). These findings can help inform biomarker selection in future epidemiologic studies and guide intervention strategies in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Butler
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Peli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Neil Zimmerman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hsiao-Hsien L Hsu
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bilo F, Borgese L, Wambui A, Assi A, Zacco A, Federici S, Eichert DM, Tsuji K, Lucchini RG, Placidi D, Bontempi E, Depero LE. Comparison of multiple X-ray fluorescence techniques for elemental analysis of particulate matter collected on air filters. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2018; 122:1-10. [PMID: 30662085 PMCID: PMC6338472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on qualitative and semi-quantitative elemental analysis of particulate matter (PM) collected on PTFE membrane filters, for a source apportionment study conducted in Brescia (Italy). Sampling was undertaken in a residential area where an increase in Mn emissions has been highlighted by previous studies. Filters are measured by means of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) based techniques such as micro-XRF and grazing incidence XRF using synchrotron radiation, Mo or W excitation sources, after applying an automatized sample preparation method. A heterogeneous distribution in PM shape, size and composition was observed, with features typical of anthropogenic sources. XRF measurements performed at various incidence angle, on large areas and different experimental setup were reproducible. The results demonstrate a successful comparison of the various XRF instrumentation, and the decrease in Mn content with the distance away from the identified emission source. This work highlights the potentialities of the presented approach to provide a full quantitative analysis, and ascertain its suitability for providing a direct, fast, simple and sensitive elemental analysis of filters in source apportionment studies and screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabjola Bilo
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Anne Wambui
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ahmad Assi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diane M. Eichert
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kouichi Tsuji
- Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
| | - Laura E. Depero
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- SMART Solutions s.r.L., Italy
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Galvão ES, Santos JM, Lima AT, Reis NC, Orlando MTD, Stuetz RM. Trends in analytical techniques applied to particulate matter characterization: A critical review of fundaments and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:546-568. [PMID: 29455125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown the association of airborne particulate matter (PM) size and chemical composition with health problems affecting the cardiorespiratory and central nervous systems. PM also act as cloud condensation nuclei (CNN) or ice nuclei (IN), taking part in the clouds formation process, and therefore can impact the climate. There are several works using different analytical techniques in PM chemical and physical characterization to supply information to source apportionment models that help environmental agencies to assess damages accountability. Despite the numerous analytical techniques described in the literature available for PM characterization, laboratories are normally limited to the in-house available techniques, which raises the question if a given technique is suitable for the purpose of a specific experimental work. The aim of this work consists of summarizing the main available technologies for PM characterization, serving as a guide for readers to find the most appropriate technique(s) for their investigation. Elemental analysis techniques like atomic spectrometry based and X-ray based techniques, organic and carbonaceous techniques and surface analysis techniques are discussed, illustrating their main features as well as their advantages and drawbacks. We also discuss the trends in analytical techniques used over the last two decades. The choice among all techniques is a function of a number of parameters such as: the relevant particles physical properties, sampling and measuring time, access to available facilities and the costs associated to equipment acquisition, among other considerations. An analytical guide map is presented as a guideline for choosing the most appropriated technique for a given analytical information required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Richard Michael Stuetz
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Borgese L, Dalipi R, Riboldi A, Bilo F, Zacco A, Federici S, Bettinelli M, Bontempi E, Depero LE. Comprehensive approach to the validation of the standard method for total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis of water. Talanta 2018; 181:165-171. [PMID: 29426496 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present the validation of the chemical method for total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis of water, proposed as a standard to the International Standard Organization. The complete experimental procedure to define the linear calibration range, elements sensitivities, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy is presented for a commercial TXRF spectrometer equipped with Mo X-ray tube. Least squares linear regression, including all statistical tests is performed separately for each element of interest to extract sensitivities. Relative sensitivities with respect to Ga, as internal standard, are calculated. Accuracy and precision of the quantification procedure using Ga as internal standard is evaluated with reference water samples. A detailed discussion on the calibration procedure and the limitation of the use of this method for quantitative analysis of water is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Borgese
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rogerta Dalipi
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, B. Ubertini, Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Riboldi
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabjola Bilo
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bettinelli
- UNICHIM, Associazione per l'Unificazione nel Settore dell'Industria Chimica, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Eleonora Depero
- INSTM & Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Gama EM, Nascentes CC, Matos RP, Rodrigues GDC, Rodrigues GD. A simple method for the multi-elemental analysis of beer using total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Talanta 2017; 174:274-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wahlberg K, Arora M, Curtin A, Curtin P, Wright RO, Smith DR, Lucchini RG, Broberg K, Austin C. Polymorphisms in manganese transporters show developmental stage and sex specific associations with manganese concentrations in primary teeth. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:103-109. [PMID: 28917719 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that can become neurotoxic at elevated levels with negative consequences on neurodevelopment. We have evaluated the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Mn transporter genes SLC30A10 and SLC39A8 on Mn concentrations in dentine, a validated biomarker that reflects Mn tissue concentrations early in life. METHODS The study included 195 children with variable environmental Mn exposure. Mn concentrations in dentine representing fetal, early postnatal and early childhood developmental periods were measured using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. SLC30A10 rs12064812 (T/C) and SLC39A8 rs13107325 (C/T) were genotyped by TaqMan real time PCR and SLC30A10 rs1776029 (G/A) by pyrosequencing; and SNPs were analyzed in association with Mn in dentine. RESULTS SLC39A8 rs13107325 rare allele (T) carriers had significantly higher Mn concentrations in postnatal dentine (110%, p=0.008). For all SNPs we also observed non-significant associations with Mn concentrations in dentine in opposite directions for fetal and early postnatal periods. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the influence of SLC30A10 rs1776929 genotypes on Mn concentrations in dentine between sexes. DISCUSSION The findings from this study indicate that common SNPs in Mn transporters influence Mn homeostasis in early development and may therefore be important to consider in future studies of early life Mn exposure and health effects. Our results also suggest that the influence of these transporters on Mn regulation may differ by developmental stage, as well as between girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wahlberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Klinikgatan 21, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Austen Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, 156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Occupational Health Institute, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11, 25123 Brescia BS, Italy
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Klinikgatan 21, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Christine Austin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
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Bilo F, Borgese L, Dalipi R, Zacco A, Federici S, Masperi M, Leonesio P, Bontempi E, Depero LE. Elemental analysis of tree leaves by total reflection X-ray fluorescence: New approaches for air quality monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:504-512. [PMID: 28347914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work shows that total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is a fast, easy and successful tool to determine the presence of potentially toxic elements in atmospheric aerosols precipitations on tree leaves. Leaves are collected in eleven parks of different geographical areas of the Brescia city, Northern Italy, for environmental monitoring purposes. Two sample preparation procedures are considered: microwave acid digestion and the novel SMART STORE method for direct analysis. The latter consists in sandwiching a portion of the leaf between two organic foils, metals free, to save it from contamination and material loss. Mass composition of macro, micro and trace elements is calculated for digested samples, while relative elemental amount are obtained from direct analysis. Washed and unwashed leaves have a different composition in terms of trace elements. Differentiation occurs according to Fe, Pb and Cu contributions, considered as most representative of air depositions, and probably related to anthropogenic sources. Direct analysis is more representative of the composition of air precipitations. Advantages and drawbacks of the presented methods of sample preparation and TXRF analysis are discussed. Results demonstrate that TXRF allows to perform accurate and precise quantitative analysis of digested samples. In addition, direct analysis of leaves may be used as a fast and simple method for screening in the nanograms range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabjola Bilo
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; SMART Solutions s.r.l., Italy.
| | - Rogerta Dalipi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annalisa Zacco
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; SMART Solutions s.r.l., Italy
| | - Stefania Federici
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Masperi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Leonesio
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; SMART Solutions s.r.l., Italy
| | - Laura E Depero
- Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, INSTM and Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; SMART Solutions s.r.l., Italy
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Dalipi R, Borgese L, Casaroli A, Boniardi M, Fittschen U, Tsuji K, Depero L. Study of metal release from stainless steels in simulated food contact by means of total reflection X-ray fluorescence. J FOOD ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rosa MJ, Benedetti C, Peli M, Donna F, Nazzaro M, Fedrighi C, Zoni S, Marcon A, Zimmerman N, Wright R, Lucchini R. Association between personal exposure to ambient metals and respiratory disease in Italian adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 26754125 PMCID: PMC4709999 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Release of ambient metals during ferroalloy production may be an important source of environmental exposure for nearby communities and exposure to these metals has been linked to adverse respiratory outcomes. We sought to characterize the association between personal air levels of metals and respiratory health in Italian adolescents living in communities with historic and current ferroalloy activity. Methods As part of a study in the industrial province of Brescia, Italy, 410 adolescents aged 11–14 years were recruited. Participants were enrolled from three different communities with varying manganese (Mn) levels: Bagnolo Mella which has current ferroalloy activity, Valcamonica, which has historic ferroalloy activity and Garda Lake which has no history of ferroalloy activity. Particulate matter <10 μm in diameter (PM10) was collected for 24 h in filters using personal sampling. Mn, nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) were measured in filters using x-ray fluorescence. Data on respiratory health was collected through questionnaire. Data for 280 adolescents were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression, and risk ratios were calculated for an interquartile (IQR) range increase in each pollutant. Results In adjusted models including PM10 as a co-pollutant, we found significant associations between concentrations of Mn (RR: 1.09, 95 % CI [1.00, 1.18] per 42 ng/m3 increase), Ni (RR: 1.11, 95 % CI [1.03, 1.21] per 4 ng/m3 increase) and Cr (RR: 1.08, 95 % CI [1.06, 1.11] per 9 ng/m3 increase) and parental report of asthma. We also found significant associations between increased Mn and Ni and increased risk of asthma medication use in the past 12 months (RR: 1.13, 95 % CI [1.04, 1.29] and (RR: 1.13, 95 % CI [1.01, 1.27] respectively). Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to ambient Mn, Ni and Cr may be associated with adverse respiratory outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0173-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Rosa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Chiara Benedetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marco Peli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. .,Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics of the University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Filippo Donna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marco Nazzaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Fedrighi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Zoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Neil Zimmerman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Rosalind Wright
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Icahn School of Medicine at 'Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Roberto Lucchini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1057, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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18
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Lucas EL, Bertrand P, Guazzetti S, Donna F, Peli M, Jursa TP, Lucchini R, Smith DR. Impact of ferromanganese alloy plants on household dust manganese levels: implications for childhood exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:279-90. [PMID: 25747819 PMCID: PMC4385503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents living in communities with ferromanganese alloy plant activity have been shown to exhibit deficits in olfactory and fine motor function. Household dust may serve as an important manganese (Mn) exposure pathway to children, though dust Mn concentrations have not previously been measured to assess household contamination from ferromanganese alloy plant emissions. Here we determined the association between dust concentrations and surface loadings of Mn and other metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) in indoor and outdoor household dust from three Italian communities that differ by history of ferromanganese alloy plant activity: Bagnolo Mella, with an active ferromanganese alloy plant (n=178 households); Valcamonica, with historically active plants (n=166); and Garda Lake, with no history of ferromanganese plant activity (n=99). We also evaluated Mn levels in other environmental (soil, airborne particulates) and candidate biomarker (blood, hair, saliva, fingernails) samples from children within the households. Household dust Mn concentrations and surface loadings were significantly different between the three sites, with levels highest in Bagnolo Mella (outdoor median Mn concentration=4620, range 487-183,000µg/g), intermediate in Valcamonica (median=876, range 407-8240µg/g), and lowest in Garda Lake (median=407, range 258-7240µg/g). Outdoor dust Mn concentrations in Bagnolo Mella, but not the other communities, were significantly inversely related with distance from the plant (R(2)=0.6630, P<0.0001). Moreover, outdoor dust Mn concentrations and loadings were highly predictive of but significantly higher than indoor dust Mn concentrations and loadings by ~2 to ~7-fold (Mn concentrations) and ~7 to ~20-fold (Mn loadings). Finally, both indoor and outdoor dust Mn concentrations and outdoor dust Mn loading values were highly significantly correlated with both soil and air Mn concentrations, and with children's hair and fingernail Mn concentrations, but weakly or not associated with saliva or blood Mn levels. Given the evidence associating elevated Mn exposure with neurological impairments in children, these data support that dust Mn levels should be reduced in contaminated environments to protect the health of resident children.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Lucas
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - P Bertrand
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - F Donna
- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M Peli
- University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - T P Jursa
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R Lucchini
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - D R Smith
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Bilo F, Borgese L, Cazzago D, Zacco A, Bontempi E, Guarneri R, Bernardello M, Attuati S, Lazo P, Depero LE. TXRF analysis of soils and sediments to assess environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:13208-13214. [PMID: 24122164 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Total reflection x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF) is proposed for the elemental chemical analysis of crustal environmental samples, such as sediments and soils. A comparative study of TXRF with respect to flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy was performed. Microwave acid digestion and suspension preparation methods are evaluated. A good agreement was found among the results obtained with different spectroscopic techniques and sample preparation methods for Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn. We demonstrated that TXRF is suitable for the assessment of environmental contamination phenomena, even if the errors for Pb, As, V, and Ba are ingent.
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20
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Neurofunctional dopaminergic impairment in elderly after lifetime exposure to manganese. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:309-17. [PMID: 24881811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that can become neurotoxic through various exposure windows over the lifespan. While there is clear evidence of Mn neurotoxicity in pediatric and adult occupational populations, little is known about effects in the elderly who may exhibit enhanced susceptibilities due to compromised physiology compared to younger adults. In the province of Brescia, Italy, the Valcamonica area has been the site of three ferroalloy plants operating from 1902 to 2001. Metal emissions of Mn and to a lesser extent lead (Pb) have impacted the surrounding environment, where a high prevalence of Parkinsonism was previously observed. This study aimed to assess neurocognitive and motor functions in healthy elderly subjects residing for most of their lifetime in Valcamonica or in a reference area unimpacted by ferroalloy plant activity. METHODS Subjects were enrolled for extensive neurobehavioral assessment of motor, cognitive and sensory functions. Exposure was assessed with 24h personal air sampling for PM10 airborne particles, surface soil and tap water measurement at individual households, Mn levels in blood and urine and Pb in blood. Dose-response relationships between exposure indicators and biomarkers and health outcomes were analyzed with generalized (linear and logistic) additive models (GAM). RESULTS A total of 255 subjects (55% women) were examined; most (52.9%) were within the 65-70 years age class. Average airborne Mn was 26.41 ng/m(3) (median 18.42) in Valcamonica and 20.96 ng/m(3) (median 17.62) in the reference area. Average Mn in surface soil was 1026 ppm (median 923) in Valcamonica and 421 ppm (median 410) in the reference area. Manganese in drinking water was below the LDL of 1 μg/L. The GAM analysis showed significant association between airborne Mn (p=0.0237) and the motor coordination tests of the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. The calculation of the Benchmark Dose using this dose-response relationship yielded a lower level confidence interval of 22.7 ng/m(3) (median 26.4). For the odor identification score of the Sniffin Stick test, an association was observed with soil Mn (p=0.0006) and with a significant interaction with blood Pb (p=0.0856). Significant dose-responses resulted also for the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices with the distance from exposure point source (p=0.0025) and Mn in soil (p=0.09), and for the Trail Making test, with urinary Mn (p=0.0074). Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were associated with air (p=0.061) and urinary (p=0.003) Mn, and with blood Pb (p=0.0303). In most of these associations age played a significant role as an effect modifier. CONCLUSION Lifelong exposure to Mn was significantly associated with changes in odor discrimination, motor coordination, cognitive abilities and serum PRL levels. These effects are consistent with the hypothesis of a specific mechanism of toxicity of Mn on the dopaminergic system. Lead co-exposure, even at very low levels, can further enhance Mn toxicity.
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Borgese L, Federici S, Zacco A, Gianoncelli A, Rizzo L, Smith DR, Donna F, Lucchini R, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Metal fractionation in soils and assessment of environmental contamination in Vallecamonica, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:5067-75. [PMID: 23338992 PMCID: PMC3688652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination was investigated in soils of the Vallecamonica, an area in the northern part of the Brescia province (Italy), where ferroalloy industries were active for a century until 2001. The extent in which emissions from ferroalloy plants affected metal concentration in soils is not known in this area. In this study, the geogenic and/or anthropogenic origin of metals in soils were estimated. A modified Community Bureau of Reference sequential chemical extraction method followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analyses were employed to evaluate the potential bioavailability of Al, Cd, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, and Pb in soils. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess the relationships among metal sources in soil samples from different locations. This approach allowed distinguishing of different loadings and mobility of metals in soils collected in different areas. Results showed high concentrations and readily extractability of Mn in the Vallecamonica soils, which may suggest potential bioavailability for organisms and may create an environmental risk and potential health risk of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - S. Federici
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Zacco
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Gianoncelli
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - L. Rizzo
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - D. R. Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - F. Donna
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - R. Lucchini
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - L. E. Depero
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - E. Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Eastman RR, Jursa TP, Benedetti C, Lucchini RG, Smith DR. Hair as a biomarker of environmental manganese exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1629-37. [PMID: 23259818 PMCID: PMC3583582 DOI: 10.1021/es3035297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The absence of well-validated biomarkers of manganese (Mn) exposure in children remains a major obstacle for studies of Mn toxicity. We developed a hair cleaning methodology to establish the utility of hair as an exposure biomarker for Mn and other metals (Pb, Cr, Cu), using ICPMS, scanning electron microscopy, and laser ablation ICPMS to evaluate cleaning efficacy. Exogenous metal contamination on hair that was untreated or intentionally contaminated with dust or Mn-contaminated water was effectively removed using a cleaning method of 0.5%Triton X-100 sonication plus 1 N nitric acid sonication. This cleaning method was then used on hair samples from children (n = 121) in an ongoing study of environmental Mn exposure and related health effects. Mean hair Mn levels were 0.121 μg/g (median = 0.073 μg/g, range = 0.011-0.736 μg/g), which are ∼4 to 70-fold lower than levels reported in other pediatric Mn studies. Hair Mn levels were also significantly higher in children living in the vicinity of active, but not historic, ferroalloy plant emissions compared to controls (P < 0.001). These data show that hair can be effectively cleaned of exogenous metal contamination, and they substantiate the use of hair Mn levels as a biomarker of environmental Mn exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Eastman
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Tom P. Jursa
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Chiara Benedetti
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Section of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto G. Lucchini
- Division of Occupational And Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Section of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donald R. Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
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Lucchini RG, Zoni S, Guazzetti S, Bontempi E, Micheletti S, Broberg K, Parrinello G, Smith DR. Inverse association of intellectual function with very low blood lead but not with manganese exposure in Italian adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 118:65-71. [PMID: 22925625 PMCID: PMC3477579 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric lead (Pb) exposure impacts cognitive function and behavior and co-exposure to manganese (Mn) may enhance neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVES To assess cognitive and behavioral function in adolescents with environmental exposure to Pb and Mn. METHODS In this cross sectional study, cognitive function and behavior were examined in healthy adolescents with environmental exposure to metals. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) and the Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale Long Form (CASS:L) were used to assess cognitive and behavioral function, respectively. ALAD polymorphisms rs1800435 and rs1139488 were measured as potential modifiers. RESULTS We examined 299 adolescents (49.2% females) aged 11-14 years. Blood lead (BPb) averaged 1.71 μg/dL (median 1.5, range 0.44-10.2), mean Blood Manganese (BMn) was 11.1 μg/dL (median 10.9, range 4.00-24.1). Average total IQ was 106.3 (verbal IQ=102, performance IQ=109.3). According to a multiple regression model considering the effect of other covariates, a reduction of about 2.4 IQ points resulted from a two-fold increase of BPb. The Benchmark Level of BPb associated with a loss of 1 IQ-point (BML01) was 0.19 μg/dL, with a lower 95% confidence limit (BMLL01) of 0.11 μg/dL. A very weak correlation resulted between BPb and the ADHD-like behavior (Kendall's tau rank correlation=0.074, p=0.07). No influence of ALAD genotype was observed on any outcome. Manganese was not associated with cognitive and behavioral outcomes, nor was there any interaction with lead. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that very low level of lead exposure has a significant negative impact on cognitive function in adolescent children. Being an essential micro-nutrient, manganese may not cause cognitive effects at these low exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA.
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Lucchini RG, Guazzetti S, Zoni S, Donna F, Peter S, Zacco A, Salmistraro M, Bontempi E, Zimmerman NJ, Smith DR. Tremor, olfactory and motor changes in Italian adolescents exposed to historical ferro-manganese emission. Neurotoxicology 2012. [PMID: 22322213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increased prevalence of Parkinsonism was observed in Valcamonica, Italy, a region impacted by ferroalloy plants emissions containing manganese and other metals for a century until 2001. The aim of this study was to assess neurobehavioral functions in adolescents from the impacted region and the reference area of Garda Lake. METHODS Adolescents age 11-14 years were recruited through the school system for neuro-behavioral testing. Metals including manganese, lead, iron, zinc, copper were measured in airborne particulate matter collected with 24-h personal samplers, and in soil, tap water, blood, urine and hair. Independent variables included parental education and socio-economic status, children's body mass index, number of siblings, parity order, smoking and drinking habits. RESULTS A total of 311 subjects (49.2% females), residing in either the exposed (n=154) or the reference (n=157) area participated. Average airborne and soil manganese were respectively 49.5 ng/m(3) (median 31.4, range 1.24-517) and 958 ppm (median 897, range 465-1729) in the impacted area, and 27.4 ng/m(3) (median 24.7, range 5.3-85.9) ng/m(3) and 427 ppm (median 409 range 160-734) in the reference area. Regression models showed significant impairment of motor coordination (Luria-Nebraska test, p=0.0005), hand dexterity (Aiming Pursuit test, p=0.0115) and odor identification (Sniffin' task, p=0.003) associated with soil manganese. Tremor intensity was positively associated with blood (p=0.005) and hair (p=0.01) manganese. CONCLUSION Historical environmental exposure to manganese from ferroalloy emission reflected by the concentration in soil and the biomarkers was associated with sub-clinical deficits in olfactory and motor function among adolescents.
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Tremor, olfactory and motor changes in Italian adolescents exposed to historical ferro-manganese emission. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:687-96. [PMID: 22322213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increased prevalence of Parkinsonism was observed in Valcamonica, Italy, a region impacted by ferroalloy plants emissions containing manganese and other metals for a century until 2001. The aim of this study was to assess neurobehavioral functions in adolescents from the impacted region and the reference area of Garda Lake. METHODS Adolescents age 11-14 years were recruited through the school system for neuro-behavioral testing. Metals including manganese, lead, iron, zinc, copper were measured in airborne particulate matter collected with 24-h personal samplers, and in soil, tap water, blood, urine and hair. Independent variables included parental education and socio-economic status, children's body mass index, number of siblings, parity order, smoking and drinking habits. RESULTS A total of 311 subjects (49.2% females), residing in either the exposed (n=154) or the reference (n=157) area participated. Average airborne and soil manganese were respectively 49.5 ng/m(3) (median 31.4, range 1.24-517) and 958 ppm (median 897, range 465-1729) in the impacted area, and 27.4 ng/m(3) (median 24.7, range 5.3-85.9) ng/m(3) and 427 ppm (median 409 range 160-734) in the reference area. Regression models showed significant impairment of motor coordination (Luria-Nebraska test, p=0.0005), hand dexterity (Aiming Pursuit test, p=0.0115) and odor identification (Sniffin' task, p=0.003) associated with soil manganese. Tremor intensity was positively associated with blood (p=0.005) and hair (p=0.01) manganese. CONCLUSION Historical environmental exposure to manganese from ferroalloy emission reflected by the concentration in soil and the biomarkers was associated with sub-clinical deficits in olfactory and motor function among adolescents.
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ATP13A2 (PARK9) polymorphisms influence the neurotoxic effects of manganese. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:697-702. [PMID: 22285144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A higher prevalence of individuals affected by Parkinsonism was found in Valcamonica, Italy. This may be related to ferro-alloy smelters in the area, releasing manganese (Mn) in the air, soil and water for about a century. There exists individual susceptibility for Mn neurotoxicity. AIM To analyse how polymorphism in genes regulating Mn metabolism and toxicity can modify neurophysiological effects of Mn exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Elderly (N=255) and adolescents (N=311) from Northern Italy were examined for neuromotor and olfactory functions. Exposure to Mn was assessed in blood and urine by atomic absorption spectroscopy and in soil by a portable instrument based on X-Ray fluorescence technology. Polymorphisms in the Parkinson-related gene ATPase type 13A2 (ATP13A2, also called PARK9: rs3738815, rs2076602, rs4920608, rs2871776 and rs2076600), and in the secretory pathway Ca(2+)/Mn(2+) ATPase isoform 1 gene (SPCA1: rs218498, rs3773814 and rs2669858) were analysed by TaqMan probes. RESULTS For both adolescents and elderly, negative correlations between Mn in soil and motor coordination (R(s)=-0.20, p<0.001; R(s)=-0.13, p=0.05, respectively) were demonstrated. Also among adolescents, negative correlations were seen between Mn in soil with odor identification (R(s)=-0.17, p<0.01). No associations were seen for Mn in blood or urine. ATP13A2 polymorphisms rs4920608 and rs2871776 significantly modified the effects of Mn exposure on impaired motor coordination in elderly (p for interaction=0.029, p=0.041, respectively), also after adjustments for age and gender. The rs2871776 altered a binding site for transcription factor insulinoma-associated 1. CONCLUSIONS ATP13A2 variation may be a risk marker for neurotoxic effects of Mn in humans.
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Ferri R, Donna F, Smith DR, Guazzetti S, Zacco A, Rizzo L, Bontempi E, Zimmerman NJ, Lucchini RG. Heavy Metals in Soil and Salad in the Proximity of Historical Ferroalloy Emission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3:374-385. [PMID: 27818841 DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.35047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Emissions of manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) from ferro-alloy operations has taken place in Valcamonica, a pre-Alp valley in the province of Brescia, Italy, for about a century until 2001. Metal concentrations were measured in the soil of local home gardens and in the cultivated vegetables. Soil analysis was carried out using a portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer in both surface soil and at 10 cm depth. A subset of soil samples (n = 23) additionally was analysed using the modified BCR sequential extraction method and ICP-OES for intercalibration with XRF (XRF Mn = 1.33 * total OES Mn - 71.8; R = 0.830, p < 0.0001). Samples of salads (Lactuca sativa and Chichorium spp.) were analyzed with a Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) technique. Vegetable and soil metal measurements were performed in 59 home gardens of Valcamonica, and compared with 23 gardens from the Garda Lake reference area. Results indicate significantly higher levels of soil Mn (median 986 ppm vs 416 ppm), Pb (median 46.1 ppm vs 30.2 ppm), Fe (median 19,800 ppm vs 13,100 ppm) in the Valcamonica compared to the reference area. Surface soil levels of all metals were significantly higher in surface soil compared to deeper soil, consistent with atmospheric deposition. Significantly higher levels of metals were shown also in lettuce from Valcamonica for Mn (median 53.6 ppm vs 30.2) and Fe (median 153 vs 118). Metals in Chichorium spp. did not differ between the two areas. Surface soil metal levels declined with increasing distance from the closest ferroalloy plant, consistent with plant emissions as the source of elevated soil metal levels. A correlation between Mn concentrations in soil and lettuce was also observed. These data show that historic ferroalloy plant activity, which ended nearly a decade before this study, has contributed to the persistence of increased Mn levels in locally grown vegetables. Further research is needed to assess whether this increase can lead to adverse effects in humans and plants especially for Mn, an essential element that can be toxic in humans when exceeding the homeostatic ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ferri
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Donna
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donald R Smith
- Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
| | | | - Annalisa Zacco
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Neil J Zimmerman
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
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Borgese L, Salmistraro M, Gianoncelli A, Zacco A, Lucchini R, Zimmerman N, Pisani L, Siviero G, Depero LE, Bontempi E. Airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis and modeling by total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) and X-ray standing wave (XSW). Talanta 2011; 89:99-104. [PMID: 22284465 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This work is presented as an improvement of a recently introduced method for airborne particulate matter (PM) filter analysis [1]. X-ray standing wave (XSW) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) were performed with a new dedicated laboratory instrumentation. The main advantage of performing both XSW and TXRF, is the possibility to distinguish the nature of the sample: if it is a small droplet dry residue, a thin film like or a bulk sample. Another advantage is related to the possibility to select the angle of total reflection to make TXRF measurements. Finally, the possibility to switch the X-ray source allows to measure with more accuracy lighter and heavier elements (with a change in X-ray anode, for example from Mo to Cu). The aim of the present study is to lay the theoretical foundation of the new proposed method for airborne PM filters quantitative analysis improving the accuracy and efficiency of quantification by means of an external standard. The theoretical model presented and discussed demonstrated that airborne PM filters can be considered as thin layers. A set of reference samples is prepared in laboratory and used to obtain a calibration curve. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method for quantitative analysis of air PM filters is affordable and reliable without the necessity to digest filters to obtain quantitative chemical analysis, and that the use of XSW improve the accuracy of TXRF analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borgese
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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