1
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Zhang ZP, Guo PY, Ye QS, Zhang Y. Temporary mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to durable left ventricular assist device as destination therapy in fulminant giant cell myocarditis:A case report. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32324. [PMID: 38975127 PMCID: PMC11226815 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fulminant giant cell myocarditis is a fatal form of acute myocarditis leading to a rapid-onset clinical presentation with lethal arrhythmias, acute heart failure, or cardiogenic shock requiring mechanical circulatory support. We report the case of a 52-year-old female diagnosed with fulminant myocarditis requiring veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) and intra-aortic balloon pump(IABP) support. Due to hemodynamic instability, she was transferred to our hospital by helicopter on day 4. On arrival at our hospital, she underwent percutaneous balloon atrial septostomy to decompress the left ventricle. Although the left ventricular distension and pulmonary edema improved after atrial septostomy, no signs of biventricular function recovery were identified on day 14. On day 23, V-A ECMO and IABP were switched to a durable left ventricular assist device(LVAD) system and a right ventricular assist device(RVAD) with ECMO (RVAD-ECMO) under median sternotomy. On day 37, RVAD-ECMO was eventually removed and rehabilitation was started with the remaining LVAD support as destination therapy. On day 78, the patient was finally discharged with LVAD support to follow-up as an outpatient. This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and rigorous monitoring to optimize outcomes in the treatment of fulminant giant cell myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Zhang
- Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430037, China
| | - Pen-Yu Guo
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qi-Shen Ye
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430037, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Feng L, Zhu Z, He Y, Li X. Global burden of myocarditis in youth and middle age (1990-2019): A systematic analysis of the disease burden and thirty-year forecast. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102735. [PMID: 38950720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is increasingly recognized as a critical health issue, particularly among youth and middle-aged populations. This study aims to analyze the global burden and trends of myocarditis in these age groups to emphasize the need for region-specific prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (1990-2019), we evaluated the age-standardized rates (ASR) of myocarditis in individuals aged 10 to 54 years. We calculated average annual percentage changes (AAPC) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). Additionally, we examined the correlation between myocarditis incidence and the Human Development Index (HDI) and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Age and sex trends in myocarditis were analyzed, and Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models were used to forecast prevalence trends up to 2050. RESULTS The High-income Asia Pacific region had the highest ASR of myocarditis, while North Africa and the Middle East had the lowest. North Africa and the Middle East also experienced the fastest average annual growth in ASR, whereas High-income North America saw the most significant decline. Correlational analysis showed that countries with a high SDI exhibited higher myocarditis ASR. The burden of myocarditis was greater among males than females, with this disparity increasing with age. Projections indicate a stable trend in the incidence of myocarditis among the youth and middle-aged population up to 2050, although the total number of cases is expected to rise. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a significant upward trend in myocarditis among youth and middle-aged populations, highlighting the urgency for early monitoring and preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Lu Feng
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Zixiong Zhu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Yubin He
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, PR China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, PR China.
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3
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Wang W, Jia H, Hua X, Song J. New insights gained from cellular landscape changes in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 2024:10.1007/s10741-024-10406-w. [PMID: 38896377 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10406-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the etiological classification of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM) have reached a consensus. However, the mechanism of myocarditis/ICM remains unclear, which affects the development of treatment and the improvement of outcome. Cellular transcription and metabolic reprogramming, and the interactions between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes, such as the immune cells, contribute to the process of myocarditis/ICM. Recent efforts have been made by multi-omics techniques, particularly in single-cell RNA sequencing, to gain a better understanding of the cellular landscape alteration occurring in disease during the progression. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest studies in myocarditis/ICM, particularly as revealed by single-cell sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiteng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10037, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10037, China
| | - Xiumeng Hua
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10037, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100037, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 10037, China.
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4
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Shakerian B, Mandegar MH. A fatal case of fulminant myocarditis after influenza infection with a rapidly progressive course: A case report. IDCases 2024; 36:e01986. [PMID: 38779145 PMCID: PMC11109346 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The most common cause of myocarditis is viral infections. clinical presentation of acute myocarditis is highly variable and varies from asymptomatic to fulminant heart failure or sudden death. Fulminant myocarditis is a severe form of myocarditis characterized by heart failure, arrhythmia, cardiogenic shock, and sudden cardiac arrest. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential for improved survival. We present a case of a 34-year-old woman who presented with viral symptoms for two days and then died suddenly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Shakerian
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Mandegar
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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5
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Trimarchi G, Teresi L, Licordari R, Pingitore A, Pizzino F, Grimaldi P, Calabrò D, Liotta P, Micari A, de Gregorio C, Di Bella G. Transient Left Ventricular Dysfunction from Cardiomyopathies to Myocardial Viability: When and Why Cardiac Function Recovers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1051. [PMID: 38791012 PMCID: PMC11117605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient left ventricular dysfunction (TLVD), a temporary condition marked by reversible impairment of ventricular function, remains an underdiagnosed yet significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in clinical practice. Unlike the well-explored atherosclerotic disease of the epicardial coronary arteries, the diverse etiologies of TLVD require greater attention for proper diagnosis and management. The spectrum of disorders associated with TLVD includes stress-induced cardiomyopathy, central nervous system injuries, histaminergic syndromes, various inflammatory diseases, pregnancy-related conditions, and genetically determined syndromes. Furthermore, myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) origins such as coronary artery spasm, coronary thromboembolism, and spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) may also manifest as TLVD, eventually showing recovery. This review highlights the range of ischemic and non-ischemic clinical situations that lead to TLVD, gathering conditions like Tako-Tsubo Syndrome (TTS), Kounis syndrome (KS), Myocarditis, Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM), and Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC). Differentiation amongst these causes is crucial, as they involve distinct clinical, instrumental, and genetic predictors that bode different outcomes and recovery potential for left ventricular function. The purpose of this review is to improve everyday clinical approaches to treating these diseases by providing an extensive survey of conditions linked with TLVD and the elements impacting prognosis and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Trimarchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Lucio Teresi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Licordari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Pingitore
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, Clinical Physiology Institute, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Fausto Pizzino
- Cardiology Unit, Heart Centre, Fondazione Gabriele Monasterio—Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Grimaldi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Danila Calabrò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Paolo Liotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Antonio Micari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (R.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Cesare de Gregorio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cardiology Unit, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy; (L.T.); (P.G.); (D.C.); (P.L.); (C.d.G.); (G.D.B.)
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6
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Jiang J, Shu H, Wang DW, Hui R, Li C, Ran X, Wang H, Zhang J, Nie S, Cui G, Xiang D, Shao Q, Xu S, Zhou N, Li Y, Gao W, Chen Y, Bian Y, Wang G, Xia L, Wang Y, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Wang J, Chen S, Jiang H, Chen J, Du X, Chen M, Sun Y, Li S, Ding H, Ma X, Zeng H, Lin L, Zhou S, Ma L, Tao L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Guo X. Chinese Society of Cardiology guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:913-939. [PMID: 38332216 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fulminant myocarditis is an acute diffuse inflammatory disease of myocardium. It is characterized by acute onset, rapid progress and high risk of death. Its pathogenesis involves excessive immune activation of the innate immune system and formation of inflammatory storm. According to China's practical experience, the adoption of the "life support-based comprehensive treatment regimen" (with mechanical circulation support and immunomodulation therapy as the core) can significantly improve the survival rate and long-term prognosis. Special emphasis is placed on very early identification,very early diagnosis,very early prediction and very early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Jiang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hongyang Shu
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Rutai Hui
- Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chenze Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiao Ran
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Fuwai Huazhong Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guanglin Cui
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dingcheng Xiang
- Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Union Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Taida Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yuan Bian
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Liming Xia
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- Kanghua Hospital, Dongguan, Guangzhou, 523080, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjin Du
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Wuhan, China
| | - Mao Chen
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Yinxian Sun
- First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xueping Ma
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750003, China
| | - Hesong Zeng
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lin
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Likun Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230002, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Central Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaomei Guo
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Ediger DS, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, Long B. High risk and low prevalence diseases: Myocarditis. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 78:81-88. [PMID: 38241774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocarditis is a serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of myocarditis, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION Myocarditis is an inflammatory syndrome of myocardium, most often resulting from a viral infection, that can cause life-threatening cardiovascular collapse. It has a highly variable presentation and no widely available specific diagnostic test, making it a challenging diagnosis. Emergency clinicians should obtain an electrocardiogram and perform bedside ultrasound to assess cardiac function. Treatment in the ED is largely supportive, focusing on resuscitation, cardiovascular support, cardiology specialist consultation, and appropriate disposition. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of myocarditis can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this potentially deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ediger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - William J Brady
- Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
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Huang SW, Liu YK. Pediatric Chest Pain: A Review of Diagnostic Tools in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:526. [PMID: 38473000 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric chest pain is a common chief complaint in the emergency department. Not surprisingly, children with chest pain are usually brought to the emergency department by their parents out of fear of heart disease. However, chest pain in the pediatric population is generally a benign disease. In this review, we have identified musculoskeletal pain as the most prevalent etiology of chest pain in the pediatric population, accounting for 38.7-86.3% of cases, followed by pulmonary (1.8-12.8%), gastrointestinal (0.3-9.3%), psychogenic (5.1-83.6%), and cardiac chest pain (0.3-8.0%). Various diagnostic procedures are commonly used in the emergency department for cardiac chest pain, including electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiography, cardiac troponin examination, and echocardiography. However, these examinations demonstrate limited sensitivity in identifying cardiac etiologies, with sensitivities ranging from 0 to 17.8% for ECG and 11.0 to 17.2% for chest radiography. To avoid the overuse of these diagnostic tools, a well-designed standardized algorithm for pediatric chest pain could decrease unnecessary examination without missing severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Wei Huang
- Emergency Department, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11695, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Kuo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11695, Taiwan
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9
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He Y, Yu H, Dai S, He M, Ma L, Xu Z, Luo F, Wang L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors break whose heart? Perspectives from cardio-immuno-oncology. Genes Dis 2024; 11:807-818. [PMID: 37692505 PMCID: PMC10491874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibody antagonists, which can block cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathways, and other molecules exploited by tumor cells to evade T cell-mediated immune response. ICIs have transformed the treatment landscape for various cancers due to their amazing efficacy. Many anti-tumor therapies, including targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, combine ICIs to make the treatment more effective. However, the off-target immune activation caused by ICIs may lead to a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting multiple organ systems. Among irAEs, cardiotoxicity induced by ICIs, uncommon but fatal, has greatly offset survival benefits from ICIs, which is heartbreaking for both patients and clinicians. Consequently, such cardiotoxicity requires special vigilance, and it has become a common challenge both for patients and clinicians. This article reviewed the clinical manifestations and influence of cardiotoxicity from the view of patients and clinicians, elaborated on the underlying mechanisms in conjunction with animal studies, and then attempted to propose management strategies from a cardio-immuno-oncology multidisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Oncology Department, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Cardiovascular Department, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Miao He
- Oncology Department, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
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10
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Kong Q, Xu X, Li M, Meng X, Zhao C, Yang X. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019: Updated Systematic Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2024; 10:e46635. [PMID: 38206659 PMCID: PMC10811576 DOI: 10.2196/46635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis is characterized by high disability and mortality, and imposes a severe burden on population health globally. However, the latest global magnitude and secular trend of myocarditis burden have not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to delineate the epidemiological characteristics of myocarditis burden globally for optimizing targeted prevention and research. METHODS Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, the myocarditis burden from 1990 to 2019 was modeled using the Cause of Death Ensemble tool, DisMod-MR, and spatiotemporal Gaussian regression. We depicted the epidemiology and trends of myocarditis by sex, age, year, region, and sociodemographic index (SDI). R program version 4.2.1 (R Project for Statistical Computing) was applied for all statistical analyses, and a 2-sided P-value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The number of incident cases (1,268,000) and deaths (32,450) associated with myocarditis in 2019 increased by over 1.6 times compared with the values in 1990 globally. On the other hand, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) decreased slightly from 1990 to 2019. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) decreased slightly in the past 3 decades, while the age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) decreased greatly from 18.29 per 100,000 person-years in 1990 to 12.81 per 100,000 person-years in 2019. High SDI regions always showed a more significant ASIR. The ASIR slightly decreased in all SDI regions between 1990 and 2019. Middle SDI regions had the highest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. Low SDI regions had the lowest ASMR and ASDR in 2019. The age-standardized rates (ASRs) of myocarditis were higher among males than among females from 1990 to 2019 globally. All ASRs among both sexes had a downward trend, except for the ASMR among males, which showed a stable trend, and females had a more significant decrease in the ASDR than males. Senior citizens had high incident cases and deaths among both sexes in 2019. The peak numbers of DALYs for both sexes were noted in the under 1 age group in 2019. At the national level, the estimated annual percentage changes in the ASRs had significant negative correlations with the baseline ASRs in 1990. CONCLUSIONS Globally, the number of incident cases and deaths associated with myocarditis have increased significantly. On the other hand, the ASRs of myocarditis showed decreasing trends from 1990 to 2019. Males consistently showed higher ASRs of myocarditis than females from 1990 to 2019 globally. Senior citizens gradually predominated in terms of myocarditis burden. Policymakers should establish targeted control strategies based on gender, region, age, and SDI; strengthen aging-related health research; and take notice of the changes in the epidemic characteristics of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cuifen Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Clinical Research Center of Shandong University, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Jinan, China
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11
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Shibata N, Kondo T, Okumura T, Imaizumi T, Dohi K, Izawa H, Ohte N, Amano T, Murohara T. Clinical Value of Troponin Levels to Cardiac Function and Prognosis in Patients with Fulminant Myocarditis. Int Heart J 2024; 65:218-229. [PMID: 38556333 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.23-589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Troponin (Tn) is a biomarker related to myocardial necrosis and is elevated in patients with myocarditis. This study aimed to investigate the association between cardiac Tn levels and the course of cardiac function, and prognosis in patients with fulminant myocarditis (FM) receiving percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS).We used data from a multicenter retrospective registry, CHANGE PUMP 2, which included 216 patients with FM who required MCS. Among them, 141 patients whose Tn levels were available were analyzed. The patients were divided into low and high Tn groups according to the median values of TnT and TnI.The median age was 54 years, and 59.6% were male. The TnT and TnI on day 1 (at MCS initiation) were 3.8 (1.4-10.0) and 21.4 (8.4-68.8) ng/mL. While the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was similar on day 1 (25.0% versus 24.5%), the low Tn group showed better LVEF improvement on day 7 than the high Tn group (45.0% versus 25.3%, P < 0.001). LVEF at 1 year after admission was higher in the low Tn group (65.0% versus 59.7%, P = 0.039). The low Tn group had a better 90-day composite endpoint in death, durable left ventricular assist device implantation, and heart transplantation compared to the high Tn group (hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.95).Tn levels were associated with short- and long-term cardiac recovery and adverse outcomes in patients with FM receiving MCS due to cardiogenic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toru Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Imaizumi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Advanced Medicine, Nagoya University Hospital
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hideo Izawa
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University
| | - Nobuyuki Ohte
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tetsuya Amano
- Department of Cardiology, Aichi Medical University Hospital
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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12
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Gherbesi E, Gianstefani S, Angeli F, Ryabenko K, Bergamaschi L, Armillotta M, Guerra E, Tuttolomondo D, Gaibazzi N, Squeri A, Spaziani C, Pizzi C, Carugo S. Myocardial strain of the left ventricle by speckle tracking echocardiography: From physics to clinical practice. Echocardiography 2024; 41:e15753. [PMID: 38284665 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a reliable imaging technique of recognized clinical value in several settings. This method uses the motion of ultrasound backscatter speckles within echocardiographic images to derive myocardial velocities and deformation parameters, providing crucial insights on several cardiac pathological and physiological processes. Its feasibility, reproducibility, and accuracy have been widely demonstrated, being myocardial strain of the various chambers inserted in diagnostic algorithms and guidelines for various pathologies. The most important parameters are Global longitudinal strain (GLS), Left atrium (LA) reservoir strain, and Global Work Index (GWI): based on large studies the average of the lower limit of normality are -16%, 23%, and 1442 mmHg%, respectively. For GWI, it should be pointed out that myocardial work relies primarily on non-invasive measurements of blood pressure and segmental strain, both of which exhibit high variability, and thus, this variability constitutes a significant limitation of this parameter. In this review, we describe the principal aspects of the theory behind the use of myocardial strain, from cardiac mechanics to image acquisition techniques, outlining its limitation, and its principal clinical applications: in particular, GLS have a role in determine subclinical myocardial dysfunction (in cardiomyopathies, cardiotoxicity, target organ damage in ambulatory patients with arterial hypertension) and LA strain in determine the risk of AF, specifically in ambulatory patients with arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gherbesi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianstefani
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Angeli
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Khrystyna Ryabenko
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Bergamaschi
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Armillotta
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emiliano Guerra
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico Di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Tuttolomondo
- Cardiology Division, Parma University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Gaibazzi
- Cardiology Division, Parma University Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Angelo Squeri
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Cristina Spaziani
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Carmine Pizzi
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC - Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Carugo
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular Diseases, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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13
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Wu Q, Huang C, Chen R, Li D, Zhang G, Yu H, Li Y, Song B, Zhang N, Li B, Chu X. Transcriptional and functional analysis of plasma exosomal microRNAs in acute viral myocarditis. Genomics 2024; 116:110775. [PMID: 38163573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the differential expression profiles of exosome-derived microRNA (miRNA) and reveal their potential functions in patients with acute viral myocarditis (AVMC). MATERIALS & METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from 9 patients diagnosed with AVMC and 9 healthy controls (HC) in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from July 2021 to September 2022. The exosomal miRNA expression were tested using RNA high-throughput sequencing. We conducted the GO and KEGG functional analysis to predict the potential molecular, biological functions and related signaling pathways of miRNAs in exosomes. Target genes of exosomal miRNAs were predicted and miRNA-target gene network was mapped using gene databases. Differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs were selected and their expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to verify the sequencing results. RESULTS P < 0.05 and Fold Change>2 were considered as cut-off value to screen miRNAs that were differently expressed. This study identified 14 upregulated and 14 downregulated exosome-derived miRNAs. GO and KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed miRNAs may be related to β-catenin binding, DNA transcription activities, ubiquitin ligase, PI3K-Akt, FoxO, P53, MAPK, and etc.. The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using gene databases. Real-time PCR confirmed the upregulation of hsa-miR-548a-3p and downregulation of hsa-miR-500b-5p in AVMC. CONCLUSIONS Hsa-miR-548a-3p and hsa-miR-500b-5p could serve as a promising biomarker of AVMC. Exosomal miRNAs may have substantial roles in the mechanisms of AVMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinchao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruolan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Daisong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Haichu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bingxue Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, 266071 Qingdao, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Haici Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xianming Chu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China; The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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14
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Lasica R, Djukanovic L, Savic L, Krljanac G, Zdravkovic M, Ristic M, Lasica A, Asanin M, Ristic A. Update on Myocarditis: From Etiology and Clinical Picture to Modern Diagnostics and Methods of Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3073. [PMID: 37835816 PMCID: PMC10572782 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13193073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the frequency of myocarditis in the general population is very difficult to accurately determine due to the large number of asymptomatic cases, the incidence of this disease is increasing significantly due to better defined criteria for diagnosis and the development of modern diagnostic methods. The multitude of different etiological factors, the diversity of the clinical picture, and the variability of the diagnostic findings make this disease often demanding both for the selection of the diagnostic modality and for the proper therapeutic approach. The previously known most common viral etiology of this disease is today overshadowed by new findings based on immune-mediated processes, associated with diseases that in their natural course can lead to myocardial involvement, as well as the iatrogenic cause of myocarditis, which is due to use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer patients. Suspecting that a patient with polymorphic and non-specific clinical signs and symptoms, such as changes in ECG and echocardiography readings, has myocarditis is the starting point in the diagnostic algorithm. Cardio magnetic resonance imaging is non-invasive and is the gold standard for diagnosis and clinical follow-up of these patients. Endomyocardial biopsy as an invasive method is the diagnostic choice in life-threatening cases with suspicion of fulminant myocarditis where the diagnosis has not yet established or there is no adequate response to the applied therapeutic regimen. The treatment of myocarditis is increasingly demanding and includes conservative methods of treating heart failure, immunomodulatory and immunospressive therapy, methods of mechanical circulatory support, and heart transplantation. The goal of developing new diagnostic and therapeutic methods is to reduce mortality from this complex disease, which is still high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratko Lasica
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Lazar Djukanovic
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Lidija Savic
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Gordana Krljanac
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Zdravkovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Bezanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ristic
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Milika Asanin
- Department of Cardiology, Emergency Center, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.D.); (L.S.); (G.K.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Arsen Ristic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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15
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He W, Zhou L, Xu K, Li H, Wang JJ, Chen C, Wang D. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2112-2137. [PMID: 37002488 PMCID: PMC10066028 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory cardiac disease characterized by the destruction of myocardial cells, infiltration of interstitial inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and is becoming a major public health concern. The aetiology of myocarditis continues to broaden as new pathogens and drugs emerge. The relationship between immune checkpoint inhibitors, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vaccines against coronavirus disease-2019, and myocarditis has attracted increased attention. Immunopathological processes play an important role in the different phases of myocarditis, affecting disease occurrence, development, and prognosis. Excessive immune activation can induce severe myocardial injury and lead to fulminant myocarditis, whereas chronic inflammation can lead to cardiac remodelling and inflammatory dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of immunosuppressive treatments, particularly cytotoxic agents, for myocarditis, remains controversial. While reasonable and effective immunomodulatory therapy is the general trend. This review focuses on the current understanding of the aetiology and immunopathogenesis of myocarditis and offers new perspectives on immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu He
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - James Jiqi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - DaoWen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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16
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You B, Zeng C, Wang B. Ultra-early myocardial calcification secondary to fulminant myocarditis with 4 years of follow-up: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2023; 7:ytad302. [PMID: 37554960 PMCID: PMC10405352 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early myocardial calcifications secondary to fulminant myocarditis (FM) are rare, and their natural evolution and effects on cardiac function are poorly understood. Here, we followed the patient for 4 years to observe the development of cardiac calcification and its impact on heart function. CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old man was hospitalized with a fever and cough for 1 day. The patient was previously healthy and had no history of heart disease or specific family conditions. The patient was positive for anti-Epstein-Barr virus IgG and IgM. The computed tomography (CT) scan showed no coronary lesions. Cardiogenic shock and recurrent ventricular fibrillation developed on the third day after admission, and the patient received rescue therapy such as endotracheal intubation, defibrillation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and corticosteroids. On the 13th day of admission, a CT scan revealed significant calcification in the left ventricular wall. The patient was discharged after 30 days in the hospital. After discharge, his left ventricular calcification peaked at 6 months and gradually subsided after that, and his left ventricular function slowly returned to normal at 12 months. DISCUSSION In younger patients, myocardial calcifications secondary to FM may occur as early as 13 days and affect cardiac function. After proper treatment and rehabilitation, the patient's myocardial calcification can gradually subside and the cardiac function can gradually recover. For FM patients, timely and comprehensive intensive treatment, including heart, lung, and kidney replacement therapy and early administration of hormone preparations, may be beneficial to the early recovery of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binquan You
- Department of Cardiology, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Congjun Zeng
- Department of Imaging, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Bingyin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, 118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215000, China
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17
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Baumeier C, Harms D, Aleshcheva G, Gross U, Escher F, Schultheiss HP. Advancing Precision Medicine in Myocarditis: Current Status and Future Perspectives in Endomyocardial Biopsy-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutic Approaches. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5050. [PMID: 37568452 PMCID: PMC10419903 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and specific and causal treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy remain a major clinical challenge. Despite the rapid development of new imaging techniques, endomyocardial biopsies remain the gold standard for accurate diagnosis of inflammatory myocardial disease. With the introduction and continued development of immunohistochemical inflammation diagnostics in combination with viral nucleic acid testing, myocarditis diagnostics have improved significantly since their introduction. Together with new technologies such as miRNA and gene expression profiling, quantification of specific immune cell markers, and determination of viral activity, diagnostic accuracy and patient prognosis will continue to improve in the future. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the pathogenesis and diagnosis of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathies and highlight future perspectives for more in-depth and specialized biopsy diagnostics and precision, personalized medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baumeier
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.H.); (G.A.); (U.G.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Dominik Harms
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.H.); (G.A.); (U.G.); (H.-P.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ganna Aleshcheva
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.H.); (G.A.); (U.G.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Ulrich Gross
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.H.); (G.A.); (U.G.); (H.-P.S.)
| | - Felicitas Escher
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- Institute of Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, IKDT GmbH, 12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.H.); (G.A.); (U.G.); (H.-P.S.)
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18
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Karev V, Starshinova AY, Glushkova A, Kudlay D, Starshinova A. Features of Myocarditis: Morphological Differential Diagnosis in Post-COVID-19 Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2499. [PMID: 37568863 PMCID: PMC10417761 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is characterized by dysfunction and destruction of cardiomyocytes, infiltrative inflammation, and development of fibrosis. Late diagnosis of myocarditis has been a serious global health problem, especially due to the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The aim of this review is to identify differences between myocarditis of viral etiology, including SARS-CoV-2 lesions, based on instrumental and pathomorphological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed publications covering the period from December 2019 to May 2023, published in publicly accessible international databases ("Medline", "PubMed", "Scopus"), with queries for the keywords "myocarditis", "children", "cardiovascular inflammation", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "differential diagnosis". RESULTS It was found that no unambiguous morphological criteria for the diagnosis of myocarditis coupled to SARS-CoV-2 lesions were identified. However, the detected histopathological changes such as virus-associated degeneration, apoptosis, cardiomyocyte necrosis, moderate interstitial hyperemia, myocardial tissue oedema, and capillary endothelial cell dysfunction were the major markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION It is necessary further reconsider morphological criteria to diagnose SARS-CoV-2-caused myocarditis, rather than solely relying on detecting viral RNA by PCR as the sole evidence-based criterion. Similar issues accompany diagnostics of myocardial lesions associated with other viral infections. Evidence for an etiological diagnosis of myocarditis can be provided by a comprehensive analysis of the diagnostic criteria obtained, confirming virus exposure, followed by development of distinct clinical symptoms, MRI and CT changes, and morphological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Karev
- Children’s Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, St. Petersburg 194100, Russia;
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | | | - Anzhela Glushkova
- Medical Faculty, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
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19
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Mistrulli R, Ferrera A, Muthukkattil ML, Volpe M, Barbato E, Battistoni A. SARS-CoV-2 Related Myocarditis: What We Know So Far. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4700. [PMID: 37510815 PMCID: PMC10380706 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A minority of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) develop cardiovascular complications, such as acute cardiac lesions with elevated troponins, de novo systolic heart failure, pericardial effusion and, rarely, acute myocarditis. The prevalence of COVID-19-related myocarditis ranges from 10 to 105 cases per 100,000 COVID-19-infected individuals, with a male predominance (58%) and a median age of 50 years. The etiopathogenetic mechanism is currently unclear, but may involve direct virus-mediated damage or an exaggerated immune response to the virus. Mortality is high, as fulminant myocarditis (FM) develops very often in the form of cardiogenic shock and ventricular arrhythmias. Hence, medical therapy with ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers may not always be sufficient, in which case inotropic and immunosuppressive drugs, most commonly corticosteroids, may be necessary. In this review we analyze the current data on COVID-19 myocarditis, management strategies and therapy, with a brief description of COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis to help clinicians dealing with this peculiar form of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Mistrulli
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Armando Ferrera
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Melwyn Luis Muthukkattil
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
- IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuele Barbato
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Allegra Battistoni
- Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (A.F.); (M.V.); (E.B.); (A.B.)
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20
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Yang X, Duan X, Xia Z, Huang R, He K, Xiang G. The Regulation Network of Glycerolipid Metabolism as Coregulators of Immunotherapy-Related Myocarditis. Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 2023:8774971. [PMID: 37388276 PMCID: PMC10307211 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8774971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, immunotherapy for patients with malignant tumors has shown a significant association with myocarditis. However, the mechanism of metabolic reprogramming changes for immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity is still not well understood. Methods The CD45+ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of the Pdcd1-/-Ctla4+/- and wild-type mouse heart in GSE213486 was downloaded to demonstrate the heterogeneity of immunocyte atlas in immunotherapy-related myocarditis. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) spectrum metabolomics analysis detects the metabolic network differences. The drug prediction, organelle level interaction, mitochondrial level regulatory network, and phosphorylation site prediction for key regulators have also been screened via multibioinformatics analysis methods. Results The scRNA analysis shows that the T cell is the main regulatory cell subpopulation in the pathological progress of immunotherapy-related myocarditis. Mitochondrial regulation pathway significantly participated in pseudotime trajectory- (PTT-) related differential expressed genes (DEGs) in the T cell subpopulation. Additionally, both the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of PTT-related DEGs and LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis showed that mitochondrial-regulated glycerolipid metabolism plays a central role in metabolic reprogramming changes for immunotherapy-related cardiotoxicity. Finally, the hub-regulated protease of diacylglycerol kinase zeta (Dgkz) was significantly identified and widely played various roles in glycerolipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipid kinase activation. Conclusion Mitochondrial-regulated glycerolipid metabolism, especially the DGKZ protein, plays a key role in the metabolic reprogramming of immunotherapy-related myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guigang City People's Hospital, Guigang, Guangxi 537100, China
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Xiaopeng Duan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Zhenglin Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Ke He
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
| | - Guoan Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Second People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510317, China
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21
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Brociek E, Tymińska A, Giordani AS, Caforio ALP, Wojnicz R, Grabowski M, Ozierański K. Myocarditis: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Their Implications in Clinical Practice. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:874. [PMID: 37372158 PMCID: PMC10295542 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. It can lead to serious short-term and long-term sequalae, such as sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. Due to its heterogenous clinical presentation and disease course, challenging diagnosis and limited evidence for prognostic stratification, myocarditis poses a great challenge to clinicians. As it stands, the pathogenesis and etiology of myocarditis is only partially understood. Moreover, the impact of certain clinical features on risk assessment, patient outcomes and treatment options is not entirely clear. Such data, however, are essential in order to personalize patient care and implement novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible etiologies of myocarditis, outline the key processes governing its pathogenesis and summarize best available evidence regarding patient outcomes and state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Brociek
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (M.G.); (K.O.)
| | - Agata Tymińska
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (M.G.); (K.O.)
| | - Andrea Silvio Giordani
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35-100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.G.); (A.L.P.C.)
| | - Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, 35-100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.G.); (A.L.P.C.)
| | - Romuald Wojnicz
- Department of Histology and Cell Pathology in Zabrze, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Marcin Grabowski
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (M.G.); (K.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Ozierański
- First Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (M.G.); (K.O.)
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22
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Kantarcı M, Bayraktutan Ü, Akbulut A, Taydaş O, Ceviz N, Güven F, Oğul H, Aydın S. The value of dual-energy computed tomography in the evaluation of myocarditis. Diagn Interv Radiol 2023; 29:276-282. [PMID: 36987908 PMCID: PMC10679693 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2022.21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The inflammation of the heart muscle is referred to as acute myocarditis. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has become the primary method for a non-invasive assessment of myocardial inflammation. However, there are several drawbacks of CMR. During the last decade, dual energy computed tomography (DECT) has been used in cardiac imaging. The current study aims to assess the efficacy and feasibility of DECT in acute myocarditis and compare the results to CMR. METHODS This prospective study included patients who had myocarditis but no coronary artery pathology. Two observers evaluated the patients for acute myocarditis using DECT and CMR. CMR was performed on 22 patients within 24 hours of DECT, which was administered within 12 hours following the onset of chest pain. Inter-observer agreement was tested with Cohen's Kappa coefficient, and Spearman's correlation was used to examine the possible correlations. A P value of <0.050 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS The DECT and CMR agreement was significant for transmural diagnoses, excellent for subepicardial and intramyocardial diagnoses, and perfect for nodular and band-like patterns. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed that the dark areas on the color-coded iodine map created with DECT were strongly correlated with CMR in acute cases of myocarditis. In addition, DECT is a robust imaging method that can also be used in the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Furthermore, it provides information about coronary arteries faster and more reliably than magnetic resonance imaging without any limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mecit Kantarcı
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Abdüsselam Akbulut
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Taydaş
- Department of Radiology, Sakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Naci Ceviz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fadime Güven
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hayri Oğul
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sonay Aydın
- Department of Radiology, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
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23
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Myocarditis in children. COR ET VASA 2023. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2022.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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24
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Károlyi M, Kolossváry M, Weber L, Matziris I, Polacin M, Sokolska JM, Gotschy A, Alkadhi H, Manka R. Association between ECG parameters and late gadolinium enhancement along the course of myocarditis. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2023; 39:1169-1178. [PMID: 36826613 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-023-02811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) have been related to poor prognosis in acute myocarditis. We evaluated whether ECG parameters are associated with the distribution and dynamic of LGE along the course of myocarditis. METHODS Fifty-one patients with CMR confirmed acute myocarditis were included who underwent CMR with LGE and 12-lead ECG at baseline and 3-month follow-up at our institution. The association between the presence, regional distribution and change of ECG parameters and LGE was investigated using linear regression analysis. LGE was quantified as visual presence score (VPS) and visual transmurality score (VTS). RESULTS Among many ECG parameters only > 1 mm ST-elevation (STE) was associated with VPS and VTS at baseline (β = 3.08 [95%CI: 1.75; 4.41], p = < 0.001 and β = 5.40 [95%CI: 1.92; 8.88], p = 0.004; respectively). STE was most frequent in lateral and inferior ECG-leads (48% and 31%) and it was associated with VPS and VTS in these localizations (p < 0.05 all), however no association between anterior-septal STE and LGE could be confirmed. At follow-up the regression of STE was associated with the regression of VPS and VTS in univariate analysis (β=-1.49 [95%CI: -2.41; -0.57], p = 0.003 and β=-4.87 [95%CI: -7.18; -2.56], p = 0.001, respectively), which remained significant for VTS using a multivariate model (β=-2.39 [95%CI: -3.32; -0.47], p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Although we demonstrated some promising associations between STE and LGE, the usability of ECG to estimate the territorial involvement and dynamical changes of LGE along the course of myocarditis is generally limited and cardiac magnetic resonance should be considered for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Károlyi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucas Weber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Matziris
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Polacin
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justyna M Sokolska
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alexander Gotschy
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hatem Alkadhi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Manka
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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25
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Bottiroli M, Moroni F, Tavazzi G. Temporary mechanical support in acute fulminant myocarditis: We need to know more. Int J Cardiol 2023; 372:80-82. [PMID: 36455702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bottiroli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francesco Moroni
- Department of Medicine and Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Guido Tavazzi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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26
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Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases Research Using Animal Models and PET Radioisotope Tracers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010353. [PMID: 36613797 PMCID: PMC9820417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a collective term describing a range of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. Due to the varied nature of the disorders, distinguishing between their causes and monitoring their progress is crucial for finding an effective treatment. Molecular imaging enables non-invasive visualisation and quantification of biological pathways, even at the molecular and subcellular levels, what is essential for understanding the causes and development of CVD. Positron emission tomography imaging is so far recognized as the best method for in vivo studies of the CVD related phenomena. The imaging is based on the use of radioisotope-labelled markers, which have been successfully used in both pre-clinical research and clinical studies. Current research on CVD with the use of such radioconjugates constantly increases our knowledge and understanding of the causes, and brings us closer to effective monitoring and treatment. This review outlines recent advances in the use of the so-far available radioisotope markers in the research on cardiovascular diseases in rodent models, points out the problems and provides a perspective for future applications of PET imaging in CVD studies.
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27
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Lee SD, Lee HJ, Kim HR, Kang MG, Kim K, Park JR. Development of dilated cardiomyopathy with a long latent period followed by viral fulminant myocarditis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:13451-13457. [PMID: 36683618 PMCID: PMC9850995 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i36.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical course of acute myocarditis ranges from the occurrence of a few symptoms to the development of fatal fulminant myocarditis. Specifically, fulminant myocarditis causes clinical deterioration very rapidly and aggressively. The long-term prognosis of myocarditis is varied, and it fully recovers without leaving any special complications. However, even after recovery, heart failure may occur and eventually progress to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which causes serious left ventricular dysfunction. In the case of follow-up observation, no clear guidelines have been established.
CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 21-year-old woman who presented with dyspnea. She became hemodynamically unstable and showed sustained fatal arrhythmias with decreased heart function. She was clinically diagnosed with fulminant myocarditis based on her echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance results. After 2 d, she was readmitted to the emergency department under cardiopulmonary resuscitation and received mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator was inserted for secondary prevention. She recovered and was discharged. Prior to being hospitalized for sudden cardiac function decline and arrhythmia, she had been well for 7 years without any complications. She was finally diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy.
CONCLUSION DCM may develop unexpectedly in patients who have been cured of acute fulminant myocarditis and have been stable with a long period of remission. Therefore, they should be carefully and regularly observed clinically throughout long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Do Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
| | - Hye Ree Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
| | - Kyehwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
| | - Jeong Rang Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, South Korea
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28
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Grodzka O, Procyk G, Gąsecka A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Myocarditis-What Can We Learn from Clinical Trials? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416022. [PMID: 36555663 PMCID: PMC9783955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart with a viral infection as the most common cause. It affects most commonly young adults. Although endomyocardial biopsy and cardiac magnetic resonance are used in the diagnosis, neither of them demonstrates all the required qualities. There is a clear need for a non-invasive, generally available diagnostic tool that will still remain highly specific and sensitive. These requirements could be possibly met by microribonucleic acids (miRNAs), which are small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate many fundamental cell functions. They can be isolated from cells, tissues, or body fluids. Recently, several clinical studies have shown the deregulation of different miRNAs in myocarditis. The phase of the disease has also been evidenced to influence miRNA levels. These changes have been observed both in adult and pediatric patients. Some studies have revealed a correlation between the change in particular miRNA concentration and the degree of cardiac damage and inflammation. All of this indicates miRNAs as potential novel biomarkers in the diagnosis of myocarditis, as well as a prognostic tool for this condition. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the role of miRNAs in myocarditis based on the results of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Grodzka
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Procyk
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-723-488-305
| | - Aleksandra Gąsecka
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Therapeutic effect of captopril combined with phosphocreatine sodium on viral myocarditis. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:8659-8667. [PMID: 36628215 PMCID: PMC9827287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the therapeutic effect of captopril combined with phosphocreatine sodium in patients with viral myocarditis. METHODS A total of 140 patients with infectious myocarditis who received treatment in Hanzhong City People's Hospital from December 2019 to January 2022 were retrospectively enrolled as study subjects. 61 of them were treated with captopril and constituted the control group (CG), and the remaining 79 who received phosphocreatine sodium in addition to captopril were the research group (RG). Variables were observed and compared between the two groups, including clinical efficacy, adverse reactions during treatment, and changes in myocardial enzymes, cardiac function, troponin, and inflammatory factors. According to therapeutic effect, those patients with marked results were categorized as the significant improvement group, and those whose results were just effective or ineffective were the insignificant improvement group. The risk factors affecting the efficacy of the patients were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS Compared to the CG, the RG had greater decreases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (all P < 0.05). The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (FS), and left ventricular stroke volume (SV) in the RG increased significantly more after treatment (P < 0.05), while the levels of high-sensitivity troponin I (cTnI) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) decreased more significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the CG. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the RG were more down-regulated (P < 0.05), and they had a higher overall response rate after treatment (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between these two groups (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CK-MB, LVEF, cTnI, and cTnT were independent factors affecting the efficacy. CONCLUSION Captopril combined with phosphocreatine sodium can reduce the inflammatory response in patients with infectious myocarditis, improve cardiac function, and improve the therapeutic efficacy.
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30
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Veronese G, Nonini S, Cannata A, Aresta F, Olivieri G, Montrasio E, De Caria D, Perna E, Calini A, Bottiroli M, Cislaghi F, Pedrazzini G, Baltaro F, Quattrocchi G, Pedrotti P, Russo CF, Garascia A, Mondino M, Ammirati E. Fulminant Lymphocytic Myocarditis During Pregnancy Treated With Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Supports and Aggressive Immunosuppression. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e009810. [PMID: 36305298 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Veronese
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (G.V.)
| | - Sandra Nonini
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Aldo Cannata
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Francesca Aresta
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Guido Olivieri
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Elisa Montrasio
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Daniele De Caria
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Enrico Perna
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Angelo Calini
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Maurizio Bottiroli
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Francesca Cislaghi
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Giovanna Pedrazzini
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Federica Baltaro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (F.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Quattrocchi
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Patrizia Pedrotti
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Claudio F Russo
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Andrea Garascia
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Michele Mondino
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
| | - Enrico Ammirati
- "De Gasperis" Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy (S.N., A. Cannata, F.A., G.O., E.M., D.D.C., E.P., A. Calini, M.B., F.C., G.P., G.Q., P.P., C.F.R., A.G., M.M., E.A.)
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Muscogiuri G, Guaricci AI, Cau R, Saba L, Senatieri A, Chierchia G, Pontone G, Volpato V, Palmisano A, Esposito A, Basile P, Marra P, D'angelo T, Booz C, Rabbat M, Sironi S. Multimodality imaging in acute myocarditis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2022; 50:1097-1109. [PMID: 36218216 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of acute myocarditis often involves several noninvasive techniques that can provide information regarding volumes, ejection fraction, and tissue characterization. In particular, echocardiography is extremely helpful for the evaluation of biventricular volumes, strain and ejection fraction. Cardiac magnetic resonance, beyond biventricular volumes, strain, and ejection fraction allows to characterize myocardial tissue providing information regarding edema, hyperemia, and fibrosis. Contemporary cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can not only be extremely important for the assessment of coronary arteries, pulmonary arteries and aorta but also tissue characterization using CCTA can be an additional tool that can explain chest pain with a diagnosis of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Muscogiuri
- Department of Radiology, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, San Luca Hospital, Milano, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Igoren Guaricci
- University Cardiology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cau
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari - Polo di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), di Cagliari - Polo di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Valentina Volpato
- University Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant'Ambrogio, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Palmisano
- Clinical and Experimental Radiology Unit, Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Clinical and Experimental Radiology Unit, Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Basile
- University Cardiology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Marra
- Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tommaso D'angelo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, "G. Martino" University Hospital Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Christian Booz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mark Rabbat
- Loyola University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandro Sironi
- School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Department of Radiology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
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Maharlou M, Kaviani R, Rezaeian N, Amin A, Omidvar R, Farrashi M. Right ventricular peak systolic free wall longitudinal strain as a practical tool to detect right ventricular dysfunction in acute myocarditis. Echocardiography 2022; 39:1291-1298. [PMID: 36126335 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute myocarditis is one of the etiologies of acute heart failure, chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiac mortality. The extent of right ventricular (RV) involvement and its impact on the course of the disease have been scarcely studied. This study aimed to evaluate both the prevalence of RV dysfunction in acute myocarditis and echocardiographic measures as a diagnostic tool for RV dysfunction compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) findings. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled patients with a definite or probable acute myocarditis diagnosis based on the Lake Louise criteria in CMR and evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of echocardiographic measures in predicting RV dysfunction in CMR. RESULTS The study population consisted of 71 patients, including 54 men (76%), at a median (Q1-Q3) age of 33 (26-46) years. CMR detected RV dysfunction in 53.5% of the patients. The RV free wall peak systolic longitudinal strain showed the highest correlation (r = -.786, p < .001) and area under the curve (.919) with the RV ejection fraction in CMR, followed by the RV global peak systolic longitudinal strain and the RV fractional area change. The RV-free wall peak systolic longitudinal strain had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 73% for the diagnosis of RV dysfunction in myocarditis. A cutoff value of -17.9% was 100% specific for RV systolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography, as a readily available tool, was predictive of and had acceptable accuracy for RV dysfunction in acute myocarditis compared with CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Maharlou
- Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Kaviani
- Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Rezaeian
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Amin
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Omidvar
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melody Farrashi
- Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yue T, Xiong S, Zheng D, Wang Y, Long P, Yang J, Danzeng D, Gao H, Wen X, Li X, Hou J. Multifunctional biomaterial platforms for blocking the fibrosis process and promoting cellular restoring effects in myocardial fibrosis therapy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:988683. [PMID: 36185428 PMCID: PMC9520723 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.988683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is the result of abnormal healing after acute and chronic myocardial damage and is a direct cause of heart failure and cardiac insufficiency. The clinical approach is to preserve cardiac function and inhibit fibrosis through surgery aimed at dredging blood vessels. However, this strategy does not adequately address the deterioration of fibrosis and cardiac function recovery. Therefore, numerous biomaterial platforms have been developed to address the above issues. In this review, we summarize the existing biomaterial delivery and restoring platforms, In addition, we also clarify the therapeutic strategies based on biomaterial platforms, including general strategies to block the fibrosis process and new strategies to promote cellular restoring effects. The development of structures with the ability to block further fibrosis progression as well as to promote cardiomyocytes viability should be the main research interests in myocardial fibrosis, and the reestablishment of structures necessary for normal cardiac function is central to the treatment of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, the future application of biomaterials for myocardial fibrosis is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yue
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pan Long
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dunzhu Danzeng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Xudong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chengdu First People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Wen, ; Xin Li, ; Jun Hou,
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Wen, ; Xin Li, ; Jun Hou,
| | - Jun Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xudong Wen, ; Xin Li, ; Jun Hou,
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Callegari A, Quandt D, Schmitz A, Klingel K, Balmer C, Dave H, Kretschmar O, Knirsch W. Findings and Outcome of Transcatheter Right Ventricular Endomyocardial Biopsy and Hemodynamic Assessment in Children with Suspected Myocarditis or Cardiomyopathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10406. [PMID: 36012045 PMCID: PMC9408529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective is assessing findings and outcome in children with suspected cardiomyopathy (CMP) or myocarditis undergoing cardiac catheterization with transcatheter right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy (RV-EMB). METHODS All consecutive children undergoing cardiac catheterization with RV-EMB for suspected CMP/myocarditis between 2002-2021 were analysed regarding clinical presentation, cardiac biomarkers, periprocedural management, hemodynamic, histological/immunohistological findings, and outcome. RESULTS Eighty-five RV-EMBs were performed in 81 patients at a median age of 6.8 (IQR 9.9) years and a bodyweight of 20 (32.2) kg. Histological/immunohistological findings of RV-EMB revealed dilated CMP in 10 (12%), chronic myocarditis in 28 (33%), healing myocarditis in 5 (6%), acute myocarditis in 9 (11%), other heart muscle diseases in 23 (27%) (7 restrictive CMP, 5 hypertrophic CMP, 4 toxic/anthracycline-induced CMP, 4 endocardfibroelastosis, 1 arrhythmogenic right ventricular CMP, 1 laminin CMP, 1 haemangioma), no conclusive histology in 7 (8%), and normal histology in 3 (4%) patients. Median LVEDP was 17 mmHg (IQR 9), LAP 15 mmHg (10), and PVR 1.83 (1.87) Wood Units/m2. There were 3 major complications (3%), all patients recovered without any sequelae. At follow-up (median 1153, IQR 1799 days) 47 (59%) patients were alive, 11 (13%) dead, 15 (18%) underwent cardiac transplantation, and 8 (9%) were lost to follow-up. Death/cardiac transplantation occurred within 3 years from RV-EMB. All patients with an acute myocarditis survived. NT-pro-BNP, echo parameters, and invasive hemodynamics correlate independently with death/cardiac transplant. CONCLUSION Hemodynamic invasive data and morphological findings in RV-EMB complete clinical diagnosis in children with suspected CMP/myocarditis and provide important information for further clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Callegari
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Quandt
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Schmitz
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Anesthesia, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72074 Tubingen, Germany
| | - Christian Balmer
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hitendu Dave
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Kretschmar
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Knirsch
- Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Jiang XJ, Zhang WY. Myocarditis complicated by massive right ventricular thrombus and extensive pulmonary embolism: A case report. Front Surg 2022; 9:924366. [PMID: 36051705 PMCID: PMC9424664 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.924366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracardiac thrombus may develop as a consequence of myocarditis, and in rare cases, a dominantly right ventricular thrombus develops, which may impair cardiac function and even cause life-threatening cardiovascular events. We report a 24-year-old man presented with recurrent episodes of palpitation and precordial discomfort after catching a cold 2 months ago. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) revealed a mass attached to the apex of the right ventricle and extensive bilateral pulmonary artery emboli. There was no indication where the thrombi originated from in this young patient without any underlying disease except myocarditis. Pulmonary endarterectomy and embolectomy of pulmonary arteries and right ventricle were performed. Postoperative pathological results confirmed the presence of fibrinous necrosis and hemosiderin deposition. The formation of an intraventricular thrombus is closely related to myocarditis, which can affect individuals of all ages, but especially young people. Thus, patients with myocarditis should be closely monitored and followed up because of the increased risk of extensive thrombosis.
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Montera MW, Marcondes-Braga FG, Simões MV, Moura LAZ, Fernandes F, Mangine S, Oliveira Júnior ACD, Souza ALADAGD, Ianni BM, Rochitte CE, Mesquita CT, de Azevedo Filho CF, Freitas DCDA, Melo DTPD, Bocchi EA, Horowitz ESK, Mesquita ET, Oliveira GH, Villacorta H, Rossi Neto JM, Barbosa JMB, Figueiredo Neto JAD, Luiz LF, Hajjar LA, Beck-da-Silva L, Campos LADA, Danzmann LC, Bittencourt MI, Garcia MI, Avila MS, Clausell NO, Oliveira NAD, Silvestre OM, Souza OFD, Mourilhe-Rocha R, Kalil Filho R, Al-Kindi SG, Rassi S, Alves SMM, Ferreira SMA, Rizk SI, Mattos TAC, Barzilai V, Martins WDA, Schultheiss HP. Brazilian Society of Cardiology Guideline on Myocarditis - 2022. Arq Bras Cardiol 2022; 119:143-211. [PMID: 35830116 PMCID: PMC9352123 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana G Marcondes-Braga
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Simões
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Fabio Fernandes
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Sandrigo Mangine
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | - Bárbara Maria Ianni
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.,Hospital do Coração (HCOR), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Hospital Pró-Cardíaco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,Universidade Federal Fluminense,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,Hospital Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Edimar Alcides Bocchi
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Evandro Tinoco Mesquita
- Universidade Federal Fluminense,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno / UHG, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ludhmila Abrahão Hajjar
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil.,Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Luis Beck-da-Silva
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Imbroise Bittencourt
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Marcelo Iorio Garcia
- Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (HUCFF) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil
| | - Monica Samuel Avila
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sadeer G Al-Kindi
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals and Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland, Ohio - EUA
| | | | - Silvia Marinho Martins Alves
- Pronto Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE - Brasil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE - Brasil
| | - Silvia Moreira Ayub Ferreira
- Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | - Stéphanie Itala Rizk
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.,Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo, SP - Brasil
| | | | - Vitor Barzilai
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF - Brasil
| | - Wolney de Andrade Martins
- Universidade Federal Fluminense,Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ - Brasil
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Xu X, Xu P, Wu X, Lin H, Chen Y, Hu X, Yu J, Zheng R. Case Report: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Followed by Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation Successfully Treated Cardiac Arrest Caused by Anomalous Origin of a Left Coronary Artery From the Right Coronary Sinus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:936721. [PMID: 35847778 PMCID: PMC9276961 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.936721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anomalous origin of a coronary artery (AOCA) is defined as the failure of the coronary artery to originate from the normal coronary sinus. The anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the right coronary sinus is rare, dangerous and at risk of malignant arrhythmia, sudden death, and high mortality. Case Presentation In this study, we present a 14-year-old adolescent male who went to a hospital with transient unconsciousness after exercise, who subsequently developed cardio arrest due to malignant arrhythmia. He was admitted to the intensive care unit, and who subsequently received successful veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) assisted circulation followed by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP). Echocardiography and cardiac CTA were also performed, further confirming that the abnormal left coronary artery originated from the right coronary sinus. The patient subsequently underwent heart surgery. Conclusion The successful treatment of the patient in this report was attributed to the immediately VA ECMO, supplemented by IABP. Establishing clear diagnosis is a process of multidisciplinary joint diagnosis, which provides a reference for clinicians when encountering similar cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- Department of Echocardiography, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Radiology, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiangquan Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiangquan Yu,
| | - Ruiqiang Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Ruiqiang Zheng,
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Liguori C, Tamburrini S, Ferrandino G, Leboffe S, Rosano N, Marano I. Role of CT and MRI in Cardiac Emergencies. Tomography 2022; 8:1386-1400. [PMID: 35645398 PMCID: PMC9149871 DOI: 10.3390/tomography8030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for the evaluation of patients with chest pain have significantly changed thanks to the implemented potentiality of CT and MRI. The possible fatal consequences and high malpractice costs of missed acute coronary syndromes lead to unnecessary hospital admissions every year. CT provides consistent diagnostic support, mainly in suspected coronary disease in patients with a low or intermediate pre-test risk. Moreover, it can gain information in the case of cardiac involvement in pulmonary vascular obstructive disease. MRI, on the other hand, has a leading role in the condition of myocardial damage irrespective of the underlying inflammatory or stress related etiology. This article discusses how radiology techniques (CT and MRI) can impact the diagnostic workflow of the most common cardiac and vascular pathologies that are responsible for non-traumatic chest pain admissions to the Emergency Department.
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Oh JH, Kim GB, Seok H. Implication of microRNA as a potential biomarker of myocarditis. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:230-238. [PMID: 35240034 PMCID: PMC9082251 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis was previously attributed to an epidemic viral infection. Additional harmful reagents, in addition to viruses, play a role in its etiology. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine-induced myocarditis has recently been described, drawing attention to vaccine-induced myocarditis in children and adolescents. Its pathology is based on a series of complex immune responses, including initial innate immune responses in response to viral entry, adaptive immune responses leading to the development of antigen-specific antibodies, and autoimmune responses to cellular injury caused by cardiomyocyte rupture that releases antigens. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium eventually result in cardiac failure. Recent advancements in molecular biology have remarkably increased our understanding of myocarditis. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) are a hot topic in terms of the role of new biomarkers and the pathophysiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis has been linked with microRNA-221/222 (miR-221/222), miR-155, miR-10a*, and miR-590. Despite the lack of clinical trials of miRNA intervention in myocarditis yet, multiple clinical trials of miRNAs in other cardiac diseases have been aggressively conducted to help pave the way for future research, which is bolstered by the success of recently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved small-RNA medications. This review presents basic information and recent research that focuses on myocarditis and related miRNAs as a potential novel biomarker and the therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heeyoung Seok
- Department of Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Genomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Zhao Y, Lyu N, Zhang W, Tan H, Jin Q, Dang A. Prognosis Implication of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Adult Patients With Acute Myocarditis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:839763. [PMID: 35433855 PMCID: PMC9009355 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.839763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe aim of this study is to investigate the role of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in assessing the poor outcomes of adult patients with acute myocarditis.MethodsA total of 170 adult patients with available NT-proBNP information were included in the study. They were grouped according to quartiles of NT-proBNP concentrations at admission. Baseline and follow-up information was collected. Thirty-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were death and heart transplantation. Long-term MACE included all-cause death, heart transplantation, re-hospitalization due to heart failure, sustained ventricular arrhythmia, and myocarditis relapse.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 3.8 years, patients in the highest NT-proBNP quartile suffered from the highest risk both of 30-day and long-term MACE (P < 0.001 by log-rank test). Multivariate analysis showed that apart from left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), an increased baseline NT-proBNP > 3,549 pg/mL (hazard ratio 3.535, 95% CI 1.316–9.499, P = 0.012) and NT-proBNP > 7,204 pg/mL (hazard ratio 22.261, 95% CI 1.976–250.723, P = 0.012) was independent predictor of long-term and 30-day MACE, respectively.ConclusionsHigher baseline NT-proBNP level was an independent predictor of poor outcomes in adult patients with acute myocarditis. Therefore, NT-proBNP may serve as a useful biomarker for risk stratification in acute myocarditis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Special Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naqiang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Special Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Special Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqiong Tan
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Jin
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Special Care Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Aimin Dang
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Kojima N, Tada H, Okada H, Yoshida S, Sakata K, Usui S, Ikeda H, Okajima M, Kawashiri MA, Takamura M. Case Report: Myocarditis Associated With COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Following Myocarditis Associated With Campylobacter Jejuni. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:837759. [PMID: 35369323 PMCID: PMC8971558 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.837759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We herein present our experience with a case involving a 17-year-old Japanese boy suffering from acute myocarditis after his second coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine shot. The patients had a history of myocarditis associated with Campylobacter jejuni 3 years prior. This has been the first-ever documented case of myocarditis associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in a patient with a history of myocarditis. We present a series of images and blood biomarkers for different types of myocarditis that developed in this single patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hayato Tada
| | - Hirofumi Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Soichiro Usui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Diagnostic Pathology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Okajima
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masa-aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Nakashima R, Kotoku M, Gamachi A, Inagaki N, Kasaoka S. An Autopsy Case of Fulminant, Suppurative Bacterial Myocarditis Caused by Group B Streptococcus. Intern Med 2022; 61:907-912. [PMID: 34544955 PMCID: PMC8987262 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5498-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a fever, nausea, diarrhea, and back pain. Her condition rapidly deteriorated, and she was transferred to the intensive-care unit for mechanical circulatory support and antibiotics, but she died 40 hours after admission. Autopsy findings showed necrotic and suppurative myocardial changes due to group B Streptococcus (GBS). To date, only one case of bacterial myocarditis caused by GBS has been reported. We herein report a case of GBS myocarditis, the etiology of which is poorly understood due to the limited number of cases. Bacterial myocarditis should be considered in patients with sepsis and myocardial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Nakashima
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Japan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Oita City Medical Association's Almeida Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | - Munenori Kotoku
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oita City Medical Association's Almeida Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | - Ayako Gamachi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Oita City Medical Association's Almeida Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Inagaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Oita City Medical Association's Almeida Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | - Shunji Kasaoka
- Disaster Medical Education and Research Center, Kumamoto University, Japan
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Ammirati E, Bizzi E, Veronese G, Groh M, Van de Heyning CM, Lehtonen J, Pineton de Chambrun M, Cereda A, Picchi C, Trotta L, Moslehi JJ, Brucato A. Immunomodulating Therapies in Acute Myocarditis and Recurrent/Acute Pericarditis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:838564. [PMID: 35350578 PMCID: PMC8958011 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.838564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of inflammatory disease of the heart or "cardio-immunology" is rapidly evolving due to the wider use of non-invasive diagnostic tools able to detect and monitor myocardial inflammation. In acute myocarditis, recent data on the use of immunomodulating therapies have been reported both in the setting of systemic autoimmune disorders and in the setting of isolated forms, especially in patients with specific histology (e.g., eosinophilic myocarditis) or with an arrhythmicburden. A role for immunosuppressive therapies has been also shown in severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a condition that can be associated with cardiac injury and acute myocarditis. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are assessing the role of high dosage methylprednisolone in the context of acute myocarditis complicated by heart failure or fulminant presentation or the role of anakinra to treat patients with acute myocarditis excluding patients with hemodynamically unstable conditions. In addition, the explosion of immune-mediated therapies in oncology has introduced new pathophysiological entities, such as immune-checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis and new basic research models to understand the interaction between the cardiac and immune systems. Here we provide a broad overview of evolving areas in cardio-immunology. We summarize the use of new imaging tools in combination with endomyocardial biopsy and laboratory parameters such as high sensitivity troponin to monitor the response to immunomodulating therapies based on recent evidence and clinical experience. Concerning pericarditis, the normal composition of pericardial fluid has been recently elucidated, allowing to assess the actual presence of inflammation; indeed, normal pericardial fluid is rich in nucleated cells, protein, albumin, LDH, at levels consistent with inflammatory exudates in other biological fluids. Importantly, recent findings showed how innate immunity plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of recurrent pericarditis with raised C-reactive protein, with inflammasome and IL-1 overproduction as drivers for systemic inflammatory response. In the era of tailored medicine, anti-IL-1 agents such as anakinra and rilonacept have been demonstrated highly effective in patients with recurrent pericarditis associated with an inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ammirati
- De Gasperis Cardio Center and Transplant Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bizzi
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Veronese
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Matthieu Groh
- National Reference Center for Hypereosinophilic Syndromes, CEREO, Suresnes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Caroline M. Van de Heyning
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, and GENCOR Research Group, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jukka Lehtonen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Pineton de Chambrun
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre de Référence National Lupus et SAPL et Autres Maladies Auto-immunes et Systémiques Rares, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS_1166-ICAN, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Cereda
- Cardiovascular Department, Association Socio Sanitary Territorial Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Picchi
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucia Trotta
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Javid J. Moslehi
- Section of Cardio-Oncology and Immunology, Division of Cardiology and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Brucato
- Internal Medicine, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco, ” Fatebenefratelli Hospital, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Fulminant myocarditis (FM) is an uncommon syndrome characterized by sudden and severe hemodynamic compromise secondary to acute myocardial inflammation, often presenting as profound cardiogenic shock, life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and/or electrical storm. FM may be refractory to conventional therapies and require mechanical circulatory support (MCS). The immune system has been recognized as playing a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of myocarditis, leading to an increased focus on immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Recent data have highlighted not only the fact that FM has significantly worse outcomes than non-FM, but that prognosis and management strategies of FM are heavily dependent on histological subtype, placing greater emphasis on the role of endomyocardial biopsy in diagnosis. The impact of subtype on severity and prognosis will likewise influence how aggressively the myocarditis is managed, including whether MCS is warranted. Many patients with refractory cardiogenic shock secondary to FM end up requiring MCS, with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation demonstrating favorable survival rates, particularly when initiated prior to the development of multiorgan failure. Among the challenges facing the field are the need to more precisely identify immunopathophysiological pathways in order to develop targeted therapies, and the need to better optimize the timing and management of MCS to minimize complications and maximize outcomes.
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45
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Ammirati E, Buono A, Moroni F, Gigli L, Power JR, Ciabatti M, Garascia A, Adler ED, Pieroni M. State-of-the-Art of Endomyocardial Biopsy on Acute Myocarditis and Chronic Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. Curr Cardiol Rep 2022; 24:597-609. [PMID: 35201561 PMCID: PMC8866555 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-022-01680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Histologic evidence of myocardial inflammatory infiltrate not secondary to an ischemic injury is required by current diagnostic criteria to reach a definite diagnosis of myocarditis. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is therefore often indicated for the diagnosis of myocarditis, although it may lack sufficient sensitivity considering the limited possibility of myocardial sampling. Improving the diagnostic yield and utility of EMB is of high priority in the fields of heart failure cardiology and myocarditis in particular. The aim of the present review is to highlight indications, strengths, and shortcomings of current EMB techniques, and discuss innovations currently being tested in ongoing clinical studies, especially in the setting of acute myocarditis and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Recent Findings EMB provides unique diagnostic elements and prognostic information which can effectively guide the treatment of myocarditis. Issues affecting the diagnostic performance in the setting of acute myocarditis and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathies will be discussed in this review in the light of recent expert consensus documents on the management of these conditions and on indication to EMB. Recent innovations using electroanatomic mapping (EAM)-guided EMB and fluoroscopic-guided EMB during temporary mechanical circulatory support have improved the utility of the procedure. Summary EMB remains an important diagnostic test whose results need to be interpreted in the context of (1) clinical pre-test probability, (2) timing of sampling, (3) quality of sampling (4) site of sampling, (5) histologic type of myocarditis, and (6) analytic methods that are applied. Herein we will review these caveats as well as perspectives and innovations related to the use of this diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ammirati
- De Gasperis" Cardio Center and Transplant Center, Niguarda Hospital, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Buono
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, Cardiovascular Department, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Gigli
- De Gasperis" Cardio Center and Transplant Center, Niguarda Hospital, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - John R Power
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Ciabatti
- Cardiovascular Department, ASL8 Arezzo San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Andrea Garascia
- De Gasperis" Cardio Center and Transplant Center, Niguarda Hospital, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Eric D Adler
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pieroni
- Cardiovascular Department, ASL8 Arezzo San Donato Hospital, Arezzo, Italy
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Ohto T, Tayeh AA, Nishikomori R, Abe H, Hashimoto K, Baba S, Arias-Loza AP, Soda N, Satoh S, Matsuda M, Iizuka Y, Kondo T, Koseki H, Yan N, Higuchi T, Fujita T, Kato H. Intracellular virus sensor MDA5 mutation develops autoimmune myocarditis and nephritis. J Autoimmun 2022; 127:102794. [PMID: 35168003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in IFIH1 gene encoding viral RNA sensor MDA5 have been reported responsible for many interferonopathies, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and monogenic lupus, however, the pathological link between IFIH1 mutations and various autoimmune symptoms remains unclear. Here, we generated transgenic mice expressing human MDA5 R779H mutant (R779H Tg), reported in AGS and monogenic lupus patient. Mice spontaneously developed myocarditis and nephritis with upregulation of type I IFNs in the major organs. R779H Tg Mavs-/- and R779H Tg Ifnar-/- showed no phenotypes, indicating direct MDA5-signaling pathway involvement. Rag-2 deficiency and bone marrow cells transfer from wild type to adult mice did not prevent myocarditis development, while mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of hMDA5 R779H showed cardiomegaly and high expression of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our study clarifies that type I IFNs production and chemokines from cardiomyocytes starts in neonatal period and is critical for the development of myocarditis. Activated lymphocytes and auto-antibodies exacerbate the pathogenesis but are dispensable for the onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ohto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ahmed Abu Tayeh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Ryuta Nishikomori
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroto Abe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kyota Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Shiro Baba
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anahi-Paula Arias-Loza
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Parmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Soda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Saya Satoh
- Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Masashi Matsuda
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iizuka
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Takahiro Higuchi
- Molecular Imaging of the Heart, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC) and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany; Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Parmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute of Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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47
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Sharrack N, Poenar AM, Simms AD, Greenwood JP, Plein S. Acute Myocarditis Mimicking Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Marfan Syndrome and Morphologically Abnormal Mitral Valve. JACC Case Rep 2022; 4:105-110. [PMID: 35106495 PMCID: PMC8784724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 40-year-old man with Marfan syndrome presented with chest pain and troponin elevation. Urgent echocardiography was suggestive of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but cardiovascular magnetic resonance identified features of acute myocarditis. Repeated imaging 4 months later showed resolution of septal thickness, confirming acute myocarditis. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.)
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48
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Baritussio A, Giordani AS, Rizzo S, Masiero G, Iliceto S, Marcolongo R, Caforio AL. Management of myocarditis in clinical practice. Minerva Cardiol Angiol 2021; 70:273-284. [PMID: 34713675 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5683.21.05732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart muscle disease characterised by heterogeneous clinical presentation and outcome. Clinical heterogeneity of myocarditis, ranging from acute onset chest pain with electrocardiographic changes resembling an acute coronary syndrome, to arrhythmic storm and chronic decompensated heart failure, makes diagnosis challenging. A correct diagnosis is however key to proper patients' management and should always be aimed at. Although a definite diagnosis is only provided by endomyocardial biopsy, the European Society of Cardiology task force on myocardial and pericardial diseases provided specific criteria for the diagnosis of clinically suspected myocarditis, which has been facilitated by the advent of non invasive imaging tests (i.e. cardiovascular magnetic resonance based myocardial tissue characterization). Due to the heterogeneous presentation and disease course of myocarditis, a tailored treatment would be the best strategy, but a standardised management is still not available. Over the years, however, new, promising, therapies, such as anti-viral and immune-suppressive treatment, have come side by side to the standard pharmacological heart treatment, i.e. anti-heart failure medications. In this paper we will review the basic principles of myocarditis management in clinical practice, including diagnostic work-up, conventional and disease-specific therapy and patients' follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baritussio
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea S Giordani
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Masiero
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sabino Iliceto
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Renzo Marcolongo
- Haematology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alida L Caforio
- Cardiology, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua and Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, Padua, Italy -
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Li N, Zhu Y, Zeng J. Clinical value of pulmonary congestion detection by lung ultrasound in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44:1488-1496. [PMID: 34599512 PMCID: PMC8571545 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is one of the common causes of hospitalization and death. Pulmonary congestion is the common disease feature of patients with chronic heart failure, which could be correctly diagnosed by lung ultrasound. Efficacy of lung ultrasound‐guided pulmonary congestion management for patients with acute heart failure is well documented, however, more evidence is needed to establish the clinical value of pulmonary congestion detection by lung ultrasound examination in patients with chronic heart failure. This review summarized current evidence related to the use and clinical value of pulmonary congestion assessment by lung ultrasound in patients with chronic heart failure, aiming to provide new suggestions on promoting the widespread use of lung ultrasound in patients with chronic heart failure to improve the quality of life and outcome of patients with chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China.,Center of Cooperative Postgraduate Cultivation in Xiangtan Central Hospital, University of South China, Xiangtan, China
| | - Yunlong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China
| | - Jianping Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, China.,Center of Cooperative Postgraduate Cultivation in Xiangtan Central Hospital, University of South China, Xiangtan, China
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Early Echocardiographic and Cardiac MRI Findings in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153360. [PMID: 34362141 PMCID: PMC8348478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a known severe condition affecting children previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2. The aim of our study was to describe the early cardiac abnormalities in patients with MIS-C, evaluated by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) and cardiac MRI (CMR). Clinical, laboratory and microbiological data were measured for all patients. All children underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography, STE with analysis of left ventricle global longitudinal strain (GLS). Seventeen (75%) of the children were evaluated with CMR. Twenty-three patients (13M, 10F) were recruited, mean age was 8.1 ± 4 years. Cardiovascular symptoms were present in 10 (43.5%). Nine children (39.1%) shared Kawasaki Disease-like symptoms. Four patients (17.4%) needed ICU admission. In-hospital survival was 100%. TnI was elevated in 15 (65.2%) and BNP in 20 (86.9%) patients. The median time to STE evaluation was 8 days and to CMR was 18 days after fever onset. Mean LVEF was 59 ± 10%. Coronary dilation was observed in six (26.1%) patients. STE showed a reduced mean LVGLS (-17 ± 4.3%). LGE with a non-ischemic pattern was evident in six out of seventeen patients (35.2%). The elevation of myocardial necrosis markers, the reduction of LVGLS and the presence of LGE on CMR in about a quarter of MIS-C patients supports the hypothesis of a post-viral immune-mediated myocarditis-like pathogenesis.
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