Effects of rumen-protected methionine and choline supplementation on steroidogenic potential of the first postpartum dominant follicle and expression of immune mediators in Holstein cows

Rumen-protected methionine supplementation alters lipid profile of preimplantation embryo and endometrial tissue of Holstein cows

Our objective is to evaluate the effects of feeding rumen-protected Met (RPM) throughout the transition period and early lactation on the lipid profile of the preimplantation embryos and the endometrial tissue of Holstein cows. Treatments consisted of feeding a total mixed ration with top-dressed RPM (Smartamine® M, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA, United States; MET; n = 11; RPM at a rate of 0.08% of DM: Lys:Met = 2.8:1) or not (CON; n = 9, Lys:Met = 3.5:1). Endometrial biopsies were performed at 15, 30, and 73 days in milk (DIM). Prior to the endometrial biopsy at 73 DIM, preimplantation embryos were harvested via flushing. Endometrial lipid profiles were analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring-profiling and lipid profiles of embryos were acquired using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Relative intensities levels were used for principal component analysis. Embryos from cows in MET had greater concentration of polyunsaturated lipids than embryos from cows in CON. The endometrial tissue samples from cows in MET had lesser concentrations of unsaturated and monounsaturated lipids at 15 DIM, and greater concentration of saturated, unsaturated (specifically diacylglycerol), and monounsaturated (primarily ceramides) lipids at 30 DIM than the endometrial tissue samples from cows in CON. In conclusion, feeding RPM during the transition period and early lactation altered specific lipid classes and lipid unsaturation level of preimplantation embryos and endometrial tissue.

Association of dry matter intake, milk yield, and days to first ovulation with cytological endometritis in Holstein cows

Dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d) is closely related to the magnitude of negative energy and protein balance during the transition period, and the metabolic adaptations to support lactation in dairy cows. Thus, DMI might affect the development of cytological endometritis in the early postpartum period. Difficulty to adapt to these metabolic changes is related to impaired immune function and increased occurrence of reproductive disorders. We aimed to examine the association of pre- and postpartum DMI, body weight (BW), body condition score, milk yield and milk composition, and days to first ovulation with cytological endometritis at 15 (CYT15) and 30 DIM (CYT30). A second objective was to understand the association of vaginal discharge with CYT15 and CYT30 and performance. We conducted a pooled statistical analysis of 5 studies, including data from 280 multiparous Holstein cows. Based on the cutoffs for the percentage of uterine polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), determined by taking the median value of the data set for 15 and 30 DIM, cows were categorized as follows: LOW15 (PMN % at 15 DIM ≤24%; n = 125), HIGH15 (PMN % at 15 DIM >24%; n = 125), LOW30 (PMN % at 30DIM ≤7%; n = 141); and HIGH30 (PMN % at 30DIM >7%; n = 139). Cows in HIGH15 consumed an average of 1.97 ± 0.5 kg/d less DM than cows in LOW15 during prepartum, and 3.01 ± 0.5 kg/d less DM during postpartum. Dry matter intake (as a percentage of BW) was higher for cows in LOW15 during pre- and postpartum than for cows in HIGH15. Moreover, cows in HIGH15 tended to have lower milk yield than cows in LOW15 from the third until the fifth week postpartum. Although DMI was not associated with CYT30, DMI (as a percentage of BW) was lower for cows in LOW30 pre- and postpartum than for cows in HIGH30. There was no association between CYT30 and milk yield. Cows in LOW15 had greater days to first ovulation than cows in HIGH15, while cows in LOW30 also had greater days to first ovulation than cows in HIGH30. Simple regression analyses demonstrated linear associations of increased DMI, particularly postpartum, with decreased uterine PMN percentage and lower vaginal discharge score. Additionally, increased units of vaginal discharge score and increased percentage units of uterine PMN were linearly associated with decreased milk yield. Corroborating with the notion of the ovarian function being associated with uterine inflammatory status, cows in HIGH15 and HIGH30 ovulated on average 3 d before than cows in LOW15 and LOW30, respectively. Cytological endometritis at 15 DIM was associated with lower DMI from 4 wk before calving until 4 wk postpartum and was associated with lower milk yield. The association of vaginal discharge with cytological endometritis was variable and dependent on the day of evaluation.

The effects of rumen protected methionine supplementation on the performance of primiparous dairy cows using the Presynch-Ovsynch protocol

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) supplementation on the reproductive and productive performance of primiparous dairy cows fed two levels of protein. The Presynch-Ovsynch protocol was used to synchronize 36 lactating Holstein cows that were assigned randomly to one of six dietary treatments: (1) 14% CP and without RPM diet (14CP-0RPM; n = 6), (2) 14% CP and 15 g/head/day RPM (14CP-15RPM; n = 6), (3) 14% CP and 25 g/head/day RPM (14CP-25RPM; n = 6), (4) 16% CP and without RPM diet (16CP-0RPM; n = 6), (5) 16% CP and 15 g/head/day RPM (16CP-15RPM; n = 6), and (6) 16% CP and 25 g/head/day RPM (16CP-25RPM; n = 6). Independent of CP levels, feeding RPM had reduced the calving interval (P < 0.01). Feeding RPM increased (P < 0.01) overall plasma progesterone (P4). Feeding 16CP-15RPM increased (P < 0.01) overall plasma P4. Feeding 16% CP increased (P < 0.01) 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yield, and milk casein. Moreover, feeding the 25RPM has increased (P < 0.01) 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat, and protein yield. Compared with other treatments, feeding 16CP-25RPM or 16CP-15RPM enhanced (P < 0.01) milk yield and milk fat yield. In conclusion, feeding 16% CP with RPM boosted the productivity and reduced the calving interval in primiparous lactating dairy cows.

Maternal supply of a source of omega-3 fatty acids and methionine during late gestation on the offspring's growth, metabolism, carcass characteristic, and liver's mRNA expression in sheep

The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with fatty acids (FAs) and methionine (Met) during late gestation on offspring growth, energy metabolism, plasma resolvin (RvD1) concentration, carcass characteristics, and hepatic mRNA expression. Ewes (5 pens/treatment; 3 ewes/pen) blocked by body weight (BW) were assigned to one of four treatments from day 100 of gestation until lambing. The treatments were: basal diet (NS) without FAs or Met supplementation; FA supplementation (FS; 1.01 % of Ca salts, containing n-3 FA); Met supplementation (MS; 0.1 % of rumen-protected methionine); and FS and MS (FS-MS). At birth (day 0), ewes and lambs were placed in a common pen. On day 60, lambs were weaned, sorted by sex, blocked by BW, and placed on a common finishing diet for 54 d (FP). A lamb per pen was used for a glucose tolerance test (GTT) after the FP. Carcass characteristics were recorded on day 56. Lamb data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with repeated measurements when needed (SAS 9.4). At weaning, lambs born to MS- or FS-fed ewes were heavier than lambs born from FS-MS ewes (FS × MS × Time; P = 0.02). A marginal significant FS × MS interaction (P = 0.09) was also observed on RvD1; lambs born to ewes in the NS and FS-MS treatments showed a lower RvD1 plasma concentration when compared with lambs born to FS- or MS-fed ewes. Lambs born to dams fed FA showed an increase (P = 0.05) in liver COX-2 mRNA relative expression. Lambs born to ewes supplemented with Met showed an increase (P = 0.03) in liver FABP4 mRNA expression. An FS × MS × Time interaction (P = 0.07) was observed in plasma glucose during the GTT; lambs born from FS-fed ewes showed lower plasma glucose concentration than lambs born to Met-supplemented ewes at 2 min after bolus administration. During the GTT, a marginal significant effect (P = 0.06) was observed for the lamb average insulin concentration due to maternal Met supplementation during late gestation, where these lambs had the lowest plasma concentration. Contrary to our hypothesis, the interaction of FA and Met supplementation during late gestation did not show a greater positive effect on offspring postnatal growth and metabolism. However, the individual supplementation of each nutrient has an effect on offspring development with a concomitant change in markers involved in the inflammatory response and energy metabolism.

Harnessing the Value of Rumen Protected Amino Acids to Enhance Animal Performance – A Review

In general, higher mammals need nine amino acids (AA) in their diets as building blocks to synthesize proteins while ruminants can produce some of them through the synthesis of microbial proteins. Diet is utilized by ruminal microorganisms to synthesize microbial protein (MCP) which is digested in the small intestine (SI). Although protein and amino acid requirements in ruminants are subject to microbial protein synthesis, it is not enough for optimal daily production. Therefore, there is a current trend towards supplementing amino acids in ruminant diets. In the rumen, free amino acids can be degraded by rumen bacteria, therefore, the AAs need to be supplemented in a protected form to be stable in the rumen and absorbable post-ruminal for metabolic purposes. The main site of amino acid absorption is the small intestine (SI), and there is a need to keep AA from ruminal degradation and direct them to absorption sites. Several approaches have been suggested by feed scientists to decrease this problem such as defaunation and debacterization of the rumen against amino acid-fermenting fungi and bacteria, inhibitors or antagonists of vitamin B6 enzymes, diet composition and also protecting AA from rumen degradation. A number of studies have evaluated the roles of amino acids concerning their effects on milk yield, growth, digestibility, feed intake and efficiency of nitrogen utilization of ruminants. The focus of this review was on experimental and research studies about AAs in feedstuff, metabolism, supplementing amino acids for ruminants and the current trends of using rumen protected amino acids.

Major Nutritional Metabolic Alterations Influencing the Reproductive System of Postpartum Dairy Cows

Early successful conception of postpartum dairy cows is crucial in determining the optimum reproductive efficiency and profitability in modern dairy farming. Due to the inherent high production potential of modern dairy cows, the extra stress burden of peri-parturient events, and associated endocrine and metabolic changes causes negative energy balance (NEBAL) in postpartum cows. The occurrence of NEBAL is associated with excessive fat mobilization in the form of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The phenomenon of NEFA mobilization furthers with occurrence of ketosis and fatty liver in postpartum dairy cows. High NEFAs and ketones are negatively associated with health and reproductive processes. An additional burden of hypocalcemia, ruminal acidosis, and high protein metabolism in postpartum cows presents further consequences for health and reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. This review intends to comprehend these major nutritional metabolic alterations, their mechanisms of influence on the reproduction process, and relevant mitigation strategies.

Effects of maternal dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and methionine during late gestation on fetal growth, DNA methylation, and mRNA relative expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in placenta and offspring's liver in sheep

BACKGROUND

Omega-3 PUFA or methionine (Met) supply during gestation alters offspring physiology. However, the effect of both nutrients on fetal development has not been explored. Our objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of these two nutrients during late gestation on fetal growth, DNA methylation, and mRNA expression of genes associated with the inflammatory response, and DNA methylation. Ewes (n = 5/treatment) were fed from day 100 to 145 of gestation one of the following treatments: 1) basal diet (NS) without fatty acids (FS) or methionine (MS) supplementation; 2) FS (10 g/kg Ca salts, source omega-3 PUFA); 3) MS (1 g/kg rumen protected methionine); and 4) FS and MS (FS-MS). On day 145, ewes were euthanized, and data from dams and fetus was recorded. Placenta (cotyledon), fetal liver, and blood samples were collected.

RESULTS

A treatments interaction on fetal liver weight, ewe body weight and body condition score (BCS) was observed; FS-MS were heavier (P <  0.01) than FS and MS, and FS-MS ewes had a better (P = 0.02) BCS than NS. Methionine increased (P = 0.03) ewe plasma glucose concentration. Fetal liver global DNA methylation increased (P <  0.01) in FS and MS. Dietary treatments modify the mRNA relative expression on some of the genes evaluated. In the fetal liver, FS increased (P = 0.04) the mRNA relative expression of arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase-activating-protein and tended to decrease (P = 0.06) methionine-adenosyltransferase-1A. Moreover, MS decreased (P = 0.04) DNA-methyltransferase-1 and tended to decrease (P = 0.08) free-fatty-acid-receptor-1 mRNA relative expression. Furthermore, FS-MS decreased mRNA relative expression of tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha (P = 0.05), peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-delta (P = 0.03) and gamma (P = 0.04), tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.09) interleukin-6, fatty-acid-transport-protein-1, and delta-5-desaturase, and increased adenosylhomocysteinase (P = 0.04) mRNA relative expression. In cotyledon, FS tended to decrease fatty acid binding protein 4 (P = 0.09) mRNA relative expression.

CONCLUSION

Omega-3 PUFA and Met supplementation improves dam's performance in late gestation, which was positively correlated with an increase in offspring's liver development. Moreover, FS-MS decreased mRNA relative expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and lipogenic genes, and increased the expression on an enzyme that has an important role in methylation.

Feeding rumen-protected lysine prepartum increases energy-corrected milk and milk component yields in Holstein cows during early lactation

Feeding rumen-protected Lys (RPL) may be used to increase lactation performance in dairy cows; however, the effect of feeding RPL during the prepartum period and subsequent effect on postpartum performance is not well explored. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding RPL (AjiPro-L Generation 3, Ajinomoto Heartland Inc., Chicago, IL) prepartum, postpartum, or both on performance, health, and blood metabolites. Seventy-five multiparous Holstein cows, blocked by parity, previous 305-d mature-equivalent milk production, expected calving date, and body condition score during the far-off dry period were assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: total mixed ration with or without RPL in a randomized, complete block design. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Prepartum (-28 d to calving), animals were fed a diet (forage, 68% of dietary DM) with RPL [PRE-L; 0.54% RPL of dietary dry matter intake (DMI)] or without RPL (control; PRE-C). After calving, half of the cows from each prepartum treatment group were assigned to a diet (forage, 55.5% of dietary DM) with RPL (PRE-L POST-L; PRE-C POST-L; 0.40% RPL of dietary DMI) or without RPL (PRE-C POST-C; PRE-L POST-C) until d 28 postpartum. Cows were milked twice a day and milk samples were taken on 7 ± 1.3, 14 ± 1.4, and 28 ± 1.1 d relative to calving (DRC). Milk yield and DMI were recorded daily. Blood samples were taken for plasma AA analysis on -7 ± 0.5, 0 ± 0.5, 7 ± 0.9, and 14 ± 0.9 DRC. Cows in PRE-L had greater body weight at -2 and -1 wk before calving compared with those in PRE-C, though body weight change from wk -4 to -1 was not different. Body weight (717 ± 6 kg) was greater and DMI (18.1 ± 0.7 kg) tended to be greater for cows in PRE-L POST-L and PRE-L POST-C compared with those that were in PRE-C POST-L and PRE-C POST-C (707 ± 6 and 16.8 ± 0.7 kg, respectively). Energy-corrected milk (48.8 ± 1.9 kg/d), milk fat (1.9 ± 0.1 kg/d), milk true protein (1.4 ± 0.1 kg/d), milk casein (0.6 ± 0.04 kg/d), and milk lactose yields (2.1 ± 0.1 kg/d) were greater for cows in PRE-L POST-L and PRE-L POST-C compared with those that were in PRE-C POST-L and PRE-C POST-C (44.2 ± 1.9, 1.7 ± 0.1, 1.3 ± 0.1, 0.5 ± 0.04, 1.9 ± 0.1 kg/d, respectively). Plasma concentrations of Lys prepartum (69.8 ± 1.8 µM) increased for cows in PRE-L compared with those in PRE-C (62.5 ± 1.3 µM). In conclusion, RPL consumed prepartum tended to increase postpartum DMI and increased energy-corrected milk and milk component yields. This indicates that prepartum supply of intestinally available Lys is pertinent to postpartum performance. However, postpartum supply of intestinally available Lys had no effect on cows' performance.

Symposium review: Nutrition strategies for improved health, production, and fertility during the transition period

Dairy cow nutritional programs are a major determinant of the profitability of dairy farms. Despite this, the sustainability of the dairy enterprise is beyond just cow nutrition. For almost 50 yr, the NC-2042 project (Management Systems to Improve the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Dairy Enterprises) has been addressing most of these components as individual research units and in integrated ways. This review has the objective to report the body of research developed by members of the group in connection with the existing literature on dietary formulation and feeding management during the dry period, peripartal period, and early postpartum (fresh) period. Peak disease incidence (shortly after parturition) corresponds with the time of greatest negative energy balance (NEB), the peak in blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, and the greatest acceleration of milk yield. Decreased fertility in the face of increasing milk production may be attributable to greater severity of postpartal NEB resulting from inadequate transition management or increased rates of disease. The depth and duration of NEB is highly related to dry matter intake. Periparturient diseases can result from adverse ruminal conditions caused by excessive grain in the precalving or fresh cow diet, perhaps aggravated by overcrowding, heat stress, or other stressors. Others have also implicated inflammatory responses in alterations of metabolism, occurrence of health problems, and impaired reproduction. Providing controlled-energy and negative dietary cation-anion difference diets prepartum may improve dairy cow performance during the transition period. A major area of concern in the fresh cow period is a sudden increase in dietary energy density leading to subacute ruminal acidosis, which can decrease dry matter intake and digestibility of nutrients. Adequate physical form of the diet, derived from either forage neutral detergent fiber content or a mixing strategy of different ingredients in a total mixed ration, must be present to stimulate ruminal activity and chewing behavior. In conclusion, formulation and delivery of appropriate diets that limit total energy intake to requirements but also provide proper intakes of all other nutrients (including the most limiting amino acids Met and Lys) before calving can help lessen the extent of NEB after calving. Effects of such diets on indicators of metabolic health are generally positive, suggesting the potential to lessen effects of periparturient disease on fertility.

Beneficial effects of rumen-protected methionine on nitrogen-use efficiency, histological parameters, productivity and reproductive performance of ruminants

Providing essential amounts of balanced nutrients is one of the most vital aspects of livestock production. Among nutrients, protein has an essential role in many physiological functions of animals. Amino acids in needs for both high and medium yielding ruminant animals are not fully covered by microbial degraded feed sources in the rumen of animals, and they must be met by protecting the proteins from being broken down in the rumen; hence, the dietary supplementation of rumen-protected proteins (RPP), including mainly rumen-protected methionine (RPM), became imperative. Many researchers are interested in studying the role of (RPM) in ruminant animals concerning its effect on milk yield, growth performance, digestibility, dry matter intake and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Unfortunately, results obtained from several investigations regarding RPM indicated great fluctuation between its useful and useless effects in ruminant nutrition particularly during early and late lactation period; therefore, this review article may be helpful for ruminant farm owners when they decide to supplement RPM in animal's diet. Conclusively, supplementation of RPM often has a balanced positive influence, without any reported negative impact on milk yield, growth performance and blood parameters especially in early lactating ruminant animals and when used with the low crude protein diet.

Supplementing rumen-protected methionine to lactating multiparous dairy cows did not improve reproductive performance

There is evidence that supplementing methionine has positive effects on uterine environment, oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate reproductive traits of cows supplemented with rumen‐protected methionine (RPM) during early to mid‐lactation in comparison with an untreated control group (CON). An additional focus was on the effect of puerperal diseases on reproductive performance parameters in RPM‐supplemented group MET and in CON. A total of 1,709 multiparous Holstein‐Friesian cows were enrolled in this field trial conducted on a commercial dairy farm in Slovakia. Cows were allocated at approximately 12 days post‐partum (dpp) to either CON or MET, the latter supplemented with 25.0 g–27.2 g RPM per cow per day incorporated into the total mixed ration (TMR) until leaving the study pen at approximately 140 dpp. The amount of RPM was calculated based on individual feed ingredients analysis and adjusted during the study period when TMR changed. Cows were monitored during the post‐partum period by vaginal examination (day 5 pp), measuring of beta‐hydroxybutyrate in blood (3, 5, and 8 dpp) and by vaginal examination, uterine cytology and measuring of back fat thickness by ultrasound (all at 31 ± 3 dpp).

Compared with CON, cows supplemented with RPM did not show better reproduction performance parameters (first service submission rate, days to first service, conception risk, days open 140). Results from binary logistic regression model for the risk of conception showed that metritis had a significant effect, but the supplementation of methionine had not. Results of Cox regression analysis for the odds of conception within 140 dpp revealed only metritis and clinical endometritis as significant factors. In conclusion, supplementation of RPM had no beneficial effect on reproductive performance in this study farm compared with an untreated control group.

Rumen-protected methionine in cattle: influences on reproduction, immune response, and productive performance

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, information and knowledge generated about the main ingredients used in cattle diets have enabled greater assertiveness in their formulation. Among the ingredients, amino acids stand out as a promising tool, capable of reducing total crude protein (CP) levels and adjusting optimal metabolizable protein concentrations in diets. Nutritional programs allow diets due to amino acid requirements, providing the opportunity to increase the efficiency of the use of dietary nitrogen, increasing the scarce protein concentrates, maintaining or even boosting performance. This review aimed to present the influences of methionine, in its formulation protected from ruminal degradation, according to reproductive parameters, immune response, and productive performance in cattle. Reproduction-related benefits are linked to the early days of embryonic implantation in the uterine environment, which initially secretes through the histotroph produced by endometrial glands, the nutrients needed to develop the conceptus until implantation, and vascular communication with the mother. Given the immune response, the main results are related to the benefits of innate immunity, with marked increase in phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes, as well as an important antioxidant effect mediated by methionine products, such as glutathione. When evaluating the influences on productivity, the most evident correlation is the increase in protein in the milk of cows supplemented with methionine. Over the past decade, studies investigating the potential benefits of this strategic supplementation in beef cattle were intensified, expanding the opportunities for the development of new experimental projects.