1
|
Nasrabadi M, Nazarian M, Darroudi M, Marouzi S, Harifi-Mood MS, Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh T. Carbamate compounds induced toxic effects by affecting Nrf2 signaling pathways. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:148-157. [PMID: 38304697 PMCID: PMC10831123 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbamate (CBs) is a class of insecticides which is being known as an important cause of intentional or accidental poisoning. CBs, cause carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase at neuronal synapses and neuromuscular junction. Exposure to CBs through skin contact, inhalation, or ingestion can result in significant cholinergic toxicity. This is due to the elevation of acetylcholine levels at ganglionic synapses found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as muscarinic receptors located in target organs of the parasympathetic nervous system, nicotinic receptors situated in skeletal muscle tissue, and the central nervous system. The association between human illnesses and environmental exposures to CBs have been extensively studied in several studies. Although CBs-triggered toxicity leads to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the detailed association between the toxicity under CBs exposure and NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways has not been completely clarified. In this review we aimed to summarize the latest findings on the functional interrelationship between carbamates compounds and Nrf2 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Nazarian
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
| | - Somayeh Marouzi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur 9318614139, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bouali W, Erk N, Genc AA. A low-cost voltammetric sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for highly sensitive and accurate determination of nanomolar levels of the anticancer drug Ribociclib in bulk and biological fluids. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1623-1630. [PMID: 38406987 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02194g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present the development and comprehensive characterization of the first electrochemical sensor utilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the sensitive and precise detection of Ribociclib (RIBO), an important anticancer drug. The sensor underwent systematic optimization, focusing on critical parameters such as pH, deposition potential, and cumulative time to enhance its electrocatalytic activity and expand the linear range for RIBO determination. The MWCNTs/GCE sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility and repeatability, ensuring reliable and consistent results. The applicability and feasibility of the sensor for real sample analysis were extensively evaluated by analyzing human serum, urine, and tablet samples using the standard addition method. The obtained percent recovery values demonstrated the sensor's exceptional accuracy and precision. Furthermore, interference studies revealed the sensor's remarkable selectivity, with minimal impact from common interfering substances. The developed sensor displayed a wide linear range of 0.01 μM to 5.0 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated to be 0.69 nM and 2.31 nM, respectively, affirming its high sensitivity for detecting low RIBO concentrations. The MWCNTs/GCE sensor demonstrates substantial promise for diverse practical applications with its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and excellent analytical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Bouali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
- The Graduate School of the Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Asena Ayse Genc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey.
- The Graduate School of the Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malinowski S, Wardak M, Wardak C. Effect of Modification of a Laccase-Based Electrochemical Biosensor with Carbon Nanotubes on Signal Separation of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38330267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
This work describes a new electrochemical biosensor for the simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone. A laccase biorecognition layer was deposited using an innovative soft plasma polymerization technique onto a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to sufficiently separate catechol (CT) and hydroquinone (HQ) oxidation peaks. The electrochemical analysis carried out for MWCNTs with various morphologies was supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations showing differences in the electronic structures of both dihydroxybenzene isomers and the MWCNTs forming the biosensor interlayer. The best biosensor peak separation and biosensor analytical parameters were observed for the device containing 75 μg of MWCNTs with a higher internal diameter. For this laccase-based biosensor, a linearity range from 0.1 to 57 μM for catechol and 0.5 to 57 μM for hydroquinone as well as a sensitivity of 0.56 and 0.54 μA/μM for catechol and hydroquinone was observed, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.028 and 0.15 μM for CT and HQ, respectively. This biosensor was also characterized by good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. It was successfully applied for the quantification of contaminants in the analysis of natural water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Malinowski
- Department of Construction Materials Engineering and Geoengineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wardak
- Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Cecylia Wardak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wanjari VP, Reddy AS, Duttagupta SP, Singh SP. Laser-induced graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications: a perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:42643-42657. [PMID: 35622288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are miniaturized devices that provide the advantage of in situ and point-of-care monitoring of analytes of interest. Electrochemical biosensors use the mechanism of oxidation-reduction reactions and measurement of corresponding electron transfer as changes in current, voltage, or other parameters using different electrochemical techniques. The use of electrochemically active materials is critical for the effective functioning of electrochemical biosensors. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has garnered increasing interest in biosensor development and improvement due to its high electrical conductivity, specific surface area, and simple and scalable fabrication process. The effort of this perspective is to understand the existing classes of analytes and the mechanisms of their detection using LIG-based biosensors. The manuscript has highlighted the potential use of LIG, its modifications, and its use with various receptors for sensing various environmental pollutants. Although the conventional graphene-based sensors effectively detect trace levels for many analytes in different applications, the chemical and energy-intensive fabrication and time-consuming processes make it imperative to explore a low-cost and scalable option such as LIG for biosensors production. The focus of these potential biosensors has been kept on detection analytes of environmental significance such as heavy metals ions, organic and inorganic compounds, fertilizers, pesticides, pathogens, and antibiotics. The use of LIG directly as an electrode, its modifications with nanomaterials and polymers, and its combination with bioreceptors such as aptamers and polymers has been summarized. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis has also been done to understand the viability of incorporating LIG-based electrochemical biosensors for environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P Wanjari
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - A Sudharshan Reddy
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhartha P Duttagupta
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Swatantra P Singh
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Verma S, Thakur D, Pandey CM, Kumar D. Recent Prospects of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials-Based Laccase Biosensor for Electrochemical Detection of Phenolic Compounds. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:305. [PMID: 36979517 PMCID: PMC10046707 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PhCs) are ubiquitously distributed phytochemicals found in many plants, body fluids, food items, medicines, pesticides, dyes, etc. Many PhCs are priority pollutants that are highly toxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic. Some of these are present in body fluids and affect metabolism, while others possess numerous bioactive properties such as retaining antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in plants and food products. Therefore, there is an urgency for developing an effective, rapid, sensitive, and reliable tool for the analysis of these PhCs to address their environmental and health concern. In this context, carbonaceous nanomaterials have emerged as a promising material for the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors as they provide remarkable characteristics such as lightweight, high surface: volume, excellent conductivity, extraordinary tensile strength, and biocompatibility. This review outlines the current status of the applications of carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNTs, graphene, etc.) based enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for the detection of PhCs. Efforts have also been made to discuss the mechanism of action of the laccase enzyme for the detection of PhCs. The limitations, advanced emerging carbon-based material, current state of artificial intelligence in PhCs detection, and future scopes have also been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Verma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Deeksha Thakur
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Chandra Mouli Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
PEDOT: PSS/AuNPs-Based Composite as Voltammetric Sensor for the Detection of Pirimicarb. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030739. [PMID: 36772040 PMCID: PMC9919558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for the pesticide Pirimicarb (PMC) has been developed. A screen-printed electrode (SPCE) was used and modified with the conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance electrochemical proprieties. Electrode characterizations were performed using scattering electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). With the SPCE/PEDOT:PSS/AuNPs modified electrode, a new peak at 1.0 V appeared in the presence of PMC related to the PMC oxidation. To elucidate the mechanism of PMC oxidation, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), where two major peaks were identified, evidencing that the device can both detect and degrade PMC by an electro-oxidation process. Exploring this peak signal, it was possible the sensor development, performing detection from 93.81-750 µmol L-1, limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) of 93.91 µmol L-1 and 28.34 µmol L-1, respectively. Thus, it was possible to study and optimization of PMC degradation, moreover, to perform detection at low concentrations and with good selectivity against different interferents using a low-cost printed electrode based on graphite modified with conductive polymer and AuNPs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kyomuhimbo HD, Brink HG. Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13156. [PMID: 36747551 PMCID: PMC9898315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase is a multi-copper enzyme widely expressed in fungi, higher plants, and bacteria which facilitates the direct reduction of molecular oxygen to water (without hydrogen peroxide production) accompanied by the oxidation of an electron donor. Laccase has attracted attention in biotechnological applications due to its non-specificity and use of molecular oxygen as secondary substrate. This review discusses different applications of laccase in various sectors of food, paper and pulp, waste water treatment, pharmaceuticals, sensors, and fuel cells. Despite the many advantages of laccase, challenges such as high cost due to its non-reusability, instability in harsh environmental conditions, and proteolysis are often encountered in its application. One of the approaches used to minimize these challenges is immobilization. The various methods used to immobilize laccase and the different supports used are further extensively discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
8
|
Beshana S, Hussen A, Leta S, Kaneta T. Microfluidic Paper Based Analytical Devices for the Detection of Carbamate Pesticides. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:344-351. [PMID: 35689692 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μ-PADs) are a new technology platform for the development of extremely low-cost sensing applications. In this study, μ-PADs has been developed for quantitative determination of carbamate pesticides. Key experimental parameters including concentration and volume of acetylcholinesterase, acetylthiocholine iodide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), incubation time and image capturing time were systematically optimized. Under optimal conditions, the method showed wide range of linearity (0.25-16 mg/L), repeatability (4%-5% RSD) and intermediate precision (7%-10% RSD). Limit of detection was observed to be 0.4, 0.24 and 0.46 mg/L for carbaryl, carbosulfan and furathiocarb, respectively. An acceptable mean recovery (87% to 94%) was observed for the three pesticides at 1 mg/L fortification level. The results reveal that the developed method requires minimal reagents, simple and is easy to handle. It can be used for the quantification of carbamate pesticides in resource limited laboratories without the need for the conventional analytical instruments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheleme Beshana
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box:1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Hussen
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box:1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Seyoum Leta
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box:1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanana, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao X, Gopinath SC, Zhao W. Immuno‐probed Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Surface for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Biomarker Analysis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 70:502-508. [PMID: 35661417 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a medical complication, occurs when the aortic area becomes swollen and very large. It is mandatory to identify AAA to avoid the breakdown of aneurysms. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recognized as one of the biomarkers for identifying AAA due to the possibility of CRP produced in vascular tissue, which contributes to the formation of an aneurysm, and it is elevated in patients with a ruptured AAA. This research work was designed to develop an immunosensor on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified surface to quantify the CRP level. Anti-CRP specificity was constructed on the MWCNT surface through a silane linker to interact with CRP. The detection limit of CRP was calculated as 100 pM with an R2 (determination coefficient) value of 0.9855 (y = 2.3446x - 1.9922) on a linear regression graph. The dose-dependent linear pattern was registered from 200 to 3000 pM and attained the saturation level during binding at 3000 pM. Furthermore, serum-spiked CRP showed a clear increase in the current response, proving the specific recognition of CRP in biological samples. This designed biosensor identifies CRP at a lower level and can help diagnose AAA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Zibo Central Hospital Zibo Shandong Province 255036 China
| | - Subash C.B. Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Kangar 01000 Malaysia
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, 02600 Arau Universiti Malaysia Perlis Perlis Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences AIMST University Semeling Kedah 08100 Malaysia
| | - Weichao Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical, University Shijiazhuang Hebei Province 051411 China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Villalba-Rodríguez AM, Parra-Arroyo L, González-González RB, Parra-Saldívar R, Bilal M, Iqbal HM. Laccase-assisted biosensing constructs – Robust modalities to detect and remove environmental contaminants. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
11
|
Rison S, Rajeev R, Bhat VS, Mathews AT, Varghese A, Hegde G. Non-enzymatic electrochemical determination of salivary cortisol using ZnO-graphene nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37877-37885. [PMID: 35498093 PMCID: PMC9043917 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07366d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically deposited ZnO nanoparticles on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) coated with graphene generate a noteworthy conductive and selective electrochemical sensing electrode for the estimation of cortisol. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) tests were adopted to analyze and understand the nature of the modified sensor. Surface morphological analysis was done using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structural characterization was conducted by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of scan rate, concentration, and cycle numbers was optimized and reported. Differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) analysis reveals that the linear range for the detection of cortisol is 5 × 10−10M − 115 × 10−10 M with a very low-level limit of detection value (0.15 nM). The demonstrated methodology has been excellently functional for the determination of salivary cortisol non-enzymatically at low-level concentration with enhanced selectivity despite the presence of interfering substances. Electrochemically deposited ZnO nanoparticles on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) coated with graphene generate a noteworthy conductive and selective electrochemical sensing electrode for the estimation of cortisol.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Rison
- Christ Academy Institute For Advanced Studies Christ Nagar Bangalore 560083 India.,Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Rijo Rajeev
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Vinay S Bhat
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays, B.M.S College of Engineering Bull Temple Road Bangalore 560019 India
| | - Agnus T Mathews
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India .,Centre for Advanced Research and Development (CARD), CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore 560029 India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sridhar A, Kapoor A, Kumar PS, Ponnuchamy M, Sivasamy B, Vo DVN. Lab-on-a-chip technologies for food safety, processing, and packaging applications: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 20:901-927. [PMID: 34803553 PMCID: PMC8590809 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01342-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of microfluidic systems has led to significant developments in lab-on-a-chip devices integrating several functions onto a single platform. Over the years, these miniature devices have become a promising tool for faster analytical testing, displaying high precision and efficiency. Nonetheless, most microfluidic systems are not commercially available. Research is actually undergoing on the application of these devices in environmental, food, biomedical, and healthcare industries. The lab-on-a-chip industry is predicted to grow annually by 20%. Here, we review the use of lab-on-a-chip devices in the food sector. We present fabrication technologies and materials to developing lab-on-a-chip devices. We compare electrochemical, optical, colorimetric, chemiluminescence and biological methods for the detection of pathogens and microorganisms. We emphasize emulsion processing, food formulation, nutraceutical development due to their promising characteristics. Last, smart packaging technologies like radio frequency identification and indicators are highlighted because they allow better product identification and traceability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603110 India
| | - Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Balasubramanian Sivasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641407 India
| | - Dai-Viet Nguyen Vo
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bilal M, Ashraf SS, Cui J, Lou WY, Franco M, Mulla SI, Iqbal HMN. Harnessing the biocatalytic attributes and applied perspectives of nanoengineered laccases-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 166:352-373. [PMID: 33129906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, numerous new types of nanostructured carriers, as support matrices, have been engineered to advance the traditional enzyme immobilization strategies. The current research aimed to develop a robust enzyme-based biocatalytic platform and its effective deployment in the industrial biotechnology sectors at large and catalysis area, in particular, as low-cost biocatalytic systems. Suitable coordination between the target enzyme molecules and surface pendent multifunctional entities of nanostructured carriers has led an effective and significant contribution in myriad novel industrial, biotechnological, and biomedical applications. As compared to the immobilization on planar two-dimensional (2-D) surface, the unique physicochemical, structural and functional attributes of nano-engineered matrices, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, surface area, robust chemical and mechanical stability, surface pendant functional groups, outstanding optical, thermal, and electrical characteristics, resulted in the concentration of the immobilized entity being substantially higher, which is highly requisite from applied bio-catalysis perspective. Besides inherited features, nanostructured materials-based enzyme immobilization aided additional features, such as (1) ease in the preparation or green synthesis route, (2) no or minimal use of surfactants and harsh reagents, (3) homogeneous and well-defined core-shell nanostructures with thick enzyme shell, and (4) nano-size can be conveniently tailored within utility limits, as compared to the conventional enzyme immobilization. Moreover, the growing catalytic needs can be fulfilled by multi-enzymes co-immobilization on these nanostructured materials-based support matrices. This review spotlights the unique structural and functional attributes of several nanostructured materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivate constructs, nanoparticles, nanoflowers, and metal-organic frameworks as robust matrices for laccase immobilization. The later half of the review focuses on the applied perspective of immobilized laccases for the degradation of emergent contaminants, biosensing cues, and lignin deconstruction and high-value products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- Lab of Applied Biocatalysis, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact and Technological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, 45654-370 Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, 64849, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Advances in the Detection of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides: Opportunities for Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010012. [PMID: 33396914 PMCID: PMC7824625 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamate fungicides (DTFs) are widely used to control various fungal diseases in crops and ornamental plants. Maximum residual limits in the order of ppb-ppm are currently imposed by legislation to prevent toxicity problems associated with excessive use of DTFs. The specific analytical determination of DTFs is complicated by their low solubility in water and organic solvents. This review summarizes the current analytical procedures used for the analysis of DTF, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and sensor-based methods and discusses the challenges related to selectivity, sensitivity, and sample preparation. Biosensors based on enzymatic inhibition demonstrated potential as analytical tools for DTFs and warrant further research, considering novel enzymes from extremophilic sources. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy and various sensors appear very promising, provided the selectivity issues are solved.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhai MY, Feng K, Hu TG, Zong MH, Wu H. Development of a novel nano-based detection card by electrospinning for rapid and sensitive analysis of pesticide residues. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4400-4408. [PMID: 32388876 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing food safety awareness of consumers promotes the development of rapid and sensitive detection techniques for pesticide residues. In this study, a new type of rapid detection card for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues was developed by electrospinning. The card involved enzyme fiber mat (EFM) and substrate fiber mat (SFM) which were prepared by mixing poly(vinyl alcohol) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and indolyl acetate (IA), respectively. RESULTS The mean diameter of fibers was 240 ± 53 nm for EFM and 387 ± 84 nm for SFM. Results of Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirmed that AChE and IA were successfully encapsulated into the fibers. The minimum concentrations of AChE and IA for effective detection were 1 and 3 mg mL-1 , respectively, and the optimal detection time was 15 min. The limits of detection for this card were 0.5 mg L-1 for omethoate, 1.5 mg L-1 for malathion, 0.1 mg L-1 for carbaryl and 0.02 mg L-1 for carbofuran. The detection card exhibited good storage stability and its activity could be maintained when stored at room temperature for at least 4 months. Additionally, the EFM can be reused three times. CONCLUSIONS The detection card obtained here was superior to a commercial card in detecting pesticide residues in real food samples. Hence, this electrospun detection card has potential for simple, rapid and sensitive analysis of pesticide residues. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Zhai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Feng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Teng-Gen Hu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Debnath R, Saha T. An insight into the production strategies and applications of the ligninolytic enzyme laccase from bacteria and fungi. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
17
|
Oliveira TM, Ribeiro FW, Sousa CP, Salazar-Banda GR, de Lima-Neto P, Correia AN, Morais S. Current overview and perspectives on carbon-based (bio)sensors for carbamate pesticides electroanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
18
|
Yadav N, Tyagi M, Wadhwa S, Mathur A, Narang J. Few biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes. Methods Enzymol 2020; 630:347-363. [PMID: 31931993 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotubes of carbon are allotropic form of carbon material that rolled to form a cylindrical structure that may be singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) depending upon the number of carbon layers. These carbon nanotubes have exhibited characteristics properties such as electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical. Carbon nanotubes can be employed for immobilization matrix for biomolecules such as an enzyme, nucleic acid, etc. Enzymes can be immobilized onto carbon nanotubes via absorption or covalent bonding. Various enzymatic based biosensors are also developed for the detection of various analytes. Present chapter mainly emphasizes characteristics of carbon nanotubes, their preparation methods, purification and exploitation of CNTs as an immobilization matrix for theranostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonepat, India; Centre for Biotechnology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Manshi Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Wadhwa
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Parra-Arroyo L, Parra-Saldivar R, Ramirez-Mendoza RA, Keshavarz T, Iqbal HMN. Laccase-Assisted Cues: State-of-the-Art Analytical Modalities for Detection, Quantification, and Redefining “Removal” of Environmentally Related Contaminants of High Concern. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-47906-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
20
|
Recent developments in biosensors to combat agricultural challenges and their future prospects. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
21
|
Jiang L, Gu K, Liu R, Jin S, Wang H, Pan C. Rapid detection of pesticide residues in fruits by surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on modified QuEChERS pretreatment method with portable Raman instrument. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
22
|
Cakir O. A molecularly imprinted nanofilm‐based quartz crystal microbalance sensor for the real‐time detection of pirimicarb. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2785. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Cakir
- Science and Technology Application and Research CenterDicle University Diyarbakır Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Application of eukaryotic and prokaryotic laccases in biosensor and biofuel cells: recent advances and electrochemical aspects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10409-10423. [PMID: 30327832 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Laccases exhibit a wide range of applications, especially in the electrochemical field, where they are regarded as a potential biotic component. Laccase-based biosensors have immense practical applications in the food, environmental, and medical fields. The application of laccases as biocathodes in enzymatic biofuel cells has promising potential in the preparation of implantable equipment. Extensive studies have been directed towards the potential role of fungal laccases as biotic components of electrochemical equipment. In contrast, the potential of prokaryotic laccases in electrochemistry has been not fully understood. However, there has been recent and rapid progress in the discovery and characterization of new types of prokaryotic laccases. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the application of different sources of laccases as a biocatalytic component in various fields of application. Further, we described the potential of different types of laccases in bioelectrochemical applications.
Collapse
|
24
|
Haouche R, Innocent C, Akretche DE. Concentration of Diclofenac Sodium Using the Nanofiltration Combined with Laccase Degradation from Trametes Versicolor. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Bucur B, Munteanu FD, Marty JL, Vasilescu A. Advances in Enzyme-Based Biosensors for Pesticide Detection. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E27. [PMID: 29565810 PMCID: PMC6022933 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of toxic and remanent pesticides in agriculture has prompted research into novel performant, yet cost-effective and fast analytical tools to control the pesticide residue levels in the environment and food. In this context, biosensors based on enzyme inhibition have been proposed as adequate analytical devices with the added advantage of using the toxicity of pesticides for detection purposes, being more "biologically relevant" than standard chromatographic methods. This review proposes an overview of recent advances in the development of biosensors exploiting the inhibition of cholinesterases, photosynthetic system II, alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome P450A1, peroxidase, tyrosinase, laccase, urease, and aldehyde dehydrogenase. While various strategies have been employed to detect pesticides from different classes (organophosphates, carbamates, dithiocarbamates, triazines, phenylureas, diazines, or phenols), the number of practical applications and the variety of environmental and food samples tested remains limited. Recent advances focus on enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity by using nanomaterials in the sensor assembly and novel mutant enzymes in array-type sensor formats in combination with chemometric methods for data analysis. The progress in the development of solar cells enriched the possibilities for efficient wiring of photosynthetic enzymes on different surfaces, opening new avenues for development of biosensors for photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Bucur
- National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Centre of Bioanalysis, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florentina-Daniela Munteanu
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Tourism and Environmental Protection, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Elena Dragoi, No. 2, 310330 Arad, Romania.
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- BAE Laboratory, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Justino CIL, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP. Recent Progress in Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2918. [PMID: 29244756 PMCID: PMC5750672 DOI: 10.3390/s17122918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental monitoring has been one of the priorities at the European and global scale due to the close relationship between the environmental pollution and the human health/socioeconomic development. In this field, the biosensors have been widely employed as cost-effective, fast, in situ, and real-time analytical techniques. The need of portable, rapid, and smart biosensing devices explains the recent development of biosensors with new transduction materials, obtained from nanotechnology, and for multiplexed pollutant detection, involving multidisciplinary experts. This review article provides an update on recent progress in biosensors for the monitoring of air, water, and soil pollutants in real conditions such as pesticides, potentially toxic elements, and small organic molecules including toxins and endocrine disrupting chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine I. L. Justino
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.D.); (T.A.P.R.-S.)
- ISEIT/Viseu, Instituto Piaget, Estrada do Alto do Gaio, Galifonge, Lordosa, 3515-776 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.D.); (T.A.P.R.-S.)
| | - Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.C.D.); (T.A.P.R.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu J, Xie Y, Peng C, Yu G, Zhou J. Molecular Understanding of Laccase Adsorption on Charged Self-Assembled Monolayers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10610-10617. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab
for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School
of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xie
- Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, P. R. China
| | - Chunwang Peng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab
for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Gaobo Yu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab
for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- School
of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab
for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bunney J, Williamson S, Atkin D, Jeanneret M, Cozzolino D, Chapman J, Power A, Chandra S. The Use of Electrochemical Biosensors in Food Analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.5.3.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate analysis of food produce is essential to screen for species that may cause significant health risks like bacteria, pesticides and other toxins. Considerable developments in analytical techniques and instrumentation, for example chromatography, have enabled the analyses and quantitation of these contaminants. However, these traditional technologies are constrained by high cost, delayed analysis times, expensive and laborious sample preparation stages and the need for highly-trained personnel. Therefore, emerging, alternative technologies, for example biosensors may provide viable alternatives. Rapid advances in electrochemical biosensors have enabled significant gains in quantitative detection and screening and show incredible potential as a means of countering such limitations. Apart from demonstrating high specificity towards the analyte, these biosensors also address the challenge of the multifactorial food industry of providing high analytical accuracy amidst complex food matrices, while also overcoming differing densities, pH and temperatures. This (public and Industry) demand for faster, reliable and cost-efficient analysis of food samples, has driven investment into biosensor design. Here, we discuss some of the recent work in this area and critique the role and contributions biosensors play in the food industry. We also appraise the challenges we believe biosensors need to overcome to become the industry standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Bunney
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Shae Williamson
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Dianne Atkin
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Maryn Jeanneret
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - James Chapman
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Aoife Power
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| | - Shaneel Chandra
- Agri-Chemistry Group, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences Central Queensland University, Rockhampton North, QLD 4702, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Selva TMG, de Araujo WR, Bacil RP, Paixão TRLC. Study of Electrochemical Oxidation and Quantification of the Pesticide Pirimicarb Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Muñoz J, Baeza M. Customized Bio-functionalization of Nanocomposite Carbon Paste Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Mini Review. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials Group, Institut de Ciència de; Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Carrer dels Til⋅lers; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona Spain
| | - Mireia Baeza
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer dels Til⋅lers, Edifici C-Entrada Nord; 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Recent trends in electrochemical sensors for multianalyte detection – A review. Talanta 2016; 161:894-916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
32
|
Han Y, Song L, Zou N, Chen R, Qin Y, Pan C. Multi-residue determination of 171 pesticides in cowpea using modified QuEChERS method with multi-walled carbon nanotubes as reversed-dispersive solid-phase extraction materials. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1031:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Arduini F, Cinti S, Scognamiglio V, Moscone D. Nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors for pesticide detection: advances and challenges in food analysis. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
34
|
Rotariu L, Lagarde F, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Bala C. Electrochemical biosensors for fast detection of food contaminants – trends and perspective. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Biosensor based on electrospun blended chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous enzymatically sensitized membranes for pirimiphos-methyl detection in olive oil. Talanta 2016; 155:258-64. [PMID: 27216682 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ultra-sensitive electrochemical biosensor was successfully developed for rapid detection of pirimiphos-methyl in olive oil, based of genetically-engineered acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilization into electrospun chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) blend nanofibers. Due to their unique properties such as spatial structure, high porosity, and large surface area, the use of nanofibers allowed improving the biosensor response by two folds. The developed biosensor showed a good performance for detecting pirimiphos-methyl, with a limit of detection of 0.2nM, a concentration much lower than the maximum residue limit allowed set by international regulations (164nM). The biosensor was used for the detection of pirimiphos-methyl in olive oil samples after a simple liquid-liquid extraction, and the recovery rates were close to 100%.
Collapse
|
36
|
Martins AC, Ribeiro FW, Zanatta G, Freire VN, Morais S, de Lima-Neto P, Correia AN. Modeling of laccase inhibition by formetanate pesticide using theoretical approaches. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 108:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
37
|
Potential application of laccase from Pycnoporus sanguineus in methanol/O2 biofuel cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
38
|
Electroanalytical Performance of a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified by Coffee Husks for the Quantification of Acetaminophen in Quality Control of Commercialized Pharmaceutical Tablets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/1953278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical determination of acetaminophen (APAP) was successfully performed using a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with coffee husks (CH-CPE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and SEM-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were, respectively, used for the morphological and elemental characterization of coffee husks prior to their utilization. The electrochemical oxidation of APAP was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). SWV technique appeared to be more sensitive since the oxidation current of APAP was twofold higher with the CH-CPE sensor than with the bare CPE, in relation to the increase in the organophilic character of the electrode surface. Furthermore, on CH-CPE, the current response of APAP varied linearly with its concentration in the range of 6.6 μM to 0.5 mM, leading to a detection limit of 0.66 μM (S/N=3). Finally, the proposed CH-CPE sensor was successfully used to determine the amount of APAP in commercialized tablets (Doliprane® 500 and Doliprane 1000), with a recovery rate ranging from 98% to 103%. This novel sensor opens the way for the development of low-cost and reliable devices for the electroanalysis of pharmaceutical formulations in developing countries.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Akbulut H, Bozokalfa G, Asker DN, Demir B, Guler E, Odaci Demirkol D, Timur S, Yagci Y. Polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) with Lateral Amino Groups as a Novel Matrix for Biosensor Construction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20612-20622. [PMID: 26323569 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the ever-expanding field of conducting polymer research, functionalized graft hybrid copolymers have gained considerable interest in the biomedical engineering and biosensing applications, particularly. In the present work, a new biosensor based on conducting graft copolymer for the detection of phenolic compounds was developed. Thereby, a robust and novel material, namely "polythiophene-g-poly(ethylene glycol) with lateral amino groups" (PT-NH2-g-PEG) hybrid conducting polymer was synthesized via Suzuki condensation polymerization and characterized with (1)H NMR analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and fluorescence spectroscopy. PT-NH2-g-PEG architecture was then applied as an immobilization matrix to accomplish extended biosensing function. In a typical process, Laccase was utilized as a model enzyme for the detection of phenolic compounds. Detailed surface characterization of PT-NH2-g-PEG/Lac was performed by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements. Optimum pH and polymer amount were found to be pH 6.5 and 0.5 mg polymer, respectively, with the linear range of 0.0025-0.05 mM and 132.45 μA/mM sensitivity. The kinetic parameters of PT-NH2-g-PEG/Lac are 0.026 mM for Km(app) and 7.38 μA for Imax, respectively. Furthermore, the PT-NH2-g-PEG/Lac biofilm was retained 82% of its activity for 12 days indicating excellent recovery as tested with artificial wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Akbulut
- Istanbul Technical University , Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guliz Bozokalfa
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu N Asker
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilal Demir
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emine Guler
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University , Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Odaci Demirkol
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Ege University Faculty of Science Biochemistry Department 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
- Ege University , Institute of Drug Abuse Toxicology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University , Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vasilescu I, Eremia SAV, Kusko M, Radoi A, Vasile E, Radu GL. Molybdenum disulphide and graphene quantum dots as electrode modifiers for laccase biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 75:232-7. [PMID: 26319166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A nanocomposite formed from molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was proposed as a novel and suitable support for enzyme immobilisation displaying interesting electrochemical properties. The conductivity of the carbon based screen-printed electrodes was highly improved after modification with MoS2 nanoflakes and GQDs, the nanocomposite also providing compatible matrix for laccase immobilisation. The influence of different modification steps on the final electroanalytical performances of the modified electrode were evaluated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The developed laccase biosensor has responded efficiently to caffeic acid over a concentration range of 0.38-100µM, had a detection limit of 0.32µM and a sensitivity of 17.92nAµM(-1). The proposed analytical tool was successfully applied for the determination of total polyphenolic content from red wine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Vasilescu
- Centre of Bioanalysis, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sandra A V Eremia
- Centre of Bioanalysis, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Kusko
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT-Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antonio Radoi
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT-Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, No. 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel-Lucian Radu
- Centre of Bioanalysis, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Amine A, Arduini F, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Recent advances in biosensors based on enzyme inhibition. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 76:180-94. [PMID: 26227311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme inhibitors like drugs and pollutants are closely correlated to human and environmental health, thus their monitoring is of paramount importance in analytical chemistry. Enzymatic biosensors represent cost-effective, miniaturized and easy to use devices; particularly biosensors based on enzyme inhibition are useful analytical tools for fast screening and monitoring of inhibitors. The present review will highlight the research carried out in the last 9 years (2006-2014) on biosensors based on enzyme inhibition. We underpin the recent advances focused on the investigation in new theoretical approachs and in the evaluation of biosensor performances for reversible and irreversible inhibitors. The use of nanomaterials and microfluidic systems as well as the applications of the various biosensors in real samples is critically reviewed, demonstrating that such biosensors allow the development of useful devices for a fast and reliable alarm system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Amine
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - F Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - D Moscone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - G Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario Biostrutture e Biosistemi "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oliveira TM, Barroso MF, Morais S, Araújo M, Freire C, de Lima-Neto P, Correia AN, Oliveira MB, Delerue-Matos C. Sensitive bi-enzymatic biosensor based on polyphenoloxidases–gold nanoparticles–chitosan hybrid film–graphene doped carbon paste electrode for carbamates detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 98:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
44
|
Pang R, Li M, Zhang C. Degradation of phenolic compounds by laccase immobilized on carbon nanomaterials: diffusional limitation investigation. Talanta 2014; 131:38-45. [PMID: 25281070 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles are promising candidates for enzyme immobilization. We investigated enzyme loading and laccase activity on various carbon nanoparticles, fullerene (C60), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), oxidized-MWNTs (O-MWNTs), and graphene oxide (GO). The loading capacity was highest for O-MWNTs and lowest for C60. The activity of laccase on various nanomatrices using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTs) as a substrate decreased in the following order: GO>MWNTs>O-MWNTs>C60. We speculated that aggregation of the nanoparticles influenced enzyme loading and activity by reducing the available adsorption space and substrate accessibility. The nanoparticle-immobilized laccase was then used for removal of bisphenol and catechol substrates. Compared to free laccase, the immobilized enzymes had significantly reduced reaction rates. For example, the reaction rate of GO-laccase conjugated with bisphenol or catechol substrates was only 10.28% or 12.33%, respectively, of that of the free enzyme. Considering that there was no obvious structural change observed after enzyme immobilization, nanomatrix-induced diffusional limitation most likely caused the low reaction rates. These results demonstrate that the diffusional limitation induced by the aggregation of carbon nanoparticles cannot be ignored because it can lead to increased reaction times, low efficiency, and high economic costs. Furthermore, this problem is exacerbated when low concentrations of environmental contaminants are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Pang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chengdong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Voltammetric determination of norepinephrine in the presence of tryptophan using a modified carbon nanotube paste electrode. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
46
|
Ribeiro FWP, Barroso MF, Morais S, Viswanathan S, de Lima-Neto P, Correia AN, Oliveira MBPP, Delerue-Matos C. Simple laccase-based biosensor for formetanate hydrochloride quantification in fruits. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 95:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
47
|
Laccase–Prussian blue film–graphene doped carbon paste modified electrode for carbamate pesticides quantification. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:292-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
48
|
Laccase biosensors based on different enzyme immobilization strategies for phenolic compounds determination. Talanta 2013; 115:401-8. [PMID: 24054609 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Different enzyme immobilization approaches of Trametes versicolor laccase (TvL) onto gold surfaces and their influence on the performance of the final bioanalytical platforms are described. The laccase immobilization methods include: (i) direct adsorption onto gold electrodes (TvL/Au), (ii) covalent attachment to a gold surface modified with a bifunctional reagent, 3,3'-Dithiodipropionic acid di (N-succinimidyl ester) (DTSP), and (iii) integration of the enzyme into a sol-gel 3D polymeric network derived from (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTS) previously formed onto a gold surface (TvL/MPTS/Au). The characterization and applicability of these biosensors are described. Characterization is performed in aqueous acetate buffer solutions using atomic force microscopy (AFM), providing valuable information concerning morphological data at the nanoscale level. The response of the three biosensing platforms developed, TvL/Au, TvL/DTSP/Au and TvL/MPTS/Au, is evaluated in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ), used as a phenolic enzymatic substrate. All systems exhibit a clear electrocatalytic activity and HQ can be amperometrically determined at -0.10 V versus Ag/AgCl. However, the performance of biosensors - evaluated in terms of sensitivity, detection limit, linear response range, reproducibility and stability - depends clearly on the enzyme immobilization strategy, which allows establishing its influence on the enzyme catalytic activity.
Collapse
|