1
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Zhu L, Feng Z, Kinjo R. Crystalline Radical Anion of a Diboratriazole and Its Conversion to a Neutral Radical Driven by a Carbene. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39033410 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
One-electron reduction of diboratriazole 1 with potassium graphite (KC8) generates the radical anion 1•-•K+, which undergoes a salt (KCl) elimination reaction upon addition of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to afford the neutral diboratriazole radical 3. An X-ray diffraction analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and computational studies revealed that an unpaired electron in radical species 1•-•K+ and 3 is delocalized over the π-system of the B2N3 and carbene rings. Reversible oxidation of 3 gives rise to a diboratriazole cation 4 featuring a 6π aromatic character. Moreover, treating 1•-•K+ with a half equivalent of a bis(NHC) produces a biradical species 5, in which there is little interaction between two radical moieties separated by the bis(NHC) linker, suggesting the dis-biradical property. 5 undergoes stepwise and reversible two-electron oxidation, establishing three formal oxidation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhongtao Feng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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2
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Grunshaw T, Wood SH, Sproules S, Parrott A, Nordon A, Shapland PDP, Wheelhouse KMP, Tomkinson NCO. A Mechanistic Investigation of the N-Hydroxyphthalimide Catalyzed Benzylic Oxidation Mediated by Sodium Chlorite. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7933-7945. [PMID: 38748510 PMCID: PMC11165572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A detailed investigation into the mechanistic course of N-hydroxyphthalimide catalyzed oxidation of benzylic centers using sodium chlorite as the stoichiometric oxidant is reported. Through a combination of experimental, spectroscopic, and computational techniques, the transformation is interrogated, providing improved reaction conditions and an enhanced understanding of the mechanism. Performing the transformation in the presence of acetic acid or a pH 4.5 buffer leads to extended reaction times but improves the catalyst lifetime, leading to the complete consumption of the starting material. Chlorine dioxide is identified as the active oxidant that is able to oxidize the N-hydroxyphthalimide anion to the phthalimide-N-oxyl radical, the proposed catalytically active species, which is able to abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. A second molecule of chlorine dioxide reacts with the resultant radical and, after loss of hypochlorous acid, leads to the observed product. Through a broad variety of techniques including UV/vis, EPR and Raman spectroscopy, isotopic labeling, and the use of radical traps, evidence for the mechanism is presented that is supported through electronic structural calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grunshaw
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
- GlaxoSmithKline
R&D, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Susanna H. Wood
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Stephen Sproules
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Andrew Parrott
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Alison Nordon
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | | | | | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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3
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Liu DH, Ma J. Recent Advances in Dearomative Partial Reduction of Benzenoid Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402819. [PMID: 38480464 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Dearomative partial reduction is an extraordinary approach for transforming benzenoid arenes and has been well-known for many decades, as exemplified by the dehydrogenation of Birch reduction and the hydroarylation of Crich addition. Despite its remarkable importance in synthesis, this field has experienced slow progress over the last half-century. However, a revival has been observed with the recent introduction of electrochemical and photochemical methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advancements in dearomative partial reduction of benzenoid arenes, including dihydrogenation, hydroalkylation, arylation, alkenylation, amination, borylation and others. Further, the intriguing utilization of dearomative partial reduction in the synthesis of natural products is also emphasized. It is anticipated that this Minireview will stimulate further progress in arene dearomative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hai Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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4
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Liu S, Zhao C, Pan M, Liao H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Rong L. Copper(I)-Catalyzed Radical Carbamylation/Cyclization of 2-Aryl- N-methacryloylindoles with Substituted Formamides to Assemble Amidated Indolo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16352-16364. [PMID: 37971731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of amidated indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones has been achieved via copper(I)-catalyzed radical carbamylation/cyclization of 2-aryl-N-methacryloylindoles with substituted formamides. In this reaction, an isoquinoline ring was constructed by carbamylation of a carbon-carbon double bond in 2-arylindoles. This strategy successfully introduces the substituted amide group into the indolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline skeleton and has advantages such as wide substituent scope, mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity, and good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Congcong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hailin Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Zhang
- Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liangce Rong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, PR China
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5
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Halder I, Nair AM, Giri S, Volla CMR. Diphenyl Ditelluride: An Unconventional Reducing Agent in the Sulfonylative Cascade of Alkynyl Cyclohexadienones. Org Lett 2023; 25:826-831. [PMID: 36722745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a reductive hydrazo-sulfonylative difunctionalization cascade of alkynyl cyclohexadienones employing PhTeTePh as an uncommon reducing agent. Diphenyl ditelluride is a commercially available solid with a good solubility profile in most organic solvents, and this is the first report illustrating it as a reducing agent. The protocol afforded a variety of difunctionalized dihydrochromenones and dihydrobenzofuranones in good yields under relatively mild conditions. The reactions were scalable, and mechanistic studies were conducted to probe the reaction mechanism. Additionally, photophysical studies of the products were carried out, which revealed that they had significant absorption (400-450 nm) and emission (520-570 nm) in the visible region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Akshay M Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Samyadev Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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6
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Bonechi M, Giurlani W, Innocenti M, Pasini D, Mishra S, Giovanardi R, Fontanesi C. On the Dynamics of the Carbon-Bromine Bond Dissociation in the 1-Bromo-2-Methylnaphthalene Radical Anion. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144539. [PMID: 35889412 PMCID: PMC9319363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the mechanism of electrochemically induced carbon-bromine dissociation in 1-Br-2-methylnaphalene in the reduction regime. In particular, the bond dissociation of the relevant radical anion is disassembled at a molecular level, exploiting quantum mechanical calculations including steady-state, equilibrium and dissociation dynamics via dynamic reaction coordinate (DRC) calculations. DRC is a molecular-dynamic-based calculation relying on an ab initio potential surface. This is to achieve a detailed picture of the dissociation process in an elementary molecular detail. From a thermodynamic point of view, all the reaction paths examined are energetically feasible. The obtained results suggest that the carbon halogen bond dissociates following the first electron uptake follow a stepwise mechanism. Indeed, the formation of the bromide anion and an organic radical occurs. The latter reacts to form a binaphthalene intrinsically chiral dimer. This paper is respectfully dedicated to Professors Anny Jutand and Christian Amatore for their outstanding contribution in the field of electrochemical catalysis and electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonechi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Walter Giurlani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
| | - Massimo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (M.B.); (W.G.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Center for Colloid and Surface Science (CSGI), Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (C.F.)
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
| | - Roberto Giovanardi
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari” (DIEF), University of Modena, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (C.F.)
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7
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Abstract
A few months before the COVID-19 pandemic, Pierre Vogel and Kendall N. Houk published with a new textbook Wiley-VCH, “Organic Chemistry: Theory, Reactivity, and Mechanisms in Modern Synthesis”, with a foreword from the late Roberts H. Grubbs. The book demonstrates how catalytic processes dominate all fields of modern organic chemistry and synthesis, and how invention combines thermodynamics, kinetics, spectroscopy, quantum mechanics, and thermochemical data libraries. Here, the authors present a few case studies that should be of interest to teachers, practitioners of organic and organometallic chemistry, and the engineers of molecules. The Vogel–Houk book is both textbook and reference manual; it provides a modern way to think about chemical reactivity and a powerful toolbox to inventors of new reactions and new procedures.
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8
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Zard SZ. The xanthate route to six-membered carbocycles. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221088194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Convergent routes to various six-membered carbocyclic architectures exploiting the unique radical chemistry of xanthates are described in this brief review. Three approaches are discussed. The first is the modification of existing cyclohexane building blocks, namely, cyclohexanones, cyclohexenones and cyclohexenes. The second deals with the construction of six-membered carbocycles by associating the chemistry of xanthates with classical ionic reactions, especially the Robinson annulation, the Michael addition and the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons condensation. Finally, the third route is the formation of six-membered rings by direct six- exo and, but more rarely, six- endo cyclisation modes. Many of the complex structures presented herein would be tedious to obtain by more traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au C. N. R. S., UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
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9
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Peng WL, Jhang YJ, Chang CY, Peng PK, Zhao WT, Wu YK. Total synthesis of (±)-mersicarpine following a 6- exo-trig radical cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6193-6195. [PMID: 35467680 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described is a total synthesis of racemic mersicarpine from diethyl 4-oxopimelate. The synthetic route takes advantage of a 2-indolyl radical cyclization to construct the pyrido[1,2-a]indole scaffold bearing the all-carbon quaternary stereocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Jia Jhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Yu Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Kai Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ku Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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10
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Photoredox-Catalyzed Giese Reactions: Decarboxylative Additions to Cyclic Vinylogous Amides and Esters. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020417. [PMID: 35056732 PMCID: PMC8777773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An effective strategy has been developed for the photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative addition of cyclic amino acids to both vinylogous amides and esters leading to uniquely substituted heterocycles. The additions take place exclusively trans to the substituent present on the dihydropyridone ring affording stereochemical control about the new carbon-carbon bond. These reactions are operationally simplistic and afford the desired products in good to excellent isolated yields.
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11
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Liu Y, Zhang N, Xu Y, Chen Y. Visible-Light-Induced Radical Cascade Reaction of 1-Allyl-2-ethynylbenzoimidazoles with Thiosulfonates to Assemble Thiosulfonylated Pyrrolo[1,2- a]benzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16882-16891. [PMID: 34739244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced radical domino reaction of 1-allyl-2-ethynylbenzoimidazoles with thiosulfonates was developed, which generated the thiosulfonylated pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles in moderate to good yields. This reaction proceeded under transition-metal-free conditions with good functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity. The possible pathway involved thiosulfonates were activated through the energy transfer route promoted by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Niuniu Zhang
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xu
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Pharmacy School, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
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12
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Pitre SP, Overman LE. Strategic Use of Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1717-1751. [PMID: 34232019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the development of photocatalytic reactions promoted by visible light is leading to a renaissance in the use of photochemistry in the construction of structurally elaborate organic molecules. Because of the rich functionality found in natural products, studies in natural product total synthesis provide useful insights into functional group compatibility of these new photocatalytic methods as well as their impact on synthetic strategy. In this review, we examine total syntheses published through the end of 2020 that employ a visible-light photoredox catalytic step. To assist someone interested in employing the photocatalytic steps discussed, the review is organized largely by the nature of the bond formed in the photocatalytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P Pitre
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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13
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Atom-transfer radical cyclization of α-bromocarboxamides under organophotocatalytic conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Gou XY, Li Y, Luan YY, Shi WY, Wang CT, An Y, Zhang BS, Liang YM. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Radical Cyclization/meta-Selective C–H Alkylation of Arenes via σ-Activation Strategy. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ya Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cui-Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang An
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bo-Sheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragment Coupling Reactions in Total Synthesis That Form Carbon-Carbon Bonds via Carbanionic or Free Radical Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1116-1150. [PMID: 31869476 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragment coupling reactions that form carbon-carbon bonds are valuable transformations in synthetic design. Advances in metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in the early 2000s brought a high level of predictability and reliability to carbon-carbon bond constructions involving the union of unsaturated fragments. By comparison, recent years have witnessed an increase in fragment couplings proceeding via carbanionic and open-shell (free radical) intermediates. The latter has been driven by advances in methods to generate and utilize carbon-centered radicals under mild conditions. In this Review, we survey a selection of recent syntheses that have implemented carbanion- or radical-based fragment couplings to form carbon-carbon bonds. We aim to highlight the strategic value of these disconnections in their respective settings and to identify extensible lessons from each example that might be instructive to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seth B Herzon
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Tomanik M, Hsu IT, Herzon SB. Fragmentverknüpfungen in der Totalsynthese – Bildung von C‐C‐Bindungen über intermediäre Carbanionen oder freie Radikale. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tomanik
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Ian Tingyung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
| | - Seth B. Herzon
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect St New Haven CT USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University 333 Cedar St New Haven CT USA
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17
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Tintori G, Fall A, Assani N, Zhao Y, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Vanelle P, Broggi J. Generation of powerful organic electron donors by water-assisted decarboxylation of benzimidazolium carboxylates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01488e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In situ and easy generation of organic electron donors from water-activation of carboxylate precursors allows OED-promoted intermolecular radical addition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Arona Fall
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Nadhrata Assani
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | | | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- 13005 Marseille
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18
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Lichtenberg C. Main-Group Metal Complexes in Selective Bond Formations Through Radical Pathways. Chemistry 2020; 26:9674-9687. [PMID: 32048770 PMCID: PMC7496981 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in radical reactions involving main-group metal complexes. This includes the isolation and detailed characterization of main-group metal radical compounds, but also the generation of highly reactive persistent or transient radical species. A rich arsenal of methods has been established that allows control over and exploitation of their unusual reactivity patterns. Thus, main-group metal compounds have entered the field of selective bond formations in controlled radical reactions. Transformations that used to be the domain of late transition-metal compounds have been realized, and unusual selectivities, high activities, as well as remarkable functional-group tolerances have been reported. Recent findings demonstrate the potential of main-group metal compounds to become standard tools of synthetic chemistry, catalysis, and materials science, when operating through radical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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19
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Bonjoch J, Diaba F. Radical Reactions in Alkaloid Synthesis: A Perspective from Carbon Radical Precursors. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Bonjoch
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica Facultat de Farmàcia, IBUB Universitat de Barcelona Av. Joan XXIII s/n 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Faiza Diaba
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica Facultat de Farmàcia, IBUB Universitat de Barcelona Av. Joan XXIII s/n 08028 Barcelona Spain
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20
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Kamimura A, Itaya T, Yoshinaga T, Nozawa R, Kawamoto T, Sumimoto M, Uno H. Highly Cumulated Radical Cascade Reaction of aza-1,6-Enyenes: Stereoselective Synthesis of exo
-Methylene Piperidines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kamimura
- Department Applied Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Itaya
- Department Applied Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yoshinaga
- Department Applied Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department Applied Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Takuji Kawamoto
- Department Applied Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Michinori Sumimoto
- Department Environmental Chemistry; Yamaguchi University; 755-8611 Ube Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry; Ehime University; 790-8577 Matsuyama Japan
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21
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Neukermans S, Vorobjov F, Kenis T, De Wolf R, Hereijgers J, Breugelmans T. Electrochemical reduction of halogenated aromatic compounds at metal cathodes in acetonitrile. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi 920-1192 Kanazawa Japan
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23
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Ren H, Song JR, Li ZY, Pan WD. Oxazoline-/Copper-Catalyzed Alkoxyl Radical Generation: Solvent-Switched to Access 3a,3a'-Bisfuroindoline and 3-Alkoxyl Furoindoline. Org Lett 2019; 21:6774-6778. [PMID: 31398055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of oxazoline-/copper-catalyzed alcohol oxidation to generate the alkoxyl radical under additive-free conditions. The resulting alkoxyl radical addition to alkene enables useful C-O bond-forming and selective C(sp3)-C(sp3) radical-radical dimerization/radical-trapping reactions, providing direct access to the 3a,3a'-bisfuro[2,3-b]indoline scaffold for the first time and a wide range of 3-alkoxyl furoindolines with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences/Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jun-Rong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences/Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences/Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Wei-Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences/Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Natural Drugs, Guiyang 550014, China
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24
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Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Lichtenberg C. Bismutverbindungen in der Radikalkatalyse: Übergangsmetallbismutane ermöglichen thermisch induzierte Cycloisomerisierungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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25
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Ramler J, Krummenacher I, Lichtenberg C. Bismuth Compounds in Radical Catalysis: Transition Metal Bismuthanes Facilitate Thermally Induced Cycloisomerizations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12924-12929. [PMID: 31166083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ramler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Crispin Lichtenberg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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26
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Zhang J, Li Z, Zhuo J, Cui Y, Han T, Li C. Tandem Decarboxylative Cyclization/Alkenylation Strategy for Total Syntheses of (+)-Longirabdiol, (−)-Longirabdolactone, and (−)-Effusin. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8372-8380. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zijian Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Junming Zhuo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Cui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ting Han
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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27
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Sherwood TC, Xiao HY, Bhaskar RG, Simmons EM, Zaretsky S, Rauch MP, Knowles RR, Dhar TGM. Decarboxylative Intramolecular Arene Alkylation Using N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides, an Organic Photocatalyst, and Visible Light. J Org Chem 2019; 84:8360-8379. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C. Sherwood
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Hai-Yun Xiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Roshan G. Bhaskar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Eric M. Simmons
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin P. Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Robert R. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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28
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Han JB, Guo A, Tang XY. Alkylation of Allyl/Alkenyl Sulfones by Deoxygenation of Alkoxyl Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:2989-2994. [PMID: 30624002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A challenging deoxygenation of alkoxyl radicals from readily accessible alcohol derivatives was developed, affording facile synthesis of functionalized alkenes with good functional group tolerance under mild reaction conditions. Because alkoxyl radicals can easily undergo β-fragmentations or hydrogen abstractions, this new strategy for deoxygenation of alkoxyl radicals is highly valuable. Moreover, mechanistic studies revealed that the electron-neutral phosphine acts as the deoxygenation reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bin Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Ao Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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29
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Horino Y, Murakami M, Aimono A, Lee JH, Abe H. Trialkylborane-Mediated Multicomponent Reaction for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Anti-δ,δ-Disubstituted Homoallylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2019; 21:476-480. [PMID: 30596237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The trialkylborane/O2-mediated reaction of propargyl acetates having a tributylstannyl group at an alkyne terminus with aldehydes in a THF-H2O solvent system gave anti-δ,δ-disubstituted homoallylic alcohols with good to high diastereoselectivity. Intriguingly, two alkyl groups derived from trialkylborane were embedded into the reaction product. The trialkylborane plays a key role not only as a radical initiator but also as a source of alkyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Horino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Miki Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Ataru Aimono
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry , Dongguk University , Gyeongju 780-714 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
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30
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Pitre SP, Weires NA, Overman LE. Forging C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Bonds with Carbon-Centered Radicals in the Synthesis of Complex Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2800-2813. [PMID: 30566838 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radical fragment coupling reactions that unite intricate subunits have become an important class of transformations within the arena of complex molecule synthesis. This Perspective highlights some of the early contributions in this area, as well as more modern applications of radical fragment couplings in the preparation of natural products. Additionally, emphasis is placed on contemporary advances that allow for radical generation under mild conditions as a driving force for the implementation of radical fragment couplings in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer P Pitre
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Nicholas A Weires
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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31
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Chuang TH, Chuang CP. Organic amine-mediated free-radical carbocyclization reactions of 2,2,2-trihalogeno-substituted N-(2-alkynylphenyl)acetamides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7265-7273. [PMID: 30259031 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01870g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of 3-halogeno-substituted 4-benzoylquinolin-2-(1H)-ones from N-(2-alkynylphenyl)-substituted trihaloacetamides has been developed, in which organic amines (TNPA and DIEA) act as the electron donors. In this carbocyclization reaction, a new C-C bond formation occurred regioselectively via a 6-exo-dig radical cyclization. A variety of useful functional groups are compatible with the reaction conditions. In this process, readily removable organic amines were employed and no heavy metal catalysts were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, Republic of China.
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32
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Wang H, Zhang D, Bolm C. Photocatalytic Additions of 1-Sulfoximidoyl-1,2-Benziodoxoles to Styrenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:14942-14945. [PMID: 30079969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoximidoyl-containing 1,2-benziodoxoles add to styrenes by a photoredox radical process affording difunctionalized products with high regioselectivity. The solvent plays a significantly role in the reaction path, in which Eosin Y appears to have a dual role rendering the process diastereoselective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Duo Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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33
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Wang J, Huang B, Shi C, Yang C, Xia W. Visible-Light-Mediated Ring-Opening Strategy for the Regiospecific Allylation/Formylation of Cycloalkanols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9696-9706. [PMID: 30067027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a straightforward and efficient approach for regiospecific introduction of an allyl group into cycloalkanol molecules employing a visible-light-mediated ring-opening strategy. A wide range of distally allylated or formylated ketones is furnished from 1-aryl cycloalkanol precursors of variable ring sizes, providing a concise and practical access for the modification of complex natural products. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrate that the key O-centered radicals mediate the sequential ring cleavage and allylation/formylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Wang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Binbin Huang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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34
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Abstract
The alkylation of enolates is one of the backbones of ketone chemistry, yet in practice it suffers from numerous limitations due to problems of regiochemistry (including O- versus C-alkylation), multiple alkylations, self-condensation, competing elimination, and incompatibility with many polar groups that have to be protected. Over the years, various solutions have been devised to overcome these difficulties, such as the employment of auxiliary ester or sulfone groups to modify the p Ka of the enolizable hydrogens, the passage by the corresponding hydrazones, the use of transition-metal-catalyzed redox systems to formally alkylate ketones with alcohols, etc. Most of these hurdles disappear upon switching to α-ketonyl radicals. Radicals are tolerant of most polar functions, and radical additions to flat sp2 centers are generally easier to accomplish than enolate substitution at tetrahedral sp3 carbons. The main stumbling block, however, has been a lack of generally applicable methods for the generation and intermolecular capture of α-ketonyl radicals. We have found over the past years that the degenerative exchange of xanthates represents in many ways an ideal solution to this problem. It overcomes essentially all of the difficulties faced by other radical processes because of its unique ability to reversibly store reactive radicals in a dormant, nonreactive form. The lifetime of the radicals can therefore be significantly enhanced, even in the concentrated medium needed for bimolecular additions, while at the same time regulating their absolute and relative concentrations. The ability to perform intermolecular additions to highly functionalized alkene partners opens up numerous possibilities for rapid and convergent access to complex structures. Of particular importance is the elaboration of ketones that are prone to self-condensation, such trifluoroacetone, and of base-sensitive ketones, such as chloro- and dichloroacetone, since the products can be used for the synthesis of a myriad fluorinated and heteroaromatic compounds of relevance to medicinal chemistry and agrochemistry. The formal distal dialkylation of ketones, also of utmost synthetic interest, is readily accomplished, allowing convenient access to a wide array of useful ketone building blocks. Cascade processes can be implemented and, in alliance with powerful classical reactions (aldol, alkylative Birch reductions, etc.), furnish a quick route to complex polycyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the presence of the xanthate group in the adducts can be exploited to obtain a variety of arenes and heteroarenes, such as pyrroles, thiophenes, naphthalenes, and pyridines, as well as enones, dienes, and cyclopropanes. Last but not least, the reagents and most of the starting materials are exceedingly cheap, and the reactions are safe and easy to scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
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35
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Wang Y, Xie F, Lin B, Cheng M, Liu Y. Synthetic Approaches to Tetracyclic Indolines as Versatile Building Blocks of Diverse Indole Alkaloids. Chemistry 2018; 24:14302-14315. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Fukai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery; Ministry of Education; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- Institute of Drug Research in Medicine Capital of China; Benxi 117000 P. R. China
- Wuya College of Innovation; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
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36
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Decarbonylative radical conjugate addition of aliphatic aldehydes for alkylation of electron-deficient alkenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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38
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Li Y, Zhang J, Li D, Chen Y. Metal-Free C(sp3)–H Allylation via Aryl Carboxyl Radicals Enabled by Donor–Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2018; 20:3296-3299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Defang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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39
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Wang H, Zhang D, Bolm C. Sulfoximidations of Benzylic C−H bonds by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Duo Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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40
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Wang H, Zhang D, Bolm C. Sulfoximidations of Benzylic C−H bonds by Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5863-5866. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Duo Zhang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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41
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Ding S, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Tian S, Ren H, Zhu M, Li K, Miao Z. Silver(I)-mediated Reaction of 2-Isocyanobiaryl with Alkyl Trifluoroborates: Efficient Synthesis of 6-Alkylated Phenanthridines. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Shaopeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Huaping Ren
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Kexuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
| | - Zongcheng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Polymer Photoelectric Materials, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710123, P. R. China
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42
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Liu B, Yu JX, Li Y, Li JH, He DL. Copper-Catalyzed Annulation Cascades of Alkyne-Tethered α-Bromocarbonyls with Alkynes: An Access to Heteropolycycles. Org Lett 2018; 20:2129-2132. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jiang-Xi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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43
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Tao DJ, Slutskyy Y, Muuronen M, Le A, Kohler P, Overman LE. Total Synthesis of (-)-Chromodorolide B By a Computationally-Guided Radical Addition/Cyclization/Fragmentation Cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3091-3102. [PMID: 29412658 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of a chromodorolide marine diterpenoid is described. The core of the diterpenoid is constructed by a bimolecular radical addition/cyclization/fragmentation cascade that unites two complex fragments and forms two C-C bonds and four contiguous stereogenic centers of (-)-chromodorolide B in a single step. This coupling step is initiated by visible-light photocatalytic fragmentation of a redox-active ester, which can be accomplished in the presence of an iridium or a less-precious electron-rich dicyanobenzene photocatalyst, and employs equimolar amounts of the two addends. Computational studies guided the development of this central step of the synthesis and provide insight into the origin of the observed stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Yuriy Slutskyy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Mikko Muuronen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Alexander Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Larry E Overman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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44
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Jia K, Li J, Chen Y. Selective P-C(sp 3 ) Bond Cleavage and Radical Alkynylation of α-Phosphorus Alcohols by Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:3174-3177. [PMID: 29356137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein the first P-C(sp3 ) bond cleavage and radical alkynylation of α-phosphorus alcohols to construct phosphonoalkynes is reported. The phosphorus radical is generated upon P-C bond cleavage reaction via the alkoxyl radical through photoredox catalysis with cyclic iodine(III) reagents. Various arylphosphinoyl-, alkylphosphinoyl-, phosphonate-, and phosphonic amide alcohols serve as radical phosphorus precursors to construct phosphonoalkynes for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Junzhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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45
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Sakata K, Wang Y, Urabe D, Inoue M. Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Structure of Batrachotoxin Enabled by Bridgehead Radical Coupling and Pd/Ni-Promoted Ullmann Reaction. Org Lett 2017; 20:130-133. [PMID: 29232148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The steroidal ABCD-ring system of the potent neurotoxin batrachotoxin was efficiently assembled in a convergent fashion. Bridgehead radical coupling between the simple AB-ring and D-ring fragments (3 and 4) formed the sterically congested linkage at the C9-oxygen-attached tetrasubstituted carbon. The C-ring was then cyclized by the Pd/Ni-promoted Ullmann reaction of the vinyl triflate and vinyl bromide of 19, giving rise to tetracyclic structure 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komei Sakata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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46
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Hou L, Zhou Z, Wang D, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhou L, Hong Y, Liu W, Hou Y, Tong X. DPPF-Catalyzed Atom-Transfer Radical Cyclization via Allylic Radical. Org Lett 2017; 19:6328-6331. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longlei Hou
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhaozhao Zhou
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Lijin Zhou
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yang Hong
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yading Hou
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tong
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School
of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China
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47
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Hashimoto S, Katoh SI, Kato T, Urabe D, Inoue M. Total Synthesis of Resiniferatoxin Enabled by Radical-Mediated Three-Component Coupling and 7-endo Cyclization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16420-16429. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Katoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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48
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Huang HM, Procter DJ. Radical Heterocyclization and Heterocyclization Cascades Triggered by Electron Transfer to Amide-Type Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14262-14266. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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49
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Huang HM, Procter DJ. Radical Heterocyclization and Heterocyclization Cascades Triggered by Electron Transfer to Amide-Type Carbonyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PL UK
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50
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Selvakumar S, Kang QK, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Kumar RS, Maruoka K. Hypervalent iodine(III) catalyzed radical hydroacylation of chiral alkylidenemalonates with aliphatic aldehydes under photolysis. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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