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Wang S, Jin J, Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Gbadamosi MR, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Organophosphate triesters and their diester degradation products in the atmosphere-A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123653. [PMID: 38402940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have found substantial use as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and industrial products. Despite upcoming potential restrictions on use of OPEs, widespread environmental contamination is likely for the foreseeable future. Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) are known biotic or abiotic degradation products of tri-OPEs. In addition, direct use of di-OPEs as commercial products also contributes to their presence in the atmosphere. We review the available data on contamination with tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in both indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of tri-OPEs in indoor air exceed those in outdoor air. The widespread discovery of tri-OPE traces in polar regions and oceans is noteworthy and is evidence that they undergo long-range transport. There are only two studies on di-OPEs in outdoor air and no studies on di-OPEs in indoor air until now. Current research on di-OPEs in indoor and outdoor air is urgently needed, especially in countries with potentially high exposure to di-OPEs such as the UK and the US. Di-OPE concentrations are higher at e-waste dismantling areas than at surrounding area. We also summarise the methods employed for sampling and analysis of OPEs in the atmosphere and assess the relative contribution to atmospheric concentrations of di-OPEs made by environmental degradation of triesters, compared to the presence of diesters as by-products in commercial triester products. Finally, we identify shortcomings of current research and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Huang J, Li J, Meng W, Su G. A critical review on organophosphate esters in drinking water: Analysis, occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169663. [PMID: 38159759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Copious studies assessed OPEs in various environmental media. However, there is limited summative information about OPEs in drinking water. This review provides comprehensive data for the analytical methods, occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OPEs in drinking water. In general, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are the most common methods in the extraction of OPEs from drinking water, while gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are the most commonly used instrumental methods for detecting OPEs in drinking water. On the basis of these techniques, a variety of methods on OPEs pretreatment and determination have been developed to know the pollution situation of OPEs. Studies on the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water show that the total concentrations of OPEs vary seasonally and regionally, with tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominant among different kinds of drinking water. Source identification studies show that there are three main sources of OPEs in drinking water: 1) source water contamination; 2) residual in drinking water treatment process; 3) leakage from device or pipeline. Besides, risk assessments indicate that individual and total OPEs pose no or negligible health risk to human, but this result may be significantly underestimated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps on the research of OPEs in drinking water are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Paun I, Pirvu F, Iancu VI, Niculescu M, Pascu LF, Chiriac FL. An Initial Survey on Occurrence, Fate, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Romanian Waterways. J Xenobiot 2023; 14:31-50. [PMID: 38249100 PMCID: PMC10801549 DOI: 10.3390/jox14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants in the environment and present an important preoccupation due to their potential toxicity to humans and biota. They can be found in various sources, including consumer products, building materials, transportation industry, electronic devices, textiles and clothing, and recycling and waste management. This paper presents the first survey of its kind in Romania, investigating the composition, distribution, possible sources, and environmental risks of OPFRs in five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the rivers receiving their effluents. Samples from WWTPs and surface waters were collected and subjected to extraction processes to determine the OPFRs using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. All the target OPFRs were found in all the matrices, with the average concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 1422 ng/L in wastewater, 0.88 to 1851 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) in sewage sludge, and 0.73 to 1036 ng/L in surface waters. The dominant compound in all the cases was tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). This study observed that the wastewater treatment process was inefficient, with removal efficiencies below 50% for all five WWTPs. The environmental risk assessment indicated that almost all the targeted OPFRs pose a low risk, while TDCPP, TCPP, and TMPP could pose a moderate risk to certain aquatic species. These findings provide valuable information for international pollution research and enable the development of pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luoana Florentina Pascu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
| | - Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology—ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei Street 57-73, 060652 Bucharest, Romania; (I.P.); (F.P.); (V.I.I.); (M.N.)
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4
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Sha W, Wang Y, Cai F, Zhang C, Wang C, Chen J, Liu C, Wang R, Gao P. Regional distribution of the plastic additive tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate in Nanyang Lake estuary, China, and toxic effects on Cyprinus carpio. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53566-53576. [PMID: 36862296 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern regarding the toxicological effects of plastic additives on humans and aquatic organisms. This study investigated effects of the plastic additive tris(butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) on Cyprinus carpio by measuring concentration distribution of TBEP in the Nanyang Lake estuary, as well as toxic effects of varying doses of TBEP exposure on carp liver. This also included measuring responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (caspase). Concentrations of TBEP in the polluted water environment (water company inlets, urban sewage pipes, etc.) in the survey area were as high as 76.17-3875.29 μg/L, and 3.12 μg/L in the river flowing through the urban area, and 1.18 μg/L in the estuary of the lake. In the subacute toxicity test, SOD activity in liver tissue with an increase in TBEP concentration was reduced significantly, while the MDA content continued to increase with an increase in TBEP concentration. Inflammatory response factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and apoptotic proteins (caspase-3 and caspase-9) gradually increased with increasing concentrations of TBEP. Additionally, reduced organelles, increased lipid droplets, swelling of mitochondria, and disorder of mitochondrial cristae structure were observed in liver cells of TBEP-treated carp. Generally, TBEP exposure induced severe oxidative stress in carp liver tissue, resulting in release of inflammatory factors and inflammatory response, mitochondrial structure changes, and the expression of apoptotic proteins. These findings benefit our understanding about the toxicological effects of TBEP in aquatic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengsen Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
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Yan Z, Feng C, Leung KMY, Luo Y, Wang J, Jin X, Wu F. Insights into the geographical distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130517. [PMID: 36463749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), as flame retardants and plasticizers, have been numerously explored regarding the occurrence and ecotoxicology. Given their toxicity, persistency and bio-accumulative potential, however, they may pose negative effects on ecosystems, regarding which is a growing global concern. Accordingly, the present review systematically analyses the recent literature to (1) elucidate their worldwide distribution, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification potential, (2) determine their interim water quality criteria (i.e., effect thresholds), and (3) preliminarily assess the ecological risks for 32 OPEs in aquatic ecosystems. The results showed that the spatiotemporal distribution of OPEs was geographically specific and closely related to human activities (i.e., megacities), especially halogenated-OPEs. We also found that precipitation of airborne particulates could affect the concentrations of OPEs in soil, and there was a positive correlation between the bioaccumulation and hydrophobicity of OPEs. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate may exhibit high bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. A substantial difference was found among interim water quality criteria for OPEs, partly attributable to the variation of their available toxicity data. Tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate with the lowest predicted no-effect concentration showed the strongest toxicity of growth and reproduction. Through the application of the risk quotient and joint probability curve, TPHP and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate tended to pose moderate risks, which should receive more attention for risk management. Future research should focus on knowledge gaps in the mechanism of biomagnification, derivation of water quality criteria, and more precise assessment of ecological risks for OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jindong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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6
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Zhang H, Liu T, Song X, Zhou Q, Tang J, Sun Q, Pu Y, Yin L, Zhang J. Study on the reproductive toxicity and mechanism of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) in Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112896. [PMID: 34673412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), a typical alkyl organophosphate ester is widely used as an emerging flame retardant for polybrominated diphenyl ethers alternatives, but the potential toxicity and mechanism are unclear. In this study, the reproductive toxicity of TnBP and its related mechanisms were explored using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. After TnBP (100-1000 μg/L) exposure, brood size and the number of fertilized eggs in the uterus in C. elegans were significantly reduced, the relative area of gonad arm and the number of total germline cells in C. elegans were significantly reduced, germ cell apoptosis and germ cell DNA damage in C. elegans were significantly increased, the level of ROS in C. elegans was significantly increased. Furthermore, TnBP exposure caused abnormal gene expressions of cell apoptosis (ced-9, ced-4 and ced-3), DNA damage (hus-1, clk-2, cep-1 and egl-1) and oxidative stress (mev-1 and gas-1). TnBP exposure can lead to reproductive ability decreased and gonad development impaired in C. elegans, the mechanism of TnBP reduced reproductive ability may be related to germ cell apoptosis, germ cell DNA damage and oxidative stress. Environmental exposure to TnBP may have potential reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuelong Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qinyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qianyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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7
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Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, Qadeer A. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49507-49528. [PMID: 34378126 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ban and restriction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and major brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), due to their confirmed detrimental effects on wildlife and humans have paved the way for the wide application of organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs have been extensively used as alternative flame retardants, plasticizer, and antifoaming agents in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to an increase in production, usage, and discharge in the environment. We compile recent information on the production/usage and physicochemical properties of OPEs and discussed and compared the available sample treatment and analysis techniques of OPEs, including extraction, clean-up, and instrumental analysis. The occurrence of OPEs in sediment, aquatic biota, surface, and drinking water is documented. Toxicity, human exposure, and ecological risks of OPEs were summarized; toxicological data of several OPEs shows different adverse health effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Much attention was given to document evidence regarding the bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of OPEs in aquatic organisms. Finally, identified research gaps and avenues for future studies are forwarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Arba Minch University, 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Ruth Gebretsadik Chegen
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, No.1 Linghai Road, High-tech Zone District, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Seblework Mekonen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Xu L, Zhang B, Hu Q, Liu Y, Shang T, Zeng X, Yu Z. Occurrence and spatio-seasonal distribution of organophosphate tri- and di-esters in surface water from Dongting Lake and their potential biological risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 282:117031. [PMID: 33831629 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 24 surface water samples were collected from Dongting Lake, China, in the wet and dry seasons, then the concentrations, composition profiles and spatio-seasonal variations of nine organophosphate triesters (OPEs) and five organophosphate diesters (Di-OPs) were determined. Significantly higher total OPE concentrations (∑OPEs) were observed in the wet season (49.5-148 ng L-1) than in the dry season (5.00-45.7 ng L-1) suggesting higher input via tributaries discharge as well as wet deposition in the studied region. Whereas lower levels of TnBP and (triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in wet season reflected their possible degradation under solar irradiation. Comparable levels of total Di-OPs (∑Di-OPs) were found in the wet season (3.41-13.9 ng L-1) and dry season (1.01-12.3 ng L-1). Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate were the main OPE components, while diphenyl phosphate, di-n-butyl phosphate and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate were the main Di-OP components. High levels of OPEs and Di-OPs were found in Datong Lake suggesting possible local emissions potentially related to fishery activity in the land-locked lake. Samples at river mouths to the lake also have higher levels of target OPEs and Di-OPs, the results disclosed obvious discharges from tributaries in Hunan Province. Negligible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were determined based on the measured concentrations in source waters. A limited ecological risk aquatic organisms in the Dongting Lake was identified, with most risk from TPHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Jiangxi Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanchang, 330039, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongpu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Hangzhou PuYu Technology Development Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311305, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Nanchang City Development and Reform Commission, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Hao M, Gao P, Yang D, Chen X, Xiao F, Yang S. Highly efficient adsorption behavior and mechanism of Urea-Fe 3O 4@LDH for triphenyl phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:114142. [PMID: 33254625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of organophosphorus flame retardants and the efficient removal from aquatic environments have aroused increasing concerns. The Urea functionalized Fe3O4@LDH (Urea-Fe3O4@LDH) was prepared and used to adsorb triphenyl phosphate (tphp) for the first time. The tphp adsorption capacity was up to 589 mg g-1, and the adsorption rate reached 49.9 mg g-1 min-1. Moreover, the influences of various environmental factors (pH, ionic strength and organic matter) on the tphp adsorption on the Urea-Fe3O4@LDH were investigated. The initial pH of the solution significantly affected the tphp adsorption, whereas the ionic strength and HA slightly affected the adsorption. The main adsorption mechanism was attributed to electrostatic interaction and π-π interaction. We believe that urea is one of excellent functional groups for the tphp adsorption removal and the materials with urea groups as the adsorbents exhibit good prospects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Pan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xuanjin Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Shaoxia Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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10
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Choo G, Oh JE. Seasonal occurrence and removal of organophosphate esters in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 186:116359. [PMID: 32898789 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) was investigated in field scale. In addition, the risk of OPEs by drinking water was assessed. The average total OPE concentrations in raw and treated water were lower in the rainy season (94.3 and 57.1 ng/L, respectively) than dry season (163 and 84.2 ng/L, respectively). Advanced DWTPs showed better removal efficiencies of major OPEs rather than those in conventional DWTPs. The average removal rates for two chlorinated OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCIPP), were negative (TCEP: -87%, TCIPP: -41%) for a conventional DWTP but positive (TCEP: 46%, TCIPP: 49%) for advanced DWTPs using granular activated carbon filtration. The average removal rates for advanced DWTPs were statistically higher for the alkyl/aryl OPEs, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP: 67%) and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP: 63%), than those for the conventional DWTPs (TNBP: 21%, TBOEP: 25%). The hazardous quotient (HQ) of major OPEs were lower for advanced DWTPs and water irrigated from upstream sties/reservoir compared to that of conventional DWTPs and water irrigated from downstream sites. We believe that this is the first comparison of OPE removal efficiencies achieved in conventional and advanced DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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12
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Cristale J, Oliveira Santos I, Fagnani E. Organophosphate esters by GC-MS: An optimized method for aquatic risk assessment. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:748-755. [PMID: 31733022 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters used as flame retardants and plasticizers are ubiquitous contaminants in surface waters. Many studies indicate that these compounds are neurotoxicants, endocrine disruptors, and may affect reproduction and development of aquatic organisms. Thus, analytical methods that allow accurate quantification of these contaminants at environmentally relevant concentrations are desirable for risk assessment studies. In this study, a method based on solid phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was developed for determination of organophosphate esters in river water extracts. Multivariate optimization was used to determine the best conditions for injection of larger volumes of sample in a Programmable Temperature Vaporization inlet. Furthermore, the matrix effect on the instrumental response was evaluated and compensated by association of extraction-blank-matched calibration and isotopically labeled focus standards. The method quantification limits ranged from 0.009 to 0.11 µg/L, staying below the predicted non-effect concentration for the aquatic compartment for all analytes, which is a requisite for using in risk assessment studies. The method was applied to freshwater samples collected in rivers from the Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and eight out of the ten target organophosphate esters were quantified, being tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(phenyl) phosphate the most frequently detected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Enelton Fagnani
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil, Limeira, Brazil
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13
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Pantelaki I, Voutsa D. Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:247-263. [PMID: 30173033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern for organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) due to high production and use following the phase out and stringent regulation in the use of brominated flame retardants. OPFRs represent a group of compounds with a wide range in their polarity, solubility and persistence. OPFRs are widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products such as textiles, electronics, industrial materials and furniture to prevent the risk of fire. They are also utilized as plasticizers, antifoaming or anti-wear agents in lacquers, hydraulic fluids and floor polishing agents. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge regardimg the analytical methodology applied for their determination in wastewater and aquatic environment as well as their occurrence in water, wastewater, sediments and sludge. Knowledge gaps and future perspectives have been identified, which include the elucidation of sources, pathways and fate of OPFRs in aquatic environment and possible risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pantelaki
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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14
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Choo G, Cho HS, Park K, Lee JW, Kim P, Oh JE. Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation potential of organophosphate flame retardants in crucian carp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:161-168. [PMID: 29653306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, distributions, and bioaccumulation of nine organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were investigated in both abiotic and biotic media, comprising river water, sediment, and crucian carp. The highest concentrations were observed in liver (6.22-18.1 ng/g ww), and the levels in muscle (4.23-7.75 ng/g ww) and gonad (3.08-7.70 ng/g ww) were similar. In whole blood, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP; 31.1-256 ng/mL) accounted for 90% of the total OPFR concentration. Distributions of OPFRs differed between biotic and abiotic media, as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and TBOEP were dominant in abiotic media, whereas triethyl phosphate (TEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), TCEP, and TBOEP dominated in crucian carp. The TNBP had remarkable accumulation potential among nine OPFRs, which the TNBP concentrations in muscle increased with increased total length and body weight. The higher perfusion rate of TNBP to female eggs were observed rather than to male gonads as the concentrations were higher in males than in females, while the opposite results were observed in gonad. Moreover, the concentration of TNBP in female muscle began to decrease near maximum growth as a sexually dimorphic difference in crucian carp. This is the first study to simultaneously investigate the fate of OPFRs in biotic and abiotic media and to show sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyojin Choo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seo Cho
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Naccarato A, Elliani R, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. Multivariate optimization of a microextraction by packed sorbent-programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for organophosphate flame retardant analysis in environmental aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:7105-7120. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Teo TLL, Coleman HM, Khan SJ. Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public swimming pools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:469-475. [PMID: 27355519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in swimming pools were investigated. Fifteen chlorinated public swimming pools were sampled, including indoor pools, outdoor pools and spa pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in swimming pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5-27ng/L (TNBP), 7-293ng/L (TCEP), 62-1180ng/L (TCIPP), 10-670ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8-132ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations of PFRs were generally higher in indoor swimming pools compared to outdoor swimming pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the swimming pools in three of the sampling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from commonly used swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in swimming pools. A quantitative risk assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via swimming pools was generally low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L L Teo
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Heather M Coleman
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre, School of Engineering, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, County Antrim BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Shi F, Liu J, Liang K, Liu R. Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate-basd ionic liquids as advantageous solid-phase micro-extraction coatings for the extraction of organophosphate esters in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1447:9-16. [PMID: 27086567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate [FAP] anion and various cations have great potential in sample preparation because of their excellent hydrophobicity, thermostability and low hydrolysity. In the present study, a [FAP]-based IL, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluoro phosphate ([HMIM][FAP]), was used as coatings of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for extracting organophosphate esters (OPEs) from environmental water samples. This SPME fiber was fabricated by coating a stainless steel wire substrate with [HMIM][FAP] via a simple direct dip-coating approach, and the extraction was conducted by the direct immersion solid phase microextraction. Coupling to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the developed SPME method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards the extraction of 11 OPEs from aqueous samples. Satisfactory linearity (R(2)≥0.99) of the calibration curves was obtained over the range of 0.05-50.0ngmL(-1) with the limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) ranged from 0.13-7.40ngL(-1) and 0.50-24.0ngL(-1), respectively. The proposed SPME method showed excellent extraction efficiency to OPEs with enrichment factors in the range of 168-2603, and acceptable reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤15% for single fiber (n=7) and ≤16% for fiber-to-fiber (n=3×3) at a concentration level of 0.5ngmL(-1), respectively. The prepared IL-based fiber was successfully applied to determine eleven common used OPEs in tap water, influent and effluent of sewage treatment plant, with results are comparable to those determined by the reference (UPLC-MS/MS), and spiked recoveries in the range of 84.0-108%, 82.1-123% and 82.8-100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Guan M, Su G, Giesy JP, Zhang X. Classification and toxicity mechanisms of novel flame retardants (NFRs) based on whole genome expression profiling. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2150-2157. [PMID: 26588597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently some novel alternative flame retardants (NFRs), which have been widely applied to meet demands for mandated flame retardation of products, have been detected in various matrices of the environment. However, knowledge on toxic effects and associated molecular mechanisms of these chemicals was limited. Here, toxic mechanisms of action of six NFRs, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP), chlorendic acid (Het acid), 2,2-bis (bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (BMP), tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate (TBP) were investigated by use of a library containing ∼1820 modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing promoter reporter vectors constructed from Escherichia coli K12(E.coli). BEHP, Het acid, BMP, TBEP, TEP, TBP inhibited growth of E. coli with 4 h 10%-inhibition concentrations of 53.0-3102.3 μM. A total of 119, 44, 26, 131, 62, 103 genes out of 336 genes selected during preliminary screening were significantly altered with fold-changes greater than 1.5 by BEHP, Het acid, BMP, TBEP, TEP and TBP, respectively. GO analyses of responsive genes suggested that RNA and primary metabolism process were involved in molecular mechanisms of toxicity. Chemical clustering based on expression of 62 multi-responsive genes showed that BEHP, TBP and TBEP were grouped together, which is consistent with similarity of their chemical structures, especially for BEHP and TBP. Clustering by molecular descriptors and molecular activity by use of the multivariate classification system ToxCast was consistent with that by profiles of multi-responsive genes. The results of this study demonstrated the utility of the E. coli, whole-cell assay for determining mechanisms of toxic action of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse & School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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