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Langan EA. Prolactin: A Mammalian Stress Hormone and Its Role in Cutaneous Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7100. [PMID: 39000207 PMCID: PMC11241005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The hormone prolactin (PRL) is best recognised for its indispensable role in mammalian biology, specifically the regulation of lactation. Bearing in mind that the mammary gland is a modified sweat gland, it is perhaps unsurprising to discover that PRL also plays a significant role in cutaneous biology and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of skin diseases, often those reportedly triggered and/or exacerbated by psychological stress. Given that PRL has been implicated in over 300 biological processes, spanning reproduction and hair growth and thermo- to immunoregulation, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between PRL and the skin remains frustratingly elusive. In an historical curiosity, the first hint that PRL could affect skin biology came from the observation of seborrhoea in patients with post-encephalitic Parkinsonism as a result of another global pandemic, encephalitis lethargica, at the beginning of the last century. As PRL is now being postulated as a potential immunomodulator for COVID-19 infection, it is perhaps timeous to re-examine this pluripotent hormone with cytokine-like properties in the cutaneous context, drawing together our understanding of the role of PRL in skin disease to illustrate how targeting PRL-mediated signalling may represent a novel strategy to treat a range of skin diseases and hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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2
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Tan CT, Lim CY, Lay K. Modelling Human Hair Follicles-Lessons from Animal Models and Beyond. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:312. [PMID: 38785794 PMCID: PMC11117913 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The hair follicle is a specialized appendage of the skin that is critical for multiple functions, including thermoregulation, immune surveillance, and sebum production. Mammals are born with a fixed number of hair follicles that develop embryonically. Postnatally, these hair follicles undergo regenerative cycles of regression and growth that recapitulate many of the embryonic signaling pathways. Furthermore, hair cycles have a direct impact on skin regeneration in homeostasis, cutaneous wound healing, and disease conditions such as alopecia. Here, we review the current knowledge of hair follicle formation during embryonic development and the post-natal hair cycle, with an emphasis on the molecular signaling pathways underlying these processes. We then discuss efforts to capitalize on the field's understanding of in vivo mechanisms to bioengineer hair follicles or hair-bearing skin in vitro and how such models may be further improved to develop strategies for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Teng Tan
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chin Yan Lim
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lay
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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3
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Lagacé F, D’Aguanno K, Prosty C, Laverde-Saad A, Cattelan L, Ouchene L, Oliel S, Genest G, Doiron P, Richer V, Jfri A, O’Brien E, Lefrançois P, Powell M, Moreau L, Litvinov IV, Muntyanu A, Netchiporouk E. The Role of Sex and Gender in Dermatology - From Pathogenesis to Clinical Implications. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:NP1-NP36. [PMID: 37401812 PMCID: PMC10486181 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231177582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex and gender have increasingly been recognized as significant risk factors for many diseases, including dermatological conditions. Historically, sex and gender have often been grouped together as a single risk factor in the scientific literature. However, both may have a distinct impact on disease incidence, prevalence, clinical presentation, severity, therapeutic response, and associated psychological distress. OBJECTIVES AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION The mechanisms that underlie differences in skin diseases between males, females, men, and women remain largely unknown. The specific objectives of this review paper are:To highlight the biological differences between males and females (sex), as well as the sociocultural differences between men and women (gender) and how they impact the integumentary system.To perform a literature review to identify important sex- and gender-related epidemiological and clinical differences for various skin conditions belonging to a range of disease categories and to discuss possible biological and sociocultural factors that could explain the observed differences.To discuss dermatological skin conditions and gender-affirming treatments within the transgender community, a population of individuals who have a gender identity which is different than the gender identity they were assigned at birth. FUTURE IMPACT With the rising number of individuals that identify as non-binary or transgender within our increasingly diverse communities, it is imperative to recognize gender identity, gender, and sex as distinct entities. By doing so, clinicians will be able to better risk-stratify their patients and select treatments that are most aligned with their values. To our knowledge, very few studies have separated sex and gender as two distinct risk factors within the dermatology literature. Our article also has the potential to help guide future prevention strategies that are patient-tailored rather than using a universal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lagacé
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Connor Prosty
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Laverde-Saad
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Leila Cattelan
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lydia Ouchene
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Oliel
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Genest
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philip Doiron
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Richer
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Abdulhadi Jfri
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth O’Brien
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Lefrançois
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Powell
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda Moreau
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anastasiya Muntyanu
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elena Netchiporouk
- Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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4
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Sosa F, Santos JEP, Rae DO, Larson CC, Macchietto M, Abrahante JE, Amaral TF, Denicol AC, Sonstegard TS, Hansen PJ. Effects of the SLICK1 mutation in PRLR on regulation of core body temperature and global gene expression in liver in cattle. Animal 2022; 16:100523. [PMID: 35468510 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLICK1 mutation in bovine PRLR (c.1382del; rs517047387) is a deletion mutation resulting in a protein with a truncated intracellular domain. Cattle carrying at least one allele have a phenotype characterized by a short hair coat (slick phenotype) and increased resistance to heat stress. Given the pleiotropic nature of prolactin, the mutation may affect other physiological characteristics. The liver is one organ that could potentially be affected because of the expression of PRLR. The mutation is a dominant allele, and heterozygous animals have a similar hair coat to that of animals homozygous for the mutation. Present objectives were to determine whether inheritance of the SLICK1 mutation affects liver gene expression and if animals homozygous for the SLICK1 allele differ from heterozygotes in liver gene expression and regulation of body temperature during heat stress. In one experiment, rectal and ruminal temperatures were less for Holstein heifers that were heterozygous for the SLICK1 allele compared with wildtype heifers. There were 71 differentially expressed genes in liver, with 13 upregulated and 58 downregulated in SLICK1 heterozygotes. Among the ontologies characteristic of differentially expressed genes were those related to immune function and fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. In a prospective cohort study conducted with adult Senepol cattle, body temperature and hepatic gene expression were compared between animals heterozygous or homozygous for the SLICK1 mutation. There were no differences in ruminal temperatures between genotypes, rectal temperature was higher in animals homozygous for the SLICK1 mutation, and there was only one gene in liver that was differentially expressed. It was concluded that inheritance of the SLICK1 allele can exert functional changes beyond those related to hair growth although changes in liver gene expression were not extensive. Results are also consistent with the SLICK1 allele being dominant because there were few differences in phenotype between animals inheriting one or two copies of the allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froylan Sosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - José E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - D Owen Rae
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0136, USA
| | - Colleen C Larson
- Okeechobee County Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Okeechobee, FL 34972, USA
| | - Marissa Macchietto
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thiago F Amaral
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA
| | - Anna C Denicol
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910, USA.
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5
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Qin Y, Cai W, Zhang X, Xu Y, Dou X, Wang Z, Han D, Wang J, Lin G, Wang L, Hao J, Fu S, Chen R, Sun Y, Bai Z, Gu M, Wang Z. Association analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism in prolactin and its receptor with productive and body conformation traits in Liaoning cashmere goats. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:145-155. [PMID: 35505666 PMCID: PMC9051658 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-145-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of this study showed that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites of the PRL and PRLR genes have
a certain association with the milk production performance, body size and
cashmere performance of Liaoning cashmere goats (LCGs). Through our designed
experiment, the potential SNPs of LCG were
detected by sequence alignment, and two SNPs were found on two genes. The CC
genotype of the PRL gene is the dominant genotype among the three genotypes.
The GG genotype of the PRLR gene is the dominant genotype among the two
genotypes. At the same time, the two genotypes also have good performance in
cashmere production and body size. Through the screening of haplotype
combination, the milk fat rate > 7.6 %, the milk protein
rate > 5.6 %, the milk somatic cell number < 1500 × 103 mL-1, the cashmere fineness < 15.75 µm, the
chest girth > 105 cm, the chest depth > 33 cm, and the waist
height > 67.5 cm are considered as screening indexes for
comprehensive production performance of Liaoning cashmere goats. It is
concluded that the GCGC type is the dominant haplotype combination.
According to our research data, we found that the biological indicators of
Liaoning cashmere goat milk are higher than the national standards, so we
think it is very significant to study the milk production performance of our
experiment. Further research can be done on goat milk production and body
conformation traits around PRL gene and PRLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Weidong Cai
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xinjiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xingtang Dou
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Zhanhong Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Di Han
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Guangyu Lin
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction
Engineering Center, Liaoyang 110000, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Administration Bureau of Zhungeer Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia
010399, China
| | - Shuqing Fu
- Lantian Sub-district Office, Zhungeer Banner, Ordos City, Inner Mongolia
010399, China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinggang Sun
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhixian Bai
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Ming Gu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zeying Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Johnsson M, Jungnickel MK. Evidence for and localization of proposed causative variants in cattle and pig genomes. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:67. [PMID: 34461824 PMCID: PMC8404348 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reviews the localization of published potential causative variants in contemporary pig and cattle reference genomes, and the evidence for their causality. In spite of the difficulties inherent to the identification of causative variants from genetic mapping and genome-wide association studies, researchers in animal genetics have proposed putative causative variants for several traits relevant to livestock breeding. RESULTS For this review, we read the literature that supports potential causative variants in 13 genes (ABCG2, DGAT1, GHR, IGF2, MC4R, MSTN, NR6A1, PHGK1, PRKAG3, PLRL, RYR1, SYNGR2 and VRTN) in cattle and pigs, and localized them in contemporary reference genomes. We review the evidence for their causality, by aiming to separate the evidence for the locus, the proposed causative gene and the proposed causative variant, and report the bioinformatic searches and tactics needed to localize the sequence variants in the cattle or pig genome. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, there is usually good evidence for the association at the locus level, some evidence for a specific causative gene at eight of the loci, and some experimental evidence for a specific causative variant at six of the loci. We recommend that researchers who report new potential causative variants use referenced coordinate systems, show local sequence context, and submit variants to repositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Johnsson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7023, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Melissa K. Jungnickel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, UK
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Kim S, Kim Y, Hyun YS, Choi H, Kim SY, Kim TG. Exosomes from human cord blood plasma accelerate cutaneous wound healing by promoting fibroblast function, angiogenesis, and M2 macrophage differentiation. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3028-3039. [PMID: 33657200 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes contain natural cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA, and proteins, and transfer these functional cargos to neighboring or distant cells through circulation. In the wound-healing process, exosomes in the human blood and body fluids perform various functions, including proliferation, angiogenesis, differentiation, and wound healing, owing to their unique compositions. However, there is very limited information on the wound-healing effect of proteins in human cord blood plasma exosomes (CBPexo). Therefore, we studied the wound-healing potential of these proteins in terms of fibroblast functions, angiogenesis, and M2 macrophage differentiation. When scratch wound assays were conducted using human fibroblasts, CBPexo exhibited better wound-healing effects than adult blood plasma exosomes (ABPexo). CBPexo also promoted angiogenesis and differentiation of M2 macrophages, thus promoting the transition from inflammation to proliferation. To evaluate the CBPexo molecules involved, five proteins, GAL-3, GAL-7, HSP-72, PIP, and S100-A7, were selected through proteomic analysis, and their functions were investigated using an artificial exosome that expresses these proteins. Among these, HSP72 and PIP exhibited wound-healing effects similar to CBPexo. Furthermore, artificial exosomes expressing both HSP72 and PIP showed better wound-healing effects than CBPexo. Therefore, the use of artificial CBPexo can potentially overcome the limitations related to exosome production from CB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongwon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeyoun Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea and Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Zhang L, Duan C, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Inhibition of prolactin promotes secondary skin follicle activation in cashmere goats. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6167825. [PMID: 33693756 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of prolactin (PRL) on development of secondary skin follicles in cashmere goats. Goats were randomly assigned to either a bromocriptine treatment or control group. Samples of cashmere fiber, blood, and skin were collected from all goats after 1 mo. The results indicated that the length, growth rate, and diameter of fibers were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the inhibition of PRL resulting from the treatment with bromocriptine. There was a tendency for increases in total follicle number, primary and secondary follicle numbers, and in the ratio of secondary to primary follicles following treatment with bromocriptine, but these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The percentage of active secondary follicles in anagen was increased (P < 0.05) in the bromocriptine-treated goats, but there was no effect of treatment on the percentage of active primary follicles. Bromocriptine decreased (P < 0.05) circulating concentrations of PRL and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and increased (P < 0.05) those of melatonin (MT), but there was no effect of this treatment on the serum concentrations of cortisol, growth hormone, tetraiodothyronine, and triiodothyronine. In bromocriptine-treated goats, mRNA expressions of PRL and MT membrane receptor 1a (MTNR1a) were decreased (P < 0.05) and mRNA expression of MT nuclear receptor (RORα) was increased (P < 0.05), but there was no effect of the treatment on expression of long PRL receptor, short PRL receptor, MT membrane receptor 1b and IGF1. It is concluded that inhibition of PRL promotes secondary hair follicle development in the anagen phase, possibly by downregulating MTNR1a and up-regulating RORα gene expression in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yunxia Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
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9
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Hawkshaw NJ, Paus R. Beyond the NFAT Horizon: From Cyclosporine A-Induced Adverse Skin Effects to Novel Therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:316-328. [PMID: 33752908 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunophilin ligand, cyclosporine A (CsA), which inhibits nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity, is a cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy. Yet, the molecular basis of its prominent, nonimmunosuppression-related adverse skin effects, namely drug-induced excessive hair growth (hypertrichosis), is insufficiently understood. Here, we argue that analysis of these adverse effects can uncover clinically important, previously unknown mechanisms of CsA and identify new molecular targets and lead compounds for therapeutic intervention. We exemplify this through our recent discovery that CsA suppresses the potent Wnt inhibitor, secreted frizzled related protein (SFRP)1, in human hair follicles, thereby promoting hair growth and causing hypertrichosis. On this basis, we advocate a new focus on deciphering the molecular basis of the adverse effects of CsA in suitable human model systems as a lead to developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Hawkshaw
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, The University of Manchester and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany.
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10
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Rachmin I, Lee JH, Zhang B, Sefton J, Jung I, Lee YI, Hsu YC, Fisher DE. Stress-associated ectopic differentiation of melanocyte stem cells and ORS amelanotic melanocytes in an ex vivo human hair follicle model. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:578-587. [PMID: 33598985 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair greying depends on the altered presence and functionality of hair follicle melanocytes. Melanocyte stem cells (MelSCs) reside in the bulge of hair follicles and give rise to migrating and differentiating progeny during the anagen phase. Ageing, genotoxic stress, redox stress and multiple behaviour-associated acute stressors have been seen to induce hair greying by depleting the MelSC pool, a phenomenon which is accompanied by ectopic pigmentation of these cells, followed by their depletion from the stem cell niche. This aberrant differentiation produces a state from which a return to stem cell-like quiescence appears to be lost. The cellular features of stress-induced hair greying have been extensively studied in murine models. Here, we describe a method to assess and quantify human hair follicle MelSC differentiation by measuring ectopically pigmented MelSCs in isolated human hair follicles exposed to specific stress signal mediators. Ionizing radiation, hydrogen peroxide and noradrenaline have been shown to cause hair greying in mice. We demonstrate here that isolated, ex vivo cultured human hair follicles exposed to these treatments display similar ectopic pigmentation within the bulge area which is accompanied by induction of differentiated melanocytic markers. This study suggests that as in murine models, stress signalling induces closely matching phenotypic changes in human hair follicles which can be monitored and studied as a surrogate model for early steps in human hair greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Rachmin
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Sefton
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inhee Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Young In Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ya-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Shared inflammatory and skin-specific gene signatures reveal common drivers of discoid lupus erythematosus in canines, humans and mice. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:41-51. [PMID: 35492392 PMCID: PMC9040131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune skin diseases are complex and are thought to arise from a combination of genetics and environmental exposures, which trigger an ongoing immune response against self-antigens. Companion animals including cats and dogs are known to develop inflammatory skin conditions similar to humans and share the same environment, providing opportunities to study spontaneous disease that encompasses genetic and environmental factors with a One Health approach. A strength of comparative immunology approaches is that immune profiles may be assessed across different species to better identify shared or conserved pathways that might drive inflammation. Here, we performed a comparative study of skin from canine discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) using NanoString nCounter technology. We compared these gene expression patterns to those of human DLE and a mouse model of cutaneous lupus. We found strong interferon signatures, with CXCL10, ISG15, and an S100 gene family member among the highest, most significant DEGs upregulated across species. Cell type analysis revealed marked T-cell and B-cell infiltration. Interestingly, canine DLE samples also recapitulated downregulated skin homeostatic genes observed in human DLE. We conclude that spontaneous DLE in dogs captures many features that are present in human disease and may serve as a more complete model for conducting further genomic and/or transcriptomic studies. Canine DLE lesions express known drivers of pathogenesis including CXCL10, IFNG, FAS. Enrichment of key cell types, including T, B, NK cells, is observed in canine DLE. Canine, mouse and human DLE share similar proinflammatory profiles. Canine DLE exhibits downregulated skin homeostatic and immune regulatory genes.
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12
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Lephart ED. Human scalp hair: Modulation by various factors and hormones do estrogens inhibit or stimulate—A perplexing perspective. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1860-1865. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin D. Lephart
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and The Neuroscience Center, College of Life Science Brigham Young University Provo Utah
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13
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Wikramanayake TC, Borda LJ, Miteva M, Paus R. Seborrheic dermatitis—Looking beyondMalassezia. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:991-1001. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu C. Wikramanayake
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Luis J. Borda
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Mariya Miteva
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
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14
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Abstract
The principal role of prolactin in mammals is the regulation of lactation. Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin signalling occurs via a unique transmembrane prolactin receptor (PRL-R). The structure of the PRL-R has now been elucidated and is similar to that of many biologically fundamental receptors of the class 1 haematopoietic cytokine receptor family such as the growth hormone receptor. The PRL-R is expressed in a wide array of tissues, and a growing number of biological processes continue to be attributed to prolactin. In this Review, we focus on the newly discovered roles of prolactin in human health and disease, particularly its involvement in metabolic homeostasis including body weight control, adipose tissue, skin and hair follicles, pancreas, bone, the adrenal response to stress, the control of lactotroph cell homeostasis and maternal behaviour. New data concerning the pathological states of hypoprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia will also be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Saint Antoine, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
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15
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Xie W, Liu H, Liu Q, Gao Q, Gao F, Han Y, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Weng Q. Seasonal expressions of prolactin, prolactin receptor and STAT5 in the scented glands of the male muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Eur J Histochem 2019; 63. [PMID: 30652434 PMCID: PMC6340307 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) production in mammals has been demonstrated in extrapituitary gland, which can activate autocrine/ paracrine signaling pathways to regulate physiological activity. In the current study, we characterized the gene expression profiles of PRL, prolactin receptor (PRLR) and signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) in the scented glandular tissues of the muskrats, to further elucidate the relationship between PRL and the scented glandular functions of the muskrats. The weight and volume of the scented glands in the breeding season were significantly higher than those of the non-breeding season. Immunohistochemical data showed that PRL, PRLR and STAT5/phospho-STAT5 (pSTAT5) were found in the glandular and epithelial cells of the scented glands in both seasons. Furthermore, we found that PRL, PRLR and STAT5 had higher immunoreactivities in the scented glands during the breeding season when compared to those of the non-breeding season. In parallel, the gene expressions of PRL, PRLR and STAT5 were significantly higher in the scented glands during the breeding season than those of the non-breeding season. The concentrations of PRL in scented glandular tissues and sera were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and their levels were both notably higher in the breeding season than those of the nonbreeding season. These findings suggested that the scented glands of the muskrats were capable of extrapituitary synthesis of PRL, which might attribute PRL a specific function to an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Xie
- Beijing Forestry University, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology.
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16
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. The forgotten effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Metabolic functions and medical applications. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:29-43. [PMID: 29935915 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) causes a variety of thyroidal and non-thyroidal effects, the best known being the feedback regulation of thyroid hormone levels. This was employed in the TRH stimulation test, which is currently little used. The role of TRH as a cancer biomarker is minor, but exaggerated responses to TSH and prolactin levels in breast cancer led to the hypothesis of a potential role for TRH in the pathogenesis of this disease. TRH is a rapidly degraded peptide with multiple targets, limiting its suitability as a biomarker and drug candidate. Although some studies reported efficacy in neural diseases (depression, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc.), therapeutic use of TRH is presently restricted to spinocerebellar degenerative disease. Regulation of TRH production in the hypothalamus, patterns of expression of TRH and its receptor in the body, its role in energy metabolism and in prolactin secretion are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Center for Medical Research, Medical University Graz, Stiftingtalstr. 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Internal Medicine (Dept. of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry), University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Muellerstrasse 10, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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17
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Langan EA, Fink T, Paus R. Is prolactin a negative neuroendocrine regulator of human skin re-epithelisation after wounding? Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:833-841. [PMID: 30244404 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wounds remain a major unmet healthcare challenge, associated with substantial morbidity and economic costs. Therefore, novel treatment strategies and therapeutic approaches need to be urgently developed. Yet, despite the increasingly recognized importance of neurohormonal signaling in skin physiology, the neuroendocrine regulation of cutaneous wound healing has received surprisingly little attention. Human skin, and its appendages, locally express the pleiotropic neurohormone prolactin (PRL), which not only regulates lactation but also hair follicle cycling, angiogenesis, keratinocyte proliferation, and epithelial stem cell functions. Therefore, we examined the effects of PRL in experimentally wounded female human skin organ culture. Overall, this revealed that PRL slightly, but significantly, inhibited epidermal regeneration (reepithelialisation), cytokeratin 6 protein expression and intraepidermal mitochondrial activity (MTCO1 expression), while it promoted keratinocyte terminal differentiation (i.e. involucrin expression) ex vivo. If the current pilot data are confirmed by further studies, PRL may serve as one of the-rarely studied-negative regulators of cutaneous wound healing that control excessive reepithelialisation. This raises the intriguing and clinically relevant question of whether PRL receptor antagonists could actually promote epidermal repair after human skin wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T Fink
- Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - R Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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18
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Yang H, Li X, Xue F, Xia Q, Zhao X, Wang D, Chen L, Cao H, Xu H, Shen X, Yuan W, Zhao X, Shi R, Zheng J. Local production of prolactin in lesions may play a pathogenic role in psoriatic patients and imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1245-1253. [PMID: 30120801 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Feng Xue
- Laboratory of Dermatoimmunology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Qunli Xia
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Dixin Wang
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Hua Cao
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Weiru Yuan
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Ruofei Shi
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Dermatology; Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
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19
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Langan EA, Hinde E, Paus R. Prolactin as a candidate sebotrop(h)ic hormone? Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:729-736. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A. Langan
- Department of Dermatology; University of Luebeck; Luebeck Germany
- Dermatology Research Centre; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Eleanor Hinde
- Dermatology Research Centre; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
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20
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Langan EA, Griffiths CEM, Solbach W, Knobloch JK, Zillikens D, Thaçi D. The role of the microbiome in psoriasis: moving from disease description to treatment selection? Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1020-1027. [PMID: 29071712 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With several million microbes per square centimetre of skin, the task of mapping the physiological cutaneous microbiome is enormous. Indeed, the reliance on bacterial culture to identify cutaneous bacterial communities has led to a systematic underappreciation of cutaneous microbial diversity, potentially limiting our understanding of common inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis. However, based heavily on developments in molecular biology and bioinformatics, including next-generation sequencing, the last decade has witnessed a marked increase in our understanding of the extent and composition of the cutaneous microbiome. It is already clear that skin-specific (skin site and skin microenvironment), individual-specific (hygiene, sex, age and hormonal status), disease-specific (atopic eczema, acne) and genetic factors can all influence the cutaneous microbiome, albeit to varying and, as yet, ill-defined extents. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of the microbiome in psoriasis and to outline how microbiome studies can be harnessed to provide new insights into disease pathogenesis and treatment selection. METHODS This review briefly describes the process of 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and then charts our current understanding of the cutaneous microbiome in health and the alterations (dysbiosis) associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, with particular reference to psoriasis. RESULTS The possibility and clinical relevance of intraindividual cross-talk between the various microbiomes is discussed and potential mechanisms underpinning the interactions between resident skin flora and the immune system are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, in the age of personalized medicine, the integration of cutaneous microbiome signatures and comprehensive disease and drug response endotypes will herald a novel approach in the clinical management of chronic multisystem inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology und Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - C E M Griffiths
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - W Solbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - J K Knobloch
- Department for Hygiene, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology und Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - D Thaçi
- Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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21
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Paus R. Exploring the “brain-skin connection”: Leads and lessons from the hair follicle. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:207-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Oh JW, Kloepper J, Langan EA, Kim Y, Yeo J, Kim MJ, Hsi TC, Rose C, Yoon GS, Lee SJ, Seykora J, Kim JC, Sung YK, Kim M, Paus R, Plikus MV. A Guide to Studying Human Hair Follicle Cycling In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:34-44. [PMID: 26763421 PMCID: PMC4785090 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo lifelong cyclical transformations, progressing through stages of rapid growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and relative "quiescence" (telogen). Given that HF cycling abnormalities underlie many human hair growth disorders, the accurate classification of individual cycle stages within skin biopsies is clinically important and essential for hair research. For preclinical human hair research purposes, human scalp skin can be xenografted onto immunocompromised mice to study human HF cycling and manipulate long-lasting anagen in vivo. Although available for mice, a comprehensive guide on how to recognize different human hair cycle stages in vivo is lacking. In this article, we present such a guide, which uses objective, well-defined, and reproducible criteria, and integrates simple morphological indicators with advanced, (immuno)-histochemical markers. This guide also characterizes human HF cycling in xenografts and highlights the utility of this model for in vivo hair research. Detailed schematic drawings and representative micrographs provide examples of how best to identify human HF stages, even in suboptimally sectioned tissue, and practical recommendations are given for designing human-on-mouse hair cycle experiments. Thus, this guide seeks to offer a benchmark for human hair cycle stage classification, for both hair research experts and newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Oh
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Ewan A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joongyeub Yeo
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christian Rose
- Dermatohistologisches Labor Rose/Bartsch, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - John Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jung Chul Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Kwan Sung
- Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Moonkyu Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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23
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Geyfman M, Plikus MV, Treffeisen E, Andersen B, Paus R. Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:1179-96. [PMID: 25410793 PMCID: PMC4437968 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) represents a prototypic ectodermal-mesodermal interaction system in which central questions of modern biology can be studied. A unique feature of these stem-cell-rich mini-organs is that they undergo life-long, cyclic transformations between stages of active regeneration (anagen), apoptotic involution (catagen), and relative proliferative quiescence (telogen). Due to the low proliferation rate and small size of the HF during telogen, this stage was conventionally thought of as a stage of dormancy. However, multiple lines of newly emerging evidence show that HFs during telogen are anything but dormant. Here, we emphasize that telogen is a highly energy-efficient default state of the mammalian coat, whose function centres around maintenance of the hair fibre and prompt responses to its loss. While actively retaining hair fibres with minimal energy expenditure, telogen HFs can launch a new regeneration cycle in response to a variety of stimuli originating in their autonomous micro-environment (including its stem cell niche) as well as in their external tissue macro-environment. Regenerative responses of telogen HFs change as a function of time and can be divided into two sub-stages: early 'refractory' and late 'competent' telogen. These changing activities are reflected in hundreds of dynamically regulated genes in telogen skin, possibly aimed at establishing a fast response-signalling environment to trauma and other disturbances of skin homeostasis. Furthermore, telogen is an interpreter of circadian output in the timing of anagen initiation and the key stage during which the subsequent organ regeneration (anagen) is actively prepared by suppressing molecular brakes on hair growth while activating pro-regenerative signals. Thus, telogen may serve as an excellent model system for dissecting signalling and cellular interactions that precede the active 'regenerative mode' of tissue remodeling. This revised understanding of telogen biology also points to intriguing new therapeutic avenues in the management of common human hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Geyfman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elsa Treffeisen
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Labouratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, and Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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24
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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25
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Harvey S, Martínez-Moreno CG, Luna M, Arámburo C. Autocrine/paracrine roles of extrapituitary growth hormone and prolactin in health and disease: An overview. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:103-11. [PMID: 25448258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are both endocrines that are synthesized and released from the pituitary gland into systemic circulation. Both are therefore hormones and both have numerous physiological roles mediated through a myriad of target sites and both have pathophysiological consequences when present in excess or deficiency. GH or PRL gene expression is not, however, confined to the anterior pituitary gland and it occurs widely in many of their central and peripheral sites of action. This may reflect "leaky gene" phenomena and the fact that all cells have the potential to express every gene that is present in their genome. However, the presence of GH or PRL receptors in these extrapituitary sites of GH and PRL production suggests that they are autocrine or paracrine sites of GH and PRL action. These local actions often occur prior to the ontogeny of pituitary somatotrophs and lactotrophs and they may complement or differ from the roles of their pituitary counterparts. Many of these local actions are also of physiological significance, since they are impaired by a blockade of local GH or PRL production or by an antagonism of local GH or PRL action. These local actions may also be of pathophysiological significance, since autocrine or paracrine actions of GH and PRL are thought to be causally involved in a number of disease states, particularly in cancer. Autocrine GH for instance, is thought to be more oncogenic than pituitary GH and selective targeting of the autocrine moiety may provide a therapeutic approach to prevent tumor progression. In summary, GH and PRL are not just endocrine hormones, as they have autocrine and/or paracrine roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | | | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Celular y Molecular Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología, Celular y Molecular Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Qro. 76230, Mexico
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Goffin V, Touraine P. The prolactin receptor as a therapeutic target in human diseases: browsing new potential indications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1229-44. [PMID: 26063597 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1053209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolactin (PRL) signaling has emerged as a relevant target in breast and prostate cancers. This has encouraged various laboratories to develop compounds targeting the PRL receptor (PRLR). As the latter is widely distributed, it is timely to address whether other conditions could also benefit from such inhibitors. AREAS COVERED The authors briefly overview the two classes of PRLR blockers, which involve: i) PRL-core based analogs that have been validated as competitive antagonists in various preclinical models, and ii) anti-PRLR neutralizing antibodies that are currently in clinical Phase I for advanced breast and prostate cancers. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the multiple organs/diseases that may be considered as potential targets/indications for such inhibitors. This is done in light of reports suggesting that PRLR expression/signaling is increased in disease, and/or that systemic or locally elevated PRL levels correlate with (or promote) organ pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION The two immediate challenges in the field are i) to provide the scientific community with potent anti-prolactin receptor antibodies to map prolactin receptor expression in target organs, and ii) to take advantage of the availability of functionally validated PRLR blockers to establish the relevance of these potential indications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Goffin
- Research Director at Inserm, Head of the 'PRL/GH Pathophysiology: Translational Approaches' Laboratory,University Paris Descartes, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Inserm Unit 1151, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes , Bâtiment Leriche, 14 Rue Maria Helena Vieira Da Silva, CS61431, 75993 Paris Cedex 14 , France +33 1 72 60 63 68 +33 1 72 60 64 01 ;
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Abstract
Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and is involved in many biological processes including lactation and reproduction. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of prolactin proteins and offer compelling evidence that the different prolactin isoforms each have independent biological functions. The major isoform, 23 kDa prolactin, acts via its membrane receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), which is a member of the haematopoietic cytokine superfamily and for which the mechanism of activation has been deciphered. The 16 kDa prolactin isoform is a cleavage product derived from native prolactin, which has received particular attention as a result of its newly described inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The discovery of multiple extrapituitary sites of prolactin secretion also increases the range of known functions of this hormone. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the biology of prolactin and its receptor, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on the role of prolactin in human pathophysiology, particularly the discovery of the mechanism underlying infertility associated with hyperprolactinaemia and the identification of the first mutation in human PRLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Nadine Binart
- Inserm U1185, 63 rue Gabriel Péri, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
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Hochman B, Isoldi FC, Furtado F, Ferreira LM. New approach to the understanding of keloid: psychoneuroimmune-endocrine aspects. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:67-73. [PMID: 25709489 PMCID: PMC4329995 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s49195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a dynamic and complex organ that relies on the interrelation among different cell types, macromolecules, and signaling pathways. Further, the skin has interactions with its own appendages and other organs such as the sebaceous glands and hair follicles, the kidney, and adrenal glands; systems such as the central nervous system; and axes such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. These continuous connections give the skin its versatility, and when an injury is caused, some triggers start a cascade of events designed to restore its integrity. Nowadays, it is known that this psychoneuroimmune–endocrine intercommunication modulates both the homeostatic condition and the healing process. In this sense, the skin conditions before a trauma, whether of endogenous (acne) or exogenous origin (injury or surgical incision), could regulate the process of tissue repair. Most skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, among others, have in their pathophysiology a psychogenic component that triggers integrated actions in the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. However, fibroproliferative disorders of wound healing, such as hypertrophic scar and keloid, are not yet included in this listing, despite showing correlation with stress, especially with the psychosocial character. This review, by understanding the “brain–skin connection”, presents evidence that allows us to understand the keloid as a psychomediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Hochman
- Plastic Surgery Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabianne Furtado
- Plastic Surgery Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Expansion of specialized epidermis induced by hormonal state and mechanical strain. Mech Dev 2015; 136:73-86. [PMID: 25680535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, some sites of specialized skin such as the palms, soles, and lips grow proportionally with the animal. However, other types of specialized skin such as the nipple and anal/genital region are dramatically altered with changes of reproductive status. The specific cell types that mediate the growth of these sites have not been identified. In the mouse, we observed a dramatic expansion of the specialized epidermis of the nipple, coupled to changes in connective tissue and hair shaft density, which we designate as areola formation. During this process thymidine analog uptake was elevated in the epidermis and hair follicles. Although there were no changes in connective tissue cell proliferation, we did observe an altered expression of extracellular matrix genes. In addition, the fibroblasts of the virgin nipple areola and region showed increased transcript and protein levels for estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and oxytocin relative to those of ventral skin. To determine the role of pregnancy, lactation hormonal milieu, and localized mechanical strain on areola formation, we created models that separated these stimuli and evaluated changes in gross structure, proliferation and protein expression. While modest increases of epidermal proliferation and remodeling of connective tissue occurred as a result of individual stimuli, areola formation required exposure to pregnancy hormones, as well as mechanical strain.
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Chen Y, Lyga J. Brain-skin connection: stress, inflammation and skin aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:177-90. [PMID: 24853682 PMCID: PMC4082169 DOI: 10.2174/1871528113666140522104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intricate relationship between stress and skin conditions has been documented since ancient times. Recent clinical observations also link psychological stress to the onset or aggravation of multiple skin diseases. However, the exact underlying mechanisms have only been studied and partially revealed in the past 20 years or so. In this review, the authors will discuss the recent discoveries in the field of “Brain-Skin Connection”, summarizing findings from the overlapping fields of psychology, endocrinology, skin neurobiology, skin inflammation, immunology, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Lyga
- Global R&D, Avon Products. 1 Avon Place, Suffern, NY 10901, USA.
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Paus R, Langan EA, Vidali S, Ramot Y, Andersen B. Neuroendocrinology of the hair follicle: principles and clinical perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:559-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ramot Y, Paus R. Harnessing neuroendocrine controls of keratin expression: A new therapeutic strategy for skin diseases? Bioessays 2014; 36:672-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology; Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre; Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Laboratory for Hair Research and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster Germany
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Marano RJ, Ben-Jonathan N. Minireview: Extrapituitary prolactin: an update on the distribution, regulation, and functions. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:622-33. [PMID: 24694306 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is an important hormone with many diverse functions. Although it is predominantly produced by lactrotrophs of the pituitary there are a number of other organs, cells, and tissues in which PRL is expressed and secreted. The impact of this extrapituitary PRL (ePRL) on localized metabolism and cellular functions is gaining widespread attention. In 1996, a comprehensive review on ePRL was published. However, since this time, there have been a number of advancements in ePRL research. This includes a greater understanding of the components of the control elements located within the superdistal promoter of the ePRL gene. Furthermore, several new sites of ePRL have been discovered, each under unique control by a range of transcription factors and elements. The functional role of ePRL at each of the expression sites also varies widely leading to gender and site bias. This review aims to provide an update to the research conducted on ePRL since the 1996 review. The focus is on new data concerning the sites of ePRL expression, its regulation, and its function within the organs in which it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Marano
- Ear Science Institute Australia (R.J.M.), Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008, Australia; Ear Sciences Centre, School of Surgery (R.J.M.), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; and Department of Cancer Biology (N.B-J.), University of Cincinnati Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Hau CS, Kanda N, Tada Y, Shibata S, Sato S, Watanabe S. Prolactin induces the production of Th17 and Th1 cytokines/chemokines in murine Imiquimod-induced psoriasiform skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1370-9. [PMID: 24304413 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary-derived neuropeptide hormone that has been suggested to promote the development of psoriasis, a Th17/Th1-mediated inflammatory dermatosis. PRL increases the expression of Th1 cytokines; however, its effects on Th17 responses are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the in vivo effects of PRL on the expression of Th17 cytokines/chemokines in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with PRL or phosphate-buffered saline, and imiquimod cream or Vaseline was applied to the shaved back skin for six consecutive days. RESULTS Intraperitoneal PRL increased the mRNA levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23p19, IL-12p40, CCL20 and STAT3 in imiquimod-treated skin. Mice treated with imiquimod plus PRL, but not those treated with imiquimod plus phosphate-buffered saline, showed significantly increased mRNA levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12p35 and CXCL2 compared with controls. Intraperitoneal PRL increased the numbers of CD3(+) and GR-1(+) cells in the dermis of imiquimod-treated skin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intraperitoneal PRL enhances the expression of Th17 and Th1 cytokines/chemokines, and augments inflammation in imiquimod-induced psoriasiform skin. Prolactin may thus exacerbate psoriasis through the enhancement of Th17/Th1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hau
- Department of Dermatology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Langan EA, Vidali S, Pigat N, Funk W, Lisztes E, Bíró T, Goffin V, Griffiths CEM, Paus R. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and substance P are novel modulators of extrapituitary prolactin expression in human skin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60819. [PMID: 23626671 PMCID: PMC3634033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp skin and hair follicles (HFs) are extra-pituitary sources of prolactin (PRL). However, the intracutaneous regulation of PRL remains poorly understood. Therefore we investigated whether well-recognized regulators of pituitary PRL expression, which also impact on human skin physiology and pathology, regulate expression of PRL and its receptor (PRLR) in situ. This was studied in serum-free organ cultures of microdissected human scalp HFs and skin, i.e. excluding pituitary, neural and vascular inputs. Prolactin expression was confirmed at the gene and protein level in human truncal skin, where its expression significantly increased (p = 0.049) during organ culture. There was, however, no evidence of PRL secretion into the culture medium as measured by ELISA. PRL immunoreactivity (IR) in female human epidermis was decreased by substance P (p = 0.009), while neither the classical pituitary PRL inhibitor, dopamine, nor corticotropin-releasing hormone significantly modulated PRL IR in HFs or skin respectively. Interferon (IFN) γ increased PRL IR in the epithelium of human HFs (p = 0.044) while tumour necrosis factor (TNF) α decreased both PRL and PRLR IR. This study identifies substance P, TNFα and IFNγ as novel modulators of PRL and PRLR expression in human skin, and suggests that intracutaneous PRL expression is not under dopaminergic control. Given the importance of PRL in human hair growth regulation and its possible role in the pathogenesis of several common skin diseases, targeting intracutaneous PRL production via these newly identified regulatory pathways may point towards novel therapeutic options for inflammatory dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan A. Langan
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvia Vidali
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm U845/Centre de Recherche Croissance et Signalisation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Erika Lisztes
- DE-MTA “Lendület” Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- DE-MTA “Lendület” Cellular Physiology Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm U845/Centre de Recherche Croissance et Signalisation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christopher E. M. Griffiths
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:403908. [PMID: 22969795 PMCID: PMC3437281 DOI: 10.1155/2012/403908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress, an evolutionary adaptation to the fight-or-flight response, triggers a number of physiological responses that can be deleterious under some circumstances. Stress signals activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Elements derived from those systems (e.g., cortisol, catecholamines and neuropeptides) can impact the immune system and possible disease states. Skin provides a first line of defense against many environmental insults. A number of investigations have indicated that the skin is especially sensitive to psychological stress, and experimental evidence shows that the cutaneous innate and adaptive immune systems are affected by stressors. For example, psychological stress has been shown to reduce recovery time of the stratum corneum barrier after its removal (innate immunity) and alters antigen presentation by epidermal Langerhans cells (adaptive immunity). Moreover, psychological stress may trigger or exacerbate immune mediated dermatological disorders. Understanding how the activity of the psyche-nervous -immune system axis impinges on skin diseases may facilitate coordinated treatment strategies between dermatologists and psychiatrists. Herein, we will review the roles of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system on the cutaneous immune response. We will selectively highlight how the interplay between psychological stress and the immune system affects atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Featherstone K, White MRH, Davis JRE. The prolactin gene: a paradigm of tissue-specific gene regulation with complex temporal transcription dynamics. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:977-90. [PMID: 22420298 PMCID: PMC3505372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of numerous mammalian genes is highly pulsatile, with bursts of expression occurring with variable duration and frequency. The presence of this stochastic or 'noisy' expression pattern has been relatively unexplored in tissue systems. The prolactin gene provides a model of tissue-specific gene regulation resulting in pulsatile transcription dynamics in both cell lines and endocrine tissues. In most cell culture models, prolactin transcription appears to be highly variable between cells, with differences in transcription pulse duration and frequency. This apparently stochastic transcription is constrained by a transcriptional refractory period, which may be related to cycles of chromatin remodelling. We propose that prolactin transcription dynamics result from the summation of oscillatory cellular inputs and by regulation through chromatin remodelling cycles. Observations of transcription dynamics in cells within pituitary tissue show reduced transcriptional heterogeneity and can be grouped into a small number of distinct patterns. Thus, it appears that the tissue environment is able to reduce transcriptional noise to enable coordinated tissue responses to environmental change. We review the current knowledge on the complex tissue-specific regulation of the prolactin gene in pituitary and extra-pituitary sites, highlighting differences between humans and rodent experimental animal models. Within this context, we describe the transcription dynamics of prolactin gene expression and how this may relate to specific processes occurring within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Featherstone
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Langan EA, Griffiths CEM, Paus R. Utilizing the hair follicle to dissect the regulation and autocrine/paracrine activities of prolactin in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1311-2. [PMID: 22589417 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Harvey S, Arámburo C, Sanders EJ. Extrapituitary production of anterior pituitary hormones: an overview. Endocrine 2012; 41:19-30. [PMID: 22169962 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein hormones from the anterior pituitary gland have well-established endocrine roles in their peripheral target glands. It is, however, now known that these proteins are also produced within many of their target tissues, in which they act as local autocrine or paracrine factors, with physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. This emerging concept is the focus of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada,
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40
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Exploring the role of prolactin in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:115-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The role of neurohormones and neuropeptides in human hair follicle (HF) pigmentation extends far beyond the control of melanin synthesis by α-MSH and ACTH and includes melanoblast differentiation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, maintenance of HF immune privilege, and remodeling of the HF pigmentary unit (HFPU). It is now clear that human HFs are not only a target of multiple neuromediators, but also are a major non-classical production site for neurohormones such as CRH, proopiomelanocortin, ACTH, α-MSH, ß-endorphin, TRH, and melatonin. Moreover, human HFs have established a functional peripheral equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. By charting the author's own meanderings through the jungle of hair pigmentation research, the current perspectives essay utilizes four clinical observations - hair repigmentation, canities, poliosis, and 'overnight greying'- as points of entry into the enigmas and challenges of .pigmentary HF neuroendocrinology. After synthesizing key principles and defining major open questions in the field, selected research avenues are delineated that appear clinically most promising. In this context, novel neuroendocrinological strategies to retard or reverse greying and to reduce damage to the HFPU are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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