1
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Ghosh S, Eschen C, Eleya N, Staubitz A. Synthesis of a Series of 12-Membered Azobenzene Macrocycles and Tuning of the Half-Life of the Thermal Z- E Isomerization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3372-3377. [PMID: 35771676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene macrocycles (AzMs) represent a class of azobenzene that are typically photoswitchable with good switching yields of E and Z isomers at certain photostationary states. Here, the synthesis and versatile functionalization of 12-membered AzMs is presented to obtain various meta- and para-aryl-substituted AzMs in high yields of 71-98%. At different positions in the periphery, these substituents significantly impact on the thermal half-lives of the less-stable Z isomers. Para-substitution leads to faster thermal relaxation than meta-substitution, and electron-donating groups lead to a faster relaxation than electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliotheksstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Eschen
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadi Eleya
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliotheksstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliotheksstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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2
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Suwasia S, Venkataramani S, Babu SA. Pd(II)-catalyzed coupling of C-H bonds of carboxamides with iodoazobenzenes toward modified azobenzenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1793-1813. [PMID: 36744837 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02322a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a synthetic protocol for the construction of biaryl motif-based or π-extended azobenzene and alkylated azobenzene derivatives via the Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate directing group (DG)-aided C-H activation and functionalization strategy. In the past, the synthesis of biaryl motif-based azobenzenes was accomplished through the traditional cross-coupling reaction involving organometallic reagents and aryl halides or equivalent coupling partners. We have shown the direct coupling of C-H bonds of aromatic/aliphatic carboxamides (possessing a DG) with iodoazobenzenes as the coupling partners through the Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate DG-aided, site-selective C-H functionalization method. Azobenzene-containing compounds are a versatile class of photo-responsive molecules that have found applications across branches of chemical, biological and materials sciences and are prevalent in medicinally relevant molecules. Accordingly, the synthesis of new and functionalized azobenzene-based scaffolds has been an attractive topic of research. Although the classical methods are efficient, they need pre-functionalized starting materials. This protocol involving the Pd(II)-catalyzed, directing group-aided site-selective C-H arylation of aromatic and aliphatic carboxamides using iodoazobenzene as the coupling partner affording azobenzene-based carboxamides is an additional route and also a contribution towards enriching the library of modified azobenzenes. We have also shown the photoswitching properties of representative compounds synthesized via the Pd(II)-catalyzed directing group-aided site-selective C-H functionalization method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Suwasia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
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3
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Photopharmacological modulation of native CRAC channels using azoboronate photoswitches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118160119. [PMID: 35312368 PMCID: PMC9060504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118160119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels play key roles in the regulation of cellular signaling, transcription, and migration. Here, we describe the design, chemical synthesis, and characterization of photoswitchable channel inhibitors that can be switched on and off depending on the wavelength of light used. We use the compounds to induce light-dependent modulation of channel activity and downstream gene expression in human immune cells. We further expand the usage of the compounds to control seeding of cancer cells in target tissue and regulation of response to noxious stimuli in vivo in mice. Store-operated calcium entry through calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels replenishes intracellular calcium stores and plays a critical role in cellular calcium signaling. CRAC channels are activated by tightly regulated interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium sensor STIM proteins and plasma membrane (PM) Orai channels. Our current understanding of the role of STIM–Orai-dependent calcium signals under physiologically relevant conditions remains limited in part due to a lack of spatiotemporally precise methods for direct manipulation of endogenous CRAC channels. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of azoboronate light-operated CRAC channel inhibitors (LOCIs) that allow for a dynamic and fully reversible remote modulation of the function of native CRAC channels using ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. We demonstrate the use of LOCI-1 to modulate gene expression in T lymphocytes, cancer cell seeding at metastatic sites, and pain-related behavior.
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4
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Staubitz A, Walther M, Kipke W, Schultzke S, Ghosh S. Modification of Azobenzenes by Cross-Coupling Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAzobenzenes are among the most extensively used molecular switches for many different applications. The need to tailor them to the required task often requires further functionalization. Cross-coupling reactions are ideally suited for late-stage modifications. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the modification of azobenzene and its derivatives by cross-coupling reactions.1 Introduction2 Azobenzenes as Formally Electrophilic Components2.1 Palladium Catalysis2.2 Nickel Catalysis2.3 Copper Catalysis2.4 Cobalt Catalysis3 Azobenzenes as Formally Nucleophilic Components3.1 Palladium Catalysis3.2 Copper Catalysis3.3 C–H Activation Reactions4 Azobenzenes as Ligands in Catalysts5 Diazocines5.1 Synthesis5.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions6 Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Melanie Walther
- University of Bremen, Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Waldemar Kipke
- University of Bremen, Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Sven Schultzke
- University of Bremen, Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- University of Bremen, Institute for Analytical and Organic Chemistry
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
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5
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Sarott RC, Viray AEG, Pfaff P, Sadybekov A, Rajic G, Katritch V, Carreira EM, Frank JA. Optical Control of Cannabinoid Receptor 2-Mediated Ca2+ Release Enabled by Synthesis of Photoswitchable Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:736-743. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman C. Sarott
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander E. G. Viray
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Patrick Pfaff
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Gabriela Rajic
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James A. Frank
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098, United States
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6
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Westphal MV, Schafroth MA, Sarott RC, Imhof MA, Bold CP, Leippe P, Dhopeshwarkar A, Grandner JM, Katritch V, Mackie K, Trauner D, Carreira EM, Frank JA. Synthesis of Photoswitchable Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivatives Enables Optical Control of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18206-18212. [PMID: 29161035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is an inhibitory G protein-coupled receptor abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. It has rich pharmacology and largely accounts for the recreational use of cannabis. We describe efficient asymmetric syntheses of four photoswitchable Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives (azo-THCs) from a central building block 3-Br-THC. Using electrophysiology and a FRET-based cAMP assay, two compounds are identified as potent CB1 agonists that change their effect upon illumination. As such, azo-THCs enable CB1-mediated optical control of inwardly rectifying potassium channels, as well as adenylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias V Westphal
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schafroth
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman C Sarott
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Imhof
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian P Bold
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Leippe
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Amey Dhopeshwarkar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Gill Center, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jessica M Grandner
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Gill Center, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6699, United States
| | - Erick M Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James A Frank
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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7
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Pérez-Miqueo J, Altube A, García-Lecina E, Tron A, McClenaghan ND, Freixa Z. Photoswitchable azobenzene-appended iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13726-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01817c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of aliphatic-bridging units to append azobenzene fragments on triscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes permits the construction of photoswitchable organometallics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pérez-Miqueo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- 20080 San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - A. Altube
- Surfaces Division
- IK4-CIDETEC
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | | | - A. Tron
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - N. D. McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- CNRS UMR 5255
- University of Bordeaux
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Z. Freixa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- 20080 San Sebastián
- Spain
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8
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Abstract
Azobenzene is the most extensively used class of chromophore in a large variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Léonard
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale
- EA4297 Transformations Chimiques de la Matière Renouvelable
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
| | - Floriane Mangin
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale
- EA4297 Transformations Chimiques de la Matière Renouvelable
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
| | - Carole Villette
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale
- EA4297 Transformations Chimiques de la Matière Renouvelable
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale
- EA4297 Transformations Chimiques de la Matière Renouvelable
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
| | - Christophe Len
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne
- Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale
- EA4297 Transformations Chimiques de la Matière Renouvelable
- Centre de Recherche Royallieu
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9
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Telleria A, Pérez-Miqueo J, Altube A, García-Lecina E, de Cózar A, Freixa Z. Azobenzene-Appended Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Bipyridyl Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ainhoa Altube
- Surfaces Division, IK4-CIDETEC, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Abel de Cózar
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Zoraida Freixa
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Pérez-Miqueo J, Telleria A, Muñoz-Olasagasti M, Altube A, García-Lecina E, de Cózar A, Freixa Z. Azobenzene-functionalized iridium(iii) triscyclometalated complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:2075-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic triscyclometalated iridium(iii) organometallic complexes based on azobenzene-containing phenylpyridyl-type ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pérez-Miqueo
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - A. Telleria
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - M. Muñoz-Olasagasti
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - A. Altube
- Surfaces Division
- IK4-CIDETEC
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | | | - A. de Cózar
- Department of Organic Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
| | - Z. Freixa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)
- San Sebastián
- Spain
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11
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Strueben J, Gates PJ, Staubitz A. Tin-functionalized azobenzenes as nucleophiles in Stille cross-coupling reactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1719-28. [PMID: 24502513 DOI: 10.1021/jo402598u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The metalation of azobenzene by halogen-metal exchange typically leads to a reduction of the azo group to give hydrazine derivatives as major byproducts, instead of the desired metalated azobenzene species. In cross-coupling reactions, azobenzenes therefore usually serve as electrophiles, which greatly limits the scope of the reaction. To solve this problem, we have developed a mild and fast method to stannylate azobenzenes in high yields. This research shows that these stannylated azobenzenes can be used as nucleophilic components in Stille cross-coupling reactions with aryl bromides. The cross-coupling products were obtained in high yields ranging from 70 to 93%. With this reversal of the nucleophilic and electrophilic components, cross-coupling products are now accessible in which the aromatic rings coupled to the azobenzene bear functional groups that are sensitive to metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Strueben
- Otto-Diels-Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel , Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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12
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Zhu Y, Shi Y. Facile Cu(I)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of anilines to azo compounds and hydrazines with diaziridinone under mild conditions. Org Lett 2013; 15:1942-5. [PMID: 23545123 PMCID: PMC3717407 DOI: 10.1021/ol4005917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and highly efficient Cu(I)-catalyzed oxidative coupling of anilines is described. Various primary and secondary anilines can be efficiently coupled under mild conditions to the corresponding azo compounds and hydrazines in high yields. This method provides a direct and practical access to these compounds and is also amenable to gram scale with no special precautions to exclude air or moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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13
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Synthesis of azobenzene substituted tripod-shaped bi(p-phenylene)s. Adsorption on gold and CdS quantum-dots surfaces. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Qiu D, Jin L, Zheng Z, Meng H, Mo F, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Synthesis of pinacol arylboronates from aromatic amines: a metal-free transformation. J Org Chem 2012; 78:1923-33. [PMID: 23106090 DOI: 10.1021/jo3018878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free borylation process based on Sandmeyer-type transformation using arylamines derivatives as the substrates has been developed. Through optimization of the reaction conditions, this novel conversion can be successfully applied to a wide range of aromatic amines, affording borylation products in moderate to good yields. Various functionalized arylboronates, which are difficult to access by other methods, can be easily obtained with this metal-free transformation. Moreover, this transformation can be followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling without purification of the borylation products, which enhances the practical usefulness of this method. A possible reaction mechanism involving radical species has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Functionalization of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Thorwirth R, Bernhardt F, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, Asghari J. Switchable selectivity during oxidation of anilines in a ball mill. Chemistry 2011; 16:13236-42. [PMID: 20922723 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A solvent-free method for the direct oxidation of anilines to the corresponding azo and azoxy homocoupling products by using a planetary ball mill was developed. Various oxidants and grinding auxiliaries were tested and a variety of substituted anilines were investigated. It was possible to form chemoselectively either azo, azoxy, or the nitro compounds from reaction of aromatic anilines. The selectivity of the solvent-free reaction is switchable by applying a combination of oxidant and grinding auxiliary. Furthermore, a comparison with other methods of energy input (microwave, classical heating, and ultrasound) highlighted the advantages of the ball mill approach and its high energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Thorwirth
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
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17
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Palladium-catalyzed reaction of methyl 5-amino-4-chloro-2-methylthiopyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidine-6-carboxylate with arylboronic acids. Synthesis of 1,3,4,6-tetraazadibenzo[cd,f]-azulene heterocyclic system. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-010-0636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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19
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Chapter 5.2: Five-membered ring systems: pyrroles and benzo analogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(09)70010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Darses S, Genet JP. Potassium Organotrifluoroborates: New Perspectives in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2007; 108:288-325. [PMID: 18095714 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Darses
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique et Produits Naturels (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Genet
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Sélective Organique et Produits Naturels (UMR 7573, CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P&M Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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