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Rovasi Adolfo F, Balczareki Lucena N, Trombe Do Valle L, Machado De Carvalho L, Noremberg Kunz S. A new method based on extraction induced by emulsion breaking for determination of Co and Ni in chocolate bars by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chem 2024; 448:139139. [PMID: 38554583 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes a new experimental configuration of extraction induced by emulsion breaking method to extract and determine Ni and Co in chocolate bars by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. At optimized conditions, the sample (0.08 g) was mixed with 4 mL of extractant solution (4% m/v Triton X-100 and 10% v/v HNO3) in a plastic syringe to form a solid-oil-water emulsion. Then, emulsion breaking was assisted by membrane filtration. The total extraction procedure took approximately 1 min, in opposition to 25 (centrifugation) and 50 min (heating). Extraction yields ranged from 94.8 to 114.3% for Co and from 85.9 to 108.4% for Ni. The limits of detection and quantification were, respectively, 24.73 and 82.45 μg Kg-1 for Co and 49.05 and 163.5 μg Kg-1 for Ni. Recoveries ranged from 92.1 (Ni) to 105.4% (Co).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Trombe Do Valle
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Simone Noremberg Kunz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Godebo TR, Stoner H, Kodsup P, Bases B, Marzoni S, Weil J, Frey M, Daley P, Earnhart A, Ellias G, Friedman T, Rajan S, Murphy N, Miller S. Occurrence of heavy metals coupled with elevated levels of essential elements in chocolates: Health risk assessment. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114360. [PMID: 38763644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants in cacao-derived products, especially in chocolates, has raised concerns regarding food safety and human health. The study assessed the concentration variation of 16 elements in 155 chocolate samples from the US market by cacao content and country of geographic origin. The study further examined the potential health risks posed by toxic metals and determined the contribution of essential elements to the Daily Recommended Intake (DRI), estimated based on an ounce (∼28.4 g) of daily chocolate consumption. Dark chocolates with ≥50 % cacao exhibited consecutively increasing mean levels from 1.2 to 391 µg/kg for U, Tl, Th, As, Pb, Se, Cd, and Co. Similarly, Ni, Sr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ca, and Mg had mean concentrations from 4.0 to 1890 mg/kg. Dark chocolates sourced from Central and South America exhibited the highest mean levels of Cd, and South America samples also contained elevated Pb, whereas those from West Africa and Asia had low Cd and Pb, respectively. Cacao contents showed increasingly strong association with Cd, Co, Mn, Sr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mg (r = 0.60-0.84), and moderately with Se, Fe, As, and Tl (r = 0.35-0.49), indicating these elements are primarily derived from cacao beans. Weak association of cacao contents with Pb, Th, and U levels (r < 0.25), indicates post-harvest contaminations. Hazard Quotient (HQ) > 1 was found only for Cd in 4 dark chocolates, and Hazard Index (HI) > 1 for cumulative risk of Cd, Pb, Ni, As, and U was found in 33 dark chocolates, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risks for 15 kg children but none for 70 kg adults. Dark chocolate also substantially contributed to 47-95 % of the DRI of Cu for children and 50 % for adults. Dark chocolates also provided notable Fe, Mn, Mg, and Zn contributions to the DRI. These essential elements are recognized to reduce the bioavailability of toxic metals such as Cd, Pb, or Ni, thereby potentially lowering associated health risks. This study informs consumers, food industries, and regulatory agencies to target cacao origins or chocolate brands with lower toxic metal contents for food safety and minimizing adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Rango Godebo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Hannah Stoner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Pornpimol Kodsup
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin Bases
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sophia Marzoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jenna Weil
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Matt Frey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Preston Daley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexa Earnhart
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gabe Ellias
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Talia Friedman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Satwik Rajan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ned Murphy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sydney Miller
- Department Environmental Studies, School of Liberal Arts, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Burgon VH, Silva MLN, Milani RF, Morgano MA. Trace elements in bean-to-bar chocolates from Brazil and Ecuador. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127431. [PMID: 38489923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high quality and unique flavor and aroma of bean-to-bar chocolates have resulted in an increase in the consumption of these products. Nevertheless, cocoa beans may present inorganic contaminants from environmental and anthropogenic sources which can contribute to contamination of the chocolates, despite the fewer processing steps and few ingredients used in bean-to-bar manufacturing process compared to the industrial one. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the content of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se) in bean-to-bar chocolates and traceable cocoa beans from Brazil and Ecuador. METHODS Bean-to-bar chocolate samples were acquired in Brazil (n=65) and Ecuador (n=10), considering the main products available: white, milk, semisweet and dark chocolate. Cocoa samples from dedicated farms (n=23) were analyzed for trace elements and inorganic contaminants regulated by Brazil and European agencies. Samples were mineralized using acid digestion (nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide) in a closed microwave-assisted system. Quantification of trace elements was performed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) in optimized conditions. The analytical control was performed with certified reference materials (ERM BD512 - Dark Chocolate, Tort-2 and Tort-3 - Lobster Hepatopancreas and SRM 1547 - Peach leaves) and recoveries ranged between 84% and 105% for all elements. RESULTS The trace element levels in the bean-to-bar chocolates were (mg/kg): As (<0.022-0.023), Cd (<0.002-0.74), Cu (0.11-21.2), Co (<0.003-1.88), Hg (<0.010-<0.010), Pb (<0.007-0.22), and Se (<0.029-0.35). The exposure assessment from inorganic contaminants in chocolates revealed up to 93% of provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) for Cd and 123% of tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Co for children. Inorganic contaminants were also analyzed in cocoa beans from dedicated farms and Cd and Pb levels were found above the thresholds established by Brazil health agency. CONCLUSION The results observed for both bean-to-bar chocolates and raw materials (cocoa beans from dedicated farms) indicated a need for monitoring these trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hugo Burgon
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Manuela Luísa Nunes Silva
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fernanda Milani
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antonio Morgano
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
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Mohamadi S, Mahmudiono T, Zienali T, Sadighara P, Omidi B, Limam I, Fakhri Y. Probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao) in Tehran, Iran market. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:257-272. [PMID: 36395480 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2146070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Moreover, the human health risk was estimated by Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) in Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd (0.08 ± 0.08), Pb (0.23 ± 0.46), and As (0.06 ± 0.04), were in a good compliance with ISO (Iranian standard organization). TTHQ for adults and children was equal to 0.009 and 0.042, respectively and also mean CR in adults and children consumers was equal to 9.73E-7 and 9.08E-7, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Pb, and As) in cocoa powder did not pose any safety concerns. Moreover, probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that both adults and children were not at considerable non-carcinogenic (THQ and/or TTHQ ≤ 1) and carcinogenic risk (CR ≤ 1E-6). Even though, seeking for mitigating solutions and applying them to suppress the dangers of food containing toxic elements is a critical subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohamadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-kord University, Shahre-kord, Iran
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tayebeh Zienali
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Vanderschueren R, Helsen F, Doevenspeck J, Delcour JA, Smolders E. Incubation tests mimicking fermentation reveal that phytate breakdown is key to lower the cadmium concentrations in cacao nibs. Food Chem 2023; 398:133899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Thangaraju U, Mathi M. Quantitative reduction of heavy metals and caffeine in cocoa using mid-infrared spectrum irradiation. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Bakircioglu D, Bakircioglu Kurtulus Y, Topraksever N. Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn Determination in Chocolate by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1299-1308. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chocolate is a rich source of essential and non-essential elements. A new liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) approach, extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB), is proposed in which the analyzed elements are transferred from the organic phase to the aqueous phase before measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS).
Objective
To compare EIEB to microwave digestion (MWD) for extraction of elements from chocolate prior to FAAS.
Methods
EIEB parameters were varied to optimize the procedure. EIEB-FAAS was then compared to MWD-FAAS for the analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in milk and dark chocolate samples. A certified reference material (NIST 2384, baking chocolate) was analyzed to determine the recoveries of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by the two methods.
Results
The optimized EIEB extraction method involves dilution of tempered chocolate with toluene, ultrasonic emulsification with acidified Triton X-114, breaking the emulsion by heating, and centrifugation to produce two well-defined phases. Analysis of dark and milk chocolate samples showed similar repeatability by EIEB-FAAS (RSDr 0.3 to 6.6% in dark and 0.5 to 8.7% in milk) and MWD-FAAS (RSDr 0.5 to 5.4% in dark and 0.7 to 10.2% in milk), with no significant difference detected between the methods for analysis of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn based on Student’s t-test. Analysis of NIST 2384 baking chocolate certified reference material for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn demonstrated recoveries of 98.6 to 99.5% for EIEB-FAAS compared to 95.8 to 98.6% for MWD-FAAS.
Conclusion
EIEB-FAAS was shown to provide high recovery and excellent repeatability for accurate determination of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn from dark and milk chocolates.
Highlight
The EIEB-FAAS method is simpler and requires fewer reagents compared to other sample preparation methods and allows the calibration to be carried out using aqueous calibration solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Bakircioglu
- Trakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Edirne, Turkey
| | | | - Nukte Topraksever
- Trakya University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Edirne, Turkey
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8
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Rodríguez Giraldo Y, Rodriguez Sánchez E, Torres LG, Montenegro AC, Pichimata MA. Development of validation methods to determine cadmium in cocoa almond from the beans by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Antioxidant Activity and Multi-Elemental Analysis of Dark Chocolate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101445. [PMID: 35627015 PMCID: PMC9141620 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans are part of the cocoa plant fruit (Theobroma cacao L.) used to prepare various products such as chocolate, cocoa butter, jelly, liqueurs, cosmetics, etc. Dark chocolate is consumed worldwide by different populations and is known for its good taste, making it one of the most favoured food products. This work aimed to determine the content of total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and the antioxidant potential measured through the ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals (DPPH), ferric reducing power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), as well as major and trace elements contained in twelve commercially available dark chocolate samples, with cocoa content ranging from 40% to 99%. The total polyphenols content ranged between 10.55 and 39.82 mg/g GAE, while the total flavonoid content was from 10.04 to 37.85 mg/g CE. All applied antioxidant assays indicate that the sample with the highest cocoa percentage shows the greatest antioxidant activity (DPPH: 48.34% of inhibition; FRAP: 89.00 mg/g GAE; TAC: 83.86 mg/g AAE). Statistical methods were applied to establish the differences between the samples concerning TPC, TFC, DPPH, FRAP and TAC, as well as to differentiate the samples according to the mineral content. The results indicated that the differences in TPC and TFC between different samples depended on the cocoa content and the addition of dried fruit pieces. A good correlation between antioxidant potency composite index (ACI) and declared cocoa content was noticed (R2 = 0.8034), indicating that the declared percentage of cocoa is a reliable indicator for antioxidant activity of analysed dark chocolate samples. The nutritional evaluation proved that the studied chocolate samples were an excellent source of Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu.
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10
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Effect of high-voltage electrical discharge treatment on multi-element content in cocoa shell and chocolates with cocoa shell. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zhou J, Li Z, Hu J, Wang C, Liu R, Lv Y. HOGG1-assisted DNA methylation analysis via a sensitive lanthanide labelling strategy. Talanta 2021; 239:123136. [PMID: 34920255 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of DNA methylation level is an important indicator for the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases. DNA methylation assays are usually based on nucleic acid amplification strategies, which are time-consuming and complicated in operation procedures. Herein, we proposed a sensitive lanthanide-labelled ICP-MS method for DNA methylation analysis that exploited the feature of Human 8-oxoGuanine DNA Glycosylase (hOGG1), which specifically recognizes 8-oxo-G/5mC base pairs to effectively distinguish methylated DNA. A low limit of detection of 84 pM was achieved, and a 0.1% methylation level can be discriminated in the mixture, without any amplification procedure. Compared with commonly used nucleic acid amplification strategies, this proposed method is time-saving and low probability of false positive. Moreover, this work has been successfully validated in human serum samples, the recovery rates is between 96.7% and 105%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is in the range of 3.0%-3.5%, indicating that this method has the potential to be applied in clinical and biological samples quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Jianyu Hu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 WangJiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Yi Lv
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 WangJiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, PR China.
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12
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A New Method for Determination of Mg, Ca, Zn, and Na in Cocoa Butter by FAAS Employing Extraction Induced by Emulsion Breaking and Multivariate Optimization. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Synthesis and performance of cross-linked poly(vinylpyridine-co-protoporphyrin) for effective cobalt determination using a micro-packed column hyphenated system coupled to FAAS. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Oliveira LB, de Melo JC, da Boa Morte ES, de Jesus RM, Teixeira LSG, Korn MGA. Multi-element determination in chocolate bars by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry. Food Chem 2021; 351:129285. [PMID: 33640775 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macro- and microelement determination in chocolate bars by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) was evaluated after microwave-assisted sample digestion. Optimization of the sample digestion was carried out, and the recommended conditions were obtained at a temperature of 190 °C, with a digestion time of 40 min and in a mixture constituted by 2.3 mL of nitric acid, 1.0 mL of hydrogen peroxide and 4.7 mL of water. The method was applied in the analysis of chocolate bars, and the concentration ranges of the elements determined were (in mg kg-1): Ca (653-3096); Cr (<0.6-2.8); Cu (<0.16-19.5); Fe (<1.6-227); Mg (147-2775); K (3554-8573); Mn (<0.03-25.2); Na (45.6-1095); Ni (3.2-10.2); P (1111-22594) and Zn (4.8-33.3). The association of the proposed microwave-assisted acid digestion with the MIP OES technique was adequate for multi-element determination in chocolate bars for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane B Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Catu, 48110-000 Catu, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joelem C de Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elane S da Boa Morte
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Catu, 48110-000 Catu, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raildo M de Jesus
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S G Teixeira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças A Korn
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; INCT de Energia e Ambiente - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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15
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Silva LP, Campos NDS, Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, Matos MAC, Matos RC, de Sousa RA. Simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead and copper in chocolate samples by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:418-426. [PMID: 33493080 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1857443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an effective and simple method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead and copper in chocolate samples by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). An ultrasonic bath was used for the extraction of cadmium, lead and copper from fourteen chocolate samples using HNO3 solution (7 mol L-1). The electrochemical system consisted of a cell with three electrodes and HCl solution (10 mmol L-1) as the supporting electrolyte. An efficient extraction of the metals (~100%) was attained after 1 h of ultrasonic pre-treatment. Quantitative analysis was carried out by the standard addition method. Good linearity, precision and accuracy were obtained in the range of concentrations examined. The accuracy was evaluated by means of a reference sample of spiked skim milk powder (BCR 151) to prove the reliability of the method. Detection limits (LOD) of 0.089, 0.059 and 0.018 µg g-1 were found for cadmium, copper and lead, respectively, in the chocolate samples. Concentrations in chocolate samples were 4.30-138 µg g-1 for Cu and 0.83-27.9 µg g-1 for Pb, with no significant Cd. The simultaneous determination brings advantages to other methods already reported for chocolate analysis and the samples preparation proposed avoids the traditional sample mineralization step. These characteristics show this new method is especially attractive for case studies and routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pinto Silva
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Náira Da Silva Campos
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vinícius de Faria
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Arromba de Sousa
- BACCAN (Grupo BACCAN De Química Analítica), Departamento De Química, Instituto De Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora, Juiz de for A, MG, Brazil
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Barraza F, Schreck E, Uzu G, Lévêque T, Zouiten C, Boidot M, Maurice L. Beyond cadmium accumulation: Distribution of other trace elements in soils and cacao beans in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110241. [PMID: 32980301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since cacao beans accumulate Cd in high levels and restrictions have been imposed on safe levels of chocolate consumption, concern about whether or not cacao trees store other toxic elements seems to be inevitable. Following a previous study in Ecuador examining Cd content in five cacao varieties collected in pristine areas and in places impacted by oil activities, we present here the concentrations of 11 trace elements (TEs) (As, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in soils, cacao tissues (leaves, pod husks, beans) and cocoa liquor (CL). Several TEs showed concentrations in topsoils above the Ecuadorian limits, and may have a mixed natural and anthropogenic origin. Ba and Mo concentrations in cacao tissues are slightly higher than those reported in other surveys, but this was not the case for toxic elements (As and Pb). TE contents are lower in CL, than in beans, except for Pb and Co, but no risk was identified for human health. Compared with control areas, Enrichment Factors were below 2 in impacted areas, except for Ba. Transfer factors (from soils to cacao) indicated that cacao does not accumulate TEs. A positive correlation was found between Cd and Zn in topsoils and cacao tissues for the CCN-51 variety, and between Cd and Ni for the Nacional variety. Identifying patterns of TE distribution and potential interactions in order to explain plant internal mechanisms, which is also dependent on the cacao variety, is a difficult task and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - Eva Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- IGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Thibaut Lévêque
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cyril Zouiten
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Boidot
- CEA Liten, Direction des technologies des nanomatériaux, F- 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Área de Salud, P.O. Box 17-12-569, Quito, Ecuador
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17
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Lewis C, Lennon AM, Eudoxie G, Sivapatham P, Umaharan P. Plant metal concentrations in Theobroma cacao as affected by soil metal availability in different soil types. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127749. [PMID: 32805655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Beans of cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) are used to produce a variety of chocolate products. Bioaccumulation of metals at toxic levels through the consumption of contaminated products has been identified as a health concern in humans. Both metal diversity and concentration as well as their interactions in the soil influence essential and non-essential metal uptake in plants; but the effects of these on bioaccumulation of metals in cacao is not understood across diverse soil types. In this study eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in 12 soil subgroups belonging to four soil orders across 15 locations in Trinidad, with the aim to investigate the effect of soil metal diversity and concentration on metal bioaccumulation in cacao. Soil metals were extracted using five methods (aqua regia, DTPA, Mehlich 3, nitric acid, and water). Cacao leaf metal concentrations were determined using the USEPA 3052 method. Metal extraction efficiency ranged between methods with aqua regia ≥ nitric acid > Mehlich 3 ≥ DTPA ≥ water across all metals. The soil extraction method that best predicted cacao leaf metal concentrations varied with the metal - Mehlich 3 or DTPA for Cd, Ni, Zn; aqua regia, Mehlich 3, or nitric acid for Pb, and water for Mn. A stepwise regression analysis showed that plant metal concentration can be predicted using soil physicochemical characteristics as well as the concentration of metals in the soil. The importance of soil type on cacao leaf metal bioaccumulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Lewis
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adrian M Lennon
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gaius Eudoxie
- Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
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18
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Ferreira de Oliveira AP, Milani RF, Efraim P, Morgano MA, Tfouni SAV. Cd and Pb in cocoa beans: Occurrence and effects of chocolate processing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Karaś K, Zioła-Frankowska A, Bartoszewicz M, Krzyśko G, Frankowski M. Investigation of chocolate types on the content of selected metals and non-metals determined by ICP-OES analytical technique. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 38:293-303. [PMID: 33332983 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1853821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate, one of the most popular sweets in the world, is consumed by people of all ages. Available data point to significant increases in consumption and production. However, successful determination of elements in chocolate is still difficult because of the characteristics of the matrix which contains a high content of organic compounds, like hydrogenated vegetable oil, vegetable fats, solids from malt extract, salts, emulsifiers, etc., causing problems with appropriate decomposition or digestion of sample. In this study, chocolate samples were prepared according to two procedures: water bath and microwave-assisted mineralisation. The use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) allowed us to determine the elemental composition of dark, milk, and white chocolate bars available on the Polish market as well as a cacao sample (100% cocoa powder). The elements assessed were Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, S, Sr, and Zn. The obtained results were used to compare the effectiveness of sample pre-treatment methods and to assess the correlation between the concentrations of specific elements and type of chocolate by the application of chemometric and statistical tools. The research showed that levels of analysed macro- and microelements are directly connected with the type of chocolate, characterised by the variable contents of cocoa paste and added milk. Data for all samples after mineralisation shown that among macroelements P was the most abundant, followed by Mg, Ca, Na, K, and S. The major essential element with the highest level was Fe, followed by Zn and Cu. In the group of toxic metals the highest content was obtained for Ba, then Al and Sr, but none exceeded permissible values prepared by health benefit organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Karaś
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Anetta Zioła-Frankowska
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bartoszewicz
- Department of Chemistry Didactics, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegor Krzyśko
- Department of Chemistry Didactics, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Frankowski
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań , Poznań, Poland
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20
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Abt E, Robin LP. Perspective on Cadmium and Lead in Cocoa and Chocolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13008-13015. [PMID: 32293881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa and chocolate can contain cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from natural and anthropogenic sources. This perspective provides background on the origin, occurrence, and factors affecting Cd and Pb levels in chocolate products as well as ongoing international efforts to mitigate Cd and Pb in these popular foods, particularly the higher Cd levels observed in some cocoa and chocolate originating from parts of Latin America. Information on factors contributing to higher Cd levels in Latin America, including elevated soil Cd, is increasing, but more work is needed to identify successful mitigation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Abt
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Lauren Posnick Robin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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21
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Acierno V, de Jonge L, van Ruth S. Sniffing out cocoa bean traits that persist in chocolates by PTR-MS, ICP-MS and IR-MS. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Maddela NR, Kakarla D, García LC, Chakraborty S, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Cocoa-laden cadmium threatens human health and cacao economy: A critical view. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137645. [PMID: 32146410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, Cd burden in cocoa-based products threatened global food safety, human health and the future of chocolateries. Increased Cd bioavailability is an acute problem in cacao-based horticulture. Poverty, poor maintenance, unjustified traditional farming, and paucity of knowledge on Cd-binding propensity in cacao discourage the application of risk-mitigation measures. Progressive accumulation of Cd, with a half-life of 10-30 years, in the human body even at ultra-trace levels may lead to serious health complications. If Cd accumulates in the food chain through cocoa products, consequences in children, who are the primary consumers of chocolates, include morbidity and mortality that may result in a significant demographic transition by the year 2050. Developing cacao clones with an innate capability of taking up low Cd levels from soils, and site-specific Cd-cacao research might contribute to limiting the trophic transfer of Cd. This review highlights the possible routes for Cd uptake in cacao plants and discusses the measures to rescue the chocolateries from Cd pollution to promote "healthy" cacao farming. The potential human health risks of chocolate-laden Cd and mitigation strategies to minimize Cd burden in the human body are also presented. The challenges and prospects in Cd-cacao research are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | - Dhatri Kakarla
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Luz Cecilia García
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | - Sagnik Chakraborty
- Hebei University of Technology, School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Beichen, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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23
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Pinto E, Ferreira IM, Almeida A. Essential and non-essential/toxic trace elements in whey protein supplements. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Gamela RR, Costa VC, Babos DV, Araújo AS, Pereira-Filho ER. Direct Determination of Ca, K, and Mg in Cocoa Beans by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Evaluation of Three Univariate Calibration Strategies for Matrix Matching. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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The impact of fermentation on the distribution of cadmium in cacao beans. Food Res Int 2020; 127:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Seedevi P, Raguraman V, Suman TY, Mohan K, Loganathan S, Vairamani S, Shanmugam A. Multi-elemental concentration in different body parts of Sepiella inermis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2797-2804. [PMID: 31836987 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the accumulation of metal on Sepiella inermis from the Mudasalodai Landing Center, from southeast coastal region of India. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine metals including aluminium, boron, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel, lead and zinc. The results showed that metal concentration in S. inermis detected in the head, arm, mantle, eye, ink, liver and nidamental gland with higher concentration of magnesium up to 992.78 mg/kg, and tentacle showed maximum concentration of aluminium 306.72 mg/kg. Further, copper found in low concentration ranges from 0.04 to 0.55 mg/kg in different parts of S. inermis. Heavy metal like cadmium detected high in tentacle with 0.24 mg/kg, and the manganese present in eye was 0.55 mg/kg. However, no accumulation of nickel was found in the tentacle part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Seedevi
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India.
| | - Vasantharaja Raguraman
- Ecotoxicology Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Thodhal Yoganandham Suman
- Ecotoxicology Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, 638 316, India
| | - Sivakumar Loganathan
- Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636011, India
| | - Shanmugam Vairamani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608 502, India
| | - Annaian Shanmugam
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, 608 502, India
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27
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Frisbie SH, Mitchell EJ, Roudeau S, Domart F, Carmona A, Ortega R. Manganese levels in infant formula and young child nutritional beverages in the United States and France: Comparison to breast milk and regulations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223636. [PMID: 31689314 PMCID: PMC6830775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) in children has recently been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental effects. Current infant formula regulations for Mn content were set between 1981 (United States), 2006 (European Union, France), and 2007 (Codex Alimentarius) prior to the publication of much of the growing body of research on the developmental neurotoxicity of Mn. In this study, we sought to measure the concentrations of Mn in some infant formulas and young child nutritional beverages available on the United States (US) and French markets using ion beam analysis by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry and then compare the analytical results to concentrations reported in the literature for breast milk and applicable infant formula regulations and guidelines. We were particularly interested in measuring Mn concentrations in product types for which there is very little data from previous surveys, especially soy-based, rice-based, goat-milk based, chocolate-flavored, and nutritional beverages for young children that are not regulated as infant or follow-on formulas (e.g. “toddler formulas” and “toddler powders”). We purchased 44 infant formulas and young child nutritional beverage products in the US and France with varying protein sources (cow-milk, goat-milk, soy, rice) labelled for birth to 3 years. We selected these samples using maximum variation sampling to explore market extremes to facilitate comparisons to regulatory limits. Since this sampling method is non-probabilistic, other inferences cannot be made beyond this set of samples to the overall markets. We used ion beam analysis to measure the concentrations of Mn in each product. The range of measured Mn concentrations in the products is 160–2,800 μg/L, substantially higher than the 3–6 μg/L mean Mn concentration reported in human breast milk. All products satisfied national and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) international standards for minimum Mn content in infant formulas; however, 7/25 of the products purchased in the US exceeded the CAC Guidance Upper Level of 100 μg Mn/kcal for infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Norwich University, Northfield, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika J. Mitchell
- Better Life Laboratories, Incorporated, East Calais, VT, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Roudeau
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Florelle Domart
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Asuncion Carmona
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
| | - Richard Ortega
- University of Bordeaux, Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Gradignan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), CENBG, Gradignan, France
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28
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Vanderschueren R, Montalvo D, De Ketelaere B, Delcour JA, Smolders E. The elemental composition of chocolates is related to cacao content and origin: A multi-element fingerprinting analysis of single origin chocolates. J Food Compost Anal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2019.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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29
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Method validation and determination of heavy metals in cocoa beans and cocoa products by microwave assisted digestion technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 303:125392. [PMID: 31446362 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this article, an easy and quick method based on microwave assisted acid digestion technique prior to quantification using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals in cocoa beans, cocoa powder and chocolate was established and validated for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). Limit of quantification for all elements were product dependent and varies from 7.84 to 194.52 µg/kg. The recoveries of the heavy metals at 250 and 1000 µg/kg spiking levels were ranged between 96.27-108.75%, 90.43-101.97% and 89.72-106.26% for cocoa beans, cocoa powder, and chocolate, respectively. Relative standard deviation values obtained were all below 20% and the expanded uncertainty measurements for the elements were less than 25%. The analysis of real samples found that the concentration level is far from the national alarming level except for cadmium in cocoa beans.
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30
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Direct Analysis of Cocoa Powder, Chocolate Powder, and Powdered Chocolate Drink for Multi-element Determination by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Fechner C, Greiner M, Heseker H, Lindtner O. Dietary exposure assessment of aluminium and cadmium from cocoa in relation to cocoa origin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217990. [PMID: 31166999 PMCID: PMC6550414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa contains aluminium and cadmium as environmental contaminants while concentrations are supposed to be country of origin-related. Integrating origin in dietary exposure assessment could refine calculations. Averages or higher percentiles of concentrations in cocoa powder from German Food Monitoring (GFM) and cocoa consumption from the German National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II) were combined in standard scenarios. Additional origin-related scenarios used concentration data grouped into origin A (lower concentrations) and origin B (higher concentrations) as plausible origin information was rare. The most conservative standard scenario resulted in the highest intake estimates for aluminium and cadmium with 0.152 mg/week/kg BW and 0.363 μg/week/kg BW and covered the origin influence calculated in origin-related scenarios. Having plausible origin information would help to refine exposure assessment as it is exemplarily shown here that origin-related lower intake estimates are possible. Using the Eurostat database and the Mintel Global New Product Database (GNPD) generated more origin information for products available on the German market. For Germany, cocoa beans, cocoa powder and cocoa mass were mainly sourced in Côte d'Ivoire, while the Netherlands was the main distributor. Packages of cocoa powders were sourced from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Fechner
- Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Greiner
- Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Helmut Heseker
- Department of Sports and Health, Paderborn University, Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Oliver Lindtner
- Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Altunay N, Elik A, Gürkan R. Vortex assisted-ionic liquid based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction of low levels of nickel and cobalt in chocolate-based samples and their determination by FAAS. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Anyimah-Ackah E, Ofosu IW, Lutterodt HE, Darko G. Exposures and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods: a systematic review. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Isaac W Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Herman E Lutterodt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
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34
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Filippini T, Cilloni S, Malavolti M, Violi F, Malagoli C, Tesauro M, Bottecchi I, Ferrari A, Vescovi L, Vinceti M. Dietary intake of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in a Northern Italy community. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 50:508-517. [PMID: 29548610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the dietary intakes of six trace elements (cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc), generally characterized by both nutritional and toxicological features depending on their exposure. Being diet the most relevant source of exposure to trace elements in non-professionally exposed subjects, we measured content of these trace elements in foods composing the typical Italian diet using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and assessing dietary habits using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire we eventually estimated dietary daily intake of trace elements in a Northern Italian community. In the 890 analyzed food samples, the main contributors to cadmium intake are cereals, vegetables and sweets, while cereals, beverages and vegetable are to primary source of manganese. The primary contributors for copper are cereals, fresh fruits and vegetables, while for chromium are beverages, cereals and meat. The main source of selenium intake are cereals and meat, followed by fish, seafood and milk and dairy products, while of zinc intake are meat, cereals, milk and dairy products. In our Italian population sample, the estimated median (interquartile range) dietary daily intakes are 5.00 (3.17-7.65), 56.70 (36.08-86.70) and 66.53 (40.04-101.32) μg/day for cadmium, chromium and selenium, and corresponding figures are 0.98 (0.61-1.49), 2.34 (1.46-3.52) and 8.50 (5.21-12.48) mg/day for copper, manganese and zinc. The estimated intakes are generally within the average intake reported in other European populations, and in such cases well above the daily dietary intakes recommended by national international agencies, avoiding the risk of excess or deficiency. The present estimated intake data can be used to examine a specific trace element of interest and would afford enhanced health protection from those trace elements characterized by both nutritional and toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Cilloni
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Violi
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marina Tesauro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bottecchi
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Ferrari
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN, Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Section of Public Health - Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 287 Via Campi, 41125 Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Direct determination by portable ED-XRF of mineral profile in cocoa powder samples. Food Chem 2018; 278:373-379. [PMID: 30583386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study has exploited the rapidity of the analysis and the multi-elemental capability of the energy dispersive X- ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) technique for the mineral profile determination in cocoa powder. A fast, cheap and environmental sustainable method without reagent consumption or toxic waste generation has been proposed. The samples can be prepared in the form of pellets of 13 mm in diameter and 2-3 mm thickness. The different internal calibrations used by ED-XRF equipment did not provide accurate results when comparing the mineral profile with the concentration obtained by Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) after microwave assisted digestion of samples. For direct ED-XRF analysis of the cocoa samples, an external calibration using as standards the cocoa samples diluted with sugar was prepared. The analytical parameters of Relative Standard Deviation and Limit of Detection for the determined elements are adequate to the concentration levels found in the samples.
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do Nascimento JL, de Almeida AAF, Barroso JP, Mangabeira PAO, Ahnert D, Sousa AGR, Silva JVS, Baligar VC. Physiological, ultrastructural, biochemical and molecular responses of young cocoa plants to the toxicity of Cr (III) in soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:272-283. [PMID: 29753828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate Cr toxicity in young plants of the CCN 51 Theobroma cacao genotype at different concentrations of Cr3+ in the soil (0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1) through physiological, ultrastructural, antioxidant and molecular changes. Doses of 400 and 600 mg Cr3+ kg-1 soil severely affected foliar gas exchange, promoted by damages in photosynthetic machinery evidenced by the decrease in CO2 fixation. Decreased expression of psbA and psbO genes, changes in enzymatic activity and lipid peroxidation also affected leaf gas exchange. A hormesis effect was observed at 100 mg Cr3+ kg-1 soil for the photosynthetic activity. As a metal exclusion response, the roots of the cocoa plants immobilized, on average, 75% of the total Cr absorbed. Ultrastructural changes in leaf mesophyll and roots, with destruction of mitochondria, plasmolysis and formation of vesicles, were related to the oxidative stress promoted by excess ROS. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, APX, GPX and CAT and the amino acid proline coincided with the greater expression of the sod cyt gene demonstrating synchronicity in the elimination of ROS. It was concluded, therefore, that the tolerance of the cocoa plants to the toxicity of Cr3+ depends on the concentration and time of exposure to the metal. Higher doses of Cr3+ in the soil promoted irreversible damage to the photosynthetic machinery and the cellular ultrastructure, interfering in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems related to oxidative stress and gene expression. However, the low mobility of the metal to the leaf is presented as a strategy of tolerance to Cr3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junea Leandro do Nascimento
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Joedson P Barroso
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Pedro A O Mangabeira
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Dário Ahnert
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Artur G R Sousa
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - José Vitor S Silva
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Evgenakis E, Christophoridis C, Fytianos K. Method optimization for heavy metal determination in milk powder: application to milk samples from Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26766-26779. [PMID: 28875392 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this study was the development, optimization and validation of an analytical method for the determination of selected heavy metals and trace elements (As, Hg, Se, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Cr) in milk powder, using microwave-assisted digestion. A statistical experimental design approach using central composite design (CCD) was carried out, to investigate the effects of three independent pretreatment variables (final digestion temperature (°C), HNO3 concentration (in % w/v), microwave hold time) on the heavy metal recovery of spiked undigested milk powder sample and to calculate the variable factor values which produce the optimum recovery. CCD results revealed that the optimum digestion conditions, with respect to maximum recovery were as follows: temperature 190 °C, HNO3 56.8% w/v, and digestion time of 8.47 min. The method was fully validated. Recoveries for all metals ranged between 92 and 108% while intra-day repeatability was below 6.59% (rsd). A certified reference material (ERM BD 150) that included 8 out of the total 11 heavy metals of the present study (Hg, Se, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, and Zn) was used to test the accuracy of the method where acceptable recovery values ranging between 96 and 107% were obtained. High heavy metal recoveries, short digestion time, and low acid consumption were the advantages of the pretreatment method. The analytical process was successfully applied for the determination of heavy metals in different milk samples from the Greek market. Heavy metal concentrations for Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Se, Mn, and Cu measured in this study reached 307, 102, 8.01, 5.96, 60.2, 519, and 438 μg/kg wet weight (ww), respectively. Zn and Fe were found at concentrations ranging 3.21-8.39 and 0.170-10.1 mg/kg ww, respectively. Risk assessment based on the WHO tolerable daily intake levels and the calculated target hazard quotients revealed that the consumption of the selected milk samples is considered safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Evgenakis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Fytianos
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mrmošanin JM, Pavlović AN, Krstić JN, Mitić SS, Tošić SB, Stojković MB, Micić RJ, Đorđević MS. Multielemental quantification in dark chocolate by ICP OES. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Assa A, Noor A, Yunus MR, Misnawi, Djide MN. Heavy metal concentrations in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacaoL.) originating from EastLuwu, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/979/1/012011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Kruszewski B, Obiedziński MW, Kowalska J. Nickel, cadmium and lead levels in raw cocoa and processed chocolate mass materials from three different manufacturers. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Abt E, Fong Sam J, Gray P, Robin LP. Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:92-102. [PMID: 29310543 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2017.1420700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa powder and chocolate products are known to sometimes contain cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from environmental origins. A convenience sample of cocoa powder, dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and cocoa nib products was purchased at retail in the US and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to assess Cd and Pb concentrations. Cd and Pb were evaluated in relation to the percent cocoa solids and to the reported origin of the cocoa powder and chocolate products. Cd ranged from 0.004 to 3.15 mg/kg and Pb ranged from <LOD to 0.38 mg/kg. Cd and Pb were significantly correlated with percent cocoa, with correlations varying by product type and geographic origin. Geographic variation was observed for Cd, with higher Cd concentrations found in products reported as originating from Latin America than from Africa. The influence of percent cocoa solids and cocoa origin on Cd levels are relevant to international standards for Cd in chocolate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Abt
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Jennifer Fong Sam
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Patrick Gray
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
| | - Lauren Posnick Robin
- a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , College Park , MD , USA
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42
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Lo Dico GM, Galvano F, Dugo G, D'ascenzi C, Macaluso A, Vella A, Giangrosso G, Cammilleri G, Ferrantelli V. Toxic metal levels in cocoa powder and chocolate by ICP-MS method after microwave-assisted digestion. Food Chem 2017; 245:1163-1168. [PMID: 29287336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Commission Regulation (EC) Regulation N. 488/2014, established the concentration limits for cadmium in specific products based on cocoa and chocolate products as from January 2019. Based on this information there is a need to determine ultratrace levels of elements that might be presents in cocoa and chocolate products. In this work, the concentrations of Arsenic, Antimony, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Selenium and Vanadium were evaluated in cocoa powder and chocolate by the validation of an ICP-MS method. Good selectivity/specificity, recovery, repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility, LOD, LOQ, range of linearity, standard measurement uncertainty parameters for method validation were achieved, in accordance with Commission Regulation. The cocoa powder revealed the maximum metal concentrations of 0.303 ± 0.035 mg/kg for cadmium, 1.228 ± 0.146 mg/kg for lead and 0.094 ± 0.013 mg/kg for arsenic. A significant difference was found between cocoa powder and chocolate samples (p < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Maria Lo Dico
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Fabio Galvano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Università Degli Studi di Catania, Città Universitaria - Via Santa Sofia, 64, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Dugo
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry and Department of Animal Biology and Marine Ecology, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carlo D'ascenzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Università Degli Studi di Pisa, viale delle Piagge, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giangrosso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cammilleri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ferrantelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Barraza F, Schreck E, Lévêque T, Uzu G, López F, Ruales J, Prunier J, Marquet A, Maurice L. Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study in areas impacted by oil activities in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:950-963. [PMID: 28781181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cacao from South America is especially used to produce premium quality chocolate. Although the European Food Safety Authority has not established a limit for cadmium (Cd) in chocolate raw material, recent studies demonstrate that Cd concentrations in cacao beans can reach levels higher than the legal limits for dark chocolate (0.8 mg kg-1, effective January 1st, 2019). Despite the fact that the presence of Cd in agricultural soils is related to contamination by fertilizers, other potential sources must be considered in Ecuador. This field study was conducted to investigate Cd content in soils and cacao cultivated on Ecuadorian farms in areas impacted by oil activities. Soils, cacao leaves, and pod husks were collected from 31 farms in the northern Amazon and Pacific coastal regions exposed to oil production and refining and compared to two control areas. Human gastric bioaccessibility was determined in raw cacao beans and cacao liquor samples in order to assess potential health risks involved. Our results show that topsoils (0-20 cm) have higher Cd concentrations than deeper layers, exceeding the Ecuadorian legislation limit in 39% of the sampling sites. Cacao leaves accumulate more Cd than pod husks or beans but, nevertheless, 50% of the sampled beans have Cd contents above 0.8 mg kg-1. Root-to-cacao transfer seems to be the main pathway of Cd uptake, which is not only regulated by physico-chemical soil properties but also agricultural practices. Additionally, natural Cd enrichment by volcanic inputs must not be neglected. Finally, Cd in cacao trees cannot be considered as a tracer of oil activities. Assuming that total Cd content and its bioaccessible fraction (up to 90%) in cacao beans and liquor is directly linked to those in chocolate, the health risk associated with Cd exposure varies from low to moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - E Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - T Lévêque
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17, 012759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - G Uzu
- IGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, CS 40700 Cedex 9, F-38058 Grenoble, France
| | - F López
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - J Ruales
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17, 012759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - J Prunier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Bois, UMR EcoFoG, ZI Pariacabo, 97387 Kourou, French Guiana
| | - A Marquet
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - L Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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Oliveira LF, Braga SC, Augusto F, Hashimoto JC, Efraim P, Poppi RJ. Differentiation of cocoa nibs from distinct origins using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and multivariate analysis. Food Res Int 2016; 90:133-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chavez E, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Mylavarapu R, Li Y, Baligar VC. Evaluation of soil amendments as a remediation alternative for cadmium-contaminated soils under cacao plantations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:17571-17580. [PMID: 27234831 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elevated plant-available cadmium (Cd) in soils results in contamination to cacao (Theobroma cacao L) beans. Effectiveness of vermicompost and zeolite in reducing available Cd in three cacao-growing soils was studied under laboratory conditions. Sorption-desorption experiments were conducted in soils and amendments. Cadmium was added at 0 or 5 mg kg(-1) (spiked), then, amendments were incorporated at 0, 0.5, or 2 %. Amended soils were incubated at room temperature for 28 days. Plant-available Cd was determined using 0.01 M CaCl2 (WSE) and Mehlich 3 (M3) extraction procedures in subsamples taken from individual bags at six time intervals. Soils and amendments displayed different sorption characteristics and a better fit was attained with Freundlich model (R (2) > 0.82). Amendments were ineffective in reducing extractable Cd in non-spiked soils. In Cd-spiked soils, vermicompost at 2 % significantly reduced WSE-Cd (P < 0.01) from 3.36, 0.54, and 0.38 mg kg(-1) to values lower that instrument's detection in all the three soils and significantly diminished M3-extractable Cd (P < 0.05) from 4.62 to 4.11 mg kg(-1) in only one soil. Vermicompost at 0.5 % significantly decreased WSE-Cd (P < 0.01) from 3.04 and 0.31 to 1.69 and 0.20 mg kg(-1), respectively, in two soils with low sorption capacity for Cd. In contrast, zeolite failed to reduce WSE- or M3-extractable Cd in all studied soils. A negative correlation occurred between soil pH and WSE-Cd (r > -0.89, P < 0.01). The decrease in WSE-Cd appears to be associated with the increase in pH of the vermicompost-amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chavez
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingenieria, Universidad Estatal de Milagro, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Z L He
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA.
| | - P J Stoffella
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - R Mylavarapu
- Soils and Water Science Department, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - Y Li
- Soils and Water Science Department, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, FL, 32601, USA
| | - V C Baligar
- United State Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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46
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Multielemental fingerprinting and geographic traceability of Theobroma cacao beans and cocoa products. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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Marín-Martínez R, Barber X, Cabrera-Vique C, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Vilanova E, García-Hernández VM, Roche E, Garcia-Garcia E. Aluminium, nickel, cadmium and lead in candy products and assessment of daily intake by children in Spain. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:66-71. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1131753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Chavez E, He ZL, Stoffella PJ, Mylavarapu RS, Li YC, Moyano B, Baligar VC. Concentration of cadmium in cacao beans and its relationship with soil cadmium in southern Ecuador. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:205-14. [PMID: 26172587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao beans above a critical level (0.6 mg kg(-1)) has raised concerns in the consumption of cacao-based chocolate. Little is available regarding Cd concentration in soil and cacao in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to determine the status of Cd in both, soils and cacao plants, in southern Ecuador. Soil samples were collected from 19 farms at 0-5, 5-15, 15-30, and 30-50 cm depths, whereas plant samples were taken from four nearby trees. Total recoverable and extractable Cd were measured at the different soil depths. Total recoverable Cd ranged from 0.88 to 2.45 and 0.06 to 2.59, averaged 1.54 and 0.85 mg kg(-1), respectively in the surface and subsurface soils whereas the corresponding values for M3-extractable Cd were 0.08 to 1.27 and 0.02 to 0.33 with mean values of 0.40 and 0.10 mg kg(-1). Surface soil in all sampling sites had total recoverable Cd above the USEPA critical level for agricultural soils (0.43 mg kg(-1)), indicating that Cd pollution occurs. Since both total recoverable and M3-extractable Cd significantly decreased depth wise, anthropogenic activities are more likely the source of contamination. Cadmium in cacao tissues decreased in the order of beans>shell>>leaves. Cadmium content in cacao beans ranged from 0.02 to 3.00, averaged 0.94 mg kg(-1), and 12 out of 19 sites had bean Cd content above the critical level. Bean Cd concentration was highly correlated with M3- or HCl-extractable Cd at both the 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths (r=0.80 and 0.82 for M3, and r=0.78 and 0.82 for HCl; P<0.01). These results indicate that accumulation of Cd in surface layers results in excessive Cd in cacao beans and M3- or HCl-extractable Cd are suitable methods for predicting available Cd in the studied soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chavez
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA; Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador
| | - Z L He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
| | - P J Stoffella
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - R S Mylavarapu
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Soil and Water Science Department, Gainesville, FL 33611, USA
| | - Y C Li
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031, USA
| | - B Moyano
- Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas del Ecuador, Guayaquil, Guayas, Ecuador
| | - V C Baligar
- United State Department of Agriculture, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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49
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Villa JE, Pereira CD, Cadore S. A novel, rapid and simple acid extraction for multielemental determination in chocolate bars. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Sagiri SS, Sharma V, Basak P, Pal K. Mango butter emulsion gels as cocoa butter equivalents: physical, thermal, and mechanical analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11357-11368. [PMID: 25363450 DOI: 10.1021/jf502658y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The search for cocoa butter equivalents in food and pharmaceutical industries has been gaining importance. In the present study, mango butter was explored as cocoa butter equivalent. Aqueous gelatin solution (20% w/w) containing cocoa butter and mango butter water-in-oil (fat) type emulsion gels were prepared by hot emulsification method. XRD and DSC melting profiles suggested the presence of unstable polymorphic forms (α and β') of fats in the emulsion gels. The crystal size and solid fat content analyses suggested that the presence of aqueous phase might have hindered the transformation of unstable polymorphic forms to stable polymorphic form (β) in the emulsion gels. Fat crystals in the emulsion gels were formed by instantaneous nucleation via either uni- or bidimensional growth (Avrami analysis). The viscoelastic nature of the emulsion gels was evaluated by modified Peleg's analysis (stress relaxation study). Results inferred that the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of mango butter emulsion gels are comparable to those of cocoa butter emulsion gels. On the basis of preliminary studies, it was suggested that the mango butter emulsion gels may have potential to be used as cocoa butter equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai S Sagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela-769008, India
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