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Liu C, Su M, Champ VD, Gupta S. Validation Procedures for Quantification of Food Allergens by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2717:285-304. [PMID: 37737992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3453-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a widely used analytical technique for food allergen detection and quantification. Validating ELISA protocols is important for both assay developers and end users as it ensures method reliability. This chapter describes the protocols for validating the sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, robustness, and ruggedness of an ELISA. Example procedures are also provided for sample preparation, allergen extraction, and ELISA operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Mengna Su
- Fujian Hwa Nan Women's College, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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2
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Gutierrez-Barrutia MB, Cozzano S, Arcia P, Del Castillo MD. Assessment of in vitro digestion of reduced sugar biscuits with extruded brewers' spent grain. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113160. [PMID: 37689916 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and potential health claims for reduced sugar biscuits containing extruded brewers' spent grain (EBSG) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS). One traditional biscuit with added sugar and three reduced sugar biscuits containing 15.2 % FOS and EBSG (0, 8 and 17 %), with nutrition claims "high in fiber" and "source of protein" for those containing 17 % of EBSG, were formulated. Biscuits were characterized by analysis of nutrients and bioactive compounds before and after digestion under in vitro enzymatic oral-gastro-intestinal and colonic fermenting conditions. The bioaccessibility of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic compounds in biscuits' intestinal digests and short-chain fatty acids in colonic samples was analyzed. EBSG-added biscuits showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) glucose intestinal bioaccessibility and significantly higher (p < 0.05) phenolic compounds intestinal bioaccessibility compared to biscuits without EBSG. EBSG-added biscuits showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher in vitro antidiabetic potential than the other did. Moreover, the intestinal digest of biscuits containing 17 % EBSG exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) better in vitro inhibition of intracellular ROS formation and in vitro anti-inflammatory properties. FOS addition (p < 0.05) significantly improved the production of butyric acid while EBSG did for valeric acid which possess chemoprotective effect. In conclusion, the combined use of FOS (15.2 %) and EBSG (17 %) allowed obtaining a human healthier snack formulation for satisfying consumers' demands and achieving nutrition security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Gutierrez-Barrutia
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad Catolica del Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Alimentacion, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Cozzano
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad Catolica del Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Arcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad Catolica del Uruguay, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay; Latitud-LATU Foundation, Av. Italia 6201, Montevideo 11500, Uruguay
| | - Maria Dolores Del Castillo
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Alimentacion, CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Mamone G, Di Stasio L, Vitale S, Picascia S, Gianfrani C. Analytical and functional approaches to assess the immunogenicity of gluten proteins. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1049623. [PMID: 36741992 PMCID: PMC9890883 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1049623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten proteins are the causative agents of celiac disease (CD), a lifelong and worldwide spread food intolerance, characterized by an autoimmune enteropathy. Gluten is a complex mixture of high homologous water-insoluble proteins, characterized by a high content of glutamine and proline amino acids that confers a marked resistance to degradation by gastrointestinal proteases. As a consequence of that, large peptides are released in the gut lumen with the potential to activate inflammatory T cells, in CD predisposed individuals. To date, several strategies aimed to detoxify gluten proteins or to develop immunomodulatory drugs to recover immune tolerance to gluten are under investigation. This review overviews the state of art of both analytical and functional methods currently used to assess the immunogenicity potential of gluten proteins from different cereal sources, including native raw seed flours and complex food products, as well as drug-treated samples. The analytical design to assess the content and profile of gluten immunogenic peptides, described herein, is based on the oral-gastro-intestinal digestion (INFOGEST model) followed by extensive characterization of residual gluten peptides by proteomic and immunochemical analyses. These approaches include liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and R5/G12 competitive ELISA. Functional studies to assess the immune stimulatory capabilities of digested gluten peptides are based on gut mucosa T cells or peripheral blood cells obtained from CD volunteers after a short oral gluten challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Avellino, Italy
| | - Luigia Di Stasio
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Avellino, Italy
| | - Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Picascia
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy,*Correspondence: Carmen Gianfrani,
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4
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Schirmer TM, Scherf KA. Influence of baking conditions on the extractability and immunochemical detection of wheat gluten proteins. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 6:100431. [PMID: 36636725 PMCID: PMC9829696 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing conditions affect the accurate detection of gluten by ELISA, which is of importance for proper gluten-free labelling. We prepared different wheat flour-based and incurred baked goods (bread, crispbread, pretzel) to investigate the influence of baking conditions and alkali treatment on gluten quantitation by ELISA using different extraction solvents. Protein composition and extractability were determined (SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, GP-HPLC). The extraction solvents showed different performances; none of them could compensate the effect of baking on the detection. Dough preparation, baking and additional alkali treatment decreased protein extractability under reducing and non-reducing conditions. High temperature combined with alkali treatment resulted in the lowest protein extractabilities (<77% for bread crust, <61% for pretzel crust) due to the formation of disulfide and non-disulfide gluten crosslinks. There was no clear correlation between the protein composition and the extractability of alcohol- and SDS-soluble proteins of the baked goods. Thus, this research shows that gluten extractability rather than gluten composition is crucial for detection by ELISA in baked goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Miriam Schirmer
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany,Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20 a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany,Corresponding author. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20 a, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany. https://bioactivefc.iab.kit.edu
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5
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Mamone G, Comelli MC, Vitale S, Di Stasio L, Kessler K, Mottola I, Siano F, Cavaletti L, Gianfrani C. E40 glutenase detoxification capabilities of residual gluten immunogenic peptides in in vitro gastrointestinal digesta of food matrices made of soft and durum wheat. Front Nutr 2022; 9:974771. [PMID: 36159465 PMCID: PMC9493446 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.974771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten degrading enzymes, which are commonly referred to as “glutenases,” represent attractive candidates for the development of a pharmacological treatment of gluten related disorders, such as coeliac disease (CeD). Endoprotease-40 (E40), a novel glutenase secreted by the actinomycete Actinoallomurus A8 and recombinantly produced in S. lividans TK24, was shown to be active at pH 3 to 6 (optimum pH 5), resistant to pepsin and trypsin degradation, able to destroy immunotoxicity of both gliadin 33-mer peptide and whole proteins and to strongly reduce the response of specific T cells when added to gliadin in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. This study aims to functionally assess the capabilities of Endoprotease-40 (E40) to detoxify residual gluten immunogenic peptides in gastrointestinal digesta of food matrices made of soft and durum wheat. The INFOGEST harmonized protocols were applied to the multicompartmental model of simulated human gastrointestinal digestion, for the quantitative assessment of residual gluten in liquid (beer) and solid (bread and pasta) foods, made of either soft or durum wheat. Proteomic and immunological techniques, and functional assays on intestinal T cell lines from celiac disease patients were used to identify gluten-derived immunogenic peptide sequences surviving in gastric and gastrointestinal digesta after the addition of E40 at increasing enzyme: wheat proteins ratios. During the gastric phase (2 h incubation time), the addition of E40 demonstrated an extensive (≥ 95%) dose-dependent detoxification of whole gluten in real food matrices. Overall, the residual gluten content was found at, or even below, the 20 ppm gluten-free threshold for soft and durum wheat-based food. Furthermore, unlike in untreated gastrointestinal digesta, none of the immunodominant α-gliadin peptides survived in E40-treated digesta. Traces of ω- and γ-gliadin derived immunogenic peptides were still detected in E40-treated digesta, but unable to stimulate celiac-intestinal T cells. In conclusion, E40 is a promising candidate for the oral enzymatic therapy of CeD, as a stand-alone enzyme being efficient along the complete gastrointestinal digestion of gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Avellino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gianfranco Mamone,
| | | | - Serena Vitale
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigia Di Stasio
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Mottola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Siano
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council of Italy, Avellino, Italy
| | - Linda Cavaletti
- Fondazione Istituto Insubrico Ricerca per la Vita, Varese, Italy
| | - Carmen Gianfrani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
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6
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In Vitro Digestibility and Bioaccessibility of Nutrients and Non-Nutrients Composing Extruded Brewers' Spent Grain. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173480. [PMID: 36079739 PMCID: PMC9459946 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the extrusion process on the bioaccessibility of brewers’ spent grain (BSG) nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins) and non-nutrients (bioactive compounds). BSG and extruded BSG (EBSG) were digested in vitro simulating human oral-gastro-intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation. The duodenal bioaccessibility of glucose, amino acids and phenolic compounds was analyzed. The fermentability of the dietary fiber was assessed by analysis of short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, assessment of the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds after colonic fermentation was undertaken. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties of the bioaccessible compounds were studied. Extrusion caused no change in the digestibility of gluten and glucose bioaccessibility (p > 0.05). Moreover, the bioaccessibility of amino acids and phenolic compounds significantly increased (p < 0.05) due to extrusion. However, higher short-chain fatty acid content was formed in colonic fermentation of BSG (p < 0.05) compared to EBSG. The latter inhibited intracellular ROS formation in IEC-6 cells and showed anti-inflammatory properties in RAW264.7 cells. With respect to antidiabetic properties, glucose absorption was lower, and the inhibition of carbohydrases higher (p < 0.05), in the presence of EBSG compared to BSG. The effects of EBSG and BSG digests on glucose transporters were not significantly different (p > 0.05). In conclusion, extrusion positively affected the nutritional value and health-promoting properties of BSG.
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7
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Actinidin reduces gluten-derived immunogenic peptides reaching the small intestine in an in vitro semi-dynamic gastrointestinal tract digestion model. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Jayawardana IA, Boland MJ, Loo TS, McNabb WC, Montoya CA. Rapid proteolysis of gluten-derived immunogenic peptides in bread by actinidin in a combined in vivo and in vitro oro-gastrointestinal digestion model. Food Funct 2022; 13:5654-5666. [PMID: 35510393 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the ability of actinidin, a cysteine protease in green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), to hydrolyse wheat proteins and gluten-derived immunogenic peptides from a commonly consumed food matrix (bread) using a combined in vivo and in vitro oro-gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model. A chewed and spat composite bolus of bread was in vitro digested with or without purified actinidin using a human gastric simulator (HGS). Gastric digestion was conducted for 150 min with gastric emptying occurring at different time points. Emptied samples were immediately digested under simulated small intestinal conditions. Gastric and small intestinal aliquots were collected to quantify peptide profiles and nine marker immunogenic peptides (by untargeted and targeted mass spectrometry, respectively), R5 epitopes (by monoclonal antibody-based competition assay), and free amino groups released by digestion (by the o-phthaldialdehyde method). There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of actinidin and digestion time on the hydrolysis of wheat proteins and the amount of gluten R5 epitopes of that material emptying the HGS. Actinidin accelerated 1.2-fold the gastric hydrolysis of wheat proteins during the first 20 min of digestion, which was reflected in a faster (5.5 μg min-1) reduction in the evolution of R5 epitopes. Actinidin accelerated (P < 0.05) the rate of disappearance of most of the immunogenic marker peptides. For example, in the first 20 min of small intestinal digestion, the 33-mer peptide decreased (P < 0.05) 2-fold faster (0.25 vs. 0.12 μg g-1 of bread per min) in the presence of actinidin than in the control. Untargeted peptidomics showed actinidin decreased the amounts of known immunogenic peptides in the simulated small intestinal digestion. These findings demonstrated that actinidin accelerates the hydrolysis of wheat proteins and known gluten immunogenic peptides in a commonly consumed food matrix (bread) in a combined in vivo and in vitro oro-GIT digestion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuri A Jayawardana
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. .,School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mike J Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - Trevor S Loo
- School of Fundamental Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. .,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Sustainable Nutrition Initiative, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand. .,Smart Foods Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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9
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Feasibility of Extruded Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Food Ingredient for a Healthy, Safe, and Sustainable Human Diet. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101403. [PMID: 35626975 PMCID: PMC9140782 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of the extrusion process on the nutritional and bioactive profiles of brewer’s spent grain (BSG), contributing to nutrition security by applying a circular economy concept. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect extrusion parameters (moisture content, screw speed, and barrel temperature ) had on BSG’s soluble dietary fiber, free glucose, and overall antioxidant capacity. Proximate composition analyses, amino acid profile, extractable polyphenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of BSG and brewer’s spent grain extruded under optimal conditions (BSGE) were carried out. Food safety was analyzed by their microbiological quality, gluten, and acrylamide content. Optimal extrusion conditions were 15.8% of moisture content, 164.3 revolutions per min and 122.5 °C. BSGE presented 61% more soluble dietary fiber than BSG, lower digestible starch, 0.546% of free glucose, and protein quality parameters mostly like those reported for egg, soy, and milk. Despite this, BSG’s overall antioxidant capacity was not improved after thermomechanical processing; BSGE had significantly higher extractable polyphenolic content in its alkali extracts, which were determined qualitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight assay in its hydro-alcoholic acid extracts. Furthermore, although it is not gluten free, BSGE is a safe food ingredient with acceptable microbiological quality and no acrylamide.
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Zhu X, Zhao XH, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE, Zhang Y, Fu Y. How does a celiac iceberg really float? The relationship between celiac disease and gluten. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9233-9261. [PMID: 35435771 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease caused by intolerance of genetically susceptible individuals after intake of gluten-containing grains (including wheat, barley, etc.) and their products. Currently, CD, with "iceberg" characteristics, affects a large population and is distributed over a wide range of individuals. This present review summarizes the latest research progress on the relationship between CD and gluten. Furthermore, the structure and function of gluten peptides related to CD, gluten detection methods, the effects of processing on gluten and gluten-free diets are emphatically reviewed. In addition, the current limitations in CD research are also discussed. The present work facilitates a comprehensive understanding of CD as well as gluten, which can provide a theoretical reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Revilla P, Alves ML, Andelković V, Balconi C, Dinis I, Mendes-Moreira P, Redaelli R, Ruiz de Galarreta JI, Vaz Patto MC, Žilić S, Malvar RA. Traditional Foods From Maize ( Zea mays L.) in Europe. Front Nutr 2022; 8:683399. [PMID: 35071287 PMCID: PMC8780548 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.683399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the major crops of the world for feed, food, and industrial uses. It was originated in Central America and introduced into Europe and other continents after Columbus trips at the end of the 15th century. Due to the large adaptability of maize, farmers have originated a wide variability of genetic resources with wide diversity of adaptation, characteristics, and uses. Nowadays, in Europe, maize is mainly used for feed, but several food specialties were originated during these five centuries of maize history and became traditional food specialties. This review summarizes the state of the art of traditional foodstuffs made with maize in Southern, South-Western and South-Eastern Europe, from an historic evolution to the last research activities that focus on improving sustainability, quality and safety of food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Revilla
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Mara Lisa Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Violeta Andelković
- Department of Genebank, Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Carlotta Balconi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Isabel Dinis
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Escola Superior Agrária, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Rita Redaelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Jose Ignacio Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Plant Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sladana Žilić
- Department Food Technology and Biochemistry, Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rosa Ana Malvar
- Department of Plant Production, Misión Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
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12
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Ribeiro M, de Sousa T, Sabença C, Poeta P, Bagulho AS, Igrejas G. Advances in quantification and analysis of the celiac-related immunogenic potential of gluten. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4278-4298. [PMID: 34402581 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gluten-free products have emerged in response to the increasing prevalence of gluten-related disorders, namely celiac disease. Therefore, the quantification of gluten in products intended for consumption by individuals who may suffer from these pathologies must be accurate and reproducible, in a way that allows their proper labeling and protects the health of consumers. Immunochemical methods have been the methods of choice for quantifying gluten, and several kits are commercially available. Nevertheless, they still face problems such as the initial extraction of gluten in complex matrices or the use of a standardized reference material to validate the results. Lately, other methodologies relying mostly on mass spectrometry-based techniques have been explored, and that may allow, in addition to quantitative analysis, the characterizationof gluten proteins. On the other hand, although the level of 20 mg/kg of gluten detected by these methods is sufficient for a product to be considered gluten-free, its immunogenic potential for celiac patients has not been clinically validated. In this sense, in vitro and in vivo models, such as the organoid technology applied in gut-on-chip devices and the transgenic humanized mouse models, respectively, are being developed for investigating both the gluten-induced pathogenesis and the treatment of celiac disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of gluten in the food industry, as well as the increased prevalence of gluten-related disorders, here we intend to summarize the available methods for gluten quantification in food matrices and for the evaluation of its immunogenic potential concerning the development of novel therapies for celiac disease to highlight active research and discuss knowledge gaps and current challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telma de Sousa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Sabença
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal.,Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Bagulho
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Elvas, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Caparica, Lisbon, Portugal
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13
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Detection of gluten in duplicate portions to determine gluten intake of coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet. Br J Nutr 2021; 125:1051-1057. [PMID: 32723408 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the gluten content of foods and meals consumed by coeliac disease (CD) patients who adhere to a gluten-free diet, and to estimate the total daily intake of gluten of these patients. CD patients fulfilling defined inclusion criteria were preselected and approached for participation in the study. Duplicate portions (DP) of foods and mixed dishes were collected from the CD patients for evaluating complete daily food intake during two individual days. Also, for these days, written food records were completed by the participants. From each DP, a laboratory sample was prepared and analysed for its gluten concentration and total daily gluten intake was calculated. Each individual's total daily intakes of energy and macronutrients were calculated using the Dutch food composition database. In total, twenty-seven CD patients participated, seven males and twenty females, aged between 21 and 64 years. In thirty-two (6 %) of 499 food samples collected in total, more than 3 mg/kg gluten was present. In four of these thirty-two samples, the gluten concentration was above the European legal limit of 20 mg/kg and three of the four samples had a gluten-free label. The maximal gluten intake was 3·3 mg gluten/d. The gluten tolerance for sensitive CD patients (>0·75 mg/d) was exceeded on at least six out of fifty-four study days. To also protect these sensitive CD patients, legal thresholds should be re-evaluated and the detection limit of analytical methods for gluten analysis lowered.
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Segura V, Díaz J, Ruiz-Carnicer Á, Muñoz-Suano A, Carrillo-Carrión C, Sousa C, Cebolla Á, Comino I. Rapid, Effective, and Versatile Extraction of Gluten in Food with Application on Different Immunological Methods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030652. [PMID: 33808639 PMCID: PMC8003464 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main concerns in gluten analysis is to achieve efficient extraction of gluten proteins. Conventional ethanol-based extraction solutions are inefficient and, because of this, it is necessary to use reducing agents or acids for proper solubilization. The extraction recommended by CODEX Standard 118-1979 (revised 2008) utilizes Cocktail solution (patent WO 02/092633 A1). However, it is harmful with a disgusting odor and is not compatible with some immunological techniques. Here, the versatility and extraction capacity of a new Universal Gluten Extraction Solution (UGES) (patent ES 2 392 412 A1) were evaluated using different methodological conditions, food matrices, and various immunological methods. UGES includes safer compounds for both the user and the environment, and it displayed similar extraction efficiency to that of the extraction method recommended for sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The extraction time was significantly reduced from 100 to 40 min, depending on the type of the sample. Furthermore, unlike the currently used solution, UGES is compatible with competitive ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Segura
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (V.S.); (Á.R.-C.); (C.S.)
| | - Jacobo Díaz
- Clinical Analysis Service, Hospital Universitario INGESA, 51003 Ceuta, Spain;
| | - Ángela Ruiz-Carnicer
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (V.S.); (Á.R.-C.); (C.S.)
| | - Alba Muñoz-Suano
- Biomedal S.L., 41900 Seville, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (C.C.-C.); (Á.C.)
| | | | - Carolina Sousa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (V.S.); (Á.R.-C.); (C.S.)
| | - Ángel Cebolla
- Biomedal S.L., 41900 Seville, Spain; (A.M.-S.); (C.C.-C.); (Á.C.)
| | - Isabel Comino
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (V.S.); (Á.R.-C.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954-556-452
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15
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Pla L, Martínez-Bisbal MC, Aznar E, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Santiago-Felipe S. A fluorogenic capped mesoporous aptasensor for gluten detection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1147:178-186. [PMID: 33485577 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a complex and autoimmune disorder caused by the ingestion of gluten affecting almost 1% of global population. Nowadays an effective treatment does not exist, and the only way to manage the disease is the removal of gluten from the diet. Owing the key role played by gluten, clear and regulated labelling of foodstuff and smart methods for gluten detection are needed to fight frauds on food industry and to avoid the involuntary ingestion of this protein by celiac patients. On that scope, the development of a novel detection system of gluten is here presented. The sensor consists of nanoporous anodic alumina films loaded with a fluorescent dye and capped with an aptamer that recognizes gliadin (gluten's soluble proteins). In the presence of gliadin, aptamer sequences displace from the surface of anodic alumina resulting in pore opening and dye delivery. The dispositive shows a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 μg kg-1 of gliadin, good selectivity and a detection time of approximately 60 min. Moreover, the sensor is validated in real food samples. This novel probe allows fast gluten detection through a simple signalling process with potential use for food control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pla
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Martínez-Bisbal
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Químiíca Física, Universitat de València, C/ Doctor Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina. Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Elena Aznar
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Félix Sancenón
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina. Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina. Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Santiago-Felipe
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) Av, Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta 0 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, Torre A, planta 6, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Analyzing Gluten Content in Various Food Products Using Different Types of ELISA Test Kits. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010108. [PMID: 33419186 PMCID: PMC7825509 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten is an insoluble protein produced when glutelins and prolamins, which are found in grains such as wheat, barley, and oats, combine to form an elastic thin film. This dietary gluten can cause severe contraction of the intestinal mucous membrane in some people, preventing nutrient absorption. This condition, called celiac disease (CD), affects approximately 1% of the world's population. The only current treatment for patients with CD and similar diseases is lifelong avoidance of gluten. To analyze the gluten content in food, various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests are currently used. In this study, the gluten content in various food products was analyzed using different kinds of ELISA test kits. For gluten-free food, three different ELISA test kits mostly yielded values below the limit of detection. However, gluten was detected at 24.0-40.2 g/kg in bread, 6.5-72.6 g/kg in noodles, and 23.0-86.9 g/kg in different powder food samples. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in gluten content was observed for these gluten-containing food products. Reproducibility issues suggest that it is necessary to use several ELISA kits for the accurate detection and quantification of gluten in various food products rather than using one ELISA kit.
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17
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Huang X, Ma K, Leinonen S, Sontag-Strohm T. Barley C-Hordein as the Calibrant for Wheat Gluten Quantification. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111637. [PMID: 33182660 PMCID: PMC7697280 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of certified reference materials has been one major challenge for gluten quantification in gluten-free products. In this study, the feasibility of using barley C-hordein as the calibrant for wheat gluten in R5 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was investigated. The gluten composition and total gluten R5 reactivity ranged largely depending on the genotypes and the growing environment. The conversion factor of gliadin to gluten averaged 1.31 for common wheat, which is smaller than the theoretical factor of 2. Each gluten group had varying reactivity against the R5 antibody, where ω1.2-, γ- and α-gliadins were the main reactive groups from wheat gluten. A mixture of wheat cultivars or one single cultivar as the reference material can be difficult to keep current. Based on the average R5 reactivity of total gluten from the 27 common wheat cultivars, here we proposed 10% C-hordein mixed with an inert protein as the calibrant for wheat gluten quantification. In spiking tests of gluten-free oat flour and biscuits, calibration using 10% C-hordein achieved the same recovery as the gliadin standard with its cultivar-specific conversion factor. For its good solubility and good affinity to the R5 antibody, the application of C-hordein increases the probability of developing a series of reference materials for various food matrices.
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18
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Jayawardana IA, Boland MJ, Higgs K, Zou M, Loo T, Mcnabb WC, Montoya CA. The kiwifruit enzyme actinidin enhances the hydrolysis of gluten proteins during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Chem 2020; 341:128239. [PMID: 33035854 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of actinidin, a cysteine protease in kiwifruit, on the hydrolysis of gluten proteins and digestion-resistant gluten peptides (synthetic 33-mer peptide and pentapeptide epitopes) under static simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Actinidin efficacy in hydrolysing gliadin was compared with that of other gluten-degrading enzymes. Actinidin hydrolysed usually resistant peptide bonds adjacent to proline residues in the 33-mer peptide. The gastric degree of hydrolysis of gluten proteins was influenced by an interaction between pH and actinidin concentration (P < 0.05), whereas the pentapeptide epitopes hydrolysis was influenced only by the actinidin concentration (P < 0.05). The rate of gastric degree of hydrolysis of gliadin was greater (P < 0.05) by actinidin (0.8%/min) when compared to papain, bromelain, and one commercial enzyme (on average 0.4%/min), while all exogenous enzymes were able to hydrolyse the pentapeptide epitopes effectively. Actinidin is able to hydrolyse gluten proteins under simulated gastric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuri A Jayawardana
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mike J Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Keriane Higgs
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Maggie Zou
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Loo
- School of Fundamental Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Warren C Mcnabb
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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19
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Svigelj R, Dossi N, Pizzolato S, Toniolo R, Miranda-Castro R, de-Los-Santos-Álvarez N, Lobo-Castañón MJ. Truncated aptamers as selective receptors in a gluten sensor supporting direct measurement in a deep eutectic solvent. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112339. [PMID: 32729482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are currently the most popular methods to quantify gluten in foods. Unfortunately, the antibodies used as specific receptors in such methods are not compatible with the usual solvents for the extraction of gluten proteins. In consequence, commercial tests require a high dilution of the sample after the extraction, increasing the limit of quantification and decreasing convenience. In this work, we have rationally truncated an aptamer capable of recognizing gliadin in a deep eutectic solvent (DES). The truncated aptamer is a 19-nucleotides-long DNA that minimizes self-hybridization, allowing the development of an electrochemical sandwich-based sensor for the quantification of gluten in the DES ethaline. The sensor incorporates two identical biotin-labeled truncated aptamers, one of which is immobilized on a carbon screen-printed electrode and the other reports the binding of gliadin after incubation in streptavidin-peroxidase. This sensor can detect gliadin in DES, with a dynamic range between 1 and 100 μg/L and an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 11%. This analytical performance allows the quantification of 20 μg of gluten/kg of food when 1 g of food is extracted with 10 mL of ethaline. We demonstrate the ability of this method to achieve the measurement of gluten in food samples, after the extraction with pure ethaline. The assay is useful for the analysis of residual gluten levels in foods, thus facilitating the evaluation of any potential health risk associated with the consumption of such food by people with celiac disease or other gluten-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Svigelj
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Nicolo Dossi
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzolato
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, Italy.
| | - Rebeca Miranda-Castro
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Av. de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Noemí de-Los-Santos-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Av. de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Jesús Lobo-Castañón
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Av. Julián Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Av. de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
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20
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Schall E, Scherf KA, Bugyi Z, Hajas L, Török K, Koehler P, Poms RE, D'Amico S, Schoenlechner R, Tömösközi S. Characterisation and comparison of selected wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their blends to develop a gluten reference material. Food Chem 2020; 313:126049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Meineri G, Candellone A, Dal Bello F, Gastaldi D, Medana C, Peiretti PG. Gluten contamination of canned and dry grain-free commercial pet foods determined by HPLC-HRMS. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1705190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Meineri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alessia Candellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Gastaldi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Peiretti
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Animali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Grugliasco, Italy
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22
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Analysis of Hordeins in Barley Grain and Malt by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Farage P, Zandonadi RP, Gandolfi L, Pratesi R, Falcomer AL, Araújo LS, Nakano EY, Ginani VC. Accidental Gluten Contamination in Traditional Lunch Meals from Food Services in Brasilia, Brazil. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081924. [PMID: 31426287 PMCID: PMC6723046 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of gluten contamination in naturally gluten-free meals from food services in the Federal District, Brazil. This is an exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study in which a total of 180 samples of naturally gluten-free dishes were collected from 60 food services in Brazil. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the quantification of gluten. As established by the Codex Alimentarius, the threshold of 20 ppm of gluten was considered as the accepted upper gluten level for gluten-free food. A total of 2.8% (95% CI: 0.3-5.2%) gluten contamination was found in the samples. Among the 60 food services, 6.7% (95% CI: 2.7-10.6%) displayed at least one contaminated food in our sample. The occurrence of gluten contamination in naturally gluten-free preparations was uncommon and low on a quantitative basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Farage
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 227 qd.68 s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia 74605-080, Brazil.
| | - Renata Puppin Zandonadi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Lenora Gandolfi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Pratesi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luísa Falcomer
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Santos Araújo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Statistics, Central Institute of Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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24
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Min F, You Y, Yu F, Yuan J, Mu P, Sang W, Han X, Wu Y, Gao J, Chen H. Assessment of the gluten toxicity of wheat and naan in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Yijiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Fenglian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Juanli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Pharmacy Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Peiyuan Mu
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Wei Sang
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Xinnian Han
- Institute of Crop Research Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences Shihezi 832000 China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- School of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
- Sino‐German Joint Research Institute Nanchang University Nanchang 330047 China
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Gu J, Li Q, Chen B, Xu C, Zheng H, Zhou Y, Peng Z, Hu Z, Wang B. Species identification of Bombyx mori and Antheraea pernyi silk via immunology and proteomics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9381. [PMID: 31253818 PMCID: PMC6599025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the origin, transmission and communication of silk. However, this is still an unsolved mystery in archaeology. The identification of silk-producing species, especially silk produced by Bombyx mori (B. mori) and Antheraea pernyi (A. pernyi), is of key significance to address this challenge. In this study, two innovative methods, i.e. immunology and proteomics, were proposed and successfully established for the species identification of silks. ELISAs result demonstrated that the two prepared antibodies exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing B. mori and A. pernyi silk. No cross-reactivity with each other was observed. Moreover, biomarkers were obtained for Bombyx and Antheraea through proteomic analysis. It was also confirmed that the biomarkers were suitable for identifying the species that produced a given silk sample. Compared with conventional methods for distinguishing silk species, immunological and proteomics techniques used in tandem can provide intact information and have the potential to provide accurate and reliable information for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Boyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chengfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hailing Zheng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, 310002, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration for Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou, 310002, China.
| | - Zhiqin Peng
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Fuciños C, Estévez N, Míguez M, Fajardo P, Chapela MJ, Gondar D, Rúa ML. Effectiveness of proteolytic enzymes to remove gluten residues and feasibility of incorporating them into cleaning products for industrial purposes. Food Res Int 2019; 120:167-177. [PMID: 31000227 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of protocols for efficient gluten elimination is one of the most critical aspects of any allergen management strategy in the industry. The suitability of different proteolytic enzymes to be included in a cleaning formulation that allows the effective elimination of gluten residues was studied. Alcalase (ALC), neutrase (NEUT) and flavourzyme (FLAV) were selected from in silico analysis. The presence of 1% (v/v) of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), a common anionic detergent, improved the gluten solubility, which may favour its elimination. Chromatographic analysis showed that the three enzymes studied were able to hydrolyse gluten in the presence of LAS. The highest percentage of short peptides (< 5 kDa) was achieved with ALC, what increases the probability of reducing the gluten antigenicity. Besides, in the presence of ALC and detergent LAS have detected the lowest levels of gluten with ELISA kits. So, effective amounts of ALC and LAS were added to a cleaning formulation, where its proteolytic activity was maintained above 90% after 37 days at 4 °C and 25 °C (under dark). Preliminary validation of the effectiveness enzymatic cleaning formulation to hydrolyse gluten was performed in a ready-to-eat/frozen food company, in which previous episodes of cross-contamination with gluten have been detected. The gluten content decreased to values below 0.125 μg/100 cm2 when the cleaning formulation was tested on different surfaces with different cleaning protocols, demonstrating the high suitability of the enzymatic cleaning formulation developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Fuciños
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Natalia Estévez
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Martín Míguez
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Paula Fajardo
- Health, Nutrition and Pharma Unit, R&D Area, ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Colegio Universitario 16, Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María José Chapela
- Health, Nutrition and Pharma Unit, R&D Area, ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Colegio Universitario 16, Vigo, 36310 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Dora Gondar
- KEMEGAL, Pol. Ind. Pousadoiro, Parcela 11, Vilagarcía de Arousa 36600, Spain
| | - M Luisa Rúa
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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The role of incurred materials in method development and validation to account for food processing effects in food allergen analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4465-4480. [PMID: 30758527 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The issue of undeclared allergens represents a matter of great concern, being the subject of many alert notifications by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed portal of the European Commission, often leading to food recalls. The availability of reliable analytical approaches able to detect and quantify hidden allergens in processed foods is increasingly requested by the food industry, food safety authorities and regulatory bodies to protect sensitive consumers' health. The present review discusses the fundamental role of incurred materials for method development and analytical performance assessment in a metrology perspective on testing for undeclared allergens in processed foodstuffs. Due to the nature of the analytes and their susceptibility to various processing effects, reliability and comparability of results have posed a great challenge. In this context, the use of incurred samples as reference materials permits simulation of the effects of food processing on target analyte structure affecting analyte extractability and detectability. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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28
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A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial to evaluate bread, in which gluten has been pre-digested by prolyl endoprotease treatment, in subjects self-reporting benefits of adopting a gluten-free or low-gluten diet. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:496-506. [PMID: 29508689 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if the enzyme Aspergillus niger prolyl endoprotease (ANPEP), which degrades the immunogenic proline-rich residues in gluten peptides, can be used in the development of new wheat products, suitable for gluten-sensitive (GS) individuals. We have carried out a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial with two groups of adults; subjects, self-reporting benefits of adopting a gluten-free or low-gluten diet (GS, n 16) and a control non-GS group (n 12). For the trial, volunteers consumed four wheat breads: normal bread, bread treated with 0·8 or 1 % ANPEP and low-protein bread made from biscuit flour. Compared with controls, GS subjects had a favourable cardiovascular lipid profile - lower LDL (4·0 (sem 0·3) v. 2·8 (sem 0·2) mmol/l; P=0·008) and LDL:HDL ratio (3·2 (sem 0·4) v. 1·8 (sem 0·2); P=0·005) and modified haematological profile. The majority of the GS subjects followed a low-gluten lifestyle, which helps to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms severity. The low-gluten lifestyle does not have any effect on the quality of life, fatigue or mental state of this population. Consumption of normal wheat bread increased GI symptoms in GS subjects compared with their habitual diet. ANPEP lowered the immunogenic gluten in the treated bread by approximately 40 %. However, when compared with the control bread for inducing GI symptoms, no treatment effects were apparent. ANPEP can be applied in the production of bread with taste, texture and appearance comparable with standard bread.
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29
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Bottari F, Moretto LM, Ugo P. Impedimetric sensing of the immuno-enzymatic reaction of gliadin with a collagen-modified electrode. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Gluten is among the 14 major food allergens officially recognized by Regulation (EU) No. 1169/2011. The risk to coeliac patients from gluten presence in the food products they consume is likely due to the unintentional contamination of naturally gluten-free (GF) and GF-labelled products, or to hidden sources of gluten in processed GF products. The aim of this paper is to provide a snapshot of gluten risk analysis, with emphasis on immunological methods currently used in gluten detection. The study highlights that immunoassays have some advantages over other analytical methods in gluten determination and are suitable for routine tests. However, some factors (e.g., complexity of the food matrix, type of the applied antibody, gluten extraction procedures and lack of reference material) affect the reliability of obtained results. Hence, efforts are required at an analytical level to overcome the drawbacks of the immunological methods currently available. Harmonization is necessary, so as to assist both consumers in making safe food choices, and the food industry in gluten risk assessment, management and communication.
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Zhang J, Portela SB, Horrell JB, Leung A, Weitmann DR, Artiuch JB, Wilson SM, Cipriani M, Slakey LK, Burt AM, Dias Lourenco FJ, Spinali MS, Ward JR, Seit-Nebi A, Sundvor SE, Yates SN. An integrated, accurate, rapid, and economical handheld consumer gluten detector. Food Chem 2018; 275:446-456. [PMID: 30724219 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease, characterized by autoimmune reactions to dietary gluten, affects up to 3 million in the US and approximately 0.5%-1% globally. A strict, lifelong gluten-free diet is the only treatment. An economic, simple, accurate, rapid and portable gluten testing device would enable gluten-sensitive individuals to safeguard their food safety. We developed a novel solution, Nima™, a gluten sensor that integrates food processing, gluten detection, result interpretation and data transmission in a portable device, detecting gluten proteins at or below the accepted 20 ppm threshold. We developed specific monoclonal antibodies, an optimized lateral flow immunoassay strip, and one-step aqueous extraction. Compared with reference R5, NimaTM antibodies (13F6 and 14G11) had 35- and 6.6-fold higher gliadin affinities, respectively. We demonstrated device performance using a comprehensive list of foods, assessing detection sensitivity, reproducibility, and cross-reactivity. Nima™ presented a 99.0% true positive rate, with a 95% confidence interval of 97.8%-100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqing Zhang
- Nima Labs, Inc., 450 Alabama St., San Francisco, CA 94110, United States.
| | | | | | - Alex Leung
- Nima Labs, Inc., 450 Alabama St., San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | - Dane Rene Weitmann
- Nima Labs, Inc., 450 Alabama St., San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | | | | | - Monica Cipriani
- Nima Labs, Inc., 450 Alabama St., San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alim Seit-Nebi
- GenWay Biotech, Inc., 6777 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Scott Erik Sundvor
- Nima Labs, Inc., 450 Alabama St., San Francisco, CA 94110, United States
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32
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Ross GMS, Bremer MGEG, Nielen MWF. Consumer-friendly food allergen detection: moving towards smartphone-based immunoassays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5353-5371. [PMID: 29582120 PMCID: PMC6096701 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this critical review, we provide a comprehensive overview of immunochemical food allergen assays and detectors in the context of their user-friendliness, through their connection to smartphones. Smartphone-based analysis is centered around citizen science, putting analysis into the hands of the consumer. Food allergies represent a significant worldwide health concern and consumers should be able to analyze their foods, whenever and wherever they are, for allergen presence. Owing to the need for a scientific background, traditional laboratory-based detection methods are generally unsuitable for the consumer. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, safe, and rapid assays that can be linked with smartphones as detectors to improve user accessibility. Smartphones make excellent detection systems because of their cameras, embedded flash functions, portability, connectivity, and affordability. Therefore, this review has summarized traditional laboratory-based methods for food allergen detection such as enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance, and the potential to modernize these methods by interfacing them with a smartphone readout system, based on the aforementioned smartphone characteristics. This is the first review focusing on smartphone-based food-allergen detection methods designed with the intention of being consumer-friendly. Graphical abstract A smartphone-based food allergen detection system in three easy steps (1) sample preparation, (2) allergen detection on a smartphone using antibodies, which then transmits the data wirelessly, (3) analytical results sent straight to smartphone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina M S Ross
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique G E G Bremer
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Helix Building 124, Stippeng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Angelopoulou M, Petrou PS, Makarona E, Haasnoot W, Moser I, Jobst G, Goustouridis D, Lees M, Kalatzi K, Raptis I, Misiakos K, Kakabakos SE. Ultrafast Multiplexed-Allergen Detection through Advanced Fluidic Design and Monolithic Interferometric Silicon Chips. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9559-9567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michailia Angelopoulou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota S. Petrou
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Eleni Makarona
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., 12132 Egaleo, Greece
- Electronics Department, TEI of Piraeus, 12244 Egaleo, Greece
| | - Michèle Lees
- EUROFINS ANALYTICS
France, BP 42301 Nantes, France
| | | | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios E. Kakabakos
- Immunoassays/Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
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34
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Brzozowski B. Impact of food processing and simulated gastrointestinal digestion on gliadin immunoreactivity in rolls. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:3363-3375. [PMID: 29277903 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzymatic modification of wheat proteins during dough fermentation and its digestion as supported by peptidases of microbiological origin can result in the degradation of important peptides in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. However, baking bread and the high temperature associated with this could change the physicochemical and immunological properties of proteins. Thermal changes in the spatial structure of proteins and their hydrolysis can lead to a masking or degrading of immunoreactive peptides. RESULTS The addition of prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), comprising peptidases isolated from Lactobacillus acidophilus 5e2 (LA) or transglutaminase (TG) in the course of fermentation, decreases its immunoreactivity by 83.9%, 51.9% and 18.5%, respectively. An analysis of the fractional composition of gliadins revealed that γ- and ω-gliadins are the proteins most susceptible to enzymatic modification. Hydrolysis of wheat storage proteins with PEP and LA reduces the content of αβ-, γ- and ω-gliadins by 13.7%, 60.2% and 41.9% for PEP and by 22.1%, 43.5% and 36.9% for LA, respectively. Cross-linking of proteins with TG or their hydrolysis by PEP and LA peptidases during the process of forming wheat dough, followed by digesting bread samples with PEP and LA peptidases, decreases the immunoreactivity of bread hydrolysates from 2.4% to 0.02%. The content of peptide detected in polypeptide sequences is 263.4 ± 3.3, 30.9 ± 1.5 and 7.9 ± 0.4 mg kg-1 in samples of hydrolysates of bread digested with PEP, as produced from dough modified by TG, PEP and LA, respectively. CONCLUSION Enzymatic pre-modification of proteins during the process of dough fermentation decreases their immunoreactive potential, such that fewer peptides recognised by R5 antibodies are released during the digestion process from the bread matrix. Immunoreactive peptides are degraded more effectively when digestive enzymes are supported by the addition of PEP. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Brzozowski
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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35
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Vaquero L, Comino I, Vivas S, Rodríguez-Martín L, Giménez MJ, Pastor J, Sousa C, Barro F. Tritordeum: a novel cereal for food processing with good acceptability and significant reduction in gluten immunogenic peptides in comparison with wheat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:2201-2209. [PMID: 28963718 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tritordeum is a novel cereal obtained from the hybridization between durum wheat and a wild barley. This study evaluates acceptance, digestibility and immunotoxic properties of tritordeum, a novel cereal for food processing. Nineteen healthy volunteers participated in a study with different diets to compare tritordeum bread with wheat and gluten-free breads. RESULTS Tritordeum breads had a similar acceptance to the wheat bread usually consumed, and the acceptance was significantly higher than the gluten-free bread and standardized wheat bread supplied in the study. There was no evidence for gastrointestinal symptoms among volunteers during the study. The reductions in the numbers of immunogenic epitopes in tritordeum in comparison with wheat were 78% for α-gliadins, 57% for γ-gliadins and 93% for ω-gliadins. The analysis of gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in stool samples showed a significantly lower excretion in the tritordeum ingestion phase than in the wheat ingestion phase. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that tritordeum may be an option of interest for general food processing, and especially for those who want to reduce their intake of gluten. However, it is not suitable for celiac disease sufferers as it contains gluten. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vaquero
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de León, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Isabel Comino
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Santiago Vivas
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de León, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Martín
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital de León, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María J Giménez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jorge Pastor
- Novapan SL, Calle del Chopo 68-70, 50171, La Puebla de Alfinden, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Sousa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Barro
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (IAS-CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
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36
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Taylor JP, Jacob F, Arendt EK. Fundamental Study on the Impact of Transglutaminase on Hordein Levels in Beer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2015-0527-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fritz Jacob
- Research Center Weihenstephan for Brewing and Food Quality, Technische Universität München, Germany
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37
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Akeroyd M, van Zandycke S, den Hartog J, Mutsaers J, Edens L, van den Berg M, Christis C. AN-PEP, Proline-Specific Endopeptidase, Degrades All Known Immunostimulatory Gluten Peptides in Beer Made from Barley Malt. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2016-2300-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luppo Edens
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
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38
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Satsuki-Murakami T, Kudo A, Masayama A, Ki M, Yamano T. An optimized extraction method for gluten analysis in cacao-containing products using an extraction buffer with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Development and in-house validation of a competitive ELISA for the quantitative detection of gluten in food. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Martínez-Esteso MJ, Brohée M, Nørgaard J, O’Connor G. Label-Free Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Gluten Proteins and Their Immunoreactivity to ELISA Antibodies. Cereal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-11-16-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Brohée
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, Geel 2440, Belgium
| | - Jørgen Nørgaard
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, Geel 2440, Belgium
| | - Gavin O’Connor
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, Geel 2440, Belgium
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41
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An Effective Gluten Extraction Method Exploiting Pure Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents (ChCl-DESs). FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Navarro V, del Pilar Fernández-Gil M, Simón E, Bustamante MÁ. Gluten: General Aspects and International Regulations for Products for Celiac People. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53342-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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43
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Gianfrani C, Mamone G, la Gatta B, Camarca A, Di Stasio L, Maurano F, Picascia S, Capozzi V, Perna G, Picariello G, Di Luccia A. Microwave-based treatments of wheat kernels do not abolish gluten epitopes implicated in celiac disease. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:105-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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García-Molina MD, Barro F. Characterization of Changes in Gluten Proteins in Low-Gliadin Transgenic Wheat Lines in Response to Application of Different Nitrogen Regimes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:257. [PMID: 28289425 PMCID: PMC5326781 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Gluten proteins are major determinants of the bread making quality of wheat but also of important gluten-related disorders. The gluten protein accumulation during grain filling is strongly influenced by nitrogen fertilization. We have characterized the gluten proteins in low-gliadin wheat lines as influenced by nitrogen treatments in two experiments. These transgenic lines, D783, D793, C655, D577, and E82 were obtained by using two different RNAi silencing fragments and two endosperm-specific promoters to drive the silencing fragments (d-hordein and γ-gliadin). In Experiment 1, we used three nitrogen fertilizer rates (120, 360, and 1080 mg N) added at sowing stage and combined with two sulfur rates (8 and 30 mg S); Experiment 2 included two nitrogen levels (120 and 1080 mg N), which were added according to the greatest demand per plant using split applications. The protein quantification was accomplished by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and gluten content (ppm) determined using monoclonal antibody R5 (Competitive R5 ELISA). The results showed differences in protein accumulation between the two transgenic lines with the same silencing fragment but different promoter. Lines D793 and E82 showed low gliadin and an increment in glutenin content with increasing nitrogen. Competitive ELISA R5 showed a significant decrease in gluten content using split applications of nitrogen (Experiment 2) with 120 mg N compared to Experiment 1. In addition, line E82 ensures that variations in N fertilization will not result in increased gluten content.
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Funari R, Terracciano I, Della Ventura B, Ricci S, Cardi T, D'Agostino N, Velotta R. Label-Free Detection of Gliadin in Food by Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Immunosensor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1281-1289. [PMID: 28121432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gluten is a protein composite found in wheat and related grains including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids. Gluten matrix is a biomolecular network of gliadins and glutenins that contribute to the texture of pastries, breads, and pasta. Gliadins are mainly responsible for celiac disease, one of the most widespread food-related pathologies in Western world. In view of the importance of gliadin proteins, by combining the quartz crystal microbalance technology, a cheap and robust piezoelectric transducer, with the so-called photonic immobilization technique, an effective surface functionalization method that provides spatially oriented antibodies on gold substrates, we realized a sensitive and reliable biosensor for quantifying these analytes extracted from real samples in a very short time. The resulting immunosensor has a limit of detection of about 4 ppm and, more remarkably, shows excellent sensitivity in the range 7.5-15 ppm. This feature makes our device reliable and effective for practical applications since it is able to keep low the influence of false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Funari
- Department of Physics Ettore Pancini, Università di Napoli Federico II , via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Irma Terracciano
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura , via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Della Ventura
- Department of Physics Ettore Pancini, Università di Napoli Federico II , via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Ricci
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura , via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Teodoro Cardi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura , via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Agostino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura , via dei Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy
| | - Raffaele Velotta
- Department of Physics Ettore Pancini, Università di Napoli Federico II , via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Ciaurriz P, Fernández F, Tellechea E, Moran JF, Asensio AC. Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:244-253. [PMID: 28243563 PMCID: PMC5301989 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique is based on the specific recognition ability of the molecular structure of an antigen (epitope) by an antibody and is likely the most important diagnostic technique used today in bioscience. With this methodology, it is possible to diagnose illness, allergies, alimentary fraud, and even to detect small molecules such as toxins, pesticides, heavy metals, etc. For this reason, any procedures that improve the detection limit, sensitivity or reduce the analysis time could have an important impact in several fields. In this respect, many methods have been developed for improving the technique, ranging from fluorescence substrates to methods for increasing the number of enzyme molecules involved in the detection such as the biotin-streptavidin method. In this context, nanotechnology has offered a significant number of proposed solutions, mainly based on the functionalization of nanoparticles from gold to carbon which could be used as antibody carriers as well as reporter enzymes like peroxidase. However, few works have focused on the study of best practices for nanoparticle functionalization for ELISA enhancement. In this work, we use 20 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a vehicle for secondary antibodies and peroxidase (HRP). The design of experiments technique (DOE) and four different methods for biomolecule loading were compared using a rabbit IgG/goat anti-rabbit IgG ELISA model (adsorption, directional, covalent and a combination thereof). As a result, AuNP probes prepared by direct adsorption were the most effective method. AuNPs probes were then used to detect gliadin, one of the main components of wheat gluten, the protein composite that causes celiac disease. With this optimized approach, our data showed a sensitivity increase of at least five times and a lower detection limit with respect to a standard ELISA of at least three times. Additionally, the assay time was remarkably decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ciaurriz
- Cemitec (Multidisciplinary Center of Technologies for Industry), Polígono Mocholí, Plaza Cein 3, Noain 31110, Spain
| | - Fátima Fernández
- Cemitec (Multidisciplinary Center of Technologies for Industry), Polígono Mocholí, Plaza Cein 3, Noain 31110, Spain
| | - Edurne Tellechea
- Cemitec (Multidisciplinary Center of Technologies for Industry), Polígono Mocholí, Plaza Cein 3, Noain 31110, Spain
| | - Jose F Moran
- IdAB-CSIC-UPNA-GN (Institute of Agro-Biotechnology), Public University of Navarre, Campus Arrosadía s/n, Pamplona 31006, Spain
| | - Aaron C Asensio
- Cemitec (Multidisciplinary Center of Technologies for Industry), Polígono Mocholí, Plaza Cein 3, Noain 31110, Spain
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Natural deep eutectic solvents in combination with ultrasonic energy as a green approach for solubilisation of proteins: application to gluten determination by immunoassay. Talanta 2017; 162:453-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Scognamiglio V, Antonacci A, Lambreva MD, Arduini F, Palleschi G, Litescu SC, Johanningmeier U, Rea G. Application of Biosensors for Food Analysis. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119160588.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Gluten contamination in gluten-free bakery products: a risk for coeliac disease patients. Public Health Nutr 2016; 20:413-416. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980016002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to assess the safety of gluten-free bakery products for consumption by coeliac patients.Design/settingIn the current exploratory cross-sectional quantitative study, a total of 130 samples were collected from twenty-five bakeries in Brasilia (Brazil). For the quantification of gluten, an ELISA was used. The threshold of 20 ppm gluten was considered as the safe upper limit for gluten-free food, as proposed in the Codex Alimentarius.ResultsThe results revealed a total of 21·5 % of contamination among the bakery products sampled. Sixty-four per cent of the bakeries sold at least one contaminated product in our sample.ConclusionsThese findings represent a risk for coeliac patients since the ingestion of gluten traces may be sufficient to adversely impact on their health.
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Merz M, Kettner L, Langolf E, Appel D, Blank I, Stressler T, Fischer L. Production of wheat gluten hydrolysates with reduced antigenicity employing enzymatic hydrolysis combined with downstream unit operations. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3358-3364. [PMID: 26526345 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to allergies or other health disorders a certain segment of the population is not able to safely consume some plant proteins, which are the main protein support in human nutrition. Coeliac disease is a prominent autoimmune disorder and requires a strict adherence to a gluten-free diet. The aim of this study was to identify suitable combinations of enzymatic hydrolysis and common unit operations in food processing (centrifugation, ultra-filtration) to produce gluten-free wheat gluten hydrolysates for food application. To analyse the hydrolysates, a simple and cheap competitive ELISA protocol was designed and validated in this study as well. RESULTS The competitive ELISA was validated using gliadin spiked skim milk protein hydrolysates, due to the latter application of the assay. The limit of quantification was 4.19 mg kg(-1) , which allowed the identification of gluten-free (<20 mg kg(-1) ) hydrolysates. Enzymatic hydrolysis, including the type of peptidase, and the downstream processing greatly affected the antigenicity of the hydrolysates. CONCLUSION Enzymatic hydrolysis and downstream processing operations, such as centrifugation and ultra-filtration, reduced the antigenicity of wheat gluten hydrolysates. Gluten-free hydrolysates were obtained with Flavourzyme after centrifugation (25 g L(-1) substrate) and after 1 kDa ultra-filtration (100 g L(-1) substrate). A multiple peptidase complex, such as Flavourzyme, seems to be required for the production of gluten-free hydrolysates. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Merz
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lucas Kettner
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emma Langolf
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Appel
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Str. 21, D-78224, Singen, Germany
| | - Imre Blank
- Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Str. 21, D-78224, Singen, Germany
| | - Timo Stressler
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 25, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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