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Neira JA, Conrad JV, Rusteika M, Chu LF. The progress of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from pigs: a mini review of recent advances. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1371240. [PMID: 38979033 PMCID: PMC11228285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1371240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs (Sus scrofa) are widely acknowledged as an important large mammalian animal model due to their similarity to human physiology, genetics, and immunology. Leveraging the full potential of this model presents significant opportunities for major advancements in the fields of comparative biology, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. Thus, the derivation of pluripotent stem cells from this species can offer new tools for disease modeling and serve as a stepping stone to test future autologous or allogeneic cell-based therapies. Over the past few decades, great progress has been made in establishing porcine pluripotent stem cells (pPSCs), including embryonic stem cells (pESCs) derived from pre- and peri-implantation embryos, and porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) using a variety of cellular reprogramming strategies. However, the stabilization of pPSCs was not as straightforward as directly applying the culture conditions developed and optimized for murine or primate PSCs. Therefore, it has historically been challenging to establish stable pPSC lines that could pass stringent pluripotency tests. Here, we review recent advances in the establishment of stable porcine PSCs. We focus on the evolving derivation methods that eventually led to the establishment of pESCs and transgene-free piPSCs, as well as current challenges and opportunities in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Neira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J Vanessa Conrad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret Rusteika
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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2
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Chen L, Tang B, Xie G, Yang R, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Jiang D, Zhang X. Bovine Pluripotent Stem Cells: Current Status and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2120. [PMID: 38396797 PMCID: PMC10889747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can differentiate into three germ layers and diverse autologous cell lines. Since cattle are the most commonly used large domesticated animals, an important food source, and bioreactors, great efforts have been made to establish bovine PSCs (bPSCs). bPSCs have great potential in bovine breeding and reproduction, modeling in vitro differentiation, imitating cancer development, and modeling diseases. Currently, bPSCs mainly include bovine embryonic stem cells (bESCs), bovine induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs), and bovine expanded potential stem cells (bEPSCs). Establishing stable bPSCs in vitro is a critical scientific challenge, and researchers have made numerous efforts to this end. In this review, the category of PSC pluripotency; the establishment of bESCs, biPSCs, and bEPSCs and its challenges; and the application outlook of bPSCs are discussed, aiming to provide references for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guanghong Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yueqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Daozhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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3
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Koch TG, Kuzma-Hunt AG, Russell KA. Overview of Equine Stem Cells: Sources, Practices, and Potential Safety Concerns. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:461-474. [PMID: 37574382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, equine veterinarians are turning increasingly to stem cell therapies to repair damaged tissues or to promote healing through modulation of the immune system. Research is ongoing into optimizing practices associated with stem cell product transport, dosage, and administration. Culture-expanded equine mesenchymal stem cell therapies seem safe, even when used allogeneically, but various safety concerns should be considered. Stem cells and cellular reprogramming tools hold great promise for future equine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Alexander G Kuzma-Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Keith A Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Sandoval AGW, Maden M, Bates LE, Silva JC. Tumor suppressors inhibit reprogramming of African spiny mouse ( Acomys) fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:215. [PMID: 36060301 PMCID: PMC9437536 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18034.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The African spiny mouse ( Acomys) is an emerging mammalian model for scar-free regeneration, and further study of Acomys could advance the field of regenerative medicine. Isolation of pluripotent stem cells from Acomys would allow for development of transgenic or chimeric animals and in vitro study of regeneration; however, the reproductive biology of Acomys is not well characterized, complicating efforts to derive embryonic stem cells. Thus, we sought to generate Acomys induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming somatic cells back to pluripotency. Methods: To generate Acomys iPSCs, we attempted to adapt established protocols developed in Mus. We utilized a PiggyBac transposon system to genetically modify Acomys fibroblasts to overexpress the Yamanaka reprogramming factors as well as mOrange fluorescent protein under the control of a doxycycline-inducible TetON operon system. Results: Reprogramming factor overexpression caused Acomys fibroblasts to undergo apoptosis or senescence. When SV40 Large T antigen (SV40 LT) was added to the reprogramming cocktail, Acomys cells were able to dedifferentiate into pre-iPSCs. Although use of 2iL culture conditions induced formation of colonies resembling Mus PSCs, these Acomys iPS-like cells lacked pluripotency marker expression and failed to form embryoid bodies. An EOS-GiP system was unsuccessful in selecting for bona fide Acomys iPSCs; however, inclusion of Nanog in the reprogramming cocktail along with 5-azacytidine in the culture medium allowed for generation of Acomys iPSC-like cells with increased expression of several naïve pluripotency markers. Conclusions: There are significant roadblocks to reprogramming Acomys cells, necessitating future studies to determine Acomys-specific reprogramming factor and/or culture condition requirements. The requirement for SV40 LT during Acomys dedifferentiation may suggest that tumor suppressor pathways play an important role in Acomys regeneration and that Acomys may possess unreported cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gabriel W. Sandoval
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Department of Biology & UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malcolm Maden
- Department of Biology & UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lawrence E. Bates
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Jose C.R. Silva
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou 510005, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Chandrasekaran A, Thomsen BB, Agerholm JS, Pessôa LVDF, Godoy Pieri NC, Sabaghidarmiyan V, Langley K, Kolko M, de Andrade AFC, Bressan FF, Hyttel P, Berendt M, Freude K. Neural Derivates of Canine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Like Cells From a Mild Cognitive Impairment Dog. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:725386. [PMID: 34805331 PMCID: PMC8600048 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.725386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are superior models for translational medicine due to greater anatomical and physiological similarities with humans than rodents, including hereditary diseases with human equivalents. Particularly with respect to neurodegenerative medicine, dogs can serve as a natural, more relevant model of human disease compared to transgenic rodents. Herein we report attempts to develop a canine-derived in vitro model for neurodegenerative diseases through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from a 14-year, 9-month-old female West Highland white terrier with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Canine induced pluripotent stem cells-like cells (ciPSCLC) were generated using human OSKM and characterized by positive expression of pluripotency markers. Due to inefficient viral vector silencing we refer to them as ciPSCLCs. Subsequently, the ciPSCLC were subjected to neural induction according to two protocols both yielding canine neural progenitor cells (cNPCs), which expressed typical NPC markers. The cNPCs were cultured in neuron differentiation media for 3 weeks, resulting in the derivation of morphologically impaired neurons as compared to iPSC-derived human counterparts generated in parallel. The apparent differences encountered in this study regarding the neural differentiation potential of ciPSCLC reveals challenges and new perspectives to consider before using the canine model in translational neurological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Barbara Blicher Thomsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Steen Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vahideh Sabaghidarmiyan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Katarina Langley
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Furugen Cesar de Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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6
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Chakritbudsabong W, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Sariya L, Pamonsupornvichit S, Ferreira JN, Sukho P, Gronsang D, Tharasanit T, Dinnyes A, Rungarunlert S. Exogenous LIN28 Is Required for the Maintenance of Self-Renewal and Pluripotency in Presumptive Porcine-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709286. [PMID: 34354993 PMCID: PMC8329718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine species have been used in preclinical transplantation models for assessing the efficiency and safety of transplants before their application in human trials. Porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) are traditionally established using four transcription factors (4TF): OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC. However, the inefficiencies in the reprogramming of piPSCs and the maintenance of their self-renewal and pluripotency remain challenges to be resolved. LIN28 was demonstrated to play a vital role in the induction of pluripotency in humans. To investigate whether this factor is similarly required by piPSCs, the effects of adding LIN28 to the 4TF induction method (5F approach) on the efficiency of piPSC reprogramming and maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency were examined. Using a retroviral vector, porcine fetal fibroblasts were transfected with human OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC with or without LIN28. The colony morphology and chromosomal stability of these piPSC lines were examined and their pluripotency properties were characterized by investigating both their expression of pluripotency-associated genes and proteins and in vitro and in vivo differentiation capabilities. Alkaline phosphatase assay revealed the reprogramming efficiencies to be 0.33 and 0.17% for the 4TF and 5TF approaches, respectively, but the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency until passage 40 was 6.67 and 100%, respectively. Most of the 4TF-piPSC colonies were flat in shape, showed weak positivity for alkaline phosphatase, and expressed a significantly high level of SSEA-4 protein, except for one cell line (VSMUi001-A) whose properties were similar to those of the 5TF-piPSCs; that is, tightly packed and dome-like in shape, markedly positive for alkaline phosphatase, and expressing endogenous pluripotency genes (pOCT4, pSOX2, pNANOG, and pLIN28), significantly high levels of pluripotent proteins (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28, and SSEA-1), and a significantly low level of SSEA-4 protein. VSMUi001-A and all 5F-piPSC lines formed embryoid bodies, underwent spontaneous cardiogenic differentiation with cardiac beating, expressed cardiomyocyte markers, and developed teratomas. In conclusion, in addition to the 4TF, LIN28 is required for the effective induction of piPSCs and the maintenance of their long-term self-renewal and pluripotency toward the development of all germ layers. These piPSCs have the potential applicability for veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunya Chakritbudsabong
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MOZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MOZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sirikron Pamonsupornvichit
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MOZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Joao N Ferreira
- Exocrine Gland Biology and Regeneration Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panithi Sukho
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Dulyatad Gronsang
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Andras Dinnyes
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary.,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sasitorn Rungarunlert
- Laboratory of Cellular Biomedicine and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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7
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Pain B, Baquerre C, Coulpier M. Cerebral organoids and their potential for studies of brain diseases in domestic animals. Vet Res 2021; 52:65. [PMID: 33941270 PMCID: PMC8090903 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a complex organ and any model for studying it in its normal and pathological aspects becomes a tool of choice for neuroscientists. The mastering and dissemination of protocols allowing brain organoids development have paved the way for a whole range of new studies in the field of brain development, modeling of neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases, understanding tumors as well as infectious diseases that affect the brain. While studies are so far limited to the use of human cerebral organoids, there is a growing interest in having similar models in other species. This review presents what is currently developed in this field, with a particular focus on the potential of cerebral organoids for studying neuro-infectious diseases in human and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, Bron, France.
| | - Camille Baquerre
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, USC1361, Bron, France
| | - Muriel Coulpier
- UMR1161 Virologie, Anses, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire D'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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8
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Relative abundance of pluripotency-associated candidate genes in immature oocytes and in vitro-produced buffalo embryos ( Bubalus bubalis). ZYGOTE 2021; 29:459-467. [PMID: 33818346 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199421000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to analyze the relative abundance (RA) of pluripotency-associated genes (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and FOXD3) in different grades of immature oocytes and various stages of in vitro-produced buffalo embryos using RT-qPCR. Results showed that the RA of NANOG, OCT4, and FOXD3 transcripts was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in A grade oocytes compared with the other grades of oocytes. The RA of the c-MYC transcript was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in A grade compared with the C and D grades of oocytes, but the values did not differ significantly from the B grade of oocytes. The RA of the SOX2 transcript was almost similar in all grades of the oocytes. The expression levels of NANOG (P > 0.05), OCT4 (P > 0.05), c-MYC (P > 0.05) and SOX2 (P < 0.05) were higher in the blastocysts compared with the other stages of the embryos. Markedly, FOXD3 expression was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in 8-16-cell embryos compared with the 2-cell and 4-cell embryos and blastocyst, but did not differ significantly from the morula stage of the embryos. In the study, the majority of pluripotency-associated genes showed higher expression in A grade immature oocytes. Therefore, it is concluded that the A grade oocytes appeared to be more developmental competent and are suitable candidates for nuclear cloning research in buffalo. In buffalo, NANOG, OCT4, SOX2, and c-MYC are highly expressed in blastocysts compared with the other stages of embryos.
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Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that are derived from the self-organization of stem cells as they differentiate in vitro. The plasticity of stem cells is one of the major criteria for generating organoids most similar to the tissue structures they intend to mimic. Stem cells are cells with unique properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Depending on their origin, a distinction is made between pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells (PSCs), adult (or tissue) stem cells (ASCs), and those obtained by somatic reprogramming, so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While most data since the 1980s have been acquired in the mouse model, and then from the late 1990s in humans, the process of somatic reprogammation has revolutionized the field of stem cell research. For domestic animals, numerous attempts have been made to obtain PSCs and iPSCs, an approach that makes it possible to omit the use of embryos to derive the cells. Even if the plasticity of the cells obtained is not always optimal, the recent progress in obtaining reprogrammed cells is encouraging. Along with PSCs and iPSCs, many organoid derivations in animal species are currently obtained from ASCs. In this study, we present state-of-the-art stem cell research according to their origins in the various animal models developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208, CSC USC1361, Bron, France.
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10
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Koprivec S, Novak M, Bernik S, Voga M, Mohorič L, Majdič G. Treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in dogs using a combination of tibial tuberosity advancement procedure and autologous mesenchymal stem cells/multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells - A pilot study. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 68:405-412. [PMID: 33656452 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present pilot study, we evaluated different supplemental therapies using autologous multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) for the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament defects in dogs. We used tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and augmented it by supportive therapy with MMSCs in three patient groups. In the first patient group, the dogs were injected with MMSCs directly into the treated stifle one month after surgery. In the second group, MMSCs were delivered in a silk fibroin scaffold which was placed in the osteotomy gap during surgery. In the third group, MMSCs were first mixed with bone tissue and blood from the patient and delivered into the osteotomy gap during surgery. In the control group, patients underwent the TTA procedure but did not receive MMSC treatment. In the group of patients who received cells in the silk fibroin scaffold during surgery, the osteotomy gap did not heal, presumably due to the low absorption of silk fibroin. Patients who received MMSCs mixed with bone tissue and blood during surgery into the osteotomy gap recovered clinically faster and had better healing of the osteotomy gap than dogs from the other two treated groups and from the control group, as assessed by clinical examination and quantification of radiographs. In conclusion, dogs that received stem cells directly into the osteotomy gap (Group 3) recovered faster compared to dogs from Groups 1 (MMSCs injected into the joint one month after surgery), 2 (cells implanted into the osteotomy gap in a silk fibroin scaffold), and the control group that did not receive additional MMSCs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Metka Voga
- 2Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Mohorič
- 3Animacel Biotechnology Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- 2Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Kumar D, Talluri TR, Selokar NL, Hyder I, Kues WA. Perspectives of pluripotent stem cells in livestock. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1-29. [PMID: 33584977 PMCID: PMC7859985 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent progress in derivation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) from farm animals opens new approaches not only for reproduction, genetic engineering, treatment and conservation of these species, but also for screening novel drugs for their efficacy and toxicity, and modelling of human diseases. Initial attempts to derive PSCs from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stages in farm animals were largely unsuccessful as either the cells survived for only a few passages, or lost their cellular potency; indicating that the protocols which allowed the derivation of murine or human embryonic stem (ES) cells were not sufficient to support the maintenance of ES cells from farm animals. This scenario changed by the innovation of induced pluripotency and by the development of the 3 inhibitor culture conditions to support naïve pluripotency in ES cells from livestock species. However, the long-term culture of livestock PSCs while maintaining the full pluripotency is still challenging, and requires further refinements. Here, we review the current achievements in the derivation of PSCs from farm animals, and discuss the potential application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Thirumala R Talluri
- Equine Production Campus, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Bikaner 334001, India
| | - Naresh L Selokar
- Animal Physiology and Reproduction Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Iqbal Hyder
- Department of Physiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram 521102, India
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Institute of Animal Health, Neustadt 31535, Germany
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12
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Singh A, Verma V, Kumar M, Kumar A, Sarma DK, Singh B, Jha R. Stem cells-derived in vitro meat: from petri dish to dinner plate. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2641-2654. [PMID: 33291952 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable food supply to the world is possibly the greatest challenge that human civilization has ever faced. Among animal sourced foods, meat plays a starring role in human food chain. Traditional meat production necessitates high proportion of agricultural land, energy and clean water for rearing meat-producing animals; also massive emission of greenhouse gases from the unutilized nutrients of the digestive process into the environment is a major challenge to the world. Also, conventional meat production is associated with evolution and spread of superbugs and zoonotic infections. In vitro meat has the potential to provide a healthy alternative nutritious meal and to avoid the issues associated with animal slaughtering and environmental effects. Stem cell technology may provide a fascinating approach to produce meat in an animal-free environment. Theoretically, in vitro meat can supplement the meat produced by culling the animals and satisfy the global demand. This article highlights the necessity and potential of stem cell-derived in vitro meat as an alternative source of animal protein vis-a-vis the constraints of conventional approaches of meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Zoology, MLK Post Graduate College, Balrampur, India
| | | | - Birbal Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station, Palampur, India
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- Curi Bio, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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In Vitro Induction of Pluripotency from Equine Fibroblasts in 20% or 5% Oxygen. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8814989. [PMID: 33456472 PMCID: PMC7785345 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular reprogramming into pluripotency is influenced by external and internal cellular factors, such as in vitro culture conditions (e.g., environmental oxygen concentration), and the aging process. Herein, we aimed to generate and maintain equine iPSCs (eiPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of a horse older than 20 years and to evaluate the effect of different levels of oxygen tension (atmospheric 20% O2, 5% O2, or 20% to 5% O2) on these cells. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed, and putative eiPSCs were positive for positive alkaline phosphatase detection; they were positive for pluripotency-related genes OCT4, REX1, and NANOG; immunofluorescence-positive staining was presented for OCT4 and NANOG (all groups), SOX2 (groups 5% O2 and 20% to 5% O2), and TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and SSEA-1 (only in 20% O2); they formed embryoid bodies; and there is spontaneous differentiation in mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm embryonic germ layers. In addition to the differences in immunofluorescence analysis results, the eiPSC colonies generated at 20% O2 presented a more compact morphology with a well-defined border than cells cultured in 5% O2 and 20% to 5% O2. Significant differences were also observed in the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism, mitochondrial fission, and hypoxia (GAPDH, GLUT3, MFN1, HIF1α, and HIF2α), after reprogramming. Our results show that the derivation of eiPSCs was not impaired by aging. Additionally, this study is the first to compare high and low oxygen cultures of eiPSCs, showing the generation of pluripotent cells with different profiles. Under the tested conditions, the lower oxygen tension did not favor the pluripotency of eiPSCs. This study shows that the impact of oxygen atmosphere has to be considered when culturing eiPSCs, as this condition influences the pluripotency characteristics.
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Menon DV, Bhaskar S, Sheshadri P, Joshi CG, Patel D, Kumar A. Positioning canine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the reprogramming landscape of naïve or primed state in comparison to mouse and human iPSCs. Life Sci 2020; 264:118701. [PMID: 33130086 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Deriving canine-induced pluripotent stem cells (ciPSCs) have paved the way for developing novel cell-based disease models and transplantation therapies in the dog. Though ciPSCs have been derived in the presence of Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as well in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the positioning of ciPSCs in the naïve or the primed state of pluripotency remains elusive. This study aims to understand whether canine iPSCs belong to naïve or prime state in comparison to mouse (m) iPSCs and human (h) iPSCs. MAIN METHODS In the present study, we derived ciPSCs in presence of LIF and compared their state of pluripotency with that of miPSCs and hiPSCs by culturing them in the presence of LIF, bFGF, and LIF + bFGF. Gene expression level at transcript level was performed by RT-PCR and qRT-PCR and at the protein level was analysed by immunofluorescence. We also attempted to understand the pluripotency state using lipid body analysis by bodipy staining and blue fluorescence emission. KEY FINDINGS In contrast to miPSCs, the naïve pluripotent stem cells, ciPSCs showed the expression of FGF5 similar to that of primed pluripotent stem cell, hiPSCs. Compared to miPSCs, ciPSCs cultured in presence of LIF showed enhanced expression of primed pluripotent marker FGF5, similar to hiPSCs cultured in presence of bFGF. Upon culturing in hiPSC culture condition, ciPSCs showed enhanced expression of core pluripotency genes compared to miPSCs cultured in similar condition. However, ciPSCs expressed naïve pluripotent marker SSEA1 similar to miPSCs and lacked the expression of primed state marker SSEA4 unlike hiPSCs. Interestingly, for the first time, we demonstrate the ciPSC pluripotency using lipid body analysis wherein ciPSCs showed enhanced bodipy staining and blue fluorescence emission, reflecting the primed state of pluripotency. ciPSCs expressed higher levels of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of palmitate, similar to that of hiPSCs and higher than that of miPSCs. As ciPSCs exhibit characteristic properties of both naïve and primed pluripotent state, it probably represents a unique intermediary state of pluripotency that is distinct from that of mice and human pluripotent stem cells. SIGNIFICANCE Elucidating the pluripotent state of ciPSCs assists in better understanding of the reprogramming events and development in different species. The study would provide a footprint of species-specific differences involved in reprogramming and the potential implication of iPSCs as a tool to analyse evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya V Menon
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India; P.D.Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charusat University, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Smitha Bhaskar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Darshan Patel
- P.D.Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charusat University, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine (MIRM), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, India.
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15
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Villafranca C, Makris MR, Garrido Bauerle MJ, Jensen RV, Eyestone WH. Production of interspecies somatic/pluripotent heterokaryons using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and selection by imaging flow cytometry for the study of nuclear reprogramming. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:10.1007/s10616-020-00416-5. [PMID: 33108565 PMCID: PMC7695791 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of somatic cells to embryonic stem cells induces reprogramming of the somatic nucleus and can be used to study the effect of trans-acting factors from the pluripotent cell over the differentiated nucleus. However, fusion only occurs in a small fraction of the cells exposed to fusogenic conditions, hence the need for a protocol that produces high fusion rate with minimal cell damage, coupled with a method capable of identifying and selecting these rare events. Here, we describe a protocol to induce formation of bi-species mouse pluripotent/bovine somatic heterokaryons, as well as same-species homokaryons, using polyethylene glycol (PEG). To identify bi-species fusion products, heterokaryons were labeled using cell type-specific fluorescent antibodies and selected using imaging (Amnis ImageStream Mark II) and traditional (BD FACSAria I) flow cytometry. Heterokaryons selected with this method produced ES cell-like colonies in vitro. This procedure can be combined with downstream applications such as nucleic acid isolation for RT-PCR and RNA-Seq, and used as a tool to study somatic cell nuclear reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Villafranca
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Melissa R Makris
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Maria Jesus Garrido Bauerle
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Roderick V Jensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Willard H Eyestone
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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16
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Xu W, Li H, Zhang M, Shi J, Wang Z. Locus-specific analysis of DNA methylation patterns in cloned and in vitro fertilized porcine embryos. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:505-514. [PMID: 32908081 PMCID: PMC7768172 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is currently inefficient, as 1–3.95% of reconstructed embryos survive to term; inadequate or erroneous epigenetic
reprogramming of the specialized donor somatic nucleus could be a primary reason. Therefore, a locus-specific analysis of DNA methylation dynamics in
embryogenesis and the DNA methylation status of gametes and donor cells used for SCNT were conducted in the following developmentally important gene loci:
POU5F1, NANOG, SOX2, H19, IGF2, IGF2R,
XIST; and the retrotransposon LINE-1. There were significant epigenetic differences between the gametes and the somatic
donor cells. Three gamete-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in POU5F1, XIST, and LINE-1 were
identified. A delayed demethylation process at POU5F1 and LINE-1 loci occurred after three successive cleavages, compared to
the in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Although cloned embryos could undergo de-methylation and re-methylation dynamics at the DMRs of
imprinted genes (H19,IGF2R, and XIST), the re-methylation process was compromised, unlike in fertilized
embryos. LINE-1 loci are widely dispersed across the whole genome, and LINE-1 DMR might be a potential porcine nuclear
reprogramming epi-marker. Data from observations in our present and previous studies, and two published articles were pooled to produce a schematic diagram of
locus-specific, DNA methylation dynamics of cloned and IVF embryos during porcine early embryogenesis. This also indicated aberrant DNA methylation
reprogramming events, including inadequate DNA demethylation and insufficient re-methylation in cloned embryos. Further research should focus on mechanisms
underlying demethylation during the early cleavage of embryos and de novo DNA methylation at the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China.,Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, P. R. China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Wen's Research Institute, Yunfu 527400, P. R. China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, P. R. China
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Lee K, Farrell K, Uh K. Application of genome-editing systems to enhance available pig resources for agriculture and biomedicine. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 32:40-49. [PMID: 32188556 DOI: 10.1071/rd19273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, genetic engineering in the pig was a challenging task. Genetic engineering of somatic cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could produce genetically engineered (GE) pigs carrying site-specific modifications. However, due to difficulties in engineering the genome of somatic cells and developmental defects associated with SCNT, a limited number of GE pig models were reported. Recent developments in genome-editing tools, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system, have markedly changed the effort and time required to produce GE pig models. The frequency of genetic engineering in somatic cells is now practical. In addition, SCNT is no longer essential in producing GE pigs carrying site-specific modifications, because direct injection of genome-editing systems into developing embryos introduces targeted modifications. To date, the CRISPR/Cas9 system is the most convenient, cost-effective, timely and commonly used genome-editing technology. Several applicable biomedical and agricultural pig models have been generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Although the efficiency of genetic engineering has been markedly enhanced with the use of genome-editing systems, improvements are still needed to optimally use the emerging technology. Current and future advances in genome-editing strategies will have a monumental effect on pig models used in agriculture and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virgina 24061, USA; and Corresponding author.
| | - Kayla Farrell
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virgina 24061, USA
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Litton-Reaves Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virgina 24061, USA
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18
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Bressan FF, Bassanezze V, de Figueiredo Pessôa LV, Sacramento CB, Malta TM, Kashima S, Fantinato Neto P, Strefezzi RDF, Pieri NCG, Krieger JE, Covas DT, Meirelles FV. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from large domestic animals. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:247. [PMID: 32586372 PMCID: PMC7318412 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in developmental biology studies and in cellular therapies. Although extensively studied and characterized in human and murine models, iPSCs from animals other than mice lack reproducible results. METHODS Herein, we describe the generation of robust iPSCs from equine and bovine cells through lentiviral transduction of murine or human transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc and from human and murine cells using similar protocols, even when different supplementations were used. The iPSCs were analyzed regarding morphology, gene and protein expression of pluripotency factors, alkaline phosphatase detection, and spontaneous and induced differentiation. RESULTS Although embryonic-derived stem cells are yet not well characterized in domestic animals, generation of iPS cells from these species is possible through similar protocols used for mouse or human cells, enabling the use of pluripotent cells from large animals for basic or applied purposes. Herein, we also infer that bovine iPS (biPSCs) exhibit similarity to mouse iPSCs (miPSCs), whereas equine iPSs (eiPSCs) to human (hiPSCs). CONCLUSIONS The generation of reproducible protocols in different animal species will provide an informative tool for producing in vitro autologous pluripotent cells from domestic animals. These cells will create new opportunities in animal breeding through transgenic technology and will support a new era of translational medicine with large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Bassanezze
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chester Bittencourt Sacramento
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Present Address: Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Tathiane Maistro Malta
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato Neto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo De Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Heart Institute (INCOR), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Meirelles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Regional Blood Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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19
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Jiang Y, An XL, Yu H, Cai NN, Zhai YH, Li Q, Cheng H, Zhang S, Tang B, Li ZY, Zhang XM. Transcriptome profile of bovine iPSCs derived from Sertoli Cells. Theriogenology 2020; 146:120-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Platt JL, Cascalho M, Piedrahita JA. Xenotransplantation: Progress Along Paths Uncertain from Models to Application. ILAR J 2019; 59:286-308. [PMID: 30541147 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, transplantation of tissues and organs from animals into man, xenotransplantation, has been viewed as a potential way to treat disease. Ironically, interest in xenotransplantation was fueled especially by successful application of allotransplantation, that is, transplantation of human tissue and organs, as a treatment for a variety of diseases, especially organ failure because scarcity of human tissues limited allotransplantation to a fraction of those who could benefit. In principle, use of animals such as pigs as a source of transplants would allow transplantation to exert a vastly greater impact than allotransplantation on medicine and public health. However, biological barriers to xenotransplantation, including immunity of the recipient, incompatibility of biological systems, and transmission of novel infectious agents, are believed to exceed the barriers to allotransplantation and presently to hinder clinical applications. One way potentially to address the barriers to xenotransplantation is by genetic engineering animal sources. The last 2 decades have brought progressive advances in approaches that can be applied to genetic modification of large animals. Application of these approaches to genetic engineering of pigs has contributed to dramatic improvement in the outcome of experimental xenografts in nonhuman primates and have encouraged the development of a new type of xenograft, a reverse xenograft, in which human stem cells are introduced into pigs under conditions that support differentiation and expansion into functional tissues and potentially organs. These advances make it appropriate to consider the potential limitation of genetic engineering and of current models for advancing the clinical applications of xenotransplantation and reverse xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Surgery, Microbiology & Immunology, and Transplantation Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Translational Medicine and The Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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21
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Gandolfi F, Arcuri S, Pennarossa G, Brevini TAL. New tools for cell reprogramming and conversion: Possible applications to livestock. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:475-484. [PMID: 32435291 PMCID: PMC7234139 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer and iPS are both forms of radical cell reprogramming able to transform a fully differentiated cell type into a totipotent or pluripotent cell. Both processes, however, are hampered by low efficiency and, in the case of iPS, the application to livestock species is uncertain. Epigenetic manipulation has recently emerged as an efficient and robust alternative method for cell reprogramming. It is based upon the use of small molecules that are able to modify the levels of DNA methylation with 5-azacitidyne as one of the most widely used. Among a number of advantages, it includes the fact that it can be applied to domestic species including pig, dog and cat. Treated cells undergo a widespread demethylation which is followed by a renewed methylation pattern induced by specific chemical stimuli that lead to the desired phenotype. A detailed study of the mechanisms of epigenetic manipulation revealed that cell plasticity is achieved through the combined action of a reduced DNA methyl transferase activity with an active demethylation driven by the TET protein family. Surprisingly the same combination of molecular processes leads to the transformation of fibroblasts into iPS and regulate the epigenetic changes that take place during early development and, hence, during reprogramming following SCNT. Finally, it has recently emerged that mechanic stimuli in the form of a 3D cell rearrangement can significantly enhance the efficiency of epigenetic reprogramming as well as of maintenance of pluripotency. Interestingly these mechanic stimuli act on the same mechanisms both in epigenetic cell conversion with 5-Aza-CR and in iPS. We suggest that the balanced combination of epigenetic erasing, 3D cell rearrangement and chemical induction can go a long way to obtain ad hoc cell types that can fully exploit the current exiting development brought by gene editing and animal cloning in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Sharon Arcuri
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Pennarossa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Italy
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22
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Qiao S, Deng Y, Li S, Yang X, Shi D, Li X. Partially Reprogrammed Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using MicroRNA Cluster miR-302s in Guangxi Bama Minipig Fibroblasts. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:229-237. [PMID: 31479283 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2019.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) have great potential application in regenerative medicine. The miR-302s cluster alone has been shown to reprogram mouse and human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) without exogenous transcription factors. However, miR-302s alone have not been reported to reprogram cells in large livestock. In this study, we induced pig somatic cells into partially reprogrammed piPSCs using overexpression of the miR-302s cluster (miR-302s-piPSC) and investigated the early reprogramming events during the miRNA induction process. The results showed that miR-302s-piPSCs exhibited some characteristics of pluripotent stem cells including expression of pluripotency markers-particularly, efficient activation of endogenous OCT4-and differentiation to the three germ layers in vitro. During the early reprogramming process, somatic cells first underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition and then mesenchymal-epithelial transition to eventually form miR-302s-piPSCs. These data show, for the first time, that single factor miR-302s successfully induced pig somatic cells into miR-302s-piPSCs. This study provides a new tool and research direction for the induction of pluripotent stem cells in a large livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuye Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Menon DV, Patel D, Joshi CG, Kumar A. The road less travelled: The efficacy of canine pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Attwood SW, Edel MJ. iPS-Cell Technology and the Problem of Genetic Instability-Can It Ever Be Safe for Clinical Use? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E288. [PMID: 30823421 PMCID: PMC6462964 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) as a source of autologous tissues shows great promise in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, several major challenges remain to be addressed before iPSC-derived cells can be used in therapy, and experience of their clinical use is extremely limited. In this review, the factors affecting the safe translation of iPSC to the clinic are considered, together with an account of efforts being made to overcome these issues. The review draws upon experiences with pluripotent stem-cell therapeutics, including clinical trials involving human embryonic stem cells and the widely transplanted mesenchymal stem cells. The discussion covers concerns relating to: (i) the reprogramming process; (ii) the detection and removal of incompletely differentiated and pluripotent cells from the resulting medicinal products; and (iii) genomic and epigenetic changes, and the evolutionary and selective processes occurring during culture expansion, associated with production of iPSC-therapeutics. In addition, (iv) methods for the practical culture-at-scale and standardization required for routine clinical use are considered. Finally, (v) the potential of iPSC in the treatment of human disease is evaluated in the light of what is known about the reprogramming process, the behavior of cells in culture, and the performance of iPSC in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Attwood
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Michael J Edel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
- Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
- Harry Perkins Research Institute, Fiona Stanley Hospital, University of Western Australia, PO Box 404, Bull Creek, Western Australia 6149, Australia.
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Setthawong P, Phakdeedindan P, Tiptanavattana N, Rungarunlert S, Techakumphu M, Tharasanit T. Generation of porcine induced-pluripotent stem cells from Sertoli cells. Theriogenology 2018; 127:32-40. [PMID: 30639694 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by reprogramming of somatic cells using four transcription factors: OCT4, SOX2, KLF-4, and c-MYC (OSKM). However, reprogramming efficiency of iPSCs is currently poor. In this study, we used the Sertoli line as a novel cell source for somatic cell reprogramming. Neonatal testes were collected from 1-week-old piglets. The testes were digested by a two-step enzymatic method to isolate Sertoli cells. The latter were transfected with retroviral vectors expressing OSKM. The Sertoli iPSC-like colonies were subjected to morphological analysis, alkaline phosphatase staining, RT-PCR, G-banding karyotyping, in vitro differentiation, and in vivo differentiation. Primary Sertoli cells had polygon-shaped morphology and manifested phagocytic activity as determined by a fluorescent bead assay. Sertoli cells also expressed the anti-Müllerian hormone protein in the cytoplasm. According to RT-PCR results, these cells expressed Sertoli cell markers (FSHR, KRT18, and GATA6) and endogenous transcription factors genes (KLF4 and c-MYC). A total of 240 colonies (0.3% efficiency) were detected by day 7 after viral transduction of 72500 cells. The Sertoli iPSC-like colonies contained small cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. These colonies tested positive for alkaline phosphatase staining, expressed endogenous pluripotency genes, and had a normal karyotype. All these cell lines could form in vitro three-dimensional aggregates that represented three germ layers of embryonic-like cells. A total of two cell lines used for in vivo differentiation produced high-efficiency teratoma. In conclusion, Sertoli cells can efficiently serve as a novel cell source for iPSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyathip Setthawong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Praopilas Phakdeedindan
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Narong Tiptanavattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sasitorn Rungarunlert
- Department of Preclinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73710, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Techakumphu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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NANOG Is Required for the Long-Term Establishment of Avian Somatic Reprogrammed Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1272-1286. [PMID: 30318291 PMCID: PMC6235669 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic reprogramming, which was first identified in rodents, remains poorly described in non-mammalian species. Here, we generated avian reprogrammed cells by reprogramming of chicken and duck primary embryonic fibroblasts. The efficient generation of long-term proliferating cells depends on the method of delivery of reprogramming factors and the addition of NANOG and LIN28 to the canonical OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC gene combination. The reprogrammed cells were positive for several key pluripotency-associated markers including alkaline phosphatase activity, telomerase activity, SSEA1 expression, and specific cell cycle and epigenetic markers. Upregulated endogenous pluripotency-associated genes included POU5F3 (POUV) and KLF4, whereas cells failed to upregulate NANOG and LIN28A. However, cells showed a tumorigenic propensity when injected into recipient embryos. In conclusion, although the somatic reprogramming process is active in avian primary cells, it needs to be optimized to obtain fully reprogrammed cells with similar properties to those of chicken embryonic stem cells. NANOG is required for avian somatic reprogramming NANOG is necessary for long-term establishment of avian reprogrammed cells Avian reprogrammed cells express pluripotency markers Avian cells are only partially reprogrammed
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27
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Polkoff K, Piedrahita JA. The transformational impact of site-specific DNA modifiers on biomedicine and agriculture. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:171-179. [PMID: 34178139 PMCID: PMC8202236 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of genetically modified livestock has been dependent on incremental technological
advances such as embryo transfer, homologous recombination, and somatic cell nuclear transfer
(SCNT). This development rate has increased exponentially with the advent of targeted gene
modifiers such as zinc finger nucleases, TAL-effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered
regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas). CRISPR-Cas based systems
in particular have broad applicability, and have low technical and economic barriers for
their implementation. As a result, they are having, and will continue to have, a transformational
impact in the field of gene editing in domestic animals. With these advances also comes the
responsibility to properly apply this technology so it has a beneficial effect throughout
all levels of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Polkoff
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jorge A Piedrahita
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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Mordhorst BR, Murphy SL, Ross RM, Benne JA, Samuel MS, Cecil RF, Redel BK, Spate LD, Murphy CN, Wells KD, Green JA, Prather RS. Pharmacologic treatment of donor cells induced to have a Warburg effect-like metabolism does not alter embryonic development in vitro or survival during early gestation when used in somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:290-302. [PMID: 29392839 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a valuable technique for the generation of genetically engineered animals, however, the efficiency of cloning in mammalian species is low (1-3%). Differentiated somatic cells commonly used in nuclear transfer utilize the tricarboxylic acid cycle and cellular respiration for energy production. Comparatively the metabolism of somatic cells contrasts that of the cells within the early embryos which predominately use glycolysis. Early embryos (prior to implantation) are evidenced to exhibit characteristics of a Warburg Effect (WE)-like metabolism. We hypothesized that pharmacologically driven fibroblast cells can become more blastomere-like and result in improved in vitro embryonic development after SCNT. The goals were to determine if subsequent in vitro embryo development is impacted by (1) cloning pharmacologically treated donor cells pushed to have a WE-like metabolism or (2) culturing non-treated donor clones with pharmaceuticals used to push a WE-like metabolism. Additionally, we investigated early gestational survival of the donor-treated clone embryos. Here we demonstrate that in vitro development of clones is not hindered by pharmacologically treating either the donor cells or the embryos themselves with CPI, PS48, or the combination of these drugs. Furthermore, these experiments demonstrate that early embryos (or at least in vitro produced embryos) have a low proportion of mitochondria which have high membrane potential and treatment with these pharmaceuticals does not further alter the mitochondrial function in early embryos. Lastly, we show that survival in early gestation was not different between clones from pharmacologically induced WE-like donor cells and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renee M Ross
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clifton N Murphy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jonathan A Green
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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29
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Use of gene-editing technology to introduce targeted modifications in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29423214 PMCID: PMC5787920 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important resource in agriculture and serve as a model for human diseases. Due to their physiological and anatomical similarities with humans, pigs can recapitulate symptoms of human diseases, making them a useful model in biomedicine. However, in the past pig models have not been widely used partially because of the difficulty in genetic modification. The lack of true embryonic stem cells in pigs forced researchers to utilize genetic modification in somatic cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate genetically engineered (GE) pigs carrying site-specific modifications. Although possible, this approach is extremely inefficient and GE pigs born through this method often presented developmental defects associated with the cloning process. Advancement in the gene-editing systems such as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system have dramatically increased the efficiency of producing GE pigs. These gene-editing systems, specifically engineered endonucleases, are based on inducing double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a specific location, and then site-specific modifications can be introduced through one of the two DNA repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology direct repair (HDR). Random insertions or deletions (indels) can be introduced through NHEJ and specific nucleotide sequences can be introduced through HDR, if donor DNA is provided. Use of these engineered endonucleases provides a higher success in genetic modifications, multiallelic modification of the genome, and an opportunity to introduce site-specific modifications during embryogenesis, thus bypassing the need of SCNT in GE pig production. This review will provide a historical prospective of GE pig production and examples of how the gene-editing system, led by engineered endonucleases, have improved GE pig production. We will also present some of our current progress related to the optimal use of CRISPR/Cas9 system during embryogenesis.
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30
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Roberts RM, Yuan Y, Ezashi T. Exploring early differentiation and pluripotency in domestic animals. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 29:101-107. [PMID: 28278797 DOI: 10.1071/rd16292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This short review describes some general features of the origins of the pluripotent inner cell mass and epiblast during the early development of eutherian mammals and the two kinds of embryonic stem cell (ESC), naïve and primed type, that have been produced from these structures. We point out that the derivation of pluripotent stem cells from domesticated species continues to be fraught with difficulties, most likely because the culture requirements of these cells are distinct from those of mouse and human ESCs. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the domesticated species has been more straightforward, although the majority of the iPSC lines remain dependent on the continued expression of one or more integrated reprogramming genes. Although hope for the potential usefulness of these cells in genetic modification of livestock and other domestic species has dimmed, ESCs and iPSCs remain our best source of self-renewing populations of pluripotent cells, with potential usefulness in preserving and propagating valuable animal breeds and making contributions to fields such as regenerative medicine, toxicology and even laboratory meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 245 Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ye Yuan
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 245 Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 245 Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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31
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Lin W, Modiano JF, Ito D. Stage-specific embryonic antigen: determining expression in canine glioblastoma, melanoma, and mammary cancer cells. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:101-104. [PMID: 27456773 PMCID: PMC5366293 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs) was determined in several types of canine cancer cells. Flow cytometry showed SSEA-1 expression in glioblastoma, melanoma, and mammary cancer cells, although none expressed SSEA-3 or SSEA-4. Expression of SSEA-1 was not detected in lymphoma, osteosarcoma, or hemangiosarcoma cell lines. Relatively stable SSEA-1 expression was observed between 24 and 72 h of culture. After 8 days in culture, sorted SSEA-1− and SSEA-1+ cells re-established SSEA-1 expression to levels comparable to those observed in unsorted cells. Our results document, for the first time, the expression of SSEA-1 in several canine cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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32
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Ibrahim M, Richardson MK. Beyond organoids: In vitro vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using cells from mammals and zebrafish. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:292-311. [PMID: 28697965 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to culture complex organs is currently an important goal in biomedical research. It is possible to grow organoids (3D organ-like structures) in vitro; however, a major limitation of organoids, and other 3D culture systems, is the lack of a vascular network. Protocols developed for establishing in vitro vascular networks typically use human or rodent cells. A major technical challenge is the culture of functional (perfused) networks. In this rapidly advancing field, some microfluidic devices are now getting close to the goal of an artificially perfused vascular network. Another development is the emergence of the zebrafish as a complementary model to mammals. In this review, we discuss the culture of endothelial cells and vascular networks from mammalian cells, and examine the prospects for using zebrafish cells for this objective. We also look into the future and consider how vascular networks in vitro might be successfully perfused using microfluidic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Animal Science and Health Cluster, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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33
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Reinholt BM, Bradley JS, Jacobs RD, Ealy AD, Johnson SE. Tissue organization alters gene expression in equine induced trophectoderm cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:174-182. [PMID: 28161437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid morphological and gene expression changes occur during the early formation of a mammalian blastocyst. Critical to successful retention of the blastocyst and pregnancy is a functional trophectoderm (TE) that supplies the developing embryo with paracrine factors and hormones. The contribution of TE conformational changes to gene expression was examined in equine induced trophoblast (iTr) cells. Equine iTr cells were cultured as monolayers or in suspension to form spheres. The spheres are hollow and structurally reminiscent of native equine blastocysts. Total RNA was isolated from iTr monolayers and spheres and analyzed by RNA sequencing. An average of 32.2 and 31million aligned reads were analyzed for the spheres and monolayers, respectively. Forty-four genes were unique to monolayers and 45 genes were expressed only in spheres. Conformation did not affect expression of CDX2, POU5F1, TEAD4, ETS2, ELF3, GATA2 or TFAP2A, the core gene network of native TE. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify classes of genes differentially expressed in response to changes in tissue shape. In both iTr spheres and monolayers, the majority of the differentially expressed genes were associated with binding activity in cellular, developmental and metabolic processes. Inherent to protein:protein interactions, several receptor-ligand families were identified in iTr cells with enrichment of genes coding for PI3-kinase and MAPK signaling intermediates. Our results provide evidence for ligand initiated kinase signaling pathways that underlie early trophectoderm structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Reinholt
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer S Bradley
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robert D Jacobs
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alan D Ealy
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sally E Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
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Olivera R, Moro LN, Jordan R, Luzzani C, Miriuka S, Radrizzani M, Donadeu FX, Vichera G. In Vitro and In Vivo Development of Horse Cloned Embryos Generated with iPSCs, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fetal or Adult Fibroblasts as Nuclear Donors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164049. [PMID: 27732616 PMCID: PMC5061425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for equine cloning as a tool to preserve high genetic value is growing worldwide; however, nuclear transfer efficiency is still very low. To address this issue, we first evaluated the effects of time from cell fusion to activation (<1h, n = 1261; 1-2h, n = 1773; 2-3h, n = 1647) on in vitro and in vivo development of equine embryos generated by cloning. Then, we evaluated the effects of using different nuclear donor cell types in two successive experiments: I) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) vs. adult fibroblasts (AF) fused to ooplasts injected with the pluripotency-inducing genes OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4, vs. AF alone as controls; II) umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) vs. fetal fibroblasts derived from an unborn cloned foetus (FF) vs. AF from the original individual. In the first experiment, both blastocyst production and pregnancy rates were higher in the 2-3h group (11.5% and 9.5%, respectively), respect to <1h (5.2% and 2%, respectively) and 1-2h (5.6% and 4.7%, respectively) groups (P<0.05). However, percentages of born foals/pregnancies were similar when intervals of 2-3h (35.2%) or 1-2h (35.7%) were used. In contrast to AF, the iPSCs did not generate any blastocyst-stage embryos. Moreover, injection of oocytes with the pluripotency-inducing genes did not improve blastocyst production nor pregnancy rates respect to AF controls. Finally, higher blastocyst production was obtained using UC-MSC (15.6%) than using FF (8.9%) or AF (9.3%), (P<0.05). Despite pregnancy rates were similar for these 3 groups (17.6%, 18.2% and 22%, respectively), viable foals (two) were obtained only by using FF. In summary, optimum blastocyst production rates can be obtained using a 2-3h interval between cell fusion and activation as well as using UC-MSCs as nuclear donors. Moreover, FF line can improve the efficiency of an inefficient AF line. Overall, 24 healthy foals were obtained from a total of 29 born foals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Natalia Moro
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Luzzani
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Miriuka
- Laboratory of Biology of Cell Development, LIAN-Unit associated with CONICET, FLENI, Belen de Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Radrizzani
- Laboratory of Neruogenetic and Molecular Cytogentic, School of Sciences, National University of San Martin, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F. Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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35
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Tobias IC, Brooks CR, Teichroeb JH, Villagómez DA, Hess DA, Séguin CA, Betts DH. Small-Molecule Induction of Canine Embryonic Stem Cells Toward Naïve Pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1208-22. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney R. Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Teichroeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Villagómez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Shiue YL, Yang JR, Liao YJ, Kuo TY, Liao CH, Kang CH, Tai C, Anderson GB, Chen LR. Derivation of porcine pluripotent stem cells for biomedical research. Theriogenology 2016; 86:176-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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37
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Galat V, Galat Y, Perepitchka M, Jennings LJ, Iannaccone PM, Hendrix MJC. Transgene Reactivation in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivatives and Reversion to Pluripotency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1060-72. [PMID: 27193052 PMCID: PMC4939377 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in regenerative medicine and disease modeling. It is now felt that clinical trials should be performed with iPSCs derived with nonintegrative constructs. Numerous studies, however, including those describing disease models, are still being published using cells derived from iPSCs generated with integrative constructs. Our experimental work presents the first evidence of spontaneous transgene reactivation in vitro in several cellular types. Our results show that the transgenes were predominantly silent in parent iPSCs, but in mesenchymal and endothelial iPSC derivatives, the transgenes experienced random upregulation of Nanog and c-Myc. Additionally, we provide evidence of spontaneous secondary reprogramming and reversion to pluripotency in mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPSCs. These findings strongly suggest that the studies, which use cellular products derived from iPSCs generated with retro- or lentiviruses, should be evaluated with consideration of the possibility of transgene reactivation. The in vitro model described here provides insight into the earliest events of culture transformation and suggests the hypothesis that reversion to pluripotency may be responsible for the development of tumors in cell replacement experiments. The main goal of this work, however, is to communicate the possibility of transgene reactivation in retro- or lenti-iPSC derivatives and the associated loss of cellular fidelity in vitro, which may impact the outcomes of disease modeling and related experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Galat
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yekaterina Galat
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mariana Perepitchka
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lawrence J Jennings
- 1 Department of Pathology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Philip M Iannaccone
- 2 Developmental Biology Program, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary J C Hendrix
- 3 Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois
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Brevini T, Pennarossa G, Acocella F, Brizzola S, Zenobi A, Gandolfi F. Epigenetic conversion of adult dog skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells. Vet J 2016; 211:52-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Roberts RM, Yuan Y, Genovese N, Ezashi T. Livestock models for exploiting the promise of pluripotent stem cells. ILAR J 2016; 56:74-82. [PMID: 25991700 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock species are widely used as biomedical models. Pigs, in particular, are beginning to have a significant role in regenerative medicine for testing the applicability, success, and safety of grafts derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Animal testing must always be performed before any clinical trials are performed in humans, and pigs may sometimes be the species of choice because of their physiological and anatomical similarities to humans. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) have been generated with some success from livestock species by a variety of reprogramming procedures, but authenticated embryonic stem cells (ESC) have not. There are now several studies in which porcine iPSC have been tested for their ability to provide functional grafts in pigs. Pigs have also served as recipients for grafts derived from human iPSC. There have also been recent advances in creating pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Like SCID mice, these pigs are expected to be graft tolerant. Additionally, chimeric, partially humanized pigs could be sources of human organs. Another potential application of pluripotent stem cells from livestock is for the purpose of differentiating the cells into skeletal muscle, which, in turn, could be used either to produce cultured meat or to engraft into damaged muscle. None of these technologies has advanced to a stage that they have become mainstream, however. Despite the value of livestock models in regenerative medicine, only a limited number of institutions are able to use these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Roberts
- R. Michael Roberts, DPhil, is a Curators' Professor in the Division of Animal Sciences and Department of Biochemistry at the University of Missouri. Ye Yuan, PhD, is a research scientist; Nicholas Genovese, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow; and Toshihiko Ezashi, DVM, PhD, is a research associate professor in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri
| | - Ye Yuan
- R. Michael Roberts, DPhil, is a Curators' Professor in the Division of Animal Sciences and Department of Biochemistry at the University of Missouri. Ye Yuan, PhD, is a research scientist; Nicholas Genovese, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow; and Toshihiko Ezashi, DVM, PhD, is a research associate professor in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri
| | - Nicholas Genovese
- R. Michael Roberts, DPhil, is a Curators' Professor in the Division of Animal Sciences and Department of Biochemistry at the University of Missouri. Ye Yuan, PhD, is a research scientist; Nicholas Genovese, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow; and Toshihiko Ezashi, DVM, PhD, is a research associate professor in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri
| | - Toshihiko Ezashi
- R. Michael Roberts, DPhil, is a Curators' Professor in the Division of Animal Sciences and Department of Biochemistry at the University of Missouri. Ye Yuan, PhD, is a research scientist; Nicholas Genovese, PhD, is a postdoctoral fellow; and Toshihiko Ezashi, DVM, PhD, is a research associate professor in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri
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Pluripotent stem cells and livestock genetic engineering. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:289-306. [PMID: 26894405 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unlimited proliferative ability and capacity to contribute to germline chimeras make pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) perfect candidates for complex genetic engineering. The utility of ESCs is best exemplified by the numerous genetic models that have been developed in mice, for which such cells are readily available. However, the traditional systems for mouse genetic engineering may not be practical for livestock species, as it requires several generations of mating and selection in order to establish homozygous founders. Nevertheless, the self-renewal and pluripotent characteristics of ESCs could provide advantages for livestock genetic engineering such as ease of genetic manipulation and improved efficiency of cloning by nuclear transplantation. These advantages have resulted in many attempts to isolate livestock ESCs, yet it has been generally concluded that the culture conditions tested so far are not supportive of livestock ESCs self-renewal and proliferation. In contrast, there are numerous reports of derivation of livestock induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with demonstrated capacity for long term proliferation and in vivo pluripotency, as indicated by teratoma formation assay. However, to what extent these iPSCs represent fully reprogrammed PSCs remains controversial, as most livestock iPSCs depend on continuous expression of reprogramming factors. Moreover, germline chimerism has not been robustly demonstrated, with only one successful report with very low efficiency. Therefore, even 34 years after derivation of mouse ESCs and their extensive use in the generation of genetic models, the livestock genetic engineering field can stand to gain enormously from continued investigations into the derivation and application of ESCs and iPSCs.
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Malaver-Ortega LF, Sumer H, Jain K, Verma PJ. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 and retinoic acid trigger bovine VASA homolog expression in differentiating bovine induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:149-61. [PMID: 26660942 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest identifiable and completely committed progenitors of female and male gametes. They are obvious targets for genome editing because they assure the transmission of desirable or introduced traits to future generations. PGCs are established at the earliest stages of embryo development and are difficult to propagate in vitro--two characteristics that pose a problem for their practical application. One alternative method to enrich for PGCs in vitro is to differentiate them from pluripotent stem cells derived from adult tissues. Here, we establish a reporter system for germ cell identification in bovine pluripotent stem cells based on green fluorescent protein expression driven by the minimal essential promoter of the bovine Vasa homolog (BVH) gene, whose regulatory elements were identified by orthologous modelling of regulatory units. We then evaluated the potential of bovine induced pluripotent stem cell (biPSC) lines carrying the reporter construct to differentiate toward the germ cell lineage. Our results showed that biPSCs undergo differentiation as embryoid bodies, and a fraction of the differentiating cells expressed BVH. The rate of differentiation towards BVH-positive cells increased up to tenfold in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 or retinoic acid. Finally, we determined that the expression of key PGC genes, such as BVH or SOX2, can be modified by pre-differentiation cell culture conditions, although this increase is not necessarily mirrored by an increase in the rate of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huseyin Sumer
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanika Jain
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J Verma
- South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), Turretfield Research Centre, Rosedale, SA, Australia
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Hue I. Determinant molecular markers for peri-gastrulating bovine embryo development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:51-65. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-gastrulation defines the time frame between blastocyst formation and implantation that also corresponds in cattle to elongation, pregnancy recognition and uterine secretion. Optimally, this developmental window prepares the conceptus for implantation, placenta formation and fetal development. However, this is a highly sensitive period, as evidenced by the incidence of embryo loss or early post-implantation mortality after AI, embryo transfer or somatic cell nuclear transfer. Elongation markers have often been used within this time frame to assess developmental defects or delays, originating either from the embryo, the uterus or the dam. Comparatively, gastrulation markers have not received great attention, although elongation and gastrulation are linked by reciprocal interactions at the molecular and cellular levels. To make this clearer, this peri-gastrulating period is described herein with a focus on its main developmental landmarks, and the resilience of the landmarks in the face of biotechnologies is questioned.
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Abstract
This review deals with the latest advances in the study of embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from domesticated species, with a focus on pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, cats, and dogs. Whereas the derivation of fully pluripotent ESC from these species has proved slow, reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSC has been more straightforward. However, most of these iPSC depend on the continued expression of the introduced transgenes, a major drawback to their utility. The persistent failure in generating ESC and the dependency of iPSC on ectopic genes probably stem from an inability to maintain the stability of the endogenous gene networks necessary to maintain pluripotency. Based on work in humans and rodents, achievement of full pluripotency will likely require fine adjustments in the growth factors and signaling inhibitors provided to the cells. Finally, we discuss the future utility of these cells for biomedical and agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - Ye Yuan
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; , ,
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Betts DH, Tobias IC. Canine Pluripotent Stem Cells: Are They Ready for Clinical Applications? Front Vet Sci 2015; 2:41. [PMID: 26664969 PMCID: PMC4672225 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivation of canine embryonic stem cells and generation of canine-induced pluripotent stem cells are significant achievements that have unlocked the potential for developing novel cell-based disease models, drug discovery platforms, and transplantation therapies in the dog. A progression from concept to cure in this clinically relevant companion animal will not only help our canine patients but also help advance human regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, many issues remain to be resolved before pluripotent cells can be used clinically in a safe and reproducible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean H Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada ; Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Ian C Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, ON , Canada
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Talluri TR, Kumar D, Glage S, Garrels W, Ivics Z, Debowski K, Behr R, Niemann H, Kues WA. Derivation and characterization of bovine induced pluripotent stem cells by transposon-mediated reprogramming. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:131-40. [PMID: 25826726 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a seminal breakthrough in stem cell research and are promising tools for advanced regenerative therapies in humans and reproductive biotechnology in farm animals. iPSCs are particularly valuable in species in which authentic embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines are yet not available. Here, we describe a nonviral method for the derivation of bovine iPSCs employing Sleeping Beauty (SB) and piggyBac (PB) transposon systems encoding different combinations of reprogramming factors, each separated by self-cleaving peptide sequences and driven by the chimeric CAGGS promoter. One bovine iPSC line (biPS-1) generated by a PB vector containing six reprogramming genes was analyzed in detail, including morphology, alkaline phosphatase expression, and typical hallmarks of pluripotency, such as expression of pluripotency markers and formation of mature teratomas in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, the biPS-1 line allowed a second round of SB transposon-mediated gene transfer. These results are promising for derivation of germ line-competent bovine iPSCs and will facilitate genetic modification of the bovine genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumala R Talluri
- 1 Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut , Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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Hue I, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T, Degrelle SA. Primary Bovine Extra-Embryonic Cultured Cells: A New Resource for the Study of In Vivo Peri-Implanting Phenotypes and Mesoderm Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127330. [PMID: 26070137 PMCID: PMC4466545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to nourishing the embryo, extra-embryonic tissues (EETs) contribute to early embryonic patterning, primitive hematopoiesis, and fetal health. These tissues are of major importance for human medicine, as well as for efforts to improve livestock efficiency, but they remain incompletely understood. In bovines, EETs are accessible easily, in large amounts, and prior to implantation. We took advantage of this system to describe, in vitro and in vivo, the cell types present in bovine EETs at Day 18 of development. Specifically, we characterized the gene expression patterns and phenotypes of bovine extra-embryonic ectoderm (or trophoblast; bTC), endoderm (bXEC), and mesoderm (bXMC) cells in culture and compared them to their respective in vivo micro-dissected cells. After a week of culture, certain characteristics (e.g., gene expression) of the in vitro cells were altered with respect to the in vivo cells, but we were able to identify "cores" of cell-type-specific (and substrate-independent) genes that were shared between in vitro and in vivo samples. In addition, many cellular phenotypes were cell-type-specific with regard to extracellular adhesion. We evaluated the ability of individual bXMCs to migrate and spread on micro-patterns, and observed that they easily adapted to diverse environments, similar to in vivo EE mesoderm cells, which encounter different EE epithelia to form chorion, yolk sac, and allantois. With these tissue interactions, different functions arose that were detected in silico and corroborated in vivo at D21-D25. Moreover, analysis of bXMCs allowed us to identify the EE cell ring surrounding the embryonic disc (ED) at D14-15 as mesoderm cells, which had been hypothesized but not shown prior to this study. We envision these data will serve as a major resource for the future in the analysis of peri-implanting phenotypes in response to the maternal metabolism and contribute to subsequent studies of placental/fetal development in eutherians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Hue
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A Degrelle
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy-en-Josas, France; INSERM, UMR-S1139, U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
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Abstract
A plethora of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have come into routine use over the past half century. Some of these procedures were used much earlier experimentally. For example, Spallanzani performed artificial insemination in the dog in the late 1700s, and Heape did successful embryo transfer in the rabbit in 1890. Truly revolutionary tools and concepts important for ART occur at approximately half-decade intervals, for example, recombinant DNA procedures, transgenic technology, somatic cell nuclear transplantation, the polymerase chain reaction, and microRNAs. Similarly, obvious technologies sometimes take decades to come into practical use, such as sexing sperm and in vitro fertilization. I have categorized ARTs into five somewhat arbitrary categories in terms of perceived difficulty and feasibility: (a) when the seemingly possible turns out to be (essentially) impossible, e.g., homozygous, uniparental females; (b) when the seemingly impossible becomes possible, e.g., cryopreservation of embryos and transgenesis; (c) when the seemingly difficult turns out to be relatively easy, e.g., cryopreservation of sperm; (d) when the seemingly easy turns out to be difficult in key species, e.g., in vitro fertilization; and (e) when the seemingly difficult remains difficult, e.g., making true embryonic stem cells. The adage that "it is easy when you know how" applies repeatedly. The boundaries between what appears impossible/possible and difficult/easy change constantly owing to new tools and insights, one of the more important lessons learned. ARTs frequently are synergistic with each other. For example, somatic cell nuclear transplantation has made many kinds of experiments feasible that otherwise were impractical. Another example is that sexing sperm is useless for application without artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization. ARTs frequently are perceived as neat tricks and stimulate further thinking. This is useful for both teaching and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Seidel
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1683;
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Gonçalves NN, Ambrósio CE, Piedrahita JA. Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Domestic and Companion Animals: A Multispecies Perspective. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 4:2-10. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NN Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering; FZEA/USP; Pirassununga Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ/USP; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - CE Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering; FZEA/USP; Pirassununga Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Surgery; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; FMVZ/USP; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - JA Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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Liu Q, Zhang M, Hou D, Han X, Jin Y, Zhao L, Nie X, Zhou X, Yun T, Zhao Y, Huang X, Hou D, Yang N, Wu Z, Li X, Li R. Karyotype characterization of in vivo- and in vitro-derived porcine parthenogenetic cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97974. [PMID: 24844788 PMCID: PMC4028241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian haploid cell lines provide useful tools for both genetic studies and transgenic animal production. To derive porcine haploid cells, three sets of experiments were conducted. First, genomes of blastomeres from 8-cell to 16-cell porcine parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos were examined by chromosome spread analysis. An intact haploid genome was maintained by 48.15% of blastomeres. Based on this result, two major approaches for amplifying the haploid cell population were tested. First, embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells were cultured from PA blastocyst stage embryos, and second, fetal fibroblasts from implanted day 30 PA fetuses were cultured. A total of six ES-like cell lines were derived from PA blastocysts. No chromosome spread with exactly 19 chromosomes (the normal haploid complement) was found. Four cell lines showed a tendency to develop to polyploidy (more than 38 chromosomes). The karyotypes of the fetal fibroblasts showed different abnormalities. Cells with 19–38 chromosomes were the predominant karyotype (59.48–60.91%). The diploid cells were the second most observed karyotype (16.17%–22.73%). Although a low percentage (3.45–8.33%) of cells with 19 chromosomes were detected in 18.52% of the fetus-derived cell lines, these cells were not authentic haploid cells since they exhibited random losses or gains of some chromosomes. The haploid fibroblasts were not efficiently enriched via flow cytometry sorting. On the contrary, the diploid cells were efficiently enriched. The enriched parthenogenetic diploid cells showed normal karyotypes and expressed paternally imprinted genes at extremely low levels. We concluded that only a limited number of authentic haploid cells could be obtained from porcine cleavage-stage parthenogenetic embryos. Unlike mouse, the karyotype of porcine PA embryo-derived haploid cells is not stable, long-term culture of parthenogenetic embryos, either in vivo or in vitro, resulted in abnormal karyotypes. The porcine PA embryo-derived diploid fibroblasts enriched from sorting might be candidate cells for paternally imprinted gene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongxia Hou
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xuejie Han
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ting Yun
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yuhang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xianghua Huang
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Daorong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueling Li
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RL)
| | - Rongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (RL)
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