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Zhang W, Wang W, Xu Y, Wu K, Shi J, Li M, Feng Z, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wu H. Prediction of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Subtypes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer From Hematoxylin and Eosin-Stained Slides Using Deep Learning. J Transl Med 2024; 104:102094. [PMID: 38871058 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status and subtype is critical for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Conventional molecular testing methods for detecting EGFR mutations have limitations. In this study, an artificial intelligence-powered deep learning framework was developed for the weakly supervised prediction of EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer from hematoxylin and eosin-stained histopathology whole-slide images. The study cohort was partitioned into training and validation subsets. Foreground regions containing tumor tissue were extracted from whole-slide images. A convolutional neural network employing a contrastive learning paradigm was implemented to extract patch-level morphologic features. These features were aggregated using a vision transformer-based model to predict EGFR mutation status and classify patient cases. The established prediction model was validated on unseen data sets. In internal validation with a cohort from the University of Science and Technology of China (n = 172), the model achieved patient-level areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of 0.927 and 0.907, sensitivities of 81.6% and 83.3%, and specificities of 93.0% and 92.3%, for surgical resection and biopsy specimens, respectively, in EGFR mutation subtype prediction. External validation with cohorts from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (n = 193) yielded patient-level AUCs of 0.849 and 0.867, sensitivities of 79.2% and 80.7%, and specificities of 91.7% and 90.7% for surgical and biopsy specimens, respectively. Further validation with The Cancer Genome Atlas data set (n = 81) showed an AUC of 0.861, a sensitivity of 84.6%, and a specificity of 90.5%. Deep learning solutions demonstrate potential advantages for automated, noninvasive, fast, cost-effective, and accurate inference of EGFR alterations from histomorphology. Integration of such artificial intelligence frameworks into routine digital pathology workflows could augment existing molecular testing pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Kun Wu
- The Image Processing Center, School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Shi
- School of Software, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengzhong Feng
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yinhua Liu
- Department of Pathology, Wannan Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.
| | - Yushan Zheng
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center on Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Haibo Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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2
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Song H, Liu H, Wang X, Yang Y, Zhao X, Jiang WG, Sui L, Song X. Death-associated protein 3 in cancer-discrepant roles of DAP3 in tumours and molecular mechanisms. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1323751. [PMID: 38352299 PMCID: PMC10862491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1323751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, ranks as the secondary cause of death, is a group of diseases that are characterized by uncontrolled tumor growth and distant metastasis, leading to increased mortality year-on-year. To date, targeted therapy to intercept the aberrant proliferation and invasion is crucial for clinical anticancer treatment, however, mutant expression of target genes often leads to drug resistance. Therefore, it is essential to identify more molecules that can be targeted to facilitate combined therapy. Previous studies showed that death associated protein 3 (DAP3) exerts a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis signaling of tumors, meanwhile, aberrant DAP3 expression is associated with the tumorigenesis and disease progression of various cancers. This review provides an overview of the molecule structure of DAP3 and the discrepant roles played by DAP3 in various types of tumors. Considering the molecular mechanism of DAP3-regulated cancer development, new potential treatment strategies might be developed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- Department of Nursing, Zhaoyuan People's Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuteng Yang
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiangkun Zhao
- The Second Medical College, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Laijian Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Samant RS, Batista S, Larance M, Ozer B, Milton CI, Bludau I, Wu E, Biggins L, Andrews S, Hervieu A, Johnston HE, Al-Lazikhani B, Lamond AI, Clarke PA, Workman P. Native Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Based Mass Spectrometry Reveals New Components of the Early Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibition Response Among Limited Global Changes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100485. [PMID: 36549590 PMCID: PMC9898794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) works in concert with co-chaperones to stabilize its client proteins, which include multiple drivers of oncogenesis and malignant progression. Pharmacologic inhibitors of HSP90 have been observed to exert a wide range of effects on the proteome, including depletion of client proteins, induction of heat shock proteins, dissociation of co-chaperones from HSP90, disruption of client protein signaling networks, and recruitment of the protein ubiquitylation and degradation machinery-suggesting widespread remodeling of cellular protein complexes. However, proteomics studies to date have focused on inhibitor-induced changes in total protein levels, often overlooking protein complex alterations. Here, we use size-exclusion chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry (SEC-MS) to characterize the early changes in native protein complexes following treatment with the HSP90 inhibitor tanespimycin (17-AAG) for 8 h in the HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line. After confirming the signature cellular response to HSP90 inhibition (e.g., induction of heat shock proteins, decreased total levels of client proteins), we were surprised to find only modest perturbations to the global distribution of protein elution profiles in inhibitor-treated HT29 cells at this relatively early time-point. Similarly, co-chaperones that co-eluted with HSP90 displayed no clear difference between control and treated conditions. However, two distinct analysis strategies identified multiple inhibitor-induced changes, including known and unknown components of the HSP90-dependent proteome. We validate two of these-the actin-binding protein Anillin and the mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 complex-as novel HSP90 inhibitor-modulated proteins. We present this dataset as a resource for the HSP90, proteostasis, and cancer communities (https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/shiny/HSP90/SEC-MS/), laying the groundwork for future mechanistic and therapeutic studies related to HSP90 pharmacology. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD033459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Samant
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Silvia Batista
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Larance
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Bugra Ozer
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher I Milton
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell Bludau
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Estelle Wu
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Biggins
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Andrews
- Bioinformatics Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia Hervieu
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey E Johnston
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikhani
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Angus I Lamond
- Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Centre for Cancer Drug Discovery, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Wang S, Huang G, Wang JX, Tian L, Zuo XL, Li YQ, Yu YB. Altered Gut Microbiota in Patients With Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881508. [PMID: 35910641 PMCID: PMC9326469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of pigmented spots and gastrointestinal polyps and increased susceptibility to cancers. It remains unknown whether gut microbiota dysbiosis is linked to PJS. Aim This study aimed to assess the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, including both bacteria and fungi, in patients with PJS and investigate the relationship between gut microbiota dysbiosis and PJS pathogenesis. Methods The bacterial and fungal composition of the fecal microbiota was analyzed in 23 patients with PJS (cases), 17 first-degree asymptomatic relatives (ARs), and 24 healthy controls (HCs) using 16S (MiSeq) and ITS2 (pyrosequencing) sequencing for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Differential analyses of the intestinal flora were performed from the phylum to species level. Results Alpha-diversity distributions of bacteria and fungi indicated that the abundance of both taxa differed between PJS cases and controls. However, while the diversity and composition of fecal bacteria in PJS cases were significantly different from those in ARs and HCs, fungal flora was more stable. High-throughput sequencing confirmed the special characteristics and biodiversity of the fecal bacterial and fungal microflora in patients with PJS. They had lower bacterial biodiversity than controls, with a higher frequency of the Proteobacteria phylum, Enterobacteriaceae family, and Escherichia-Shigella genus, and a lower frequency of the Firmicutes phylum and the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Of fungi, Candida was significantly higher in PJS cases than in controls. Conclusion The findings reported here confirm gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with PJS. This is the first report on the bacterial and fungal microbiota profile of subjects with PJS, which may be meaningful to provide a structural basis for further research on intestinal microecology in PJS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jue-Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yan-Bo Yu
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Zhou W, Yan LD, Yu ZQ, Li N, Yang YH, Wang M, Chen YY, Mao MX, Peng XC, Cai J. Role of STK11 in ALK‑positive non‑small cell lung cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:181. [PMID: 35527776 PMCID: PMC9073580 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have been shown to be effective in treating patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and crizotinib, ceritinib and alectinib have been approved as clinical first-line therapeutic agents. The availability of these inhibitors has also largely changed the treatment strategy for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC. However, patients still inevitably develop resistance to ALK inhibitors, leading to tumor recurrence or metastasis. The most critical issues that need to be addressed in the current treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC include the high cost of targeted inhibitors and the potential for increased toxicity and resistance to combination therapy. Recently, it has been suggested that the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) mutation may serve as one of the biomarkers for immunotherapy in NSCLC. Therefore, the main purpose of this review was to summarize the role of STK11 in ALK-positive NSCLC. The present review also summarizes the treatment and drug resistance studies in ALK-positive NSCLC and the current status of STK11 research in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Da Yan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiong Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Xia Mao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434023, P.R. China
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6
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Nguyen-Lefebvre AT, Selzner N, Wrana JL, Bhat M. The hippo pathway: A master regulator of liver metabolism, regeneration, and disease. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21570. [PMID: 33831275 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002284rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the only visceral organ in the body with a tremendous capacity to regenerate in response to insults that induce inflammation, cell death, and injury. Liver regeneration is a complicated process involving a well-orchestrated activation of non-parenchymal cells in the injured area and proliferation of undamaged hepatocytes. Furthermore, the liver has a Hepatostat, defined as adjustment of its volume to that required for homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that control different steps of liver regeneration is critical to informing therapies for liver repair, to help patients with liver disease. The Hippo signaling pathway is well known for playing an essential role in the control and regulation of liver size, regeneration, stem cell self-renewal, and liver cancer. Thus, the Hippo pathway regulates dynamic cell fates in liver, and in absence of its downstream effectors YAP and TAZ, liver regeneration is severely impaired, and the proliferative expansion of liver cells blocked. We will mainly review upstream mechanisms activating the Hippo signaling pathway following partial hepatectomy in mouse model and patients, its roles during different steps of liver regeneration, metabolism, and cancer. We will also discuss how targeting the Hippo signaling cascade might improve liver regeneration and suppress liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen-Lefebvre
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mamatha Bhat
- Department of Medicine, Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Sitthideatphaiboon P, Galan-Cobo A, Negrao MV, Qu X, Poteete A, Zhang F, Liu DD, Lewis WE, Kemp HN, Lewis J, Rinsurongkawong W, Giri U, Lee JJ, Zhang J, Roth JA, Swisher S, Heymach JV. STK11/LKB1 Mutations in NSCLC Are Associated with KEAP1/NRF2-Dependent Radiotherapy Resistance Targetable by Glutaminase Inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1720-1733. [PMID: 33323404 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy is a mainstay of treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but no predictive markers are currently available to select patients who will benefit from these therapies. In this study, we investigated the association between alterations in STK11/LKB1, the second most common tumor suppressor in NSCLC, and response to radiotherapy as well as potential therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a retrospective analysis of 194 patients with stage I-III NSCLC, including 164 stage III patients bearing mutant or wild-type STK11/LKB1 treated with radiotherapy, and assessed locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant metastasis rates, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS), and we investigated the causal role of LKB1 in mediating radiotherapy resistance using isogenic pairs of NSCLC cell lines with LKB1 loss or gain. RESULTS In stage III patients, with 4 years median follow-up, STK11/LKB1 mutations were associated with higher LRR (P = 0.0108), and shorter DFS (HR 2.530, P = 0.0029) and OS (HR 2.198, P = 0.0263). LKB1 loss promoted relative resistance to radiotherapy, which was dependent on the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway for redox homeostasis. Suppression of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway via KEAP1 expression, or pharmacologic blockade of glutaminase (GLS) 1 sensitized LKB1-deficient tumors to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that LKB1 loss is associated with LRR and poor clinical outcomes in patients with NSCLC treated with radiotherapy and that targeting the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway or GLS inhibition are potential approaches to radiosensitize LKB1-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyada Sitthideatphaiboon
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University/King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ana Galan-Cobo
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marcelo V Negrao
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiao Qu
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Alissa Poteete
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fahao Zhang
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Diane D Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Whitney E Lewis
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haley N Kemp
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeff Lewis
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Waree Rinsurongkawong
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Uma Giri
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jack A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen Swisher
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Activation of Mevalonate Pathway via LKB1 Is Essential for Stability of Treg Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2948-2961.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Coudray N, Ocampo PS, Sakellaropoulos T, Narula N, Snuderl M, Fenyö D, Moreira AL, Razavian N, Tsirigos A. Classification and mutation prediction from non-small cell lung cancer histopathology images using deep learning. Nat Med 2018; 24:1559-1567. [PMID: 30224757 PMCID: PMC9847512 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1346] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visual inspection of histopathology slides is one of the main methods used by pathologists to assess the stage, type and subtype of lung tumors. Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are the most prevalent subtypes of lung cancer, and their distinction requires visual inspection by an experienced pathologist. In this study, we trained a deep convolutional neural network (inception v3) on whole-slide images obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas to accurately and automatically classify them into LUAD, LUSC or normal lung tissue. The performance of our method is comparable to that of pathologists, with an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97. Our model was validated on independent datasets of frozen tissues, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues and biopsies. Furthermore, we trained the network to predict the ten most commonly mutated genes in LUAD. We found that six of them-STK11, EGFR, FAT1, SETBP1, KRAS and TP53-can be predicted from pathology images, with AUCs from 0.733 to 0.856 as measured on a held-out population. These findings suggest that deep-learning models can assist pathologists in the detection of cancer subtype or gene mutations. Our approach can be applied to any cancer type, and the code is available at https://github.com/ncoudray/DeepPATH .
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Coudray
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,Skirball Institute, Dept. of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Theodore Sakellaropoulos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Greece
| | - Navneet Narula
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,Department of Biochemistry and molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andre L. Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,Center for Biospecimen Research and Development, New York University, NY 10016, USA
| | - Narges Razavian
- Department of Population Health and the Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 646 501 2693; ; Correspondence may also be addressed to Narges Razavian. Tel: +1 212 263 2234,
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 646 501 2693; ; Correspondence may also be addressed to Narges Razavian. Tel: +1 212 263 2234,
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10
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Stevens PD, Wen YA, Xiong X, Zaytseva YY, Li AT, Wang C, Stevens AT, Farmer TN, Gan T, Weiss HL, Inagaki M, Marchetto S, Borg JP, Gao T. Erbin Suppresses KSR1-Mediated RAS/RAF Signaling and Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4839-4852. [PMID: 29980571 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Erbin belongs to the LAP (leucine-rich repeat and PDZ domain) family of scaffolding proteins that plays important roles in orchestrating cell signaling. Here, we show that Erbin functions as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. Analysis of Erbin expression in colorectal cancer patient specimens revealed that Erbin was downregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in tumor tissues. Knockdown of Erbin disrupted epithelial cell polarity and increased cell proliferation in 3D culture. In addition, silencing Erbin resulted in increased amplitude and duration of signaling through Akt and RAS/RAF pathways. Erbin loss induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which coincided with a significant increase in cell migration and invasion. Erbin interacted with kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) and displaced it from the RAF/MEK/ERK complex to prevent signal propagation. Furthermore, genetic deletion of Erbin in Apc knockout mice promoted tumorigenesis and significantly reduced survival. Tumor organoids derived from Erbin/Apc double knockout mice displayed increased tumor initiation potential and activation of Wnt signaling. Results from gene set enrichment analysis revealed that Erbin expression associated positively with the E-cadherin adherens junction pathway and negatively with Wnt signaling in human colorectal cancer. Taken together, our study identifies Erbin as a negative regulator of tumor initiation and progression by suppressing Akt and RAS/RAF signaling in vivoSignificance: These findings establish the scaffold protein Erbin as a negative regulator of EMT and tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer through direct suppression of Akt and RAS/RAF signaling. Cancer Res; 78(17); 4839-52. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton D Stevens
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yang-An Wen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Xiaopeng Xiong
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yekaterina Y Zaytseva
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Austin T Li
- Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Ashley T Stevens
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Trevor N Farmer
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Tong Gan
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Sylvie Marchetto
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1068, Marseille, France.,CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Borg
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), 'Cell Polarity, Cell Signalling, and Cancer', Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Inserm U1068, Marseille, France.,CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. .,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Zarredar H, Ansarin K, Baradaran B, Ahdi Khosroshahi S, Farajnia S. Potential Molecular Targets in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Using siRNA Technology. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:37-58. [DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1416393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Safar Farajnia
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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12
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Ding SM, Lu AL, Zhang W, Zhou L, Xie HY, Zheng SS, Li QY. The role of cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:614-628. [PMID: 29483967 PMCID: PMC5820929 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Our previous study showed that cancer-associated fibroblast MRC-5 promoted hepatocellular carcinoma progression by enhancing migration and invasion capability. However, few studies have explored the role of MRC-5 in pancreatic cancer (PC). In this study, we examined the exact role and associated mechanisms of MRC-5. Methods: The conditioned media for MRC-5 was used to culture PC cell lines SW1990 and PANC-1. Cell proliferation was compared based on colony formation assays of PC cells in normal media and of PC cells cultured with conditioned media of MRC-5. Cell migration and invasion were assayed by transwell chambers. The expression of EMT-related proteins and apoptosis-related proteins was evaluated using Western blot. And confocal microscopy was used to further detect the expression of EMT-related proteins. qRT-PCR was used to confirm the expression changes of related genes at the mRNA level. We also used flow cytometry to examine the cell cycle, apoptotic rate, and expression of CD3, CD4, CD14, CD25, CD45, CD61, CD90, TLR1, and TLR4. Results: MRC-5 repressed the colony formation ability of PC cells and significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion potential. MRC-5 induced S-phase cell cycle arrest but did not augment the apoptotic effects in PC cells. We hypothesized that the weakened malignant biological behavior of PC cells was correlated with MRC-5-induced altered expression of the cancer stem cell marker CD90; the immune-related cell surface molecules CD14, CD25, TLR4, and TLR1; and cell polarity complexes Par, Scribble, and Crumbs. Conclusion: MRC-5 limits the malignant activities of PC cells by suppressing cancer stem cell expansion, remolding epithelial polarity, and blocking the protumoral cascade reaction coupled to TLR4, TLR1, CD14, and CD25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Ming Ding
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Li Lu
- Division of oncology department, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Organ Trans-plantation, Zhejiang Province; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Yong Li
- Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital (Zhejiang University International Hospital), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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13
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Alkaf A, Al-Jafari A, Wani TA, Alqattan S, Zargar S. Expression of STK11 gene and its promoter activity in MCF control and cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:362. [PMID: 29043114 PMCID: PMC5628056 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine kinase gene (STK11) is identified as tumor suppressor gene whose mutation can lead to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). STK11 is emerging as a multifunctional protein, it activates 14 different AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members, important in the regulation of cell polarity, cell cycle arrest, energy and hemostasis. Present study was designed to evaluate STK11 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cancer and MCF-10 normal breast cells lines. mRNA expression was studied by real-time PCR. Further, human STK11 promoter construct was fused to a luciferase reporter and transfected into both MCF-7 and MCF-10 cells to identify the promoter activity in these cells. STK11 mRNA was found significantly higher in MCF-7 compared to MCF-10 cells (p value < 0.0005) indicating its role in the onset of breast cancer. Interestingly, it was found that the promoter activity of STK11 gene in MCF-7 cells was also significantly higher when compared to MCF-10 cells (p value < 0.005). Positive correlation was observed in promoter activity and gene expression (p = 0.048, r2 = 0.587). This study for the first time relates the altered STK11 gene expression in breast cancer cells with altered promoter activity. The present finding may shed light on the new therapeutic approaches against breast cancer by targeting gene or its promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alkaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A. Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Somaya Alqattan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11495 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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14
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Okamoto CT. Regulation of Transporters and Channels by Membrane-Trafficking Complexes in Epithelial Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:a027839. [PMID: 28246186 PMCID: PMC5666629 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The vectorial secretion and absorption of fluid and solutes by epithelial cells is dependent on the polarized expression of membrane solute transporters and channels at the apical and basolateral membranes. The establishment and maintenance of this polarized expression of transporters and channels are affected by divers protein-trafficking complexes. Moreover, regulation of the magnitude of transport is often under control of physiological stimuli, again through the interaction of transporters and channels with protein-trafficking complexes. This review highlights the value in utilizing transporters and channels as cargo to characterize core trafficking machinery by which epithelial cells establish and maintain their polarized expression, and how this machinery regulates fluid and solute transport in response to physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis T Okamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9121
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15
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Patel SH, Camargo FD, Yimlamai D. Hippo Signaling in the Liver Regulates Organ Size, Cell Fate, and Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:533-545. [PMID: 28003097 PMCID: PMC5285449 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway, also known as the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway, is a regulator of organ size. The pathway takes its name from the Drosophila protein kinase, Hippo (STK4/MST1 and STK3/MST2 in mammals), which, when inactivated, leads to considerable tissue overgrowth. In mammals, MST1 and MST2 negatively regulate the transcriptional co-activators yes-associated protein 1 and WW domain containing transcription regulator 1 (WWTR1/TAZ), which together regulate expression of genes that control proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Yes-associated protein 1 and TAZ activation have been associated with liver development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis. How their activity is dynamically regulated in these contexts is just beginning to be elucidated. We review the mechanisms of Hippo signaling in the liver and explore outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin H Patel
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dean Yimlamai
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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16
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Loss of liver kinase B1 causes planar polarity defects in cochlear hair cells in mice. Front Med 2016; 10:481-489. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Xiong X, Li X, Wen YA, Gao T. Pleckstrin Homology (PH) Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Controls Cell Polarity by Negatively Regulating the Activity of Atypical Protein Kinase C. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25167-25178. [PMID: 27760826 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proper establishment of epithelial polarity allows cells to sense and respond to signals that arise from the microenvironment in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Atypical PKCs (aPKCs) are implicated as key regulators of epithelial polarity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the negative regulation of aPKCs remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP), a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases, plays an important role in regulating epithelial polarity by controlling the phosphorylation of both aPKC isoforms. Altered expression of PHLPP1 or PHLPP2 disrupted polarization of Caco2 cells grown in 3D cell cultures as indicated by the formation of aberrant multi-lumen structures. Overexpression of PHLPP resulted in a decrease in aPKC phosphorylation at both the activation loop and the turn motif sites; conversely, knockdown of PHLPP increased aPKC phosphorylation. Moreover, in vitro dephosphorylation experiments revealed that both aPKC isoforms were substrates of PHLPP. Interestingly, knockdown of PKCζ, but not PKCι, led to similar disruption of the polarized lumen structure, suggesting that PKCζ likely controls the polarization process of Caco2 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of PHLPP altered the apical membrane localization of aPKCs and reduced the formation of aPKC-Par3 complex. Taken together, our results identify a novel role of PHLPP in regulating aPKC and cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Li
- From the Markey Cancer Center and
| | | | - Tianyan Gao
- From the Markey Cancer Center and .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509
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18
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Porat‐Shliom N, Tietgens AJ, Van Itallie CM, Vitale‐Cross L, Jarnik M, Harding OJ, Anderson JM, Gutkind JS, Weigert R, Arias IM. Liver kinase B1 regulates hepatocellular tight junction distribution and function in vivo. Hepatology 2016; 64:1317-29. [PMID: 27396550 PMCID: PMC5033699 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and its downstream effector AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) play critical roles in polarity establishment by regulating membrane trafficking and energy metabolism. In collagen sandwich-cultured hepatocytes, loss of LKB1 or AMPK impaired apical ABCB11 (Bsep) trafficking and bile canalicular formation. In the present study, we used liver-specific (albumin-Cre) LKB1 knockout mice (LKB1(-/-) ) to investigate the role of LKB1 in the maintenance of functional tight junction (TJ) in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy examination revealed that hepatocyte apical membrane with microvilli substantially extended into the basolateral domain of LKB1(-/-) livers. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that loss of LKB1 led to longer and wider canalicular structures correlating with mislocalization of the junctional protein, cingulin. To test junctional function, we used intravital microscopy to quantify the transport kinetics of 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6-CFDA), which is processed in hepatocytes into its fluorescent derivative 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) and secreted into the canaliculi. In LKB1(-/-) mice, 6-CF remained largely in hepatocytes, canalicular secretion was delayed, and 6-CF appeared in the blood. To test whether 6-CF was transported through permeable TJ, we intravenously injected low molecular weight (3 kDa) dextran in combination with 6-CFDA. In wild-type mice, 3 kDa dextran remained in the vasculature, whereas it rapidly appeared in the abnormal bile canaliculi in LKB1(-/-) mice, confirming that junctional disruption resulted in paracellular exchange between the blood stream and the bile canaliculus. CONCLUSION LKB1 plays a critical role in regulating the maintenance of TJ and paracellular permeability, which may explain how various drugs, chemicals, and metabolic states that inhibit the LKB1/AMPK pathway result in cholestasis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1317-1329).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Porat‐Shliom
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Amber J. Tietgens
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and FunctionNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
| | - Christina M. Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and FunctionNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
| | - Lynn Vitale‐Cross
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Olivia J. Harding
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - James M. Anderson
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and FunctionNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteBethesdaMD
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD,Present address: University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCA92093
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial ResearchNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
| | - Irwin M. Arias
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD
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19
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Newman SA. 'Biogeneric' developmental processes: drivers of major transitions in animal evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150443. [PMID: 27431521 PMCID: PMC4958937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using three examples drawn from animal systems, I advance the hypothesis that major transitions in multicellular evolution often involved the constitution of new cell-based materials with unprecedented morphogenetic capabilities. I term the materials and formative processes that arise when highly evolved cells are incorporated into mesoscale matter 'biogeneric', to reflect their commonality with, and distinctiveness from, the organizational properties of non-living materials. The first transition arose by the innovation of classical cell-adhesive cadherins with transmembrane linkage to the cytoskeleton and the appearance of the morphogen Wnt, transforming some ancestral unicellular holozoans into 'liquid tissues', and thereby originating the metazoans. The second transition involved the new capabilities, within a basal metazoan population, of producing a mechanically stable basal lamina, and of planar cell polarization. This gave rise to the eumetazoans, initially diploblastic (two-layered) forms, and then with the addition of extracellular matrices promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, three-layered triploblasts. The last example is the fin-to-limb transition. Here, the components of a molecular network that promoted the development of species-idiosyncratic endoskeletal elements in gnathostome ancestors are proposed to have evolved to a dynamical regime in which they constituted a Turing-type reaction-diffusion system capable of organizing the stereotypical arrays of elements of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods. The contrasting implications of the biogeneric materials-based and neo-Darwinian perspectives for understanding major evolutionary transitions are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'The major synthetic evolutionary transitions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Newman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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20
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Ma H, Morsink FHM, Offerhaus GJA, de Leng WWJ. Stem cell dynamics and pretumor progression in the intestinal tract. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:841-52. [PMID: 27108415 PMCID: PMC4990616 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis is a process that follows a stepwise cascade that goes from the normal to an invisible pretumor stage ultimately leading to grossly visible tumor progression. During pretumor progression, an increasing accumulation of genetic alterations occurs, by definition without visible manifestations. It is generally thought that stem cells in the crypt base are responsible for this initiation of colorectal cancer progression because they are the origin of the differentiated epithelial cells that occupy the crypt. Furthermore, they are characterized by a long life span that enables them to acquire these cumulative mutations. Recent studies visualized the dynamics of stem cells both in vitro and in vivo. Translating this work into clinical applications will contribute to the evaluation of patients' predisposition for colorectal carcinogenesis and may help in the design of preventive measures for high-risk groups. In this review, we outline the progress made in the research into tracing stem cell dynamics. Further, we highlight the importance and potential clinical value of tracing stem cell dynamics in pretumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Ma
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert H. M. Morsink
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy W. J. de Leng
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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22
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Santinon G, Pocaterra A, Dupont S. Control of YAP/TAZ Activity by Metabolic and Nutrient-Sensing Pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:289-299. [PMID: 26750334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a fundamental cellular function that can be reprogrammed by signaling pathways and oncogenes to meet cellular requirements. An emerging paradigm is that signaling and transcriptional networks can be in turn regulated by metabolism, allowing cells to coordinate their metabolism and behavior in an integrated manner. The activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators, downstream transducers of the Hippo cascade and powerful pro-oncogenic factors, was recently found to be regulated by metabolic pathways, such as aerobic glycolysis and mevalonate synthesis, and by the nutrient-sensing LKB1-AMPK and TSC-mTOR pathways. We discuss here current data linking YAP/TAZ to metabolism and suggest how this coupling might coordinate nutrient availability with genetic programs that sustain tissue growth, neoplastic cell proliferation, and tumor malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Santinon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Pocaterra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy.
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23
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Yimlamai D, Fowl BH, Camargo FD. Emerging evidence on the role of the Hippo/YAP pathway in liver physiology and cancer. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1491-501. [PMID: 26226451 PMCID: PMC4654680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway and its regulatory target, YAP, has recently emerged as an important biochemical signaling pathway that tightly governs epithelial tissue growth. Initially defined in Drosophilia, this pathway has shown remarkable conservation in vertebrate systems with many components of the Hippo/YAP pathway showing biochemical and functional conservation. The liver is particularly sensitive to changes in Hippo/YAP signaling with rapid increases in liver size becoming manifest on the order of days to weeks after perturbation. The first identified direct targets of Hippo/YAP signaling were pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic gene programs, but recent work has now implicated this pathway in cell fate choice, stem cell maintenance/renewal, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and oncogenesis. The mechanisms by which Hippo/YAP signaling is changed endogenously are beginning to come to light as well as how this pathway interacts with other signaling pathways, and important details for designing new therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on the known roles for Hippo/YAP signaling in the liver and promising avenues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Yimlamai
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Brendan H Fowl
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- The Stem Cell Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
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Ekizoglu S, Dogan S, Ulker D, Seven D, Gozen E, Karaman E, Buyru N. The effect ofLKB1on the PI3K/Akt pathway activation in association withPTENandPIK3CAin HNC. Clin Otolaryngol 2015; 40:622-8. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ekizoglu
- Department of Medical Biology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - S. Dogan
- Department of Medical Biology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - D. Ulker
- Department of Medical Biology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - D. Seven
- Department of Medical Biology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - E.D. Gozen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - E. Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - N. Buyru
- Department of Medical Biology; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
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25
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Men Y, Zhang A, Li H, Zhang T, Jin Y, Li H, Zhang J, Gao J. LKB1 Is Required for the Development and Maintenance of Stereocilia in Inner Ear Hair Cells in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135841. [PMID: 26274331 PMCID: PMC4537123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The LKB1 gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase, was discovered to play crucial roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and the establishment of cell polarity. In our study, LKB1 conditional knockout mice (Atoh1-LKB1-/- mice) were generated to investigate LKB1 function in the inner ear. Tests of auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emissions revealed significant decreases in the hearing sensitivities of the Atoh1-LKB1-/- mice. In Atoh1-LKB1-/- mice, malformations of hair cell stereocilliary bundles were present as early as postnatal day 1 (P1), a time long before the maturation of the hair cell bundles. In addition, we also observed outer hair cell (OHC) loss starting at P14. The impaired stereocilliary bundles occurred long before the presence of hair cell loss. Stereociliary cytoskeletal structure depends on the core actin-based cytoskeleton and several actin-binding proteins. By Western blot, we examined actin-binding proteins, specifically ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) proteins involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton of hair cell stereocilia. Our results revealed that the phosphorylation of ERM proteins (pERM) was significantly decreased in mutant mice. Thus, we propose that the decreased pERM may be a key factor for the impaired stereocillia function, and the damaged stereocillia may induce hair cell loss and hearing impairments. Taken together, our data indicates that LKB1 is required for the development and maintenance of stereocilia in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Men
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yecheng Jin
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huashun Li
- SARITEX Center for Stem Cell, Engineering Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Stem Cell&Nano-Medicine, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (JZ)
| | - Jiangang Gao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (JZ)
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26
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Murtaza M, Jolly LA, Gecz J, Wood SA. La FAM fatale: USP9X in development and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2075-89. [PMID: 25672900 PMCID: PMC4427618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs), act downstream of ubiquitylation. As such, these post-post-translational modifiers function as the final arbitrators of a protein substrate’s ubiquitylation status, thus regulating its fate. In most instances, DUBs moderate the absolute level of a substrate, its locality or activity, rather than being an “all-or-none” phenomenon. Yet, disruption of this quantitative regulation can produce dramatic qualitative differences. The ubiquitin-specific protease 9X (USP9X/FAM) is a substrate-specific DUB, which displays an extraordinarily high level of sequence conservation from Drosophila to mammals. It is primarily the recent revelations of USP9X’s pivotal role in human cancers, both as oncogene or tumour suppressor, in developmental disorders including intellectual disability, epilepsy, autism and developmental delay that has led to a subsequent re-examination of its molecular and cellular functions. Results from experimental animal models have implicated USP9X in neurodegeneration, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we describe the current and accumulated knowledge on the molecular, cellular and developmental aspects of USP9X function within the context of the biological consequences during normal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- The Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Mohseni M, Sun J, Lau A, Curtis S, Goldsmith J, Fox VL, Wei C, Frazier M, Samson O, Wong KK, Wong KK, Kim C, Camargo FD. A genetic screen identifies an LKB1-MARK signalling axis controlling the Hippo-YAP pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 16:108-17. [PMID: 24362629 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP pathway is an emerging signalling cascade involved in the regulation of stem cell activity and organ size. To identify components of this pathway, we performed an RNAi-based kinome screen in human cells. Our screen identified several kinases not previously associated with Hippo signalling that control multiple cellular processes. One of the hits, LKB1, is a common tumour suppressor whose mechanism of action is only partially understood. We demonstrate that LKB1 acts through its substrates of the microtubule affinity-regulating kinase family to regulate the localization of the polarity determinant Scribble and the activity of the core Hippo kinases. Our data also indicate that YAP is functionally important for the tumour suppressive effects of LKB1. Our results identify a signalling axis that links YAP activation with LKB1 mutations, and have implications for the treatment of LKB1-mutant human malignancies. In addition, our findings provide insight into upstream signals of the Hippo-YAP signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Mohseni
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jianlong Sun
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Allison Lau
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Stephen Curtis
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Goldsmith
- Center for Pediatric Polyposis, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Victor L Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chongjuan Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Marsha Frazier
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Owen Samson
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Kwok-Kim Wong
- 1] Genetics Division, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Ludwig Center at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Carla Kim
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- 1] Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Matsuki T, Chen J, Howell BW. Acute inactivation of the serine-threonine kinase Stk25 disrupts neuronal migration. Neural Dev 2013; 8:21. [PMID: 24225308 PMCID: PMC3874637 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal migration involves the directional migration of immature neurons. During much of the migration period these neurons are polarized with defined leading and trailing processes. Stk25 has been shown to bind to the LKB1 activator STRAD and regulate neuronal polarization and dendritogenesis in an opposing manner to Reelin-Dab1 signaling. It is not known, however, whether Stk25 controls neuronal migration, a key developmental process regulated by Reelin-Dab1 signal transduction. Findings Here we find that while constitutive Stk25 deficiency does not lead to neuronal phenotypes, acute reduction by either Cre-mediated gene inactivation or by knockdown causes a developmental neuronal migration error. Furthermore, we find that knockdown of LKB1, STRAD and GM130, molecules that have previously been implicated with Stk25, causes similar aberrations in neuronal migration. Conclusions Loss of Stk25 function early in development likely leads to functional compensation for its roles in neuronal development. Stk25 regulates neuronal positioning, possibly as part of the LKB1-STRAD-Stk25-GM130 pathway that was previously shown to be important for neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian W Howell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E, Adams St, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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29
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SOcK, MiSTs, MASK and STicKs: the GCKIII (germinal centre kinase III) kinases and their heterologous protein-protein interactions. Biochem J 2013; 454:13-30. [PMID: 23889253 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The GCKIII (germinal centre kinase III) subfamily of the mammalian Ste20 (sterile 20)-like group of serine/threonine protein kinases comprises SOK1 (Ste20-like/oxidant-stress-response kinase 1), MST3 (mammalian Ste20-like kinase 3) and MST4. Initially, GCKIIIs were considered in the contexts of the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and apoptosis. More recently, their participation in multiprotein heterocomplexes has become apparent. In the present review, we discuss the structure and phosphorylation of GCKIIIs and then focus on their interactions with other proteins. GCKIIIs possess a highly-conserved, structured catalytic domain at the N-terminus and a less-well conserved C-terminal regulatory domain. GCKIIIs are activated by tonic autophosphorylation of a T-loop threonine residue and their phosphorylation is regulated primarily through protein serine/threonine phosphatases [especially PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A)]. The GCKIII regulatory domains are highly disorganized, but can interact with more structured proteins, particularly the CCM3 (cerebral cavernous malformation 3)/PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10) protein. We explore the role(s) of GCKIIIs (and CCM3/PDCD10) in STRIPAK (striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase) complexes and their association with the cis-Golgi protein GOLGA2 (golgin A2; GM130). Recently, an interaction of GCKIIIs with MO25 has been identified. This exhibits similarities to the STRADα (STE20-related kinase adaptor α)-MO25 interaction (as in the LKB1-STRADα-MO25 heterotrimer) and, at least for MST3, the interaction may be enhanced by cis-autophosphorylation of its regulatory domain. In these various heterocomplexes, GCKIIIs associate with the Golgi apparatus, the centrosome and the nucleus, as well as with focal adhesions and cell junctions, and are probably involved in cell migration, polarity and proliferation. Finally, we consider the association of GCKIIIs with a number of human diseases, particularly cerebral cavernous malformations.
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30
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LKB1 downregulation may be independent of promoter methylation or FOXO3 expression in head and neck cancer. Transl Res 2013; 162:122-9. [PMID: 23810581 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase liver kinase B 1 (LKB1) is a multifunctional protein and has been associated with various cancer types. Although the tumor suppressor function of LKB1 is attributed mainly to its ability to phosphorylate directly different adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinases, its regulation is still poorly understood. More recently, it has been shown that LKB1 expression can be regulated by forkhead box O transcription factors via cis-acting elements, which are found in the promoter region of the LKB1 gene. In this study, we investigated LKB1 messenger RNA expression levels in association with the promoter methylation of the gene and forkhead box O member 3 (FOXO3) messenger RNA expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) tumor samples. Our results show that LKB1 expression is downregulated, especially in advanced-stage tumor samples, and this downregulation was not the result of promoter methylation or modulation by FOXO3 (P = 0.656). Despite observing a positive association between the LKB1 and FOXO3 expression levels in the tumors, this association was not statistically significant (P = 0.24). Our results indicate that downregulation of LKB1 is independent of FOXO3 and may be implicated in the progression of HNSCC.
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31
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Masaki T. Polarization and myelination in myelinating glia. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2012; 2012:769412. [PMID: 23326681 PMCID: PMC3544266 DOI: 10.5402/2012/769412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Myelinating glia, oligodendrocytes in central nervous system and Schwann cells in peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath, a multilayered membrane system around axons enabling salutatory nerve impulse conduction and maintaining axonal integrity. Myelin sheath is a polarized structure localized in the axonal side and therefore is supposed to be formed based on the preceding polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, myelination process is closely associated with polarization of myelinating glia. However, cell polarization has been less extensively studied in myelinating glia than other cell types such as epithelial cells. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide insights for the field of myelination research by applying the information obtained in polarity study in other cell types, especially epithelial cells, to cell polarization of myelinating glia. Thus, in this paper, the main aspects of cell polarization study in general are summarized. Then, they will be compared with polarization in oligodendrocytes. Finally, the achievements obtained in polarization study for epithelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and other types of cells will be translated into polarization/myelination process by Schwann cells. Then, based on this model, the perspectives in the study of Schwann cell polarization/myelination will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Masaki
- Department of Medical Science, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju-Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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32
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Nguyen HB, Babcock JT, Wells CD, Quilliam LA. LKB1 tumor suppressor regulates AMP kinase/mTOR-independent cell growth and proliferation via the phosphorylation of Yap. Oncogene 2012; 32:4100-9. [PMID: 23027127 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) tumor suppressor inhibits cell growth through its regulation of cellular metabolism and apical-basal polarity. The best understood mechanism whereby LKB1 limits cell growth is through activation of the AMP-activated-protein-kinase/mammalian-target-of-rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) pathway to control metabolism. As LKB1 is also required for polarized epithelial cells to resist hyperplasia, it is anticipated to function through additional mechanisms. Recently, Yes-associated protein (Yap) has emerged as a transcriptional co-activator that modulates tissue homeostasis in response to cell-cell contact. Thus this study examined a possible connection between Yap and LKB1. Restoration of LKB1 expression in HeLa cells, which lack this tumor suppressor, or short-hairpin RNA knockdown of LKB1 in NTERT immortalized keratinocytes, demonstrated that LKB1 promotes Yap phosphorylation, nuclear exclusion and proteasomal degradation. The ability of phosphorylation-defective Yap mutants to rescue LKB1 phenotypes, such as reduced cell proliferation and cell size, suggest that Yap inhibition contributes to LKB1 tumor suppressor function(s). However, failure of Lats1/2 knockdown to suppress LKB1-mediated Yap regulation suggested that LKB1 signals to Yap via a non-canonical pathway. Additionally, LKB1 inhibited Yap independently of either AMPK or mTOR activation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism whereby LKB1 may restrict cancer cell growth via the inhibition of Yap.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Liu JX, Zhang F, Zhou P, Xia TY, Mao GP. Protein expression and gene mutation of Brg1 in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2353-2357. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i25.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protein expression and gene mutation of Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1) in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), and to analyze their relation with tumor development.
METHODS: The expression of Brg1 protein in 72 cases of PJS polyps was detected by immunohistochemistry. Mutations in exons 4 and 10 of the Brg1 gene was detected by means of polymerase chain reaction-direct sequencing (PCR-DNA) in 39 cases of PJS polyps and 2 cases of carcinoma.
RESULTS: The positive rate of Brg1 protein expression in PJS (54.17%) was lower than that in adenocarcinoma (76.67%) but higher than that in normal tissue (16.67%). There was a significant difference in the positive rate of Brg1 protein expression among the three groups (P < 0.05). No Brg1 gene mutations were detected in 39 cases of PJS polyps and 2 cases of carcinoma.
CONCLUSION: Increased expression of Brg1 protein in PJS may be associated with the development of this disease. Brg1 gene mutations might be rare in PJS. Brg1 expression can be used as an important parameter for differentiating malignancy and evaluating prognosis of PJS.
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Nakano A, Takashima S. LKB1 and AMP-activated protein kinase: regulators of cell polarity. Genes Cells 2012; 17:737-47. [PMID: 22892070 PMCID: PMC3533759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a metabolic protein kinase, and its upstream kinase LKB1 play crucial roles in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. Although the shapes of polarized cells display extraordinary diversity, the key molecules involved in cell polarity are relatively well conserved. Here, we review the mechanisms and factors responsible for organizing cell polarity and the role of LKB1 and AMPK in cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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35
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Wei C, Bhattaram VK, Igwe JC, Fleming E, Tirnauer JS. The LKB1 tumor suppressor controls spindle orientation and localization of activated AMPK in mitotic epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41118. [PMID: 22815934 PMCID: PMC3399794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orientation of mitotic spindles plays an integral role in determining the relative positions of daughter cells in a tissue. LKB1 is a tumor suppressor that controls cell polarity, metabolism, and microtubule stability. Here, we show that germline LKB1 mutation in mice impairs spindle orientation in cells of the upper gastrointestinal tract and causes dramatic mislocalization of the LKB1 substrate AMPK in mitotic cells. RNAi of LKB1 causes spindle misorientation in three-dimensional MDCK cell cysts. Maintaining proper spindle orientation, possibly mediated by effects on the downstream kinase AMPK, could be an important tumor suppressor function of LKB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjuan Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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36
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Wildenberg ME, Vos ACW, Wolfkamp SCS, Duijvestein M, Verhaar AP, Te Velde AA, van den Brink GR, Hommes DW. Autophagy attenuates the adaptive immune response by destabilizing the immunologic synapse. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1493-503.e6. [PMID: 22370477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Variants in the genes ATG16L1 and IRGM affect autophagy and are associated with the development of Crohn's disease. It is not clear how autophagy is linked to loss of immune tolerance in the intestine. We investigated the involvement of the immunologic synapse-the site of contact between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, which contains molecules involved in antigen recognition and regulates immune response. METHODS DC autophagy was reduced using small interfering RNAs or pharmacologic inhibitors. DC phenotype and function were analyzed by confocal microscopy, time-lapse microscopy, and flow cytometry. We also examined DCs isolated from patients with Crohn's disease who carried the ATG16L1 risk allele. RESULTS Immunologic synapse formation induced formation of autophagosomes in DCs; the autophagosomes were oriented toward the immunologic synapse and contained synaptic components. Knockdown of ATG16L1 and IRGM with small interfering RNAs in DCs resulted in hyperstable interactions between DCs and T cells, increased activation of T cells, and activation of a T-helper 17 cell response. LKB1 was recruited to the immunologic synapse, and induction of autophagy in DC required inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycine signaling by the LKB1-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. DCs from patients with Crohn's disease who had an ATG16L1 risk allele had a similar hyperstability of the immunologic synapse. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy is induced upon formation of the immunologic synapse and negatively regulates T-cell activation. This mechanism might increase adaptive immunity in patients with Crohn's disease who carry ATG16L1 risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Yu T, Chen X, Zhang W, Li J, Xu R, Wang TC, Ai W, Liu C. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates intestinal epithelial cell morphology and polarity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32492. [PMID: 22384261 PMCID: PMC3286469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc finger transcription factor that plays a vital role in regulating cell lineage differentiation during development and maintaining epithelial homeostasis in the intestine. In normal intestine, KLF4 is predominantly expressed in the differentiated epithelial cells. It has been identified as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. KLF4 knockout mice demonstrated a decrease in number of goblet cells in the colon, and conditional ablation of KLF4 from the intestinal epithelium led to altered epithelial homeostasis. However, the role of KLF4 in differentiated intestinal cells and colon cancer cells, as well as the mechanism by which it regulates homeostasis and represses tumorigenesis in the intestine is not well understood. In our study, KLF4 was partially depleted in the differentiated intestinal epithelial cells by a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase. We found a significant increase in the number of goblet cells in the KLF4-deleted small intestine, suggesting that KLF4 is not only required for goblet cell differentiation, but also required for maintaining goblet cell numbers through its function in inhibiting cell proliferation. The number and position of Paneth cells also changed. This is consistent with the KLF4 knockout study using villin-Cre [1]. Through immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and statistical analysis, we found that a stem cell and/or tuft cell marker, DCAMKL1, and a proliferation marker, Ki67, are affected by KLF4 depletion, while an enteroendocrine cell marker, neurotensin (NT), was not affected. In addition, we found KLF4 depletion altered the morphology and polarity of the intestinal epithelial cells. Using a three-dimensional (3D) intestinal epithelial cyst formation assay, we found that KLF4 is essential for cell polarity and crypt-cyst formation in human colon cancer cells. These findings suggest that, as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer, KLF4 affects intestinal epithelial cell morphology by regulating proliferation, differentiation and polarity of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Yu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Biological and Molecular Biochemistry, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xi Chen
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wen Zhang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ren Xu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Walden Ai
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chunming Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mian I, Pierre-Louis WS, Dole N, Gilberti RM, Dodge-Kafka K, Tirnauer JS. LKB1 destabilizes microtubules in myoblasts and contributes to myoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31583. [PMID: 22348111 PMCID: PMC3279410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation and fusion into multinucleate myotubes is associated with dramatic cytoskeletal changes. We find that microtubules in differentiated myotubes are highly stabilized, but premature microtubule stabilization blocks differentiation. Factors responsible for microtubule destabilization in myoblasts have not been identified. FINDINGS We find that a transient decrease in microtubule stabilization early during myoblast differentiation precedes the ultimate microtubule stabilization seen in differentiated myotubes. We report a role for the serine-threonine kinase LKB1 in both microtubule destabilization and myoblast differentiation. LKB1 overexpression reduced microtubule elongation in a Nocodazole washout assay, and LKB1 RNAi increased it, showing LKB1 destabilizes microtubule assembly in myoblasts. LKB1 levels and activity increased during myoblast differentiation, along with activation of the known LKB1 substrates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs). LKB1 overexpression accelerated differentiation, whereas RNAi impaired it. CONCLUSIONS Reduced microtubule stability precedes myoblast differentiation and the associated ultimate microtubule stabilization seen in myotubes. LKB1 plays a positive role in microtubule destabilization in myoblasts and in myoblast differentiation. This work suggests a model by which LKB1-induced microtubule destabilization facilitates the cytoskeletal changes required for differentiation. Transient destabilization of microtubules might be a useful strategy for enhancing and/or synchronizing myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Mian
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Willythssa Stéphie Pierre-Louis
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Neha Dole
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renée M. Gilberti
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Dodge-Kafka
- Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Tirnauer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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Mazzolini R, Dopeso H, Mateo-Lozano S, Chang W, Rodrigues P, Bazzocco S, Alazzouzi H, Landolfi S, Hernández-Losa J, Andretta E, Alhopuro P, Espín E, Armengol M, Tabernero J, Ramón y Cajal S, Kloor M, Gebert J, Mariadason JM, Schwartz S, Aaltonen LA, Mooseker MS, Arango D. Brush border myosin Ia has tumor suppressor activity in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1530-5. [PMID: 22307608 PMCID: PMC3277176 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108411109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of the epithelial architecture and cell polarity/differentiation is known to be important during the tumorigenic process. Here we demonstrate that the brush border protein Myosin Ia (MYO1A) is important for polarization and differentiation of colon cancer cells and is frequently inactivated in colorectal tumors by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. MYO1A frame-shift mutations were observed in 32% (37 of 116) of the colorectal tumors with microsatellite instability analyzed, and evidence of promoter methylation was observed in a significant proportion of colon cancer cell lines and primary colorectal tumors. The loss of polarization/differentiation resulting from MYO1A inactivation is associated with higher tumor growth in soft agar and in a xenograft model. In addition, the progression of genetically and carcinogen-initiated intestinal tumors was significantly accelerated in Myo1a knockout mice compared with Myo1a wild-type animals. Moreover, MYO1A tumor expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients. Patients with low MYO1A tumor protein levels had significantly shorter disease-free and overall survival compared with patients with high tumoral MYO1A (logrank test P = 0.004 and P = 0.009, respectively). The median time-to-disease recurrence in patients with low MYO1A was 1 y, compared with >9 y in the group of patients with high MYO1A. These results identify MYO1A as a unique tumor-suppressor gene in colorectal cancer and demonstrate that the loss of structural brush border proteins involved in cell polarity are important for tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mazzolini
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Higinio Dopeso
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Mateo-Lozano
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Wakam Chang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520-8103 CT
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Andretta
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pia Alhopuro
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - John M. Mariadason
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Centre for Clinical Sciences, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Simo Schwartz
- Group of Drug Delivery and Targeting, Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-Nanomedicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lauri A. Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark S. Mooseker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, 06520-8103 CT
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Molecular Oncology, and
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Liu JX, Zhou P, Hu ZM, Mao GP. Expression of Brg1, VEGF and COX-2 in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:2461-2466. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i23.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) proteins in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and to analyze their clinical significance.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Brg1, VEGF and COX-2 proteins in 72 PJS samples, 12 normal small intestinal mucosal tissue samples and 30 cancer tissue samples.
RESULTS: The positive rates of Brg1, VEGF and COX-2 expression were significantly higher in PJS than in normal mucosal tissue (54.17% vs 16.67%, 58.33% vs 8.33%, 62.50% vs 25.00%, all P < 0.01) and in cancer tissue than in PJS (76.67% vs 54.17%, 80.00% vs 58.33%, 83.33% vs 62.50% all P < 0.01). In PJS, positive correlations were found between Brg1 and VEGF expression and between Brg1 and COX-2 expression.
CONCLUSION: Brg1, VEGF and COX-2 may play a role in the occurrence of PJS.
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41
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Molecular biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression: aberrant activation of developmental pathways. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 97:41-78. [PMID: 21074729 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385233-5.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic development marks a period of peak tissue growth and morphogenesis in the mammalian lifecycle. Many of the pathways that underlie cell proliferation and movement are relatively quiescent in adult animals but become reactivated during carcinogenesis. This phenomenon has been particularly well documented in pancreatic cancer, where detailed genetic studies and a robust mouse model have permitted investigators to test the role of various developmental signals in cancer progression. In this chapter, we review current knowledge regarding the signaling pathways that act during pancreatic development and the evidence that the reactivation of developmentally important signals is critical for the pathogenesis of this treatment-refractory malignancy.
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42
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Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition: CK2β on stage. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 356:11-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0942-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
New onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a major complication associated with solid-organ transplantation, sharing many similarities with type 2 diabetes mellitus. While metformin is recommended as the antiglycemic agent of choice in the general population, guidelines post-transplantation do not endorse metformin with equal importance and promote meglitinides as the agents of choice. Concerns with tolerability and safety of metformin in the complex polypharmacy of transplant recipients are likely causative factors for reluctant prescription among clinicians. However, such practice denies recipients a wide array of benefits attributed to metformin use in the general population. These include attenuation of abnormal glucose metabolism (diabetes treatment and prevention), weight neutrality, improvement in pathophysiological components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]), lipid-lowering properties, cardiovascular protection and antineoplastic potential. Whether such benefits translate from the general population to our high-risk recipients requires further investigation. By discussing the evidence of the risk/benefit ratio of metformin, the aim of this article is to promote the safe use of metformin as the first-line antiglycemic agent in the context of solid-organ transplantation for a host of indications that require clinical validation with appropriately designed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharif
- Renal Institute of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
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44
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Focus on … LKB1/AMPK signaling. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Abstract
LKB1 is a 'master' protein kinase implicated in the regulation of metabolism, cell proliferation, cell polarity and tumorigenesis. However, the long-term role of LKB1 in hepatic function is unknown. In the present study, it is shown that hepatic LKB1 plays a key role in liver cellular architecture and metabolism. We report that liver-specific deletion of LKB1 in mice leads to defective canaliculi and bile duct formation, causing impaired bile acid clearance and subsequent accumulation of bile acids in serum and liver. Concomitant with this, it was found that the majority of BSEP (bile salt export pump) was retained in intracellular pools rather than localized to the canalicular membrane in hepatocytes from LLKB1KO (liver-specific Lkb1-knockout) mice. Together, these changes resulted in toxic accumulation of bile salts, reduced liver function and failure to thrive. Additionally, circulating LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol and non-esterified cholesterol levels were increased in LLKB1KO mice with an associated alteration in red blood cell morphology and development of hyperbilirubinaemia. These results indicate that LKB1 plays a critical role in bile acid homoeostasis and that lack of LKB1 in the liver results in cholestasis. These findings indicate a novel key role for LKB1 in the development of hepatic morphology and membrane targeting of canalicular proteins.
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46
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Patel H, Nteliopoulos G, Nikolakopoulou Z, Jackson A, Gordon MY. Antibody arrays identify protein-protein interactions in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2011; 152:611-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Kenanli E, Karaman E, Enver O, Ulutin T, Buyru N. Genetic Alterations of the LKB1 Gene in Head and Neck Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:735-8. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Kenanli
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emin Karaman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgun Enver
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turgut Ulutin
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Buyru
- Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Goshima T, Kume K, Koyano T, Ohya Y, Toda T, Hirata D. Fission yeast germinal center (GC) kinase Ppk11 interacts with Pmo25 and plays an auxiliary role in concert with the morphogenesis Orb6 network (MOR) in cell morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35196-205. [PMID: 20826805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
How cell morphology and the cell cycle are coordinately regulated is a fundamental subject in cell biology. In fission yeast, 2 germinal center kinases (GCKs), Sid1 and Nak1, play an essential role in septation/cytokinesis and cell separation/cell polarity control, respectively, as components of the septation initiation network (SIN) and the morphogenesis Orb6 network (MOR). Here we show that a third GCK, Ppk11, is also required for efficient cell separation particularly, at a high temperature. Although Ppk11 is not essential for cell division, this kinase plays an auxiliary role in concert with MOR in cell morphogenesis. Ppk11 physically interacts with the MOR component Pmo25 and is localized to the septum, by which Ppk11 is crucial for Pmo25 targeting/accumulation to the septum. The conserved C-terminal WDF motif of Ppk11 is essential for both septum accumulation of Pmo25 and efficient cell separation. In contrast its kinase activity is required only for cell separation. Thus, both interaction of Ppk11 with Pmo25 and Ppk11 kinase activity are critical for efficient cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Goshima
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Deguchi A, Miyoshi H, Kojima Y, Okawa K, Aoki M, Taketo MM. LKB1 suppresses p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) by phosphorylation of Thr109 in the p21-binding domain. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18283-90. [PMID: 20400510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.079137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase LKB1 is a tumor suppressor gene mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients. The mutations are found also in several types of sporadic cancer. Although LKB1 is implicated in suppression of cell growth and metastasis, the detailed mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of LKB1 on cell motility, whose acquisition occurs in early metastasis. The knockdown of LKB1 enhanced cell migration and PAK1 activity in human colon cancer HCT116 cells, whereas forced expression of LKB1 in Lkb1-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts suppressed PAK1 activity and PAK1-mediated cell migration simultaneously. Notably, LKB1 directly phosphorylated PAK1 at Thr(109) in the p21-binding domain in vitro. The phosphomimetic T109E mutant showed significantly lower protein kinase activity than wild-type PAK1, suggesting that the phosphorylation at Thr(109) by LKB1 was responsible for suppression of PAK1. Consistently, the nonphosphorylatable T109A mutant was resistant to suppression by LKB1. Furthermore, we found that PAK1 was activated in the hepatocellular carcinomas and the precancerous liver lesions of Lkb1(+/-) mice. Taken together, these results suggest that PAK1 is a direct downstream target of LKB1 and plays an essential role in LKB1-induced suppression of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Deguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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50
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Udd L, Katajisto P, Kyyrönen M, Ristimäki AP, Mäkelä TP. Impaired gastric gland differentiation in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2467-76. [PMID: 20363912 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps in the Peutz-Jeghers cancer predisposition syndrome and its mouse model (Lkb1(+/-)) are presumed to contain all cell types native to the site of their occurrence. This study aimed to explore the pathogenesis of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome polyposis by characterizing cell types and differentiation of the epithelium of gastric polyps and predisposed mucosa. Both antral and fundic polyps were characterized by a deficit of pepsinogen C-expressing differentiated gland cells (antral gland, mucopeptic, and chief cells); in large fundic polyps, parietal cells were also absent. Gland cell loss was associated with an increase in precursor neck cells, an expansion of the proliferative zone, and an increase in smooth muscle alpha-actin expressing myofibroblasts in the polyp stroma. Lack of pepsinogen C-positive gland cells identified incipient polyps, and even the unaffected mucosa of young predisposed mice displayed an increase in pepsinogen C negative glands (25%; P = 0045). In addition, in small intestinal polyps, gland cell differentiation was defective, with the absence of Paneth cells. There were no signs of metaplastic differentiation in any of the tissues studied, and both the gastric and small intestinal defects were seen in Lkb1(+/-) mice, as well as polyps from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. These results identify impaired epithelial differentiation as the earliest pathological sign likely to contribute to tumorigenesis in individuals with inherited Lkb1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Udd
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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