1
|
Cui Y, Li Q, Yang D, Yang Y. Colorimetric-SERS dual-mode sensing of Pb(II) ions in traditional Chinese medicine samples based on carbon dots-capped gold nanoparticles as nanozyme. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124100. [PMID: 38484642 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Peroxidase (POD)-mimicking nanozymes have got great progress in the sensing field, but most nanozyme assaying systems are built with a single-signal output mode, which is vulnerable to the effect of different factors. Thus, establishment of a dual-signal output mode is necessary for acquiring dependable and durable performance. This work described an Fe doped noradrenaline-based carbon dots and Prussian blue (Fe,NA-CDs/PB) nanocomposite as a POD-like nanozyme and modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) dual-mode sensor of Pb(II) in traditional Chinese medicine samples. With 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the substrates, it was found that the addition of Pb(II) inhibited the POD-like activity of Fe,NA-CDs/PB and AuNPs, so it was used for colorimetric and SERS dual-mode assays. The POD-like activity was shown to be a "ping-pong" catalytic mechanism, whereas the addition of Pb(II) produced noncompetitive inhibition with modulatory effects on Fe,NA-CDs/PB. The linear response range for colorimetric and SERS sensor detection of Pb(II) was 0.01-1.00 mg/L with the detection limit of 5 μg/L and 8 μg/L, respectively. This dual-mode detection system shows excellent selectivity. More importantly, the Pb(II) in traditional Chinese medicine samples have successfully assayed with good recovery from 90.4 to 108.9 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Province 650500, China
| | - Qiulan Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Province 650500, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Province 650500, China
| | - Yaling Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan Province 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo Q, Peng Y, Qin J, Chao K, Zhao X, Yin T. Advance in Detection Technique of Lean Meat Powder Residues in Meat Using SERS: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7504. [PMID: 38005225 PMCID: PMC10673115 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Food that contains lean meat powder (LMP) can cause human health issues, such as nausea, headaches, and even death for consumers. Traditional methods for detecting LMP residues in meat are often time-consuming and complex and lack sensitivity. This article provides a review of the research progress on the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for detecting residues of LMP in meat. The review also discusses several applications of SERS technology for detecting residues of LMP in meat, including the enhanced detection of LMP residues in meat based on single metal nanoparticles, combining metal nanoparticles with adsorbent materials, combining metal nanoparticles with immunizing and other chemicals, and combining the SERS technology with related techniques. As SERS technology continues to develop and improve, it is expected to become an even more widely used and effective tool for detecting residues of LMP in meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Guo
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yankun Peng
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianwei Qin
- USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- USDA/ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Xinlong Zhao
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tianzhen Yin
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur Rajput J. Nanosensors: A smart remedy for early detection of clenbuterol contamination in food. Food Chem 2023; 426:136569. [PMID: 37302312 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs which are primarily meant for livestock treatment have now been categorised under potential food contaminant due to its unregulated usage and abuse. Their over usage by animal workers lead to production of contaminated animal-based food products which contain veterinary drug residues. These drugs are also misused as growth promoters to enhance the muscle to fat ratio in human body. This review highlights the misuse of such a veterinary drug; Clenbuterol. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the usage of nanosensors to detect clenbuterol in food samples. Colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, SERS and electrochemiluminescence are major categories of nanosensors that have been utilized for this purpose. The mechanism through which these nanosensors detect clenbuterol have been discussed in detail. The limit of detection and recovery percentage values of each nanosensor have been compared. This review will impart significant information on various nanosensors for clenbuterol detection in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian J, An M, Zhao X, Wang Y, Hasan M. Advances in Fluorescent Sensing Carbon Dots: An Account of Food Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9031-9039. [PMID: 36936334 PMCID: PMC10018703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Illuminating the use of nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have transfigured the food safety arena because of their bright luminescence, optical properties, low toxicity, and enhanced biocompatibility. Therefore, fluorescent resonance energy transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, and an internal filtering effect mechanism allow precise detection of food additives, heavy metal ions, pathogenic bacteria, veterinary drug residues, and food nutrients. In this review, we describe the primal mechanism of CQD-based fluorescence sensors for food safety inspection. This is an abridged description of the nanodesign and future perspectives of more advanced CQD-based sensors for food safety analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Tian
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minmei An
- Taian
Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pourmadadi M, Rahmani E, Rajabzadeh-Khosroshahi M, Samadi A, Behzadmehr R, Rahdar A, Ferreira LFR. Properties and application of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in biosensors for disease detection: A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
6
|
Ouyang S, Yu S, Le Y. Current Advances in Immunoassays for the Detection of β2-Agonists. Foods 2022; 11:foods11060803. [PMID: 35327226 PMCID: PMC8947354 DOI: 10.3390/foods11060803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-agonists are a group of synthetic phenylethanolamine compounds which are traditionally used for treating bronchospasm. These compounds can also increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. The illegal use of β2-agonists in food-producing animals results in residue of β2-agonists in edible tissues and causes adverse health effects in humans. Thus, the detection of β2-agonists at trace level in complex sample matrices is of great importance for monitoring the abuse of β2-agonists. Many methods have been developed to detect β2-agonists. Among them, a variety of antigen–antibody interaction-based techniques have been established to detect β2-agonists in various samples, including animal feed, urine, serum, milk, tissues and hair. In this review, we summarized current achievement in the extraction of β2-agonists from testing samples and detection of β2-agonists using immunological techniques. Future perspectives were briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuting Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; (S.O.); (S.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo Y, Zheng MY, Zhang W, Hu DD. Fluorescent sensing platform based on green luminescence carbon dots and AuNPs for clenbuterol detection in pork liver. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8683-8690. [PMID: 35424808 PMCID: PMC8984920 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, water-soluble green fluorescent carbon dots (G-CDs) were prepared using p-phenylenediamine and glutathione (GSH) as the precursors. The G-CDs exhibit excellent optical properties, and the maximum emission wavelength is located at 522 nm (under 410 nm excitation), which greatly overlaps with the absorption spectrum of AuNPs. Consequently, an effective “off–on” fluorescent sensing platform involved in G-CDs and AuNPs for detection of clenbuterol (CLB) was constructed. The fluorescence of G-CDs was strongly quenched by AuNPs due to the inner filter effect (IFE). As CLB was introduced, the quenched fluorescence intensity was recovered due to the specific interaction between the AuNPs and CLB. The recovered fluorescence intensity is linear to CLB concentration in the range of 13–270 ng mL−1 with a low detection limit of 3.75 ng mL−1. The prepared sensor has been successfully applied for CLB detection in pork liver and could be utilized in food analysis. Carbon dots (G-CDs) with bright green fluorescence are synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of p-phenylenediamine and glutathione. Employing the G-CDs and AuNPs as sensing platform, a simple fluorescence sensor to detect clenbuterol was established.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, P. R. China
| | - Min Yan Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, P. R. China
| | - Dao Dao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sulfur-doped carbon dots@polydopamine-functionalized magnetic silver nanocubes for dual-modality detection of norovirus. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113540. [PMID: 34403935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic dual-mode optical platforms are up-and-coming detection tools in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases. Here, novel dual-modality fluorescence (FL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques have been integrated into a single probe for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of norovirus (NoV). The developed FL-SER-based biosensor relies on the dual-signal enhancements of newly synthesized sulfur-doped agar-derived carbon dots (S-agCDs). The antigen-antibody immunoreaction results in forming a core-satellite immunocomplex between anti-NoV antibody-conjugated S-agCDs and polydopamine-functionalized magnetic silver nanocubes [poly (dop)-MNPs-Ag NCs]. By deploying an immunomagnetic enrichment protocol and performing the SERS modality on a single-layer graphene substrate, norovirus-like particles (NoV-LPs) were detected across a wide range of 1 fg mL-1 - 10 ng mL-1 with an excellent limit of detection of 0.1 fg mL-1. The combined advantage of the dual-signaling properties of the biosensor was demonstrated using FL confocal imaging for "hotspots" tracking prior to SERS detection of clinical NoV in fecal specimen down to ⁓10 RNA copies mL-1. The proposed dual-modality biosensor's performance increases the prospect of a rapid and low-cost sensitive NoV detection and surveillance option for public health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang H, Zhang Z, Chen C, Liang A, Jiang Z. Fullerene carbon dot catalytic amplification-aptamer assay platform for ultratrace As +3 utilizing SERS/RRS/Abs trifunctional Au nanoprobes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123633. [PMID: 32827860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under microwave conditions, Au-doped carbon dots (CDAu) were prepared using fullerene as a precursor, and characterized in details. It is found that CDAu can strongly catalyze the reaction of HAuCl4-fructose to generate gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The new nanocatalytic reaction was studied by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) and absorption (Abs) spectrometry. Based on the specific aptamer (AptAs)-As+3 reaction mediated the CDAu-HAuCl4-fructose nanoreaction, and the products of AuNPs as SERS/RRS/Abs trifunctional indicator nanoprobes, a new trimode Apt assay strategy was developed for detection of ultratrace As+3. A 0.07-0.70, 0.10-0.60 and 0.20-0.70 μg L-1 were determined by SERS, RRS and Abs, with detection limits (DL) of 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 μg L-1 respectively. The aptamer-regulation CDAu catalytic amplification platform can be also used to assay 1.7-13.3 nmol L-1 Pb2+ and 2.0-12 μmol L-1 Hg2+, with DL of 0.80 nmol L-1 and 0.90 μmol L-1 respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chunqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Aihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Zhiliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song Y, Huang HC, Lu W, Li N, Su J, Cheng SB, Lai Y, Chen J, Zhan J. Ag@WS 2 quantum dots for Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Enhanced charge transfer induced highly sensitive detection of thiram from honey and beverages. Food Chem 2020; 344:128570. [PMID: 33199122 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel SERS substrates is urgently in demand for rapid and sensitive analysis of toxic agrochemicals from food. In this work, a monodispersed tungsten disulfide quantum dots modified silver nanosphere (Ag@WS2QD) was prepared and used as SERS substrate. Ag@WS2QD generated uniform and stable SERS signals within 2 min, displaying great promise in "mixing and reading" detection. Compared to unmodified colloidal silver nanoparticles, 4 times higher analytical enhancement factor was found in Ag@WS2QD. Density functional theory calculation verified the enhanced charge transfer within the coupling systems of molecule-Ag@WS2QD. Besides, the unique surface properties are beneficial for the enrichment of specific molecule. Both the chemical extraction and enhanced charge transfer contributes to rapid and sensitive SERS detection of Ag@WS2QD. A "mixing and reading" SERS method for thiram from honey and four kinds of juice was developed from Ag@WS2QD, showing great promise for rapid and direct SERS detection for toxic agrochemicals and further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai-Cai Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Nianlu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jie Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yongchao Lai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li D, Yao D, Li C, Luo Y, Liang A, Wen G, Jiang Z. Nanosol SERS quantitative analytical method: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Pan M, Xie X, Liu K, Yang J, Hong L, Wang S. Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots-Synthesis,Functionalization and Sensing Application in FoodAnalysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E930. [PMID: 32403325 PMCID: PMC7279393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with stable physicochemical properties are one of theemerging carbon nanomaterials that have been studied in recent years. In addition to the excellentoptical properties such as photoluminescence, photobleaching resistance and light stability, thismaterial also has favorable advantages of good biocompatibility and easy functionalization, whichmake it an ideal raw material for constructing sensing equipment. In addition, CQDs can combinedwith other kinds of materials to form the nanostructured composites with unique properties, whichprovides new insights and ideas for the research of many fields. In the field of food analysis,emerging CQDs have been deeply studied in food composition analysis, detection and monitoringtrace harmful substances and made remarkable research progress. This article introduces andcompares the various methods for CQDs preparation and reviews its related sensing applicationsas a new material in food components analysis and food safety inspection in recent years. It isexpected to provide a significant guidance for the further study of CQDs in the field of foodanalysis and detection. CQDs; synthesis; fluorescent sensing; food analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jingying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Liping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (M.P.); (X.X.); (K.L.); (J.Y.); (L.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| |
Collapse
|