Spectroscopic examination of enamel staining by coffee indicates dentin erosion by sequestration of elements

Whitening Efficacy of Toothpastes on Coffee-Stained Teeth: An Enamel Surface Analysis

AIM

This study aimed to identify the optimal toothpaste for removing coffee-induced stains while also evaluating its impact on tooth enamel through roughness and abraded depth parameters, providing a comprehensive understanding of their effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three whitening toothpastes and 2 conventional toothpastes were prepared for a simulated brushing procedure on coffee-stained bovine enamel tooth specimens. Using a toothbrushing machine, up to 10,000 brushstrokes were completed, while spectrophotometric readings were taken at designated intervals. A mixed-effects model for statistical analysis determined the effects of toothpaste and brushing on colour change, roughness, and abraded depth.

RESULTS

Whitening toothpastes significantly deviated from the control (P < .001, P < .001, and P < .003, respectively), whereas the conventional toothpaste did not exhibit a significant contrast (P < .081). Regarding colour restoration following coffee staining, whitening toothpastes showed higher restoration than conventional toothpastes. Surface roughness and abraded depth parameters increased with accumulated brushing.

CONCLUSIONS

Sodium hexametaphosphate-containing toothpaste demonstrated the highest efficacy in removing coffee-induced stains and restoring tooth colour. Nevertheless, this stronger whitening effect was associated with increased abrasion. While conventional toothpastes exhibited some whitening effects, the most substantial improvement in lightness was consistently observed with whitening toothpastes.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Understanding how whitening toothpaste affects enamel integrity is crucial for refining formulations and advancing dental care. This knowledge lays the groundwork for more effective oral care products and improved whitening procedures, ultimately enhancing the overall quality of dental treatments.

Effect of Experimental Bleaching Gels With Enzymes on Composite and Enamel

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS

Potential secondary or toxic effects of peroxide-based whitening gels have driven the search for alternative methods that use natural compounds with gentle action on tooth enamel that provide remineralizing benefits.

METHODS

This study introduces four innovative experimental whitening gels (GC, G1, G3, G4) formulated with enzymes (Bromelaine and Papaine) and natural extracts, along with SiO2. The efficacy of these gels was tested on nanohybrid dental composite (EsCOM100, Spident Company) and dental enamel stained with coffee and natural juice (Tedi) over 10 days. The structural changes in samples before and after bleaching were examined using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Additionally, cytotoxicity tests were conducted on the gels using mesenchymal stem cells from human dental pulp (dMSC) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Antibacterial activity was assessed on five strains (Streptococcus mutans. Porphyromonas gingivalis; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus).

RESULTS

Coffee and natural juice stains significantly increase the roughness of composite and enamel surfaces by forming deposits. The enzymatic action of bromelain and papain effectively disorganizes and removes these clusters, significantly reducing surface roughness.

CONCLUSION

Notably, the gel containing papain and nanostructured SiO2 proved to be the most effective in removing coffee stains from both composite surfaces and enamel. On the other hand, the gel with bromelain and nanostructured SiO2 was the most efficient in removing natural juice stains. The absence of SiO2 in the experimental gels slightly decreased the enzymes' effectiveness in stain removal. The antibacterial activity observed in the experimental gels is attributed solely to the enzymatic compounds.

Examining enamel-surface demineralization upon exposure to acidic solutions and the remineralization potential of milk and artificial saliva

The enamel surface may undergo demineralization due to exposure to acidic substances and the remineralization of the etched enamel is crucial to regain or maintain integrity. This study aimed to investigate the erosive effect of 10 acidic solutions on tooth enamel and the remineralization capacity of milk and artificial saliva by measuring surface roughness (Ra), enamel depth, and microhardness. A total of 80 bovine incisor enamel specimens were immersed in 10 different acidic solutions, including four different acidic drinks, three different citric acid solutions, and three different citric acid buffer solutions, for 1 h. After demineralization, the specimens were immersed in milk and artificial saliva for 3 h. Surface roughness, enamel abraded depth, and microhardness were measured before demineralization, in-between time intervals and after remineralization. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.05). The results indicate a significant difference in surface roughness between the measurements taken at different time intervals, particularly between the baseline and after 1 h demineralization. Also, the specimens immersed in CAB1 exhibited greatest increase in Ra among other acidic solutions (Δ: 0.18 ± 0.07). Moreover, only the microhardness increased after remineralization (p < 0.05). Enamel demineralization using various acidic solutions revealed increased Ra and enamel abraded depth, and decreased microhardness. The use of remineralization agents, milk and artificial saliva, demonstrated an increase in microhardness. This study provides insights into the effects of different acidic solutions and potential remineralization agents on tooth enamel.

Color alteration of CAD/CAM 3D-printed, milled resin-ceramic hybrid material compared to enamel

To assess color and translucency change (∆E00 and ∆TP) of 3D-printed (Varseosmile crown plus, VS) and milled resin-ceramic hybrid material (Cerasmart, CS) compared to enamel (E) when immersed in distilled water (DW) and coffee (C). Sixty VS, CS, and E specimens were immersed in DW and C for 30 days. Statistics analysis using t-test and one-way ANOVA at p≤0.05. ∆E00 of VS, CS, and E significantly increased when immersed in coffee (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). E has more ∆E00 than VS and CS (p<0.001). The translucency of VS and CS was reduced after water and coffee immersion. The translucency of E was increased after immersion in water and coffee. ∆TP of VS, CS, and E were not different between immersion in water and coffee at p=0.08, p=0.43 and p=0.72, respectively. Therefore, DW and C have distinct effects on the ∆E00 and ∆TP among VS, CS and E.

Evaluation of the effects of whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite on surface roughness and color change in restorative materials

Background

The effects of whitening toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite on the surfaces of restorative materials are not well known. This study evaluated the changes in surface roughness and color of coffee-stained restorative materials after brushing with nanohydroxyapatite and other whitening toothpastes.

Methods

Disc-shaped specimens were formed using microhybrid, nanohybrid, and supra-nano-filled composite (n = 30) and stained with a coffee solution. A brushing simulation was applied with toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite (Dentiste Plus White), perlite (Signal White System) and hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Optic White) for 7, 15, and 30 days. Color and surface roughness measurements were taken before and after brushing. Color change (∆E₀₀) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system.

Results

Supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, and nanohybrid composite-Signal White System were the groups with the greatest color change observed on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. The smallest color change was seen in the microhybrid composite-Signal White System, microhybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, and nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White groups on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. No significant surface roughness changes were observed in the nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, or supra-nano-filled composite-Signal White System groups.

Conclusions

Whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite provided a high degree of color change in the short term and did not create significant surface roughness in nanohybrid or supra-nano-filled composites.

Chemical and Structural Assessment of New Dental Composites with Graphene Exposed to Staining Agents

Among the newest trends in dental composites is the use of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles to assure better cohesion of the composite and superior properties. Our research used GO to enhance several hydroxyapatite (HA) nanofiller distribution and cohesion in three experimental composites CC, GS, GZ exposed to coffee and red wine staining environments. The presence of silane A-174 on the filler surface was evidenced by FT-IR spectroscopy. Experimental composites were characterized through color stability after 30 days of staining in red wine and coffee, sorption and solubility in distilled water and artificial saliva. Surface properties were measured by optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, and antibacterial properties wer e assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A colour stability test revealed the best results for GS, followed by GZ, with less stability for CC. Topographical and morphological aspects revealed a synergism between GZ sample nanofiller components that conducted to the lower surface roughness, with less in the GS sample. However, surface roughness variation due to the stain was affected less than colour stability at the macroscopic level. Antibacterial testing revealed good effect against Staphylococcus aureus and a moderate effect against Escherichia coli.

Lithium in breast milk transiently affects the renal electrolytic balance of infants

BACKGROUND

The use of lithium during breast-feeding has not been comprehensively investigated in humans due to concerns about lithium toxicity.

PROCEDURE

We analyzed lithium in the kidneys of nursed pups of lithium medicated mothers, using analytical spectroscopy in a novel rat model. The mothers were healthy rats administered lithium via gavage (1000 mg/day Li₂ CO₃ per 50 kg body weight).

RESULTS

Lithium was detected in the breast milk, and in the blood of pups (0.08 mM), of lithium-exposed dams at post-natal day 18 (P18), during breast-feeding. No lithium was detected after breast-feeding, at P25 (4 days after cessation of nursing). The lithium pups blood had elevated urea nitrogen at P18 and reduced total T₄ at P18 and P25, indicating a longer-term effect on the kidneys and the thyroid gland. Multivariate machine-learning analysis of spectroscopy data collected from the excised kidneys of pups showed elevated potassium in lithium-exposed animals both during- and after breast-feeding. The elevated renal potassium was associated with low nephrin expression in the kidneys measured immunohistochemically during breast-feeding. After lithium exposure is stopped, the filtration of lithium from the kidneys reverses these effects. Our study showed that breastfeeding during lithium use has an effect on the kidneys of the offspring in rats.

Evaluation of different remineralization agents in the treatment of natural caries-affected dentin in permanent teeth

BACKGROUND

In the preventive treatment protocol, providing remineralization of the tissue in demineralized dentin caries is an important step.

OBJECTIVE

In this in vitro study, the effectiveness of remineralization agents in natural caries-affected dentin (NCAD) were investigated.

METHODS

Forty caries slices were prepared from permanent molar dentin with International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS 2) (Code 3). The interventions with 8 days pH cycling were as follows: Deionized water (DW); 5% Sodium Fluoride (5% NaF) Varnish; Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Fluoride Phosphate (CPP-ACFP); Calcium Glyserophosphate (CaGP) + Magnesium (Mg) + Xylitol. DIAGNOdent (Laser Fluorescence, LF), Surface Microhardness (SMH), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy measurements were calculated before and after pH cycling.

RESULTS

LF values decreased between 5% NaF, CCP-ACFP and CaGP. NCAD treated with 5% NaF, CaGP and CCP-ACFP exhibited statistically higher hardness compared to the control group. After 5% NaF application, SMH values were significantly higher than the others. There was no statistically significant difference between baseline and after pH cycling hardness of the control group. After cycling, XRF showed that Ca and P concentrations were increased in all groups.

CONCLUSION

The application of agents used in the study could be recommended and promoted as a treatment option of caries dentin for conventional management of caries.

Time-dependent effect of intense capsule-coffee and bleaching on the color of resin-infiltrated enamel white spot lesions: an in vitro study

Background and Objectives

White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common problem that can be conservatively managed by resin infiltration. Consumption of dark beverages such as coffee causes staining of dental hard tissues, which can deteriorate the esthetic qualities of treated WSLs. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of dark coffee heavy consumption on ICON^® resin infiltrated WSLs and the influence of bleaching on them after staining.

Methods

Twenty surfaces from sound human extracted third molars were used in the study. Two square-shaped buccal and lingual window areas had artificially created WSLs (received buccal resin infiltration afterward). Using VITA Easyshade, the baseline ΔE was recorded. Espresso coffee was used to immerse all surfaces for 8 days. The color coordinates according to CIE LAB were recorded for all surfaces at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days of immersion, and ΔE was calculated at each timepoint. After 8 days, in-office bleaching was applied to all surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions and the color. Coordinates and ΔE were recorded. For statistical analysis, an independent sample t-test was used to compare each group. A general linear mixed model (GLMM) repeated measure ANOVA was applied for statistical analysis of L^*and changes due to staining over time.

Results

Analysis of time as a main effect on the L values of surfaces was statistically highly significant (p < 0.01). The interaction of time with surfaces under investigation and type of surface (test vs. control) as a main effect were non-significant (p = 0.47 and p = 0.35, respectively). Bleaching showed a significant difference in color lightness in both test and control surfaces compared to the mean L value at 8 days of staining (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Capsule-coffee consumption gradually influences the esthetic of resin infiltration on treated teeth. However, bleaching materials might restore an esthetic shade.

Does polishing of bleached enamel affect roughness and tooth color stability after exposure to coffee?

OBJECTIVE

This laboratory randomized study was designed to evaluate the effect of polishing on roughness and color stability of bleached teeth after coffee immersion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety bovine crowns were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 15), according to bleaching protocols: At-home: standard protocol using 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or In-office: standard protocol using 35% HP; and with polishing protocols: (1) no polishing, (2) bleached enamel polished with #0.5 μm or (3) #2-4 μm diamond particles grit pastes. Samples were daily immersed into coffee solution for 45 min followed by mechanical brushing simulation (30 s) for 30 days. The surface roughness (Ra) and color alteration, expressed by ΔEab , ΔE00 , and whitening index (WI) were analyzed at baseline, after bleaching/polishing protocols and after coffee solution staining. The surface from each group was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed by two-way repeated measure analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (α = 0.05).

RESULTS

Staining increases Ra, ΔEab , ΔE00 , and decreases WI values. Polishing after bleaching did not prevent staining, however, tooth polished with #0.5 μ-grit polishing paste showed better performance than #2-4 μ-grit (ΔEab : p = 0.001/ΔE00 : p = 0.003). Scanning electron microscope revealed a more irregular surface after coffee staining for all groups regardless bleaching/polishing protocols.

CONCLUSIONS

Using #0.5 μ-grit diamond paste to polish 35%HP in-office bleached enamel reduces the roughness and tooth staining. However, polishing after 10%HP at-home bleached enamel neither affects roughness nor improves tooth color stability after exposure to coffee.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Polishing after at-home bleaching does not have benefits but after 35% hydrogen peroxide in-office bleaching, the polishing with #0.5 μ-grit polishing paste is indicated to reduce roughness and the tooth staining over time.

Lithium from breast-milk inhibits thyroid iodine uptake and hormone production, which are remedied by maternal iodine supplementation

BACKGROUND

Lithium is especially taken as a maintenance medication for Bipolar Disorder. In women with bipolar disorder, lithium is often effective during postpartum period, but breast-feeding for medicated mothers is controversial because of harmful effects for her child. At present, the biological mechanisms of lithium are not well-understood, affecting its usage and overall health implications.

PROCEDURE

We developed a rat lithium and breast-feeding model at human therapeutic levels to study the effects of lithium exposure through breast-milk on pups' thyroid function. Novel laser analytical spectroscopy, along with traditional blood and immunohistochemical tests, were applied to further investigate the mechanisms behind the thyroid dysfunction. Maternal iodine supplementation was evaluated as a therapeutic method to address the pups' thyroid dysfunction.

RESULTS

Pups exposed to lithium via breastmilk, even with the dam on a sub-therapeutic level, experienced weight gain, reduced blood thyroxine (T₄ ), and elevated blood urea nitrogen, indicating effects on thyroid and kidney function. We show that lithium inhibited iodine uptake by thyroid follicles, initiating a mechanism that reduced iodination of tyrosine, thyroglobulin cleavage, and thyroid hormone production. Importantly, infant thyroid function can be significantly improved by administering supplementary iodine to the medicated dam's diet during breast-feeding.

CONCLUSION

These results elucidate the mechanisms of lithium in thyroid function, provide valuable information on use postpartum, and suggest a clinically applicable remedy to side-effects. The results are particularly important for patients (and their infants) who respond well to lithium and need, or choose, to breast-feed.

Can We Prevent Coffee Stains on Teeth?

This study evaluates whether some common beverages treated before coffee could protect or increase tooth staining caused by coffee. Initial color of 50 incisor teeth were measured with a spectrophotometer and recorded according to CIELAB color system. Teeth were randomly divided into five groups, water (control), milk, green tea, orange juice, and cola (n = 10) and were kept in selected beverage for 10 min. Immediately afterward, they were immersed in coffee and allowed to stand for 24 h. The treatment was repeated for 5 days. At the end of the fifth day, L*a*b* color measurements of the teeth were repeated. Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium changes on representative teeth surfaces were also investigated with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Color differences were calculated with both CIE_ab and CIE₀₀ formulas. Groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis test complemented by the Bonferroni correction and Mann-Whitney U test for pairwise comparisons (P = .05). The teeth submitted to coffee challenges after distillated water or beverages showed a perceptible color change. Soaking in cola or orange juice before coffee immersion caused severe tooth discoloration. All the beverages tested here were not able to protect the tooth from coffee staining. People should be informed that some acidic beverages consumed before a coffee can worsen the coffee-based tooth discolorations.

Spectroscopic and microscopic examination of teeth exposed to green tea at different temperatures

Tea is a popular beverage consumed at different temperatures. The effect of tea on teeth at different temperatures has not been studied previously. The present study used an in vitro green tea immersed tooth model at different tea temperatures (hot and cold) compared to an in vivo tea administration model allowing rats to drink tea over the course of a week. The elements present in tea leaves were identified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared to the elements in teeth (enamel surface) using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Here, LIBS demonstrated in vivo and in vitro green tea treatments resulted in a significant increase in the mineral elements found in enamel. For the in vitro assessment, elements in enamel varied based on cold-tea and hot-tea treatment; however, hot water reduced the elements in enamel. Atomic force microscopy found the in vivo tea group had a higher roughness average (RA) compared with the in vivo water group. Cold tea and hot tea in vitro groups demonstrated lower RA than in vitro water controls. Scanning electron microscopy found hot water induced cracks more than 1.3μm in enamel while cold tea and hot tea promoted the adhering of extrinsic matter to teeth. Overall, teeth treated to high temperature lost the mineral phase leading to demineralization. Our results indicate that green tea protects enamel, but its protective action in dental structures is enhanced at cold temperature.

Glymphatic clearance of simulated silicon dispersion in mouse brain analyzed by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

Silicon-based devices, such as neural probes, are increasingly used as electrodes for receiving electrical signals from neural tissue. Neural probes used chronically have been known to induce inflammation and elicit an immune response. The current study detects and evaluates silicon dispersion from a concentrated source in the mouse brain using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Element lines for Si (I) were found at the injection site at approximately 288 nm at 3hr post-implantation, even with tissue perfusion, indicating possible infusion into neural tissue. At 24hr and 1-week post-implantation, no silicon lines were found, indicating clearance. An isolated immune response was found by CD68 macrophage response at 24hr post injection. Future studies should measure chronic silicon exposure to determine if the inflammatory response is proportional to silicon administration. The present type of protocol, coupling laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, neuroimaging, histology, immunohistochemistry, and determination of clearance could be used to investigate the glymphatic system and different tissue states such as in disease (e.g. Alzheimer's).

Single red blood cell analysis reveals elevated hemoglobin in poikilocytes

Abnormally shaped red blood cells (RBCs), called poikilocytes, can cause anemia. At present, the biochemical abnormalities in poikilocytes are not well understood. Normal RBCs and poikilocytes were analyzed using whole-blood and single-cell methods. Poikilocytes were induced in rat blood by intragastrically administering titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. Complete blood count and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses were performed on whole-blood to measure average RBC morphology, blood hemoglobin (HGB), iron content, and other blood parameters. Follow-up confocal Raman spectroscopy was performed on single RBCs to analyze cell-type-specific HGB content. Two types of poikilocytes, acanthocytes and echinocytes, were observed in TiO₂ blood samples, along with normal RBCs. Acanthocytes (diameter 7.7  ±  0.5  μm) and echinocytes (7.6  ±  0.6  μm) were microscopically larger (p  <  0.05) than normal RBCs (6.6  ±  0.4  μm) found in control blood samples (no TiO₂ administration). Similarly, mean corpuscular volume was higher (p  <  0.05) in TiO₂ whole-blood (70.70  ±  1.97  fl) than in control whole-blood (67.42  ±  2.03  fl). Poikilocytes also had higher HGB content. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin was higher (p  <  0.05) in TiO₂ whole-blood (21.84  ±  0.75  pg) than in control whole-blood (20.8  ±  0.32  pg). Iron content was higher (p  <  0.001) in TiO₂ whole-blood (697.0  ±  24.5  mg  /  l) than in control whole-blood (503.4  ±  38.5  mg  /  l), which supports elevated HGB as iron is found in HGB. HGB-associated Raman bands at 1637, 1585, and 1372  cm^-  1 had higher (p  <  0.001) amplitudes in acanthocytes and echinocytes than in RBCs from control blood and normal RBCs from TiO₂ blood. Further, the 1585-cm^-  1 band had a lower (p  <  0.05) amplitude in normal RBCs from TiO₂ versus control RBCs. This represents biochemical abnormalities in normal appearing RBCs. Overall, poikilocytes, especially acanthocytes, have elevated HGB.

Detection of lithium in breast milk and in situ elemental analysis of the mammary gland

Breast feeding provides considerable benefits to the infant and mother. However, a lithium-based psychiatric medication may cause side effects in the child. Using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), trace lithium levels were observed in the breast milk of lactating rats administered with lithium treatment postpartum. Subsequently, the mammary glands of female rats were analyzed using LIBS, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Key biological elements iron, magnesium, cobalt, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iodine, potassium, sulfur, chlorine and zinc were observed. Lithium at 1.06 µg/g was measured in the mammary glands of treated subjects, but was below the limit of detection in controls. Lithium also increased iodine content in the glands. Lithium is present in the breast milk and mammary glands of lithium treated female subjects and this is the likely route of entry to breast-fed infants.

Rapid and in situ optical detection of trace lithium in tissues

Lithium-based medications are used successfully to treat many mental disorders, including bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. However, the therapeutic mechanisms are not well characterized due to limitations in detecting lithium in organs and cells. This limits the ability to improve lithium-based treatments. To address this need, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is developed for the rapid and in situ detection of lithium in biological tissues. Pronounced lithium emissions are observed at 670.7nm from the rat thyroid, salivary, and mammary glands when lithium is administered orally. Calcium, carbon, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iodine emissions are also observed. The lithium emission intensity is positively correlated with tissue lithium concentration, which is ~1ppm. The limit of detection for lithium is determined to be ~0.1ppm. Thyroid lithium intensity increases while iodine intensity decreases. The reduced intrathyroidal iodine following treatment likely impairs hormone production. Further, the presence of lithium in the salivary and mammary glands makes these glands the likely conduits for lithium to enter the saliva and breast milk, respectively. LIBS is well suited for characterizing the distribution of lithium, and other elements, across the body. This optical method can potentially be adapted for use in vivo and in humans.