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Prévot V, Duittoz A. A role for GnRH in olfaction and cognition: Implications for veterinary medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:109-124. [PMID: 37329313 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is essential for the activation and maintenance of the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which controls the onset of puberty and fertility. Two provocative recent studies suggest that, in addition to control reproduction, the neurons in the brain that produce GnRH are also involved in the control postnatal brain maturation, odour discrimination and adult cognition. Long-acting GnRH antagonists and agonists are commonly used to control fertility and behaviour in veterinary medicine, primarily in males. This review puts into perspective the potential risks of these androgen deprivation therapies and immunization on olfactory and cognitive performances and well-aging in domestic animals, including pets. We will also discuss the results reporting beneficial effects of pharmacological interventions restoring physiological GnRH levels on olfactory and cognitive alterations in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease, which shares many pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks with canine cognitive dysfunction. These novel findings raise the intriguing possibility that pulsatile GnRH therapy holds therapeutic potential for the management of this behavioural syndrome affecting older dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR_S1172, Lille, France
| | - Anne Duittoz
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC) UMR7247 INRA, CNRS, Centre INRAE Val de Loire, IFCE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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2
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Riva F, Filipe J, Pavlovic R, Luciano AM, Dall'Ara P, Arioli F, Pecile A, Groppetti D. Canine amniotic fluid at birth: From a discarded sample to a potential diagnostic of neonatal maturity. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 248:107184. [PMID: 36587591 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The definition of new reliable markers for neonatal maturity evaluation is crucial in canine clinical practice. Concerns about the safety of amniotic sampling in pregnant dogs have prevented its collection for diagnostic purposes. Moreover, amniotic fluid had been considered waste material until the latest studies reported amniocentesis as a reliable and safe procedure, even in the canine species. In our study, amniotic fluid (n = 63) collected at birth from ten dogs undergoing elective Caesarean sections at term was analysed to discover new potential indices of canine neonatal maturity. Based on gestational age, mothers and puppies were divided into two groups: the early group (≤65 days from luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, n = 5) and the late group (>65 days from LH surge, n = 5). Amniotic parameters of the lightest and heaviest puppy in individual/each litter, with a birth weight difference of at least 20% among littermates, were also compared. In particular, the content of lecithin, sphingomyelin, surfactant protein A (SP-A), cortisol, and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in amniotic fluid, which is considered predictive of foetal development in humans, were investigated. Maternal serum SP-A and cortisol were also measured simultaneously. All amniotic parameters were detectable in canine amniotic fluid. Interestingly, the concentrations of different amniotic parameters correlated with each other. Lecithin was positively correlated with sphingomyelin (p < 0.0001), maternal SP-A (p < 0.0005), and the ratio of amniotic and maternal cortisol (p < 0.004). Amniotic SP-A was inversely correlated to maternal SP-A (p < 0.05), lecithin (p < 0.005), and lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was also recorded between amniotic and maternal cortisol (p < 0.008). Considering that all puppies were born alive and mature, these data could provide a potential range of expected amniotic values in full-term new-born dogs. Furthermore, since gestational age was positively correlated with both maternal and amniotic cortisol (p < 0.0001) and amniotic PTX3 (p < 0.05), amniotic fluid seems to be an attractive, innovative, and minimally invasive matrix with potential diagnostic and prognostic utility for the investigation of canine maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Joel Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alberto Maria Luciano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - Paola Dall'Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Debora Groppetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via dell'Università, 6 - 26900 Lodi, Italy
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Lanci A, Ingrà L, Dondi F, Tomasello F, Teti G, Mariella J, Falconi M, Castagnetti C. Morphological study of equine amniotic compartment. Theriogenology 2022; 177:165-171. [PMID: 34710648 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliative cytology of human amniotic fluid (AF) has been extensively studied since 1940s, but no data exist in equine species. The AF compartment represents the environment in which the foetus grows and matures, and its composition changes, reflecting foetal well-being and development. The aim of this study was to describe for the first time the morphology of equine AF cells and amniotic membrane (AM) with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AF was collected at parturition within 5 min after the appearance of the AM with a 60 mL syringe from 34 mares and samples of AM were collected from a subset of 7 mares with normal pregnancy hospitalized for attended parturition. For LM observation, a sample of cytocentrifuged fresh AF was stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa and AM sections were stained with H-E. For TEM observation, AF and AM were fixed, embedded in epoxy resins, then sectioned and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate solutions. Nucleated and anucleated squamous cells with basophilic cytoplasm, intensely basophilic cornified cells, polymorphonuclear cells, and clusters of eosinophilic amorphous substance were observed. Cells presumably derived from tracheal epithelium and small round nucleated cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm presumably derived from amniotic or urinary epithelium were occasionally found. Lamellar body-like structures (LBs) were present in some epithelial cells. In AM, epithelial, basal and mesenchymal layers were clearly visible with both techniques as previously described. Epithelial cells had several cytoplasmic vacuolization and microvilli were present on apical surface. The connective tissue presented fibroblasts, mesenchymal and rare polymorphonuclear cells, surrounded by abundant extracellular matrix, with distribution of collagen fibres. This is the first report about equine amniotic compartment description by LM and TEM. As recently reported in human medicine, the AM could be a second potential source of pulmonary surfactant, given the finding of LBs inside the cells which could have the same function as in humans. Further studies in samples collected at different gestational ages could increase the knowledge of AF cells and their modification during pregnancy, as well as a better comprehension of the role of AM as a secondary source of pulmonary surfactant in the horse. The diagnostic evaluation of AF cellular composition in high-risk pregnancies may also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Ingrà
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Tomasello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Feitosa F, Braga G, Mendes L, Alcindo J, Souza N, Bovino F, Trein T, Trevizan J, Baptista R. Avaliação da maturidade pulmonar de cabritos nascidos a termo e prematuros. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Avaliou-se a maturidade pulmonar de cabritos no líquido amniótico de suas mães pela coloração de Shor, pelo azul de Nilo e pela contagem de corpos lamelares, bem como a vitalidade e os níveis de glicose e lactato séricos em cabritos nascidos a termo e prematuros. Para tanto, foram utilizados 32 cabritos, divididos em três grupos, a saber: grupo I: cabritos nascidos de cesarianas com 149 dias de gestação; grupo II: cabritos nascidos de cesarianas com 143 dias de gestação; e grupo III: cabritos nascidos de cesarianas com 143 dias de gestação, oriundos de mães que receberam, por via intramuscular, 20mg/cabra de dexametasona, 36 horas antes da cirurgia eletiva. A coloração de Shorr e a contagem de corpos lamelares demonstraram ser métodos diagnósticos promissores para a avaliação da maturidade pulmonar em neonatos caprinos. Contudo, a administração de dexametasona nas cabras no período antenatal não influenciou a maturidade fetal. Constatou-se, entretanto, que a avaliação física do paciente, logo após o nascimento, também se mostra fundamental no que tange à percepção da vitalidade e da viabilidade de cabritos recém-nascidos.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - F. Bovino
- Fundação Educacional de Andradina, Brazil
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5
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The proteome of fetal fluids in mares with experimentally-induced placentitis. Placenta 2018; 64:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wood PL, Ball BA, Scoggin K, Troedsson MH, Squires EL. Lipidomics of equine amniotic fluid: Identification of amphiphilic (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy-fatty acids. Theriogenology 2018; 105:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bonte T, Del Carro A, Paquette J, Charlot Valdieu A, Buff S, Rosset E. Foetal pulmonary maturity in dogs: Estimated from bubble tests in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52:1025-1029. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Bonte
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - A Del Carro
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - J Paquette
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - A Charlot Valdieu
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - S Buff
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - E Rosset
- Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup Veterinary Campus of Lyon; Marcy l'Etoile France
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Identification of the most abundant proteins in equine amniotic fluid by a proteomic approach. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 174:150-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Silva LG, Portari GV, Lúcio CF, Rodrigues JA, Veiga GL, Vannucchi CI. The influence of the obstetrical condition on canine neonatal pulmonary functional competence. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:725-30. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liege Garcia Silva
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Fátima Lúcio
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Aguiar Rodrigues
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gisele Lima Veiga
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Infantosi Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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10
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A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis. Part 3: Neonatal Illness. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Evolution and development of gas exchange structures in Mammalia: The placenta and the lung. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 173 Suppl:S74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Christmann U, Buechner-Maxwell VA, Witonsky SG, Hite RD. Role of lung surfactant in respiratory disease: current knowledge in large animal medicine. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:227-42. [PMID: 19192153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells as a mixture of phospholipids, surfactant proteins, and neutral lipids. Surfactant lowers alveolar surface tension and is crucial for the prevention of alveolar collapse. In addition, surfactant contributes to smaller airway patency and improves mucociliary clearance. Surfactant-specific proteins are part of the innate immune defense mechanisms of the lung. Lung surfactant alterations have been described in a number of respiratory diseases. Surfactant deficiency (quantitative deficit of surfactant) in premature animals causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant dysfunction (qualitative changes in surfactant) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. Analysis of surfactant from amniotic fluid allows assessment of fetal lung maturity (FLM) in the human fetus and exogenous surfactant replacement therapy is part of the standard care in premature human infants. In contrast to human medicine, use and success of FLM testing or surfactant replacement therapy remain limited in veterinary medicine. Lung surfactant has been studied in large animal models of human disease. However, only a few reports exist on lung surfactant alterations in naturally occurring respiratory disease in large animals. This article gives a general review on the role of lung surfactant in respiratory disease followed by an overview of our current knowledge on surfactant in large animal veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Christmann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Duck Pond Drive, Phase II, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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