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Carneiro JDS, Motheo TF. Pharmacological semen collection in domestic and wild canids and felids: literature review. Anim Reprod 2024; 20:e20230036. [PMID: 38380384 PMCID: PMC10878541 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Semen collection methods vary greatly and rely on the practitioner's expertise, available materials, and the specific behavioral traits of the male animals involved. When it comes to domestic cats, wild felids, and canids, semen collection is particularly challenging. Thus, given the difficulty of semen collection in these species, pharmacological semen collection (PSC) stands out since it is a quick and straightforward method that does not require specific equipment. The PSC consists of administering α2-adrenergic receptor agonist drugs, mainly medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine, aiming semen release into the urethra with posterior urethral catheterization and sperm recovery. This technique was primarily described in domestic cats and wild felids, and despite the decreased seminal volume, the retrieved semen is highly concentrated and presents good quality. However, further studies are required to optimize semen collection in domestic dogs and wild canids. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the research developed on pharmacological semen collection (PSC) in the past few decades. The objective is to equip professionals with the essential knowledge required for the efficient application of this technique in both domestic and wild canids and felids and to make a valuable contribution to conservation efforts and the preservation of biodiversity, aligning with the principles of One Conservation.
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Gloria A, Cunto M, Zambelli D, Bracco C, Ballotta G, Contri A. Cushioned and high-speed centrifugation improve sperm recovery rate but affect the quality of fresh and cryopreserved feline spermatozoa. Theriogenology 2024; 215:195-204. [PMID: 38096623 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of endoscopic transcervical catheterization (ETC) in the queen increases the interest in handling fresh and cryopreserved feline semen. The ETC requires a small volume of the insemination dose with a high concentration, not easily reached with the actual frozen technique in this species. Centrifugation is widely used to concentrate spermatozoa for several purposes, but this process is detrimental to spermatozoa. This study verified the effects of conventional and cushioned centrifugation on fresh and cryopreserved feline spermatozoa. To this, semen was collected from 20 toms, grouped in seven pools and diluted. After dilution, the pools were divided into two aliquots, the first used for centrifugation on fresh semen, and the second, after freezing, on cryopreserved semen. Centrifugation regimens were: conventional at 500×g, conventional at 1000×g, and cushioned (iodixanol) at 1000×g. The sperm recovery rate was calculated for the three centrifugation regimens, and sperm kinematics, membrane and acrosome integrity, and plasma membrane stability on viable spermatozoa were assessed as endpoints. The data reported in this study showed that the centrifugation at 500×g resulted in negligible effects on both fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa, but the lower recovery rate (62.4 ± 3.1 % and 60.2 ± 1.6 %, respectively) underlines the loss of a large proportion of spermatozoa, unfavourable in a species with small total sperm ejaculated. On the other hand, the centrifugation at 1000×g improved the recovery rate (86.9 ± 4.3 % and 89.8 ± 2.4 % in fresh and cryopreserved samples, respectively), but was more deleterious for feline spermatozoa, especially in cryopreserved samples (i.e. total motility of 40.7 ± 5.4 % compared with 57.2 ± 9.8 % in cryopreserved uncentrifuged samples, P < 0.05), resulting in artificial insemination doses of lower quality. The recovery rate in cushioned centrifugation appeared less efficient, likely due to the small volume of feline samples, which makes difficult the separation of sperm pellet and cushioned fluid. Interestingly, in cryopreserved samples centrifuged at 1000×g the number of viable spermatozoa with membrane destabilization (31.3 ± 3.2 %) was greater than uncentrifuged (4.1 ± 0.7 %, P < 0.05) and those centrifuged at 500×g (9.8 ± 1.3 %, P < 0.05), suggesting modifications induced by the cryopreservation amplifies centrifugation sublethal damage on feline spermatozoa. Cushioned centrifugation on cryopreserved samples showed kinematics similar to uncentrifuged samples, but higher viable spermatozoa with membrane destabilization (37.4 ± 3.4 % vs 4.1 ± 0.7 %; P < 0.05). In felines, g-force is crucial for sperm recovery rate during centrifugation, with better results at 1000×g; on the other hand, greater g-forces could have a significant impact on the quality of feline insemination dose, especially in cryopreserved samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gloria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Cunto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Italy
| | - Daniele Zambelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Italy.
| | - Claudia Bracco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giulia Ballotta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Italy
| | - Alberto Contri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Loc. Piano d'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Rashbrook VS, Denti L, Ruhrberg C. Tamoxifen exacerbates morbidity and mortality in male mice receiving medetomidine anaesthesia. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e78. [PMID: 38487465 PMCID: PMC10936365 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-induced CreER-LoxP recombination is often used to induce spatiotemporally controlled gene deletion in genetically modified mice. Prior work has shown that tamoxifen and tamoxifen-induced CreER activation can have off-target effects that should be controlled. However, it has not yet been reported whether tamoxifen administration, independently of CreER expression, interacts adversely with commonly used anaesthetic drugs such as medetomidine or its enantiomer dexmedetomidine in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Here, we report a high incidence of urinary plug formation and morbidity in male mice on a mixed C57Bl6/J6 and 129/SvEv background when tamoxifen treatment was followed by ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia. Medetomidine is therefore contra-indicated for male mice after tamoxifen treatment. As dexmedetomidine causes morbidity and mortality in male mice at higher rates than medetomidine even without tamoxifen treatment, our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine is not a suitable alternative for anaesthesia of male mice after tamoxifen treatment. We conclude that the choice of anaesthetic drug needs to be carefully evaluated in studies using male mice that have undergone tamoxifen treatment for inducing CreER-LoxP recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Rashbrook
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Hidalgo MMT, de Almeida ABM, Dos Santos Silva LA, Greghi JR, Silva VW, Sambatti NR, Trautwein LGC, Martins MIM. Comparison of two pharmacological semen collection times with α2-adrenergic agonist in domestic cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1207-1213. [PMID: 37386933 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of α2-adrenergic agonists in association with urethral catheterization has been used as a technique for pharmacological semen collection in cats. The mechanism of action of this drug is the stimulation of adrenoreceptors in the vas deferens, which results in ejaculation. While medetomidine is the α2-agonist most commonly used in studies, ejaculation with the use of dexmedetomidine associated with ketamine has been effective, but with variable results. Therefore, further studies regarding the methodology of use are required to obtain better seminal quality. This study aimed to compare two pharmacological semen collection times after the association of dexmedetomidine (30 μg/kg, IM; Dormitor®, Zoetis), ketamine (5 mg/kg, IM; ketamine, Vetnil) and urethral catheterization using a tomcat probe (0.8 mm × 1.00 mm × 11 cm). The collections were divided into two experimental groups: G10 (N = 8; urethral catheterization after 10 min of anaesthesia) and G15 (N = 8; urethral catheterization after 15 min of anaesthesia). The ejaculates were evaluated for ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, morphology and kinetics using the CASA system. To compare the groups, the t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used with a significance level of 5%. It was identified that ejaculate volume (G10: 22.62 ± 2.13 vs. G15: 26.81 ± 1.55; p < .001) and sperm concentration (G10: 48.10 × 106 ± 17.84 vs. G15: 90.18 × 106 ± 19.35; p < .001) was higher in G15 than in G10 and had a lower percentage of minor defects than G10 (G10: 3.12 ± 2.41 vs. G15: 1.00 ± 1.19; p = .043). Regarding the kinetic parameters, the results of G15 were better for total motility-TM (G10: 67.00 ± 10.33 vs. G15: 81.87 ± 7.99; p = .006) and faster cells-RAPID: (G10: 55.00 ± 16.63 vs. G15: 74.25 ± 11.94; p = .019); whereas a higher proportion of cells with slow speed-SLOW were seen in G10 (G10: 31.00 ± 12.07 vs. 17.12 ± 7.53; p = .015). Based on these findings, we suggest that collection via urethral catheterization should be performed 15 min after the application of ketamine-associated dexmedetomidine to obtain a better-quality ejaculate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Rodrigues Greghi
- Laboratório de Andrologia e Reprodução Animal Assistida - LARAA, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Wagner Silva
- Laboratório de Andrologia e Reprodução Animal Assistida - LARAA, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Furthner E, Fabian R, Kipar A, Schuler G, Janett F, Nudelmann N, Kutter APN, Reichler IM. Epididymectomy as a novel surgical procedure; application in the domestic cat. Theriogenology 2023; 200:168-178. [PMID: 36806926 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline overpopulation raises issues concerning health, ecology, economy, and ethics. Procedures to limit overpopulation should carefully address animal welfare, efficiency, costs, and feasibility. Vasectomy in unowned cats is suggested as preferable to standard neutering as it maintains male sexual behaviour which may induce ovulation and pseudopregnancy in intact females and may prevent immigration of other males. Vasectomy is not performed routinely because it is fastidious, time consuming and requires more material than standard neutering. We describe epididymectomy as an alternative. In a first experiment, we analysed semen, testosterone, behaviour and pain in six experimental cats before and after epididymectomy, and after castration two months later. Excised tissues were analysed histologically. Testosterone concentrations did not differ significantly between intact and epididymectomised animals but were significantly different after castration. Sexual behaviour and testicular spermatogenesis persisted after epididymectomy, but with a marked drop in the semen count after 7 days. The Glasgow pain scores did not differ significantly after epididymectomy and castration. In a subsequent experiment, 20 privately owned cats were epididymectomised and castrated immediately afterwards, to analyse the learning curve and perioperative complications. The time required for an epididymectomy was significantly shorter than for castration. The study confirms that epididymectomy is quicker and less invasive than castration, it is associated with minimal risks and post-operative pain while easy to learn and inexpensive. Further field studies are required to test its efficiency for feline feral population control or in other species such as in bears, lions or deer, where infertility is required and castration not wanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Furthner
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre d'Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Rosalie Fabian
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fredi Janett
- Section of Andrology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Nudelmann
- Centre d'Etude en Reproduction des Carnivores, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Annette P N Kutter
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iris M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The challenge of assisted reproduction for conservation of wild felids - A reality check. Theriogenology 2023; 197:133-138. [PMID: 36502591 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Threats to the Earth's biodiversity are increasing exponentially, driven by human population growth and resource consumption. As many as one million wildlife species may disappear within the next few decades due to this human-induced extinction event. This represents our current reality and has profound implications for wildlife conservation. Within this context, application of assisted reproductive technology (ART) to conservation management is unlikely to mitigate broad-scale species loss, but for select species, such as wild cats, ART may determine if populations survive or disappear. In North American and European zoos, 20 of the world's 38 wild felid species are managed within structured breeding programs, but most are not sustainable with natural breeding alone. Zoo-based breeding programs are facing tenuous futures due to triage-based responses to this growing sustainability crisis. Theoretically, ART could benefit conservation management, but only by recognizing and addressing its present challenges. The application of ART to wildlife has been rarely successful, with only 62 mammal species (including 15 cat species) ever propagated by AI, and just 35 of these species (6 cats) reproduced following frozen semen AI. Even this most basic form of ART has a minimal impact on wildlife sustainability. The drivers of this deficit include lack of species-specific reproductive knowledge and limited access to animals for study, but also is exacerbated by a science-conservation disconnect that attempts to apply advanced reproductive technologies to species in which basic ART remains unproven. For a few felid species, these scientific challenges have been overcome and AI with frozen semen is becoming feasible as a practical management tool; for other felids, further research is needed. Non-scientific issues also impair our ability to use ART to implement global management plans. Political dysfunction, regulatory barriers and societal indifference create inertia that interferes with achieving meaningful progress in applying ART to wildlife. Collectively, these challenges may seem insurmountable but human resiliency is essential if we are to resolve these issues in a systematic manner. It will require expanding collaborative efforts substantially and intensifying efforts to conserve wildlife species that are literally running out of time. Our goal is to create a new reality that includes a sustainable future for wild felids and other imperiled wildlife species.
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Jorge-Neto PN, Luczinski TC, de Araújo GR, Requena LA, de Jesus RS, Souza LSB, Zanella R, da Costa e Silva EV, de Deco-Souza T, Pizzutto CS. Cryopreservation of jaguar ( Panthera onca) sperm cells using different cryoprotectants and different thawing temperatures. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20230009. [PMID: 37034116 PMCID: PMC10075188 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Corresponding author:
| | - Thiago Cavalheri Luczinski
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- No Extinction, Corumbá de Goiás, GO, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Biotério Central, Faculdade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Larissa Schneider Brandão Souza
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Zanella
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias, Inovação e Negócios, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Thyara de Deco-Souza
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Zambelli D, Cunto M. Artificial Insemination in Queens in the Clinical Practice Setting: Protocols and challenges. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:871-880. [PMID: 36002144 PMCID: PMC10812221 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Despite substantial advances in assisted reproductive techniques having been recently reported in cats, the use of these is limited and routine application is still far from being a reality in veterinary clinics. Nevertheless, there is an increasing demand from domestic cat breeders for artificial insemination (AI) techniques that are already commonly used in dogs. Where natural breeding is not possible in tom cats and queens of high breeding value, AI could offer a solution. Clinical challenges: AI in cats is more difficult than in other species - both in terms of semen collection/handling and oestrous cycle management given that ovulation must be induced. AIM For practitioners wishing to perform AI in queens, there are challenges to overcome, and a good understanding of the techniques and procedures involved is pivotal. This review aims to contribute to improved knowledge by providing an overview of AI protocols, encompassing choice of breeding animals, procedures for semen collection, oestrus and ovulation induction, AI techniques and equipment. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Depending on the animals involved and the specific AI technique chosen, essential equipment may include an artificial vagina, electroejaculator, endoscope (sialendoscope, which can be fairly expensive) and special catheters for transcervical insemination. Other instrumentation and materials needed are typically readily available in a veterinary clinic. In general, no particular skills are needed to perform the procedures described in this review, with the exception of endoscopic transcervical catheterisation, where the ability to use an endoscope is required. EVIDENCE BASE The information and advice/recommendations provided are based on specific feline research and reviews published in scientific peer-reviewed journals, animal reproduction textbooks, and presentations at national and international congresses. The authors also drew on their own clinical experience with regard to the choice of protocols and procedures presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zambelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marco Cunto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE An infertile tom used to be a relatively rare presentation in feline practice. However, as a result of breeding strategies targeting specific morphological/behavioural traits, and the influence of inbreeding (especially practised in rare breeds), among other factors, feline infertility has become a genuine clinical problem. Furthermore, increased interest among cat breeders and pet owners in diagnosing and treating an 'unsuccessful' tom (including using assisted reproductive techniques [ARTs]), has made such patients more commonplace in veterinary practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A definitive cause for male infertility is often difficult to identify. One of the biggest challenges is the lack of fertility-based reference values for semen quality and hormone levels. Moreover, the literature in this field is scant and many reproductive tract conditions described in other species have not been reported in cats. The establishment of diagnostic tools and algorithms is essential to facilitate a reliable assessment of fertility potential. GLOBAL IMPORTANCE There is a growing demand for appropriate veterinary care relating to feline reproduction. There is an expectation among breeders, particularly of pedigree cats of high breeding value, that the same options widely used for dogs (including ARTs) should also be available for cats. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Equipment required for investigating male infertility includes a microscope and ultrasound machine; a blood analyser may also be useful, but samples can instead be sent to a laboratory. The skills required are often already performed by veterinarians; for example, catheterising the urethra, performing ultrasonography and blood sampling. EVIDENCE BASE There are some reports of fertility problems in male cats in the literature, but this area of feline reproduction is still relatively undeveloped. This review draws on the comprehensive knowledge developed and shared by specialists in this field, and is supported by the authors' own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Prochowska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST) for Feline Spermatozoa: The Simplified Procedure and the Aspect of Sperm Morphology. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070903. [PMID: 35405891 PMCID: PMC8997045 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) is used to assess the functional integrity of sperm plasma membranes in many species. The primary aim of this study was to test a simplified HOST procedure for the evaluation of feline semen. The second objective was to check if sperm abnormalities can influence the results of this test. Urethral semen was collected from 19 male, domestic cats. In Exp. 1, HOST was performed in different media (50 mOsm/kg fructose or distilled water), temperature (37 °C or room temperature) and time (5 and 30 min). In Exp. 2, the potential effect of sperm abnormalities on HOST results was assessed by observing individual normal and abnormal spermatozoa microinjected into droplets of distilled water. The results showed no differences between the HOST results performed in different media, temperature and time. Viable abnormal spermatozoa were able to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions in the same manner as normal ones, except spermatozoa with distal droplets, which showed a higher frequency of ‘despiralization’. In conclusion, HOST can be reliably performed at 0 mOsm/kg for 5 min at room temperature, which may contribute to a wider use of this test under clinical environments. Viable abnormal spermatozoa are able to swell under hypo-osmotic conditions; therefore, their presence in the ejaculate would not bias the results of HOST when total coiling is calculated.
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How Can We Introduce ART into Wild Felid Conservation in Practice? Joint Experience in Semen Collection from Captive Wild Felids in Europe. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070871. [PMID: 35405860 PMCID: PMC8997001 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artificial reproductive techniques (ART), such as cryopreservation of sperm cells and artificial insemination, are useful tools for species conservation. However, there is relatively little information published about their introduction into clinical practice for wild felids. The aim of this paper was to describe how those techniques were applied by three European teams in various species of wild felids. In total, this article presents 22 semen collection attempts in 12 species of wild felids, 15 of which were successful and resulted in the collection of at least one million spermatozoa. The failures in obtaining spermatozoa were most probably due to (1) male infertility, (2) wrong age/non-breeding season, or (3) recent multiple copulations. The cases presented in the article confirm that although ART have been introduced into clinical practice, they are mostly used in cases of infertility, not as routine breeding tools. Greater involvement of zoological gardens and private breeders is required, as many chances for preservation of valuable material are lost. Abstract Although artificial reproductive techniques (ART) are considered to be a valuable tool for species conservation, information about their introduction into clinical practice for wild felids is limited. The aim of this paper was to jointly describe cases of non-experimental sperm collection from males of various species of wild felids, performed by three European centers focused on feline reproduction. In total, the article presents 22 attempts of semen collection in 12 species of wild felids. The reasons for semen collection were: fertility assessment (10 cases), artificial insemination (5 cases), sperm rescue (postmortem collection for cryopreservation, 5 cases), and sperm banking (in vivo collection for cryopreservation, 2 cases). Semen collection was successful (defined as at least 1 × 106 spermatozoa) in 15 cases. The failures in obtaining spermatozoa were most probably due to (1) male infertility, (2) wrong age/non-breeding season, or (3) recent multiple copulations. The cases presented here confirm that although ART have been introduced into clinical practice, they are mostly used in cases of infertility, not as routine breeding tools. Higher involvement of zoological gardens and private breeders is required, as many chances for preservation of valuable material are lost.
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Successful Laparoscopic Oviductal Artificial Insemination in the Endangered Tsushima Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060777. [PMID: 35327174 PMCID: PMC8944764 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Tsushima leopard cat is an endangered wild felid that lives solely on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Approximately, only 100 Tsushima leopard cats can be found in the wild, and there are concerns that the population will further reduce due to habitat degradation and traffic accidents. In 1994, Japan’s Ministry of the Environment (MOE) developed a conservation and breeding project for the Tsushima leopard cat. The MOE is working with the Japanese Association of Zoo and Aquariums for ex situ conservation of this species. However, considering genetic diversity, it is difficult to conduct captive breeding programs using only natural breeding; hence, assisted reproductive technologies are required. This study aimed to breed Tsushima leopard cats using artificial insemination (AI) by depositing sperms into the oviducts. Ovulation was artificially induced in two females, laparoscopically inseminated with fresh sperms into the oviducts. The pregnancies were monitored via fecal levels of progestogens and radiography. One female had spontaneous delivery of a female kitten 66 days post-AI. This is the first successful case of AI in a Tsushima leopard cat. Abstract The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is an endangered wild felid that lives solely on Tsushima Island, Nagasaki, Japan. Japan’s Ministry of the Environment is working with the Japanese Association of Zoo and Aquariums for ex situ conservation of this species. However, considering genetic diversity, it is difficult to conduct captive breeding programs by natural breeding alone; hence, assisted reproductive technologies are required. This study aimed to breed Tsushima leopard cats, which otherwise cannot be paired, using laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination (AI). Female Tsushima leopard cats (female 1, aged 7 years; female 2, aged 6 years) were treated with 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin, followed by administration of 1000 IU porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) after 96 h to induce ovulation. Laparoscopic AI was performed 32 h post-pLH administration. Females 1 and 2 were inseminated in the oviduct with 2.4 × 10⁶ and 3.3 × 10⁶ motile spermatozoa, respectively, collected from two males. Pregnancy was confirmed by radiography 45 and 51 days post-AI in females 1 and 2, respectively; one fetus was found in female 2. Moreover, female 2 had spontaneous delivery of a female kitten 66 days post-AI. This is the first successful case of AI in a Tsushima leopard cat.
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the normal reproductive anatomy and physiology of the male cat is important for successful breeding. Veterinarians may be called in to troubleshoot when fertility and pregnancy rates decrease in a cattery. By understanding the normal physical parameters, as well as breeding behavior, the veterinarian is better equipped to assess the infertility issue. Also, clients are increasingly requesting breeding soundness examinations prior to mating or purchase. Semen collection is more difficult in the cat than in the dog but can still be accomplished in a clinical setting and provides important information when confronted with breeding males. AIM The aim of this review is to provide a practical overview of the breeding male. The reader will receive information on time of puberty, normal reproductive anatomy (both external and internal), and breeding management practices to optimize fertility. The most up-to-date semen collection techniques are discussed, as are sedation/anesthesia options. Also, historical literature on the basic anatomy of the male reproductive system is reviewed, such as how the penile spines work and when they appear; this information is specific to the cat. EVIDENCE BASE The information in this article is based on the author's experience, as well as drawing on historical and current literature, and provides the most up-to-date review as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime K Johnson
- Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, USA
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14
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Semen collection, evaluation, and cryopreservation in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:12. [PMID: 37170297 PMCID: PMC10127325 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Captive breeding of bonobos (Pan paniscus) has proven to be successful, but maintaining genetic diversity remains a challenge. Cryopreservation of semen is an important potential tool to maintain genetic diversity by preserving current genetic material for future use, as well as facilitating the transport and exchange of genetic material. This study aimed to develop a protocol for semen collection and cryopreservation in the bonobo. Semen was collected from four healthy adult bonobos under general anesthesia during management translocation procedures. Semen collection utilizing urethral catheterization was not successful (n = 1), however, all males (n = 4) responded well to rectal probe electro-ejaculation. Immediately after collection, ejaculates were evaluated for color and admixtures, volume, motility, and concentration. Eosin-Nigrosin staining was prepared to evaluate morphology and viability. Ejaculates were split into two equal volumes and cryopreserved in two different extenders, using a one-step and a two-step approach. Ejaculates were gradually cooled to 4 °C in two hours, subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen vapor for twenty minutes (0.25 ml straws), and finally dropped into liquid nitrogen.
Results
Pre-freeze evaluation showed thick, white samples with an average ejaculate volume of 450 µl (100-1000 µl), total motility of 59% (40–80%), viability of 69% (38–85%) and 58% (46–72%) normal spermatozoa. Mainly head (22%) and tail (19%) defects were detected on the Eosin-Nigrosin stain. Ejaculates were highly concentrated, nevertheless, due to the coagulum that caused high viscosity and non-homogenous fractions, only estimations of concentration could be made (1000 million/ml). After 24 h of storage, the post-thaw evaluation showed a loss of quality with an average post-thaw total motility of 15% (5–25%) using the one-step freezing medium, and 19% (5–30%) using the two-step medium. Average post-thaw viability was 15% (4–24%) and 21% (15–29%), respectively.
Conclusions
This report on ejaculates from bonobos obtained by rectal probe electro-ejaculation shows that semen parameters of this species are not completely similar to those of its sibling species, the chimpanzee. Further studies are necessary to develop an optimal protocol for the processing and cryopreservation of bonobo spermatozoa.
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15
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Tiptanavattana N, Pakdeesanaeha T, Thongsima T, Techarungchaikul S, Tharasanit T. Expression of oxytocin receptors and oxytocin assisted electroejaculation in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:489-497. [PMID: 35044000 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone that mainly functions to control the contractility of smooth muscles and sex related steroidogenesis in male reproductive tracts. However, specific information concerning this hormone in controlling the reproductive organs of cats is limited. This study aimed to investigate the expression of oxytocin receptors (OTRs) and their signal mediator via prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS) in reproductive structures following oxytocin assisted electroejaculation. In Experiment 1, the testis, cauda epididymis and vas deferens from five cats were examined by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction in order to study the responses of OTR and PTGIS mRNA to oxytocin injection. Experiment 2 examined the effect of oxytocin administration prior to electroejaculation on ejaculate characteristics and sperm quality in terms of motility, viability and fertilising ability. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of OTRs in Leydig's, peritubular myoid cells and some spermatogenic cells. The expression was found in the epithelium and smooth muscle of the epididymis and vas deferens. After oxytocin administration, the OTR mRNA was upregulated in the epididymis (p > 0.05) and vas deferens (p = 0.01). The expression level of PTGIS mRNA increased in the response to oxytocin treatment only for the vas deferens (p > 0.05). Oxytocin treatment before electroejaculation resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in sperm concentration and total sperm output/ejaculate, while this intervention did not significantly affect ejaculate volume, sperm quality or fertilising ability. This study concluded that the oxytocin cascade is locally present in the reproductive structures and plays a role in promoting sperm delivery during electroejaculation in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Tiptanavattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Thitida Pakdeesanaeha
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Thongsima
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirichai Techarungchaikul
- Division of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University
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16
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Madrigal-Valverde M, Bittencourt RF, Ribeiro Filho ADL, Barbosa VF, Vieira CA, Romão EA, Carneiro IB, Azevedo MC, Araujo GR. Quality of domestic cat semen collected by urethral catheterization after the use of different alpha 2-adrenergic agonists. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:745-750. [PMID: 33206029 PMCID: PMC10812191 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20973183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the effects of two alpha (α)2-adrenergic agonists on semen traits. METHODS In this study, 13 adult domestic cats were divided into two experimental groups, according to the chemical ejaculation protocol used: the first group received medetomidine hydrochloride (100 µg/kg) and ketamine (5000 µg/kg); the second group received dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (25 µg/kg) and ketamine (5000 µg/kg), both by the intramuscular route. RESULTS The animals responded positively (P >0.05) to chemical collection. Seminal parameters evaluated included volume, sperm vigor, total motility, progressive motility, sperm concentration, and the structural and functional integrity of the plasma membrane; sperm morphology values did not differ between groups (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results indicated that dexmedetomidine is a more viable and economical alternative to medetomidine in domestic cats submitted to semen collection by urethral catheterization. Semen collection by urethral catheterization after using α2-adrenergic agonists is a recently developed technique in feline species that is considered to be quick and highly applicable to assisted reproduction programs in felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Madrigal-Valverde
- School of Agronomy, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, CTLSC, San Carlos, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Costa Rica, Campus Rodrigo Facio, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo F Bittencourt
- School of Veterinary and Animal Science Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Vivian F Barbosa
- Departament Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, Renato R de Madeiros Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Catharina A Vieira
- Departament Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, Renato R de Madeiros Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elton A Romão
- Departament Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, Renato R de Madeiros Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isabella B Carneiro
- Departament Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, Renato R de Madeiros Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Milena C Azevedo
- Departament Anatomy, Pathology and Clinics, Renato R de Madeiros Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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17
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da Silva MCC, Ullony KM, de Araújo GR, Jorge-Neto PN, Albuquerque VB, Caramalac SM, de Oliveira AR, Zanella R, Marques MG, Csemark AC, Luczinski TC, Frazílio FDO, Silva EVDCE, de Deco-Souza T. Can detomidine replace medetomidine for pharmacological semen collection in domestic cats? Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20210017. [PMID: 34249155 PMCID: PMC8253561 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2021-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor - 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P <0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitê Cardoso Coelho da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Karitha Marques Ullony
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Br.asil
| | - Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Verônica Batista Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Simone Marques Caramalac
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Alice Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Zanella
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Antonio Carlos Csemark
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Thiago Cavalheri Luczinski
- Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Thyara de Deco-Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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18
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The ART of bringing extinction to a freeze - History and future of species conservation, exemplified by rhinos. Theriogenology 2021; 169:76-88. [PMID: 33940218 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing mass extinction of animal species at an unprecedented rate is largely caused by human activities. Progressive habitat destruction and fragmentation is resulting in accelerated loss of biodiversity on a global scale. Over decades, captive breeding programs of non-domestic species were characterized by efforts to optimize species-specific husbandry, to increase studbook-based animal exchange, and to improve enclosure designs. To counter the ongoing dramatic loss of biodiversity, new approaches are warranted. Recently, new ideas, particularly the application of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), have been incorporated into classical zoo breeding programs. These technologies include semen and oocyte collection, artificial insemination, and in-vitro embryo generation. More futuristic ideas of advanced ART (aART) implement recent advances in biotechnology and stem-cell related approaches such as cloning, inner cell mass transfer (ICM), and the stem-cell-associated techniques (SCAT) for the generation of gametes and ultimately embryos of highly endangered species, such as the northern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) of which only two female individuals are left. Both, ART and aART greatly depend on and benefit from the rapidly evolving cryopreservation techniques and biobanking not only of genetic, but also of viable cellular materials suitable for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The availability of cryopreserved materials bridges gaps in time and space, thereby optimizing the available genetic variability and enhancing the chance to restore viable populations.
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Immunolocalization of Adrenoceptors in the Reproductive Tract of Male Domestic Cats in Comparison to Rats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041049. [PMID: 33917846 PMCID: PMC8068296 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In cats, semen is collected by pharmacological stimulation. The administration of a drug that stimulates α2-adrenoceptors causes the expulsion of spermatozoa into the urethra. However, as the results are not always satisfactory, this method needs to be improved. There are nine subtypes of adrenoceptors that are involved in the contraction of smooth muscle, including those in the reproductive tract, so adrenoceptors other than the α2-subtype are potential targets in any new, optimized protocol. The aim of this study was to analyze the immunolocalization of the adrenergic receptors in the reproductive tract of the male cat for the first time in this species. The expression of all adrenoceptor subtypes was noted in the peritubular smooth muscle in cats, indicating a potential clinical application for agonists of these receptors for the optimization of the pharmacological semen collection in felids. In a broader context, the development of a new procedure for semen collection in the male cat, using active substances from groups other than those currently used, will support the wider application of reproductive biotechnologies in felids. Abstract Adrenoceptors mediate the action of the sympathetic nervous system, including the contraction of the epididymis and vas deferens. The aim of this study was to immunolocalize the adrenergic receptors in the reproductive tract of the male cat, as this information is not yet available. The epididymis and vas deferens of domestic cats and rats (the biological controls) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to determine the localization of the α1A-, α1B-, α1D-, α2A-, α2B-, α2C-, β1-, β2-, and β3-adrenoceptors. All the receptors were expressed in the peritubular smooth muscles of the cat, but the α1D-, α2C-, and β1-adrenoceptors were not detected in this tissue in the rat. For the α2A-adrenoceptor, the intensity of immunostaining differed significantly between the caput epididymis (weakest staining) and the vas deferens (strongest staining). The presence of all the types of the receptors was also detected in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in all the regions of the reproductive tract. The strong expression of the α2A-adrenoreceptor suggests it has a leading role in the contraction of the reproductive tract in the cat. The presence of other adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of the epididymis and vas deferens indicates a potential clinical application for α1-mimetics in the optimization of pharmacological semen collection in felids.
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Mendonça MAC, Nichi M, Teixeira RHF, Braga FR, Simões R, Losano JDDA, Jorge-Neto PN, Pizzutto CS. Spermatic profile of captive giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla): Knowing more to preserve better. Zoo Biol 2021; 40:227-237. [PMID: 33739560 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is being threatened by natural habitat destruction and fragmentation, illegal hunting and road kills. In this context, the generation of basic information on the reproductive parameters of this species is vital, aiming to improve reproductive management via, amongst others, assisted reproductive technologies. This study aimed to describe the morphological and functional features of semen collected from captive giant anteaters. Electroejaculation was performed in 13 animals housed in zoos located in São Paulo state, Brazil. Semen samples were collected from 13 animals in 16 procedures. Samples were evaluated for volume, motility, vigor, pH, concentration, sperm morphology, and functional tests. The following mean values were obtained: volume 1.28 ± 0.27 mL; motility 28.3 ± 6.2%; vigor 2.4 ± 0.25; concentration 129.4 ± 36.1 × 106 sperm/mL; pH 7.4 ± 0.2. Total acrosome, head, midpiece, and tail sperm abnormalities were 3.2 ± 0.8%, 25.4 ± 3.6%, 20.7 ± 3.2%, and 14.7 ± 2.6%, respectively. Intact acrosome was found in 83.7 ± 3.1% and intact membrane in 81.1 ± 4.0% of all samples collected. Mitochondrial activity was 66.4 ± 6.0% (Class I), 18.7 ± 2.9% (Class II), 8.0 ± 2.0% (Class III), 3.9 ± 1.0% (Class IV), and 3.0 ± 0.9% (Class V). Sperm DNA fragmentation rate was 13.2 ± 3.7%. These results indicated that electroejaculation is a feasible method for semen collection in giant anteaters, allowing a more detailed description of the semen in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Carstens Mendonça
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcílio Nichi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Rassy Braga
- Veterinary Division, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Simões
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - João Diego de Agostini Losano
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Research Division, Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Research Division, Instituto Reprocon, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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21
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Expression of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Cat Testicular Tissue in Relation to Sperm Morphology and Seasonality-A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020489. [PMID: 33673379 PMCID: PMC7918503 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a crucial process in spermatogenesis, responsible for the elimination of abnormal sperm cells and for the reduction of testicular volume outside the breeding season. Poor sperm morphology (teratozoospermia) and lower semen quality out of season are commonly observed in domestic cats, but the exact reasons and mechanisms are not known. The aim of this study was to use gene expression analysis to identify which apoptotic processes and pathways are expressed in the phenomenon of teratozoospermia and seasonality in the domestic cat. The results showed a higher expression of two antiapoptotic genes and one proapoptotic gene during the non-reproductive season, with no differences noted between normozoospermic and teratozoospermic cats. We hypothesize that during the non-breeding season there is a potential detrimental factor which activates a cascade of caspases, against which germ cells mount a defense by producing anti-apoptotic proteins. Further identification of this factor may help in the amelioration of semen quality of cats and improve feline breeding. Abstract Apoptosis is a crucial process in spermatogenesis, responsible for the elimination of abnormal sperm cells and testicular regression out of breeding season. The aim of this study was to assess if the expression of apoptosis-related genes in testicular tissue of domestic cats differed: (1) between normozoospermic and teratozoospermic donors, and (2) between reproductive and non-reproductive season. The expression of genes: BCL2L1, BCL2, BAX, BAD, FAS, FASLG, and caspases (CASP3, CASP8, CASP9, and CASP10) was analyzed by qRT-PCR in testicular tissue samples. During non-reproductive season significantly higher expression of two anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L1 and BCL2) was observed. Additionally, there was a significant higher expression of CASP10 in teratozoospermic cats during non-reproductive than during reproductive season. No differences were noted between normozoospermic and teratozoospermic groups. Upregulation of some genes during the non-reproductive season indicates engagement of apoptotic mechanisms in the seasonal changes of semen quality in cats, however further studies on protein levels and analysis of changes on distinct testicular germinal layers are required. At the same time, teratozoospermia in the general population of cats seems to be not connected with dysregulation of apoptosis in the testes.
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22
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Prochowska S, Ni A Ski W. Transscrotal stimulation of the testes and epididymides improves urethral sperm collection in domestic cats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:437-440. [PMID: 33662254 DOI: 10.1071/rd21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urethral catheterisation after medetomidine administration is the method of choice for semen collection in cats, but it yields variable results. This study tested whether scrotal manual stimulation can improve urethral sperm collection in domestic cats. The study was performed on 20 male cats, from which two urethral semen samples were collected, one before and one after 2min of transscrotal finger massage of the testes and epididymides. Both sperm samples were assessed for total sperm count and motility using computer-aided sperm analysis, viability and morphology (eosin-nigrosin staining). The transscrotal manual stimulation allowed a significantly higher number of spermatozoa to be obtained (P=0.0015). Viability was similar before and after the stimulation (median 92% and 90.5%), whereas the number of motile (median 60% and 70%) and morphologically normal (median 17% and 30.5%) spermatozoa was higher in the second sample (P=0.03 and P=0.002 respectively), which confirms that transscrotal massage induced the expulsion of a fresh pool of spermatozoa into the urethra. Transscrotal stimulation of the testes and epididymides significantly improves urethral semen collection in domestic cats and can be easily introduced into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prochowska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland; and Corresponding author.
| | - W Ni A Ski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
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Ackermann CL, Lopes MD. Training tom cats for semen collection using an artificial vagina: a retrospective study. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1155-1159. [PMID: 32228276 PMCID: PMC10814366 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20913351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Owing to the lack of literature on training cats to use an artificial vagina (AV), we performed a retrospective study on the success of training tom cats for semen collection using an AV. METHODS Records from training 20 cats (2009 until 2019) for semen collection using AVs were analyzed. Sexual preferences, behavior towards humans, queens and other tom cats, as well as libido, number of training sessions and rate of success were observed. Data are presented as percentages and the results are described subjectively. RESULTS In 85% of tom cats, collection using an AV was performed successfully. Training was unsuccessful when libido was low or absent. Behavior towards humans did not interfere with the success rate, while libido did. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Most tom cats can be successfully trained to have semen collected using an AV; the number of training sessions required depends on the male's libido and the technician's experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Ackermann
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, FMVZ / UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Tarmizi R, Keng Chee Y, Sipangkui S, Zainuddin ZZ, Fitri WN. The Comparison of Semen Collection in Electroejaculation, Rectal Massage and Combination of Both Methods in the Critically Endangered Malayan Pangolin, Manis javanica. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10111948. [PMID: 33113883 PMCID: PMC7690726 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the semen characteristics from different collection methods between captive and confiscated Malayan pangolins, Manis javanica. Semen was collected from 15 pangolins; two captive and 13 confiscated individuals at the mean weight of 9.36 ± 1.94 kg. The three semen collection methods employed were electroejaculation, rectal massage and a combination of both techniques. The semen characteristics (mean ± standard deviation) of the Malayan pangolin are volume (73.75 ± 144.57 µL), pH (7.63 ± 0.53), spermatozoa concentration (997.19 ± 728.98 × 106 /mL), total motility (59.60% ± 30.00%), progressive motility (48.95% ± 30.93%), mass motility (3.50 ± 1.50) and live spermatozoa (80.25% ± 13.45%). There was no significant difference in semen characteristics between the three collection methods. The percentages of live spermatozoa were significantly different, suggesting better samples from captive compared to confiscated animals. However, there was no significant difference in spermatozoa kinetics between the captive and confiscated samples, suggesting the potential of utilizing confiscated individuals for gamete recovery to conserve the genetic pool of pangolins. All three methods of semen collection were successfully performed in pangolins and should be considered; however, electroejaculation remains the most consistent method of obtaining semen from the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Tarmizi
- Borneo Rhino Alliance, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (R.T.); (Y.K.C.); (Z.Z.Z.)
| | - Yap Keng Chee
- Borneo Rhino Alliance, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (R.T.); (Y.K.C.); (Z.Z.Z.)
| | - Symphorosa Sipangkui
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Tingkat 4, Blok B, Wisma MUIS, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Zainal Zahari Zainuddin
- Borneo Rhino Alliance, Sabah, Malaysia, c/o Faculty of Sciences and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (R.T.); (Y.K.C.); (Z.Z.Z.)
| | - Wan-Nor Fitri
- Theriogenology and Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +06-8609-3908
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Mackie P, Chan B, Franke M, Mastromonaco GF. Urethral catheterization as an alternative method for collecting sperm in the black-footed ferret ( Mustela nigripes). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa078. [PMID: 32864136 PMCID: PMC7447842 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The endangered black-footed ferret (BFF; Mustela nigripes) is an important example of the benefits of assisted reproduction in species conservation with both semen evaluation and artificial insemination using fresh and frozen sperm being successfully incorporated into the breeding program. Currently, electroejaculation (EE) is routinely utilized for semen collection in BFFs, a technique that requires custom equipment and experienced operators, and does not consistently yield viable samples in this species. In this case study, we evaluated the feasibility of urethral catheterization (UC) for semen collection, a method predominately tested in domestic and non-domestic felids, on four occasions (three BFF males). After general anesthesia with a combination of ketamine, midazolam and α2-agonist dexmedetomidine (thought to promote semen release into the urethra), a lightly lubricated, flexible feeding tube was passed into the urethral opening and advanced ~7-8 cm into the urethra. A syringe attached to the feeding tube was used to apply mild negative pressure to collect sperm. Semen samples were successfully collected on all four attempts. Sperm characteristics ranged as follows: 10.5-26.0 × 106 sperm/ml concentration, 50-90% motility and 36-61% normal sperm morphology. This is the first report of the use of UC as a potential alternative to EE in the BFF, a more field-friendly technique that is less invasive and more consistent for obtaining samples free of urine contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mackie
- Wildlife and Science Division, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, ON M1B 5K7, Canada
| | - Biankha Chan
- Wildlife and Science Division, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, ON M1B 5K7, Canada
| | - Maria Franke
- Wildlife and Science Division, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, ON M1B 5K7, Canada
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Kuczmarski AH, Alves de Barros M, Souza de Lima LF, Motheo TF, Bento HJ, Iglesias GA, Sônego DA, Rodrigues da Paz RC. Urethral catheterization after pharmacological induction for semen collection in dog. Theriogenology 2020; 153:34-38. [PMID: 32417609 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The α-adrenergic agents are known to influence erection and ejaculation, and ejaculatory reflex is a primarily α-adrenergically mediated event. This paper aims to describe the urethral catheterization technique after pharmacological induction for semen collection in domestic dogs. For dose determination, semen collection was performed using increasing doses of dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg, n = 2; 10 μg/kg, n = 2 and 15 μg/kg, n = 2) associated to 3 mg/kg ketamine in six animals. Once the dose was established, additional semen collection using association of 15 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and 3 mg/kg ketamine was carried out in eight dogs. After the procedure, sperm volume (0.092 ± 0.03 mL), total motility (58.33 ± 8.7%), vigor (1.89 ± 0.309), sperm concentration (1186.67 ± 304.667 × 106 sperm/mL), sperm plasma membrane integrity (83.22 ± 4.82%), acrosomal integrity (73 ± 6.187%) and normal sperm morphology (53.22 ± 5.6%) were assessed. Thus, this study demonstrates that urethral catheterization after pharmacological ejaculation using dexmedetomidine-ketamine association can be performed in dogs and it may be possible to obtain good semen quality, despite urine contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Henrique Kuczmarski
- Wildlife Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Marisol Alves de Barros
- Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Souza de Lima
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Tathiana Ferguson Motheo
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Zootechinic, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Heitor José Bento
- Wildlife Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Accardi Iglesias
- Wildlife Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Dábila Araújo Sônego
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Regina Celia Rodrigues da Paz
- Wildlife Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 78060-900, Brazil
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Araujo G, Paula T, Deco-Souza T, Morato R, Bergo L, Silva L, Jorge-Neto P, Sampaio B. Colheita farmacológica de sêmen de onças-pardas (Puma concolor: Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae). ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se, por meio do presente estudo, avaliar o método de colheita farmacológica de sêmen com sondagem uretral, em machos de onças-pardas (Puma concolor) mantidos em cativeiro. A técnica proposta (Cat; N=3) foi comparada com a eletroejaculação (EE; N=4). Para a colheita farmacológica, utilizou-se medetomidina para induzir a liberação de sêmen na uretra e sonda uretral para gatos, sem janela lateral, para colheita do sêmen por capilaridade. O método foi eficaz em todos os animais usados. Por meio dessa técnica, colheram-se amostras com menor volume (106,7±30,5aµL) e maior concentração (524,1±54,3b x 106 espermatozoides/mL) em relação à EE (450,0±0,1bµL e 205,0±141,8a x 106 espermatozoides/mL). As avaliações de vigor, motilidade e patologia espermática demonstraram que a técnica não afeta a qualidade do sêmen em relação à EE (P>0,05). Dessa forma, o método proposto consiste em uma técnica mais prática e eficiente para a colheita de sêmen com boa qualidade, dispensando o eletroejaculador.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.R. Araujo
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - R.G. Morato
- Centro Nacional de Conservação de Carnívoros Mamíferos, Brazil
| | - L.C.F. Bergo
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.C. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Thongphakdee A, Sukparangsi W, Comizzoli P, Chatdarong K. Reproductive biology and biotechnologies in wild felids. Theriogenology 2020; 150:360-373. [PMID: 32102745 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conservation strategies in natural habitats as well as in breeding centers are necessary for maintaining and reinforcing viable populations of wild felids. Among the fundamental knowledge that is required for conservation breeding, a solid understanding of reproductive biology is critical for improving natural breeding and enhance genetic diversity. Additionally, it offers the opportunity to develop assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in threatened and endangered species. Conservation breeding and reproductive biotechnologies of wild felids have advanced in the past decade. It has been clearly shown that female felids have species and individual patterns of reproductive cycles and respond differently to exogenous hormones. In males, several species still have poor semen quality often due to the loss of genetic diversity in small populations. To overcome the challenges of natural breeding (incompatibility between individuals or suboptimal environment) and mitigate inbreeding, artificial insemination, embryo production and embryo transfer have been further developed in 24 wild cat species. Major factors limiting ART success are inconsistent responses to ovarian stimulation, variable quality of gametes and embryos, and preparation of recipient females. Additional approaches including stem cell technologies have been explored for future medical applications. However, there still is a critical need for better knowledge of feline reproductive biology and improvement of ARTs efficiency to increase the genetic diversity and create sustainable populations of wild felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, 267, Pracharaj 1 Road, Bang Sue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand.
| | - Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Saen Suk, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 2008, USA
| | - Kaywalee Chatdarong
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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29
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Plasma Concentration Rise after the Intramuscular Administration of High Dose Medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) for Semen Collection in Cats. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010017. [PMID: 32028578 PMCID: PMC7157624 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High dose medetomidine 0.13 mg/kg can be used for semen collection in cats with variable results in terms of quantity and quality. Therefore, a variation in terms of distribution and elimination among patients has been hypothesised. The aim of the study was to characterise the pharmacokinetics of medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly (IM) in healthy male cats. Eighteen male cats undergoing castration were included, and medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) was administered IM. Venous blood samples were collected at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 90 minutes after medetomidine administration. Before orchiectomy, at T20, sperm collection was attempted. Plasma medetomidine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Semen collection was successful in 15/18 cats. The medetomidine plasma concentration following the IM administration of a bolus was best described using a non-compartment model. Time of maximum concentration was observed at 40 minutes (range 20–90); maximum concentration was 32.8 ng/mL (range 26.8–51.2). The median apparent clearance was 11.9 mL/kg/minute (range 0.7–43.8). In conclusion, medetomidine administered IM at 0.13 mg/kg reached its peak plasma concentration slowly and with variability among patients. In addition, it was characterised by low total body clearance probably due to the cardiovascular alterations associated with medetomidine administration.
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30
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ARTs in Wild Felid Conservation Programmes in Poland and in the World. J Vet Res 2019; 63:457-464. [PMID: 31572828 PMCID: PMC6749728 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the exception of the domestic cat, all felid species (Felidae) are currently threatened with extinction in their natural habitat. To develop effective and optimal wild cat conservation programmes with assisted reproductive technology (ART) it is necessary to combine advances from different disciplines of science, starting from the biology of the species, through research into the population and habitat, assisted reproductive technologies, establishment of gene banks, developing bioinformatic systems, and ending with biodiversity and endangered species management. In the last few years knowledge of felid reproduction has expanded considerably thanks to comparative studies utilising the domestic cat as a research model for endangered wild cats. Basic reproductive techniques utilised in both domestic cat breeding and rescuing wild felid populations that are threatened with extinction include semen collection and cryopreservation, artificial insemination, oocyte collection, in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilisation, somatic cloning, and embryo transfer. The main directions in which assisted reproductive technologies are being developed in wild cat conservation implementations and the contribution of Polish research centres in advancing these methods are presented.
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31
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Jeong DH, Yang JJ, Seo MK, Lee AN, Lim YK. Effectiveness of urethral catheterization under ultrasound guidance for semen collection from Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus). Theriogenology 2019; 129:154-159. [PMID: 30851479 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Asiatic black bear (ABB; Ursus thibetanus ussuricus) is a globally endangered species, and measures to help increase their population are necessary. For the successful restoration of this species, artificial breeding as well as conservation translocation are considered important. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of urethral catheterization (UC), which is effectively used in feline species, for semen collection from ABBs and establish the optimal protocol for semen collection via this technique. Seven clinically healthy, adult male ABBs (age, 6-13 years; weight, 130-180 kg) housed at the Species Restoration Technology Institute, Korea were included in this study. All study procedures were performed during the breeding season (June to August) over 3 consecutive years. Semen samples were collected once or three times from all bears by ultrasound-guided UC or electroejaculation (EE) under general anesthesia, and their characteristics, including sperm motility, were evaluated. The day of semen collection was defined as Day 0. The semen collected by the UC method was stored at 4 °C, and sperm motility was evaluated at the same time every day for 16 days. The successful collection rates for the UC and EE methods were 92.3% and 53.8%, respectively. The sperm concentration (4718.9 ± 1526.1 vs. 185.0 ± 34.2 × 106/ml), total sperm count (1196.6 ± 955.5 vs. 100.9 ± 70.0 × 106), sperm motility score (4.39 ± 0.78 vs. 3.00 ± 1.73), viability (98.2 ± 2.3 vs. 82.7 ± 19.6), and the proportion of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes (92.2% ± 9.3% vs. 75.6% ± 10.6%) were higher with the UC method than with the EE method, whereas the proportion of spermatozoa with an abnormal morphology (23.1% ± 4.6% vs. 45.6% ± 19.5%) was lower with the former than with the latter. Over the course of cool storage, there was an overall decrease in the total motility, progressive motility, and viability, although viability was >50% until Day 10. These findings suggest that ultrasound-guided UC is a useful and feasible tool for the collection of high-quality semen from ABBs. The collected semen remains viable for up to 10 days, with high sperm motility maintained for up to 7 days, when stored at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyuk Jeong
- Species Restoration Technology, Institute of Korea National Park Service, Gurye, 57616, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Jin Yang
- Species Restoration Technology, Institute of Korea National Park Service, Gurye, 57616, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Kyo Seo
- Species Restoration Technology, Institute of Korea National Park Service, Gurye, 57616, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Na Lee
- Species Restoration Technology, Institute of Korea National Park Service, Gurye, 57616, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyu Lim
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
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32
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Swanson WF. Practical application of laparoscopic oviductal artificial insemination for the propagation of domestic cats and wild felids. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:27-39. [PMID: 32188540 DOI: 10.1071/rd18350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AI was first reported in cats almost 50 years ago but, unlike AI in other domesticated animals (e.g. dogs, cattle, horses), has not been widely used for routine propagation by veterinarians or breeders. Anatomical and physiological challenges with cats have hindered the efficiency of AI using standardised transcervical approaches applied to other species. Development of laparoscopic oviductal AI (LO-AI) has helped overcome some of these barriers and, during the past 7 years, produced high pregnancy percentages (>70%) in domestic cats using both fresh collected and frozen-thawed semen and resulted in the birth of full-term offspring in three cat hereditary disease models and six wild cat species (ocelot, Pallas's cat, fishing cat, sand cat, tiger, clouded leopard). The standard approach involves exogenous gonadotrophin treatment (typically equine chorionic gonadotrophin followed by porcine LH) to induce ovarian follicular growth and ovulation, with laparoscopic visualisation of the oviductal ostium for direct intraluminal insemination with low numbers of spermatozoa. Similar ovarian synchronisation and insemination approaches have been used with wild felids, but frequently must be refined on a species-by-species basis. From a practical perspective, LO-AI in domestic cats now has adequate efficiency for applied use as a reproductive service in veterinary practices that possess basic laparoscopy expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Swanson
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA. Email
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Influence of the type of semen and morphology of individual sperm cells on the results of ICSI in domestic cats. Theriogenology 2018; 131:140-145. [PMID: 30965206 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the type of spermatozoa and of different sperm abnormalities on fertilization and embryo development after ICSI in cats. In Exp I, ICSI was performed using urethral or epididymal spermatozoa collected from 7 tomcats. In Exp. II, epididymal spermatozoa from 16 cats were used for ICSI and an epididymal spermatozoon exhibiting no abnormalities or one with an abnormality was microinjected into an oocyte. Exp. I was performed in 14 replicates and Exp. II was performed in 20 replicates. In both experiments the number of cleaved oocytes, the number of embryos at the morula stage and the number of embryos at the blastocyst stage were evaluated at 24 h, and at 6 and 7 days after ICSI, respectively, and compared between experimental groups. No statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed, either for Exp. I or for Exp. II. The average cleavage rate was 60.2%, morula rate 62.3% and blastocyst rate 19.2% in Exp. I and 51.6%, 66.8% and 25.8% in Exp. II, respectively. The study confirmed that both urethral and epididymal spermatozoa can be used for in vitro fertilization in cats and proved the usefulness of the ICSI method in the case of teratozoospermic males. The study showed that even in severe cases, when almost no normal spermatozoa can be found in the semen, it is possible to obtain embryos using abnormal sperm cells with the same chance of success as for normal spermatozoa.
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34
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Furthner E, Cordonnier N, Le Dudal M, Fontbonne A, Freiche V. Is electroejaculation a safe procedure in cats? An endoscopic and histological prospective blinded study. Theriogenology 2018; 119:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Fischer A, Benka VAW, Briggs JR, Driancourt MA, Maki J, Mora DSO, Morris KN, Myers KA, Rhodes L, Vansandt LM, Weedon GR, Wolf J, Levy JK. Effectiveness of GonaCon as an immunocontraceptive in colony-housed cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:786-792. [PMID: 29463201 PMCID: PMC11104141 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18758549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Non-surgical contraceptive management of free-roaming cat populations is a global goal for public health and humane reasons. The objectives of this study were to measure the duration of contraception following a single intramuscular injection of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone-based vaccine (GonaCon) and to confirm its safe use in female cats living in colony conditions. Methods GonaCon (0.5 ml/cat) was administered intramuscularly to 20 intact female cats (queens), and saline was administered to 10 queens serving as sham-treated controls. Beginning in late February, 4 months after injection, all cats were housed with fertile male cats in a simulated colony environment. Time to pregnancy, fetal counts and vaccine-elicited injection-site reactions were evaluated. Results All control cats (n = 10/10) and 60% (n = 12/20) of vaccinated cats became pregnant within 4 months of the introduction of males. Two additional vaccinates became pregnant (70%; n = 14/20) within 1 year of treatment. Average fetal counts were significantly lower in vaccinated cats than in control cats. Vaccinates had a significantly longer ( P = 0.0120) median time to conception (212 days) compared with controls (127.5 days). Injection-site reactions ranging from swelling to transient granulomatous masses were observed in 45% (n = 9/20) of vaccinated cats. Conclusions and relevance A single dose of GonaCon provided contraception lasting for a minimum of 1 year in 30% (n = 6/20) of treated cats. The level of contraception induced by this GonaCon dose and vaccine lot was not sufficiently effective to be recommended for use in free-roaming cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Fischer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Valerie AW Benka
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joyce R Briggs
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marc-Antoine Driancourt
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
- Astek Consult, Chateauneuf sur Sarthe, France
| | - Joanne Maki
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Darcy SO Mora
- National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kayla A Myers
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Linda Rhodes
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lindsey M Vansandt
- Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - George Robert Weedon
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Julie K Levy
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats & Dogs (ACC&D), Portland, OR, USA
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Characterization and cryopreservation of Amur leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) semen collected by urethral catheterization. Theriogenology 2018; 119:91-95. [PMID: 29982141 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is a globally endangered species, and there is thus an urgent need to increase its population. The objectives of this study were to: (1) confirm the utility of urethral catheterization (UC) for semen collection from Amur leopard cats; (2) investigate proper dilution media for fresh semen; and (3) investigate the effectiveness of sperm cryopreservation, including examining the effect of glycerol concentration. Six adult males in captivity (mean weight 5.03 ± 0.44 kg, aged 2-6 years) were included. All study procedures were performed during the breeding season (February to April) over two consecutive years. Semen samples (n = 28) were collected four or five times from each animal (four times for two animals and five times for four animals) by UC under general anaesthesia, and their characteristics (including sperm motility) were evaluated. First, the sperm motility in semen diluted in Ham's F-10 or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was compared. Next, semen diluted with TEST-yolk buffer containing 2%, 4%, or 6% glycerol was frozen in a liquid nitrogen tank, and sperm motility and acrosome integrity were evaluated after thawing. No difference in motility was observed between sperm diluted in Ham's F-10 and PBS. The percentages of sperm motility and kinetic values in semen frozen in 2% or 4% glycerol were higher than those in semen stored in 6% glycerol. In conclusion, the UC method for semen collection is recommendable for Amur leopard cats and should be useful for artificial insemination. Although sperm motility decreased after thawing, samples thus preserved may be usable for advanced reproductive techniques, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection or in-vitro fertilization.
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Jelinkova K, Vitasek R, Novotny R, Bartoskova A. A comparison of quality parameters of fresh feline ejaculates collected by three different collection techniques. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1068-1074. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klara Jelinkova
- Department of Reproduction, Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Roman Vitasek
- Department of Reproduction, Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Robert Novotny
- Department of Reproduction, Ruminant and Swine Clinic; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bartoskova
- Institute of Life-Long Education; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Brno Czech Republic
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Franklin AD, Waddell WT, Goodrowe KL. Red wolf (Canis rufus) sperm quality and quantity is affected by semen collection method, extender components, and post-thaw holding temperature. Theriogenology 2018; 116:41-48. [PMID: 29777963 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreserving genetic resources is becoming increasingly important for species management. In the zoo-based red wolf (Canis rufus) population, inbreeding continues to increase in the absence of new founders. Through banking sperm, we preserve genetic diversity and create the ability to decrease inbreeding accumulation in the future. The quality and quantity of banked sperm can be affected by cryopreservation media and semen collection methods. This study's objectives were to further optimize semen extender used for red wolf sperm cryopreservation, investigate effects of post-thaw holding temperature, and to determine if urethral catheterization is an effective method for semen collection in this species. Semen collection via electroejaculation (EE) was performed on 39 adult red wolf males (ages 1 to 11) from 15 institutions. Urethral catheterization (UC) was attempted on a subset (n = 14) of those males, prior to EE. Thirteen different semen extenders were used for cryopreservation, which varied in osmolarity (HI or NORM), sugar source (glucose, fructose, or a combination), and cryoprotectant (glycerol or DMSO). Significant decreases in percent motility, forward progressive status (FPS), and acrosomal integrity were observed over time across all extenders (P < 0.0001). Among the extender components examined, post-thaw sperm motility and FPS were lower in DMSO versus glycerol based treatments (P < 0.005). Therefore, DMSO should be considered unsuitable as a cryoprotectant when freezing red wolf sperm. Effects of osmolarity and sugar source were minimal and temporally variable, however notably, a higher percentage of morphologically normal sperm were observed in the fructose-based extenders compared to glucose-based extenders post-thaw (P < 0.05). Additionally, post-thaw sperm motility and FPS declined more rapidly in samples maintained at 37 °C compared to samples held at room temperature (P < 0.05). Greater volumes of semen were collected using EE compared to UC (P = 0.041), and sperm samples collected using EE also had greater motility and FPS (P < 0.05). Additionally, though no gross morphological differences were observed, there were fewer sperm with intact acrosomes in the samples collected via UC (P = 0.0443). Thus, UC should not be considered sufficient for semen collection in red wolves when the desired fate of sperm is cryopreservation and/or AI. However, UC does provide an opportunity for a basic reproductive evaluation of a red wolf male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Franklin
- Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, 5400 N. Pearl Street, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA.
| | - William T Waddell
- Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, 5400 N. Pearl Street, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA.
| | - Karen L Goodrowe
- Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, 5400 N. Pearl Street, Tacoma, WA 98407, USA.
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Araujo GRD, Paula TARD, Deco-Souza TD, Morato RG, Bergo LCF, Silva LCD, Costa DS, Braud C. Comparison of semen samples collected from wild and captive jaguars (Panthera onca) by urethral catheterization after pharmacological induction. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 195:1-7. [PMID: 29935916 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the efficiency of medetomidine anesthesia for semen collection through urethral catheter in wild and captive jaguars. Six captive and five wild jaguars were chemically restrained with a combination of medetomidine (0.08-0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg). After medetomidine administration the urethra was catheterized using a urinary tomcat catheter (1 mm diameter × 130 mm length) to collect semen from all animals. By using this technique, we could collect an average of 347.2 μl of semen containing 2,635.2 sperm/ml. Forward progressive motility, sperm progressive motility, and sperm morphology analysis demonstrated that the methodology did not affect sperm quality. Thus, urethral catheterization after medetomidine administration is a practical and efficient method to collect high-quality semen from wild and captive jaguars; this will enable the development of reproductive assisted technologies for jaguars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gediendson Ribeiro de Araujo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Thyara de Deco-Souza
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Gonçalves Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, Estrada Municipal Hisaichi Takebayashi, 8600, Bairro da Usina, Atibaia, SP, 12.952-011, Brazil.
| | - Letícia C F Bergo
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Leanes Cruz da Silva
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Deiler Sampaio Costa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Rua Senador Filinto Muller, 2443, Vila Ipiranga Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
| | - Cindy Braud
- INP-Ecole NationaleVétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, 31300, France.
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Kheirkhah M, Mollapour sisakht M, Mohammadsadegh M, Moslemi H. Sperm evaluation of Jungle Cat ( Felis chaus ) obtained by urethral catheterization (CT) after medetomidine administration. Theriogenology 2017; 91:17-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prochowska S, Niżański W, Partyka A. Low levels of apoptotic-like changes in fresh and cryopreserved feline spermatozoa collected from the urethra and epididymis. Theriogenology 2017; 88:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pisu MC, Ponzio P, Rovella C, Baravalle M, Veronesi MC. Usefulness of an injectable anaesthetic protocol for semen collection through urethral catheterisation in domestic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:1087-1090. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16679589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Although less often requested in comparison with dogs, the collection of semen in cats can be necessary for artificial insemination, for semen evaluation in tom cats used for breeding and for semen storage. Urethral catheterisation after pharmacological induction with medetomidine has proved to be useful for the collection of semen in domestic cats. However, most of the previously used protocols require the administration of high doses of medetomidine that can increase the risk of side effects, especially on the cardiovascular system. In routine clinical practice, one safe and useful injectable anaesthetic protocol for short-term clinical investigations or surgery in cats involves premedication with low intramuscular doses of dexmedetomidine with methadone, followed by intravenous propofol bolus injection. We aimed to assess the usefulness of this injectable anaesthetic protocol for semen collection, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats. Methods The study was performed on 38 purebred, adult cats, during the breeding season, and semen was collected via urethral catheterisation using an injectable anaesthesia protocol with methadone (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) premedication, followed by induction with propofol. Results The anaesthetic protocol used in the present study allowed the collection of large-volume semen samples, characterised by good parameters and without side effects. Conclusions and relevance The results from the present study suggest that the injectable anaesthetic protocol using methadone and dexmedetomidine premedication, followed by induction with propofol, could be suitable and safe for the collection of a good-quality semen sample, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats. It can therefore be used as an alternative to previous medetomidine-based sedation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Ponzio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Swanson WF, Bateman HL, Vansandt LM. Urethral catheterization and sperm vitrification for simplified semen banking in felids. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 52 Suppl 2:255-260. [PMID: 27807883 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Semen banking of domestic cats and wild felids represents a vital resource for their long-term conservation, but current methods require access to advanced training and specialized equipment. A newer method of semen collection, urethral catheterization of medetomidine-treated cats, allows recovery of high sperm numbers, but it is unclear if this approach permits maximal sperm recovery or is feasible using less expensive alpha-2 agonists. Similarly, a newer sperm preservation approach, vitrification, offers advantages of simplicity and minimal equipment needs, but its efficacy in combination with urethral catheterization has not been investigated. Our specific objectives were to (i) evaluate sequential semen recovery with urethral catheterization and electroejaculation in domestic cats, (ii) assess the effectiveness of a weak (xylazine) versus strong (dexmedetomidine) alpha-2 agonist for inducing sperm release, and (iii) compare post-thaw sperm motility, acrosome status and fertilizing capacity of catheter-recovered samples after vitrification or straw freezing. Results indicated that electroejaculation following repeated catheterization allowed recovery of additional spermatozoa (range, 11-32 × 106 sperm/male) and that xylazine was ineffective for inducing meaningful sperm release (range, 0-0.4 × 106 sperm/male). Post-thaw motility and acrosome status of vitrified catheter samples did not differ (p > .05) from that of straw frozen samples. Preliminary results indicated that in vitro fertilization success (9/30, 30%) of vitrified catheter sperm did not differ (p > .05) from that observed with straw frozen samples (17/30, 57%). In conclusion, urethral catheterization of dexmedetomidine-treated cats allows recovery of substantial sperm numbers but electroejaculation still may be warranted for maximal sperm recovery. Xylazine is not suitable as an inexpensive alternative to dexmedetomidine for catheterization. Vitrification of catheter samples results in comparable post-thaw parameters to straw freezing and may be adequate for use with oviductal insemination procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Swanson
- Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati OH USA
| | - H L Bateman
- Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati OH USA
| | - L M Vansandt
- Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, Center for Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife, 3400 Vine Street, Cincinnati OH USA
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Prochowska S, Niżański W, Partyka A. Comparative analysis of in vitro characteristics of fresh and frozen-thawed urethral and epididymal spermatozoa from cats (Felis domesticus). Theriogenology 2016; 86:2063-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tajima H, Yoshizawa M, Sasaki S, Yamamoto F, Narushima E, Ogawa Y, Orima H, Tsutsui T, Toyonaga M, Kobayashi M, Kawakami E, Hori T. A trial of semen collection by transrectal electroejaculation method from Amur leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1067-73. [PMID: 26935841 PMCID: PMC4937146 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We collected semen from a male Amur leopard cat using the transrectal electroejaculation method and
investigated the semen qualities for about four years. In addition, the influence of the season on the
spermatogenic function of the Amur leopard cat was investigated with regard to the semen qualities, testicular
volume and serum testosterone level. As a result, we could collect semen with good sperm qualities that would
be useable for artificial insemination. Some seasonality was noted in the testicular volume and serum
testosterone level. We clarified that the semen qualities were favorable before and during the female breeding
season compared with those after the breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tajima
- Inokashira Park Zoo, 1-17-6, Gotenyama, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0005, Japan
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Cunto M, Küster DG, Bini C, Cartolano C, Pietra M, Zambelli D. Influence of Different Protocols of Urethral Catheterization after Pharmacological Induction (Ur.Ca.P.I.) on Semen Quality in the Domestic Cat. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:999-1002. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Cunto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
| | - DG Küster
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
| | - C Bini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
| | - C Cartolano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
| | - M Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
| | - D Zambelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna; Ozzano Emilia BO Italy
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First deliveries after estrus induction using deslorelin and endoscopic transcervical insemination in the queen. Theriogenology 2015; 84:773-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Prochowska S, Niżański W, Ochota M, Partyka A. Characteristics of urethral and epididymal semen collected from domestic cats--A retrospective study of 214 cases. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1565-71. [PMID: 26359850 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to describe and compare basic semen characteristics and sperm motility parameters obtained via computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) in feline semen collected from the urethra and epididymis, on the basis of large, unselected population of domestic cats. The semen collected from 214 males was subjected for routine semen assessment and CASA evaluation. Semen collected by urethral catheterization (CT) and by epididymal slicing (EP) has comparable characteristics according to total sperm count (47.7 ± 42.1 and 52.9 ± 45.0), subjective motility (71.1 ± 17.0 and 69.3 ± 13.9), viability (74.9 ± 13.4 and 76.7 ± 10.6), and morphology (52.6 ± 19.0 and 47.2 ± 17.4). The study of a large feline population confirmed a high incidence of teratospermy in cats, which negatively affects sperm motility parameters assessed by CASA. A lack of a correlation between CT and EP semen for total sperm count and viability, as well as occasional gross differences between the morphology of CT and EP semen of the same cat suggests that many factors may affect sperm cells, and the fertility and/or infertility of patients should not be assessed after examining only one sample. Additionally, technical problems with assessment of EP samples (understated results) suggest that CT semen is more appropriate for an analysis by CASA than EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Prochowska
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Ochota
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Partyka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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