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Shagaghipour S, Sorouraddin SM, Farajzadeh MA, Afshar Mogaddam MR. In situ formation of chloroform for dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of some aromatic amines from aqueous samples optimized by central composite design prior to GC-MS analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2219-2225. [PMID: 37102720 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the current research, an in situ solvent formation-liquid phase microextraction method based on chloroform has been introduced as an efficient sample preparation procedure and applied for the extraction and preconcentration of some aromatic amines from wastewaters. In this method, chloral hydrate (2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diol) was added to an alkaline solution of the samples in order to form chloroform as an extraction solvent in the sample solution. Thus, the selected analytes were transferred from the aqueous solution into the tiny droplets of the produced chloroform. Following this, the extracted and enriched analytes were quantified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Experimental conditions of the proposed method including the chloral hydrate amount, salt effect, extraction time, and sodium hydroxide concentration were studied and optimized by a central composite design approach. By the offered method, high enrichment factors (292-324) with satisfactory extraction recoveries (82-91%), low limits of detection (0.26-0.39 ng mL-1), and proper repeatability (relative standard deviations ≤6.3% for intra- and inter-day precisions) were achieved under optimum conditions. Eventually, the suggested method was assessed through the quantification of aromatic amines in aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Shagaghipour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Mersin 10, North Cyprus, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Ma M, Liang J. Voltammetric detection of 2-aminoazotoluene based on electropolymerization of β-cyclodextrin. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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3
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Różańska A, Fabjanowicz M, Kalinowska K, Polkowska Ż, Płotka-Wasylka J. Green, simple analytical method for biogenic amines determination in fruit juice samples using salting-out assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2022; 384:132557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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A comprehensive review on application of the syringe in liquid- and solid-phase microextraction methods. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Wang C, Li W, Lv Y, Bai H, Zhao P, Wen L, Wang C, Ma Q. Rapid analysis of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in textiles by dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Microextraction approaches for bioanalytical applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1616:460790. [PMID: 31892411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples are usually complex matrices due to the presence of proteins, salts and a variety of organic compounds with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes. Therefore, sample preparation is often mandatory in order to isolate the analytes from troublesome matrices before instrumental analysis. Because the number of samples in drug development, doping analysis, forensic science, toxicological analysis, and preclinical and clinical assays is steadily increasing, novel high throughput sample preparation approaches are calling for. The key factors in this development are the miniaturization and the automation of the sample preparation approaches so as to cope with most of the twelve principles of green chemistry. In this review, recent trends in sample preparation and novel strategies will be discussed in detail with particular focus on sorptive and liquid-phase microextraction in bioanalysis. The actual applicability of selective sorbents is also considered. Additionally, the role of 3D printing in microextraction for bioanalytical methods will be pinpointed.
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Mukherjee D, Bhattacharya S, Taylor KE, Biswas N. Enzymatic treatment for removal of hazardous aqueous arylamines, 4,4'-methylenedianiline and 4,4'-thiodianiline. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:365-372. [PMID: 31265982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for an effective and sustainable treatment method to remove the recalcitrant atom-bridged bis-anilino compounds, 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) and 4,4'-thiodianiline (TDA) from water is a major challenge and focus of this study. The escalating discharge of these two toxic and carcinogenic pollutants from industrial sources may pose a serious threat to the environment. Crude soybean peroxidase (SBP), isolated from soybean seed hulls (coats), catalyzes the oxidative polymerization of these aqueous pollutants in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The effects of several process parameters, i.e., pH, hydrogen peroxide-to-substrate concentration ratio and SBP concentration, were investigated to optimize the performance of enzymatic treatment. The minimum effective SBP concentration required for removal of MDA was 0.70 U/mL, which was higher than that of TDA (0.15 U/mL). The reaction time course to achieve ≥95% removal of these compounds from water was determined under those optimum conditions. Identification of the transformed products was performed by means of high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The products generally observed were protonated oxidized oxidative dimers and higher oligomers (most commonly azo-coupled products). Michaelis constant, KM, and maximum reaction velocity, Vmax, obtained from the Michaelis-Menten (M-M) model revealed that TDA had a 65-fold lower KM than MDA (indicating TDA's higher affinity for SBP), and almost 5-fold higher Vmax than MDA. A pro-forma cost analysis is presented to assess the possibility of commercialization of enzymatic treatment as an alternative to conventional/traditional treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4.
| | - Nihar Biswas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Canada
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8
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Paris A, Gaillard JL, Ledauphin J. Rapid Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Apple: Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction Followed by Microextraction by Packed Sorbent. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Kämpfer P, Crettaz S, Nussbaumer S, Scherer M, Krepich S, Deflorin O. Quantitative determination of 58 aromatic amines and positional isomers in textiles by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1592:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Özkan BÇ, Fırat M, Chormey DS, Bakırdere S. Accurate and sensitive determination of harmful aromatic amine products of azo dyes in wastewater and textile samples by GC–MS after multivariate optimization of binary solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Toor SK, Kushwaha JP, Sangal VK. Aromatic amines equilibrium sorptive interaction with synthesized silica based mesoporous MCM-41: Physicochemical evaluation and isotherm modeling. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:286-294. [PMID: 30628537 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2018.1546496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Present study reports the adsorption of aromatic amine, 4-chloro-o-toluidine (4-COT), onto synthesized mesoporous Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) silica nanoparticles, in batch mode. Synthesized MCM-41 was characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR, SEM and TEM analysis. The effects of pH, MCM-41 dose, 4-COT concentration, contact time and temperature were studied, and interaction of 4-COT with the surface of MCM-41 and adsorption process controlling mechanism were investigated. BET analysis of MCM-41 showed 502.77 m2 g-1 of surface area. Kinetic experimental data were well represented by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models well represented the adsorption equilibrium isotherm data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehaspreet Kaur Toor
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala , Punjab , India
| | - Jai Prakash Kushwaha
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala , Punjab , India
| | - Vikas Kumar Sangal
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology , Patiala , Punjab , India
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Pereira JAM, Gonçalves J, Porto-Figueira P, Figueira JA, Alves V, Perestrelo R, Medina S, Câmara JS. Current trends on microextraction by packed sorbent – fundamentals, application fields, innovative improvements and future applications. Analyst 2019; 144:5048-5074. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MEPS, the acronym of microextraction by packed sorbent, is a simple, fast and user- and environmentally-friendly miniaturization of the popular solid-phase extraction technique (SPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - João Gonçalves
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | | | - José A. Figueira
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Vera Alves
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - Sonia Medina
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira
- Universidade da Madeira
- 9020-105 Funchal
- Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia
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13
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Novel approach for the rapid screening of banned aromatic amines in dyed textiles using a chromogenic method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2701-2710. [PMID: 29497764 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple method utilizing a chromogenic reaction on filter paper is introduced for the rapid screening of banned aromatic amines released from azo dyes. The proposed method involves the sample preparation protocols outlined by the current standard method and the chromogenic reaction of extracted aromatic amines on filter paper. Based on the principle of the reaction between primary amines and aldehydes, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB) was used as the chromogenic reagent for the rapid screening of 24 carcinogenic aromatic amines and aniline without any chromatographic instruments under optimized experimental conditions. The detection limit for all the aromatic amines in this study was less than 15 mg/kg. A total of 727 dyed textile samples were analyzed using both the present standard method and the proposed method simultaneously. Using the proposed method, a total of 471 samples did not require further instrumental analysis, which can dramatically save instrumental detection time (61.2%), can decrease instrumental detection costs, and can avoid the use of large amounts of toxic reagents. The proposed method has been applied to detect banned aromatic amines in some inspection institutions and dye factories and has large social and economic benefits. Graphical abstract Chromogenic reaction methods.
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14
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Huang J, Zhou L, Xun Z, Wang Q, Lin S, Guo X, Cai Y. Simultaneous determination of seven nitrogen-containing phenyl ethers in cosmetics by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and dispersive solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:1718-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Huang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Langjun Zhou
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Xun
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Senyu Lin
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xindong Guo
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yongtong Cai
- National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou); Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute; Guangzhou P. R. China
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15
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Sorbent, device, matrix and application in microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS): A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Naous M, García-Gómez D, López-Jiménez FJ, Bouanani F, Lunar ML, Rubio S. Multicore Magnetic Nanoparticles Coated with Oligomeric Micelles: Characterization and Potential for the Extraction of Contaminants over a Wide Polarity Range. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1353-1361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Naous
- Laboratoire
de Chimie physique Macromoléculaire, BP 1524 Université d Oran1 Ahmed Benbella, 31000 Oran, Algeria
| | - Diego García-Gómez
- Department
of Analytical Chemisty, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry,
Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José López-Jiménez
- Department
of Analytical Chemisty, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry,
Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Farida Bouanani
- Laboratoire
de Chimie physique Macromoléculaire, BP 1524 Université d Oran1 Ahmed Benbella, 31000 Oran, Algeria
- Département
de Physique-Chimie, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d’Oran, B.P. 1523 El M’Nanouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria
| | - María Loreto Lunar
- Department
of Analytical Chemisty, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry,
Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department
of Analytical Chemisty, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry,
Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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17
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Simultaneous Determination of 23 Azo Dyes in Paprika by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kaur R, H, Kaur R, Rani S, Malik AK. Simple and rapid determination of phthalates using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry quantification in cold drink and cosmetic samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:923-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Heena
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Ripneel Kaur
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
| | - Susheela Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Punjabi University; Patiala Punjab India
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Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H. Supramolecular nanosolvent-based hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction as a novel method for simultaneous preconcentration of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23488c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, coextraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants was performed using supramolecular nano solvent-based hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction.
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Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H. Coextraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants using multiwalled carbon nanotubes/magnetite nanoparticles@polypyrrole composite. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1412:1-11. [PMID: 26278357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous extraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants from various samples is a considerable and disputable concept in sample preparation strategies. In this study, for the first time, coextraction of acidic, basic and amphiprotic pollutants (polar and apolar) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Fe3O4@polypyrrole (MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy) composite based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array detection was introduced. Firstly, the extraction efficiency of various magnetic nanosorbents including Fe3O4, MWCNTs/Fe3O4, graphene oxide/Fe3O4 (GO/Fe3O4), Fe3O4@PPy, MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy and GO/Fe3O4@PPy were compared. The results revealed that MWCNTs/Fe3O4@PPy nanocomposite has higher extraction efficiency for five selected model analytes (4-nitrophenol, 3-nitroaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline and 1-amino-2-naphthol). Box-Behnken design methodology combined with desirability function approach was applied to find out the optimal experimental conditions. The opted conditions were: pH of the sample, 8.2; sorbent amount, 12 mg; sorption time, 5.5 min; salt concentration, 14% w/w; type and volume of the eluent, 120 μL acetonitrile; elution time; 2 min. Under the optimum conditions detection limits and linear dynamic ranges were achieved in the range of 0.1-0.25 μg L(-1) and 0.5-600 μg L(-1), respectively. The percent of extraction recovery and relative standard deviations (n=5) were in the range of 45.6-82.2 and 4.0-8.5, respectively. Ultimately, the applicability of this method was successfully confirmed by analyzing rain, snow and river water samples and satisfactory results were obtained.
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22
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Martínez-Moral MP, Tena MT. Use of microextraction by packed sorbents following selective pressurised liquid extraction for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers in sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:28-35. [PMID: 25204265 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a method based on selective pressurised liquid extraction followed by microextraction by packed sorbents (MEPS) for the determination of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) in sewage sludge is presented. The factors affecting the MEPS procedure were optimised. Acetone:water (25:75) sPLE extracts were drawn-ejected 10 times through C18 cartridges at 5 μL s(-1). The cartridge was dried five times with 250 μL of air and the BDEs were eluted at 25 μL s(-1) with 100 μL of n-hexane that were directly injected at 13 μL s(-1) in the GC-MSMS system. Under these conditions, there were no carry-over effects. The method was characterised in terms of limits of detection, repeatability, intermediate precision and accuracy. The use of MEPS for the determination of BDEs in sewage sludge means an improvement of the limits of detection due to the preconcentration and clean-up performed before the injection of the whole elute in the PTV injector. The GC-MSMS LODs (25 pg mL(-1)) were improved with MEPS to less than 3 pg mL(-1). RSD less than 7% and recovery values from 92% to 102% were shown. Finally, the method was applied to the sPLE extract analyses of sewage sludge from several wastewater treatment plants in La Rioja. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the MEPS technique has been applied to the analysis of BDEs, and the first time that it has been used for the analysis of extracts from a solid sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Teresa Tena
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Rioja, C/Madre de Dios 51, E-26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
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