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Gerstl F, Loessl M, Borggraefe V, Baeumner AJ. Multiplexed electrochemical liposomes applied to the detection of nucleic acids for Influenza A, Influenza B and SARS-CoV-2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3487-3500. [PMID: 38240795 PMCID: PMC11156727 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Multiplexing is a relevant strategy for biosensors to improve accuracy and decision-making due to the increased amount of simultaneously obtained information. Liposomes offer unique benefits for label-based multiplexing since a variety of different marker molecules can be encapsulated, leading to intrinsic signal amplification and enabling a variety of detection formats. We successfully developed an electrochemical (EC) liposome-based platform technology for the simultaneous detection of at least three analytes by studying parameters to ensure specific and sensitive bioassay performance. Influenza A and B and SARS-CoV-2 sequences served as model system in a standard sandwich hybridization assay. Studies included encapsulants, probe distribution on liposomes and capture beads, assay setup and interferences between liposomes to also ensure a generalization of the platform. Ruthenium hexamine(III), potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) and m-carboxy luminol, when encapsulated separately into a liposome, provided desirable long-term stability of at least 12 months and no cross-signals between liposomes. Through the optimization process, low limits of detections of 1.6 nmol L-1, 125 pmol L-1 and 130 pmol L-1, respectively, were achieved in a multiplexed assay setup, which were similar to singleplex assays. Non-specific interactions were limited to 25.1%, 7.6% and 7.5%, respectively, through sequential liposome incubations and singleplex capture bead designs. Here, ruthenium hexamine liposomes had only mediocre performance so that low overall signal strength translated into higher LODs and worse specificity. A different marker such as ferroin may be an option in the future. The identification of further electrochemical markers will provide new opportunities for liposomes to function as multiplex, orthogonal or internal standard labels in electrochemical bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gerstl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Loessl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Borggraefe
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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2
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Qureshi A, Shaikh T, Niazi JH. Semiconductor quantum dots in photoelectrochemical sensors from fabrication to biosensing applications. Analyst 2023; 148:1633-1652. [PMID: 36880521 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01690g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are a promising class of nanomaterials for developing new photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemistry systems for energy storage, transfer, and biosensing applications. These materials have unique electronic and photophysical properties and can be used as optical nanoprobes in displays, biosensors, imaging, optoelectronics, energy storage and energy harvesting. Researchers have recently been exploring the use of QDs in photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors, which involve exciting a QD-interfaced photoactive material with a flashlight source and generating a photoelectrical current as an output signal. The simple surface properties of QDs also make them suitable for addressing issues related to sensitivity, miniaturization, and cost-effectiveness. This technology has the potential to replace current laboratory practices and equipment, such as spectrophotometers, used for testing sample absorption and emission. Semiconductor QD-based PEC sensors offer simple, fast, and easily miniaturized sensors for analyzing a variety of analytes. This review summarizes the various strategies for interfacing QD nanoarchitectures for PEC sensing, as well as their signal amplification. PEC sensing devices, particularly those used for the detection of disease biomarkers, biomolecules (glucose, dopamine), drugs, and various pathogens, have the potential to revolutionize the biomedical field. This review discusses the advantages of semiconductor QD-based PEC biosensors and their fabrication methods, with a focus on disease diagnostics and the detection of various biomolecules. Finally, the review provides prospects and considerations for QD-based photoelectrochemical sensor systems in terms of their sensitivity, speed, and portability for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tayyaba Shaikh
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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3
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Siva S, Jin JO, Choi I, Kim M. Nanoliposome based biosensors for probing mycotoxins and their applications for food: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114845. [PMID: 36327568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most common feed and food contaminants affecting animals and humans, respectively; continuous exposure causes tremendous health problems such as kidney disorders, infertility, immune suppression, liver inflammation, and cancer. Consequently, their control and quantification in food materials is crucial. Biosensors are potential tools for the rapid detection and quantification of mycotoxins with high sensitivity and selectivity. Nanoliposomes (NLs) are vesicular carriers formed by self-assembling phospholipids that surround the aqueous cores. Utilizing their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high carrying capacity, researchers have employed NLs in biosensors for monitoring various targets in biological and food samples. The NLs are used for surface modification, signal marker delivery, and detection of toxins, bacteria, pesticides, and diseases. Here, we review marker-entrapped NLs used in the development of NL-based biosensors for mycotoxins. These biosensors are sensitive, selective, portable, and cost-effective analytical tools, and the resulting signal can be produced and/or amplified with or without destroying the NLs. In addition, this review emphasizes the benefits of the immunoliposome method in comparison with traditional detection approaches. We expect this review to serve as a valuable reference for researchers in this rapidly growing field. The insights provided may facilitate the rational design of next-generation NL-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Siva
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Li W, Kaminski Schierle GS, Lei B, Liu Y, Kaminski CF. Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Super-Resolution Imaging. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12495-12543. [PMID: 35759536 PMCID: PMC9373000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging techniques that overcome the diffraction limit of light have gained wide popularity for visualizing cellular structures with nanometric resolution. Following the pace of hardware developments, the availability of new fluorescent probes with superior properties is becoming ever more important. In this context, fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing attention as bright and photostable probes that address many shortcomings of traditional fluorescent probes. The use of NPs for super-resolution imaging is a recent development and this provides the focus for the current review. We give an overview of different super-resolution methods and discuss their demands on the properties of fluorescent NPs. We then review in detail the features, strengths, and weaknesses of each NP class to support these applications and provide examples from their utilization in various biological systems. Moreover, we provide an outlook on the future of the field and opportunities in material science for the development of probes for multiplexed subcellular imaging with nanometric resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bingfu Lei
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China,B. Lei.
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education,
College of Materials and Energy, South China
Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Clemens F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom,C. F. Kaminski.
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5
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Castro RC, Saraiva MLM, Santos JL, Ribeiro DS. Multiplexed detection using quantum dots as photoluminescent sensing elements or optical labels. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Xuan Z, Wu Y, Liu H, Li L, Ye J, Wang S. Copper Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Immunosensor for Zearalenone Analysis by Combining Automated Sample Pre-Processing and High-Throughput Terminal Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196538. [PMID: 34640857 PMCID: PMC8512712 DOI: 10.3390/s21196538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and high-throughput fluorescence detection method for zearalenone (ZEN) based on a CuO nanoparticle (NP)-assisted signal amplification immunosensor was developed using an automated sample pretreatment and signal conversion system. CuO NPs with high stability and biocompatibility were used as carriers to immobilize anti-ZEN antibodies. The obtained CuO NP-anti-ZEN can maintain the ability to recognize target toxins and act as both a signal source and carrier to achieve signal conversion using automated equipment. In this process, target toxin detection is indirectly transformed to Cu2+ detection because of the large number of Cu2+ ions released from CuO NPs under acidic conditions. Finally, a simple and high-throughput fluorescence assay based on a fluorescent tripeptide molecule was employed to detect Cu2+, using a multifunctional microporous plate detector. A good linear relationship was observed between the fluorescence signal and the logarithm of ZEN concentration in the range of 16.0–1600.0 μg/kg. Additionally, excellent accuracy with a high recovery yield of 99.2–104.9% was obtained, which was concordant with the results obtained from LC-MS/MS of naturally contaminated samples. The CuO NP-based assay is a powerful and efficient screening tool for ZEN detection and can easily be modified to detect other mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jin Ye
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-010-5645-2662 (J.Y.); +86-010-5645-2668 (S.W.)
| | - Songxue Wang
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-010-5645-2662 (J.Y.); +86-010-5645-2668 (S.W.)
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7
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Pham XH, Park SM, Ham KM, Kyeong S, Son BS, Kim J, Hahm E, Kim YH, Bock S, Kim W, Jung S, Oh S, Lee SH, Hwang DW, Jun BH. Synthesis and Application of Silica-Coated Quantum Dots in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10116. [PMID: 34576279 PMCID: PMC8468474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles with outstanding optoelectronic properties. More specifically, QDs are highly bright and exhibit wide absorption spectra, narrow light bands, and excellent photovoltaic stability, which make them useful in bioscience and medicine, particularly for sensing, optical imaging, cell separation, and diagnosis. In general, QDs are stabilized using a hydrophobic ligand during synthesis, and thus their hydrophobic surfaces must undergo hydrophilic modification if the QDs are to be used in bioapplications. Silica-coating is one of the most effective methods for overcoming the disadvantages of QDs, owing to silica's physicochemical stability, nontoxicity, and excellent bioavailability. This review highlights recent progress in the design, preparation, and application of silica-coated QDs and presents an overview of the major challenges and prospects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Seung-Min Park
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Kyeong-Min Ham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - San Kyeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Byung Sung Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Jaehi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Yoon-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sungje Bock
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Wooyeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sangtaek Oh
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- THERABEST, Co., Ltd., Seocho-daero 40-gil, Seoul 06657, Korea
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (X.-H.P.); (K.-M.H.); (B.S.S.); (J.K.); (E.H.); (Y.-H.K.); (S.B.); (W.K.); (S.J.)
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8
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Zhou J, Liu Z, Yang Q, Qian W, Chen Y, Qi Y, Wang A. Multiple fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A. Anal Biochem 2021; 628:114288. [PMID: 34126058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate multiple fluorescence immunoassay for the simultaneous quantitative detection of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) in single spot based on multicolor quantum dots (QDs) labeling was developed for the first time. Two kinds of ZnCdSe/ZnS (core/shell) QDs with maximum emission wavelengths at 520 nm (green) and 610 nm (orange-red) were selected as marking materials, respectively. The anti-ZEN-mAb-QDs and anti-OTA-mAb-QDs were designed as the immune fluorescent probes. Fluorescence was measured at the same excitation wavelength and two different emission wavelengths to determine each target. The procedure for QDs-based multiple fluorescence labeled immunosorbent assay (M-FLISA) was developed. The 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) of ZEN and OTA were 0.034 and 1.175 ng/mL. Moreover, the limits of detection (LOD) for the simultaneous determination were 0.0239 and 2.339 ng/g for ZEN and OTA in maize, respectively. In addition, the recoveries ranged from 93.15 to 101.90% for ZEN and from 95.29 to 102.43% for OTA, with the coefficient variation (CV) of 2.70-8.86% and 3.51-6.22% respectively. There was good consistency between the M-FLISA and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results, which confirmed that the M-FLISA was suitable for the simultaneous quantitative detection of various mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhanxiang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingbao Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjing Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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9
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Temperature-induced self-assembly of amphiphilic triblock terpolymers to low cytotoxic spherical and cubic structures as curcumin carriers. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Preparation Methods for Phospholipid Vesicle Arrays and Their Applications in Biological Analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Bioimprinting for multiplex luminescent detection of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Talanta 2019; 192:169-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Zhao L, Zong W, Zhang H, Liu R. Kidney Toxicity and Response of Selenium Containing Protein-glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx3) to CdTe QDs on Different Levels. Toxicol Sci 2018; 168:201-208. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Zhao
- *School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Rutao Liu
- *School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China-America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
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Pidenko P, Zhang H, Lenain P, Goryacheva I, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. Imprinted proteins as a receptor for detection of zearalenone. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1040:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Mazur F, Bally M, Städler B, Chandrawati R. Liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 249:88-99. [PMID: 28602208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors for the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of analytes play a vital role in healthcare, drug discovery, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Although a number of sensing concepts and devices have been developed, many longstanding challenges to obtain inexpensive, easy-to-use, and reliable sensor platforms remain largely unmet. Nanomaterials offer exciting possibilities for enhancing the assay sensitivity and for lowering the detection limits down to single-molecule resolution. In this review, we present an overview of liposomes and lipid bilayers in biosensing applications. Lipid assemblies in the form of spherical liposomes or two-dimensional planar membranes have been widely used in the design of biosensing assays; in particular, we highlight a number of recent promising developments of biosensors based on liposomes in suspension, liposome arrays, and lipid bilayers arrays. Assay sensitivity and specificity are discussed, advantages and drawbacks are reviewed, and possible further developments are outlined.
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15
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Jurj A, Braicu C, Pop LA, Tomuleasa C, Gherman CD, Berindan-Neagoe I. The new era of nanotechnology, an alternative to change cancer treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11:2871-2890. [PMID: 29033548 PMCID: PMC5628667 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s142337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, nanostructures have gained considerable interest for the safe delivery of therapeutic agents. Several therapeutic approaches have been reported, such as molecular diagnosis, disease detection, nanoscale immunotherapy and anticancer drug delivery that could be integrated into clinical use. The current paper aims to highlight the background that supports the use of nanoparticles conjugated with different types of therapeutic agents, applicable in targeted therapy and cancer research, with a special emphasis on hematological malignancies. A particular key point is the functional characterization of nonviral delivery systems, such as gold nanoparticles, liposomes and dendrimers. The paper also presents relevant published data related to microRNA and RNA interference delivery using nanoparticles in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornelia Braicu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura-Ancuta Pop
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, The Oncology Institute “Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Claudia Diana Gherman
- Practical Abilities, Department of Medical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Medical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute “Prof Dr Ion Chiricuta”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu-Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Beloglazova NV, Graniczkowska K, Njumbe Ediage E, Averkieva O, De Saeger S. Sensitive Flow-through Immunoassay for Rapid Multiplex Determination of Cereal-borne Mycotoxins in Feed and Feed Ingredients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7131-7137. [PMID: 28013544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An easy-to-operate membrane-based flow-through test for multiplex screening of four mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A) in a variety of cereal-based feed ingredients and compound feeds, such as wheat, barley, soybean, wheat bran, rice, rice bran, maize, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal, and various types of complete feed (duckling feed, swine feed, broiler feed, piglet feed) was developed and validated. First, the antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then employed in the membrane rapid test. The cutoff levels for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A were 50, 200, 1, and 10 μg/kg, respectively, based on European regulations and consumers' requirements. As sample pretreatment, consecutive steps of extraction, dilution, solid-phase extraction by addition of C18 sorbent, and final filtration of supernatant were followed. Both the sample preparation and the analysis procedure were simple, cost-effective, and easy to perform on-site in a nonlaboratory environment. The impact of sample processing on the result of the experiment was investigated supported by experimental design. The validation procedure was performed on the basis of Commission Regulation 2006/401/EC. The numbers of false-positive and false-negative outcomes were <5%, going along with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed as a confirmatory technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Beloglazova
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kinga Graniczkowska
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Njumbe Ediage
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sarah De Saeger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Fernandez Oropeza N, Zurek NA, Galvan-De La Cruz M, Fabry-Wood A, Fetzer JM, Graves SW, Shreve AP. Multiplexed Lipid Bilayers on Silica Microspheres for Analytical Screening Applications. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6440-6447. [PMID: 28558200 PMCID: PMC6342469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most druggable targets are membrane components, including membrane proteins and soluble proteins that interact with ligands or receptors embedded in membranes. Current target-based screening and intermolecular interaction assays generally do not include the lipid membrane environment in presenting these targets, possibly altering their native structure and leading to misleading or incorrect results. To address this issue, an ideal assay involving membrane components would (1) mimic the natural membrane environment, (2) be amenable to high-throughput implementation, and (3) be easily multiplexed. In a step toward developing such an ideal target-based analytical assay for membrane components, we present fluorescently indexed multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays amenable to high-throughput flow cytometric detection. We build fluorescently multiplexed biomimetic membrane assays by using varying amounts of a fluorescently labeled lipid, NBD-DOPE [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)], incorporated into a phospholipid membrane bilayer supported on 3 μm silica microspheres. Using flow cytometry, we demonstrate this multiplexed approach by measuring specific affinity of two well-characterized systems, the fluorescently labeled soluble proteins cholera toxin B subunit-Alexa 647 and streptavidin-PE/Cy5, to membranes containing different amounts of ligand targets of these proteins, GM1 and biotin-DOPE, respectively. This work will enable future efforts in developing highly efficient biomimetic assays for interaction analysis and drug screening involving membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Andrew P. Shreve
- Center for Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM 87131
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18
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Qu W, Zuo W, Li N, Hou Y, Song Z, Gou G, Yang J. Design of multifunctional liposome-quantum dot hybrid nanocarriers and their biomedical application. J Drug Target 2017; 25:661-672. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1323334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Zuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojing Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Zhao L, Sun T, Zhang X, Song W, Liu R. Exploring the influence of MPA-capped CdTe quantum dots on the structure and function of lysozyme probing by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University; China-America CRC for Environment & Health; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University; China-America CRC for Environment & Health; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University; China-America CRC for Environment & Health; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University; China-America CRC for Environment & Health; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University; China-America CRC for Environment & Health; Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
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20
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Askes SH, Leeuwenburgh VC, Pomp W, Arjmandi-Tash H, Tanase S, Schmidt T, Bonnet S. Water-Dispersible Silica-Coated Upconverting Liposomes: Can a Thin Silica Layer Protect TTA-UC against Oxygen Quenching? ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:322-334. [PMID: 28317022 PMCID: PMC5350605 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Light upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA-UC) in nanoparticles has received considerable attention for bioimaging and light activation of prodrugs. However, the mechanism of TTA-UC is inherently sensitive for quenching by molecular oxygen. A potential oxygen protection strategy is the coating of TTA-UC nanoparticles with a layer of oxygen-impermeable material. In this work, we explore if (organo)silica can fulfill this protecting role. Three synthesis routes are described for preparing water-dispersible (organo)silica-coated red-to-blue upconverting liposomes. Their upconversion properties are investigated in solution and in A549 lung carcinoma cells. Although it was found that the silica offered no protection from oxygen in solution and after uptake in A549 cancer cells, upon drying of the silica-coated liposome dispersion in an excess of (organo)silica precursor, interesting liposome-silica nanocomposite materials were obtained that were capable of generating blue light upon red light excitation in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H.
C. Askes
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C. Leeuwenburgh
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Pomp
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hadi Arjmandi-Tash
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Tanase
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry and Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Rua Minas 866, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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22
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Recent advances in Nanomaterial-mediated Bio and immune sensors for detection of aflatoxin in food products. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Martynenko IV, Litvin AP, Purcell-Milton F, Baranov AV, Fedorov AV, Gun'ko YK. Application of semiconductor quantum dots in bioimaging and biosensing. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6701-6727. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01425b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present new concepts and recent progress in the application of semiconductor quantum dots (QD) as labels in two important areas of biology, bioimaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Martynenko
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
- ITMO University
- St. Petersburg
| | | | | | | | | | - Y. K. Gun'ko
- ITMO University
- St. Petersburg
- Russia
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
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24
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Abrams JS, Howe SE, Becerra N, Kohli P, Konjufca V. Immunogenicity of antigen-conjugated biodegradable polydiacetylene liposomes administered mucosally. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:557-565. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Savannah E. Howe
- Department of Microbiology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale Illinois
| | - Nathalie Becerra
- Department of Chemistry; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale Illinois
| | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale Illinois
| | - Vjollca Konjufca
- Department of Microbiology; Southern Illinois University; Carbondale Illinois
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25
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Beloglazova NV, Foubert A, Gordienko A, Tessier MD, Aubert T, Drijvers E, Goryacheva I, Hens Z, De Saeger S. Sensitive QD@SiO2-based immunoassay for triplex determination of cereal-borne mycotoxins. Talanta 2016; 160:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Tayebi M, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Ahmadieh M, Tahriri M, Vashaee D, Tayebi L. Determination of total aflatoxin using cysteamine-capped CdS quantum dots as a fluorescence probe. Colloid Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-016-3903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Dement’eva OV, Roumyantseva TB, Rudoy VM. The first example of silica nanoshell synthesis on vesicles of a cationic glycerolipid—potential antitumor drug. COLLOID JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x16020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Wang X, Niessner R, Tang D, Knopp D. Nanoparticle-based immunosensors and immunoassays for aflatoxins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:10-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Cui H, Song W, Cao Z, Lu J. Simultaneous and sensitive detection of dual DNA targets via quantum dot-assembled amplification labels. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 31:281-7. [PMID: 26081829 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a signal amplification assay for the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2 via a quantum dot (QD) layer-by-layer assembled polystyrene microsphere (PS) composite in a homogeneous format. The crucial point of this composite is the core-shell system. PS is utilized as the core and QDs as the shell. Based on the high affinity of streptavidin and biotin, QDs are assembled layer-by-layer on the surface of the PS as amplification labels. Biotinylated reporter probe is combined with the PS-QDs conjugate and then hybridized with target DNA immobilized on the surface of a 96-well plate. Using this approach, each target DNA corresponds to a large number of QDs and the fluorescence signal is greatly enhanced. Two QD colors (605 and 655 nm) are used to detect dual-target DNAs simultaneously. Taking advantage of the enzyme-free reaction and high sensitivity, this PS-QD-based sensor can be used in simple 'mix and detection' assays. Our results show that this technology has potential application in rapid point-of-care testing, gene expression studies, high-throughput screening and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Song
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijuan Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & PLA, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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