1
|
Ye S, Mahmood DFD, Ma F, Leng L, Bucala R, Vera PL. Urothelial Oxidative Stress and ERK Activation Mediate HMGB1-Induced Bladder Pain. Cells 2023; 12:1440. [PMID: 37408274 PMCID: PMC10217556 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of intravesical protease activated receptors-4 (PAR4) results in bladder pain through the release of urothelial macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). We aimed to identify HMGB1 downstream signaling events at the bladder that mediate HMGB1-induced bladder pain in MIF-deficient mice to exclude any MIF-related effects. We studied whether oxidative stress and ERK activation are involved by examining bladder tissue in mice treated with intravesical disulfide HMGB1 for 1 h and analyzed with Western blot and immunohistochemistry. HMGB1 intravesical treatment increased urothelium 4HNE and phospho-ERK1/2 staining, suggesting that HMGB1 increased urothelial oxidative stress and ERK activation. Furthermore, we examined the functional roles of these events. We evaluated lower abdominal mechanical thresholds (an index of bladder pain) before and 24 h after intravesical PAR4 or disulfide HMGB1. Intravesical pre-treatments (10 min prior) included: N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA, reactive oxygen species scavenger) and FR180204 (FR, selective ERK1/2 inhibitor). Awake micturition parameters (voided volume; frequency) were assessed at 24 h after treatment. Bladders were collected for histology at the end of the experiment. Pre-treatment with NACA or FR significantly prevented HMGB1-induced bladder pain. No significant effects were noted on micturition volume, frequency, inflammation, or edema. Thus, HMGB1 activates downstream urothelial oxidative stress production and ERK1/2 activation to mediate bladder pain. Further dissection of HMGB1 downstream signaling pathway may lead to novel potential therapeutic strategies to treat bladder pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Ye
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Dlovan F. D. Mahmood
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Fei Ma
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Lin Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Pedro L. Vera
- Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Renna SA, McKenzie SE, Michael JV. Species Differences in Platelet Protease-Activated Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098298. [PMID: 37176005 PMCID: PMC10179473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a class of integral membrane proteins that are cleaved by a variety of proteases, most notably thrombin, to reveal a tethered ligand and promote activation. PARs are critical mediators of platelet function in hemostasis and thrombosis, and therefore are attractive targets for anti-platelet therapies. Animal models studying platelet PAR physiology have relied heavily on genetically modified mouse strains, which have provided ample insight but have some inherent limitations. The current review aims to summarize the notable PAR expression and functional differences between the mouse and human, in addition to highlighting some recently developed tools to further study human physiology in mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Renna
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - James V Michael
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Merali S, Wang Z, Frost C, Callejo M, Hedrick M, Hui L, Meadows Shropshire S, Xu K, Bouvier M, DeSouza MM, Yang J. New oral protease-activated receptor 4 antagonist BMS-986120: tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and gene variant effects in humans. Platelets 2022; 33:969-978. [PMID: 35758258 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2088719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BMS-986120 is a novel first-in-class oral protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) antagonist exhibiting robust antithrombotic activity that has shown low bleeding risk in monkeys. We sought to assess pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of BMS-986120 in healthy participants and platelet responses to BMS-986120 in participants carrying PAR4 A120T variants. Phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-ascending-dose (SAD; N = 56) and multiple-ascending-dose (MAD; N = 32) studies were conducted. Exposure was approximately dose-proportional: maximum concentrations 27.3 and 1536 ng/mL, areas under the curve (AUC) to infinity of 164 and 15,603 h*ng/mL, and half-lives of 44.7 and 84.1 hours for 3.0 and 180 mg, respectively. The accumulation index suggested an ~2-fold AUC increase at steady state. Single doses of 75 and 180 mg BMS-986120 produced ≥80% inhibition of 12.5 μM PAR4 agonist peptide (AP)-induced platelet aggregation through at least 24 hours postdose, and doses ≥10 mg for ~7 days inhibited aggregation completely through 24 hours. No differences in PAR4-mediated platelet response were seen between AA120 versus TT120 PAR4 variants. In cells expressing A120 or T120 PAR4 proteins, no differences in half-maximal effective concentration in receptor activation by PAR4-AP were observed. BMS-986120 was well tolerated with dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and concentration-dependent pharmacodynamics in healthy participants over a wide dose range.ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02208882.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Merali
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Charles Frost
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mario Callejo
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Hedrick
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Lester Hui
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Ke Xu
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mary M DeSouza
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Corbin LJ, White SJ, Taylor AE, Williams CM, Taylor K, van den Bosch MT, Teasdale JE, Jones M, Bond M, Harper MT, Falk L, Groom A, Hazell GG, Paternoster L, Munafò MR, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Bojesen SE, Relton C, Min JL, Davey Smith G, Mumford AD, Poole AW, Timpson NJ. Epigenetic Regulation of F2RL3 Associates With Myocardial Infarction and Platelet Function. Circ Res 2022; 130:384-400. [PMID: 35012325 PMCID: PMC8812435 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.318836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA hypomethylation at the F2RL3 (F2R like thrombin or trypsin receptor 3) locus has been associated with both smoking and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; whether these smoking-related associations form a pathway to disease is unknown. F2RL3 encodes protease-activated receptor 4, a potent thrombin receptor expressed on platelets. Given the role of thrombin in platelet activation and the role of thrombus formation in myocardial infarction, alterations to this biological pathway could be important for ischemic cardiovascular disease. METHODS We conducted multiple independent experiments to assess whether DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3 in response to smoking is associated with risk of myocardial infarction via changes to platelet reactivity. Using cohort data (N=3205), we explored the relationship between smoking, DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3, and myocardial infarction. We compared platelet reactivity in individuals with low versus high DNA methylation at F2RL3 (N=41). We used an in vitro model to explore the biological response of F2RL3 to cigarette smoke extract. Finally, a series of reporter constructs were used to investigate how differential methylation could impact F2RL3 gene expression. RESULTS Observationally, DNA methylation at F2RL3 mediated an estimated 34% of the smoking effect on increased risk of myocardial infarction. An association between methylation group (low/high) and platelet reactivity was observed in response to PAR4 (protease-activated receptor 4) stimulation. In cells, cigarette smoke extract exposure was associated with a 4.9% to 9.3% reduction in DNA methylation at F2RL3 and a corresponding 1.7-(95% CI, 1.2-2.4, P=0.04) fold increase in F2RL3 mRNA. Results from reporter assays suggest the exon 2 region of F2RL3 may help control gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Smoking-induced epigenetic DNA hypomethylation at F2RL3 appears to increase PAR4 expression with potential downstream consequences for platelet reactivity. Combined evidence here not only identifies F2RL3 DNA methylation as a possible contributory pathway from smoking to cardiovascular disease risk but from any feature potentially influencing F2RL3 regulation in a similar manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Corbin
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. White
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (S.J.W.)
| | - Amy E. Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.E.T.)
| | - Christopher M. Williams
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology (M.R.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.D.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (S.J.W.)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.E.T.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Marion T. van den Bosch
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jack E. Teasdale
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Jones
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bond
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (J.E.T., M.J., M.B.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
| | - Louise Falk
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alix Groom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina G.J. Hazell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road (M.T.H., G.G.J.H.)
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies and School of Experimental Psychology (M.R.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet (A.T.-H.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (B.G.N., A.T.-H., S.E.B.)
| | - Caroline Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Josine L. Min
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Mumford
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (A.D.M.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair W. Poole
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience (C.M.W., M.T.v.d.B., A.W.P.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at University of Bristol, United Kingdom (L.J.C., L.F., A.G., L.P., M.R.M., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.)
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School (L.J.C., A.E.T., K.T., L.F., A.G., L.P., C.R., J.L.M., G.D.S., N.J.T.), University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Selvadurai MV, Riaz M, Xie S, Tonkin A, McNeil JJ, Lacaze P, Hamilton J. The PAR4 platelet thrombin receptor variant rs773902 does not impact the incidence of thrombotic or bleeding events in a healthy older population. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:1130-1138. [PMID: 34852379 DOI: 10.1055/a-1711-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a platelet thrombin receptor important for thrombosis and a target of anti-platelet drug development. A frequently occurring single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs773902) causes a PAR4 sequence variant (NC_000019.10:p.Ala120Thr) whereby platelets from Thr120-expressing individuals are hyper-responsive to PAR4 agonists versus platelets from Ala120-expressing individuals. However, whether this enhanced platelet responsiveness translates to increased thrombotic risk or decreased bleeding risk remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To examine the association of rs773902 with adjudicated cardiovascular events and aspirin use in a randomized trial population of healthy older individuals. PATIENTS/METHODS We analyzed 13,547 participants in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial. Participants had no previous cardiovascular events at enrollment and were randomized to either 100 mg daily aspirin or placebo for a median follow-up of 4.7 years. Total genotypes were 8,761 (65%) GG (Ala120 variant), 4,303 (32%) heterozygotes, and 483 (4%) AA (Thr120 variant). Cox proportional hazard regression tested the relationship between rs773902 and thrombotic events (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE] and ischemic stroke [IS]) and bleeding (major hemorrhage [MHEM] and intracranial bleeding [ICB]). RESULTS No statistically significant association was observed overall or by treatment group between rs773902 and any thrombotic or bleeding event examined. Further, there was no significant interaction between rs773902 and treatment for any of MACE, IS, MHEM, or ICB. CONCLUSIONS This post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study suggests that, despite sensitizing platelet activation, the rs773902 PAR4 variant is not associated with thrombotic cardiovascular or bleeding events in a healthy older population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Selvadurai
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Moeen Riaz
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sophia Xie
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Justin Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El-Tamboly S, Medhat M, Khattab R, Darwish H, deghady A. Pulsed radiofrequency ablation of genicular nerve versus intra-articular radiofrequency ablation combined with platelets rich plasma for chronic kneeosteoarthritis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/11101849.2021.1949679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh El-Tamboly
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Medhat
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ragab Khattab
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hamed Darwish
- Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Akram deghady
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abraham S, Ma L, Kong X, Askari S, Edelstein LC, McKenzie SE. PCTP contributes to human platelet activation by enhancing dense granule secretion. Thromb Res 2021; 202:67-73. [PMID: 33770537 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PCTP (phosphatidylcholine transfer protein) was discovered recently to regulate aggregation of human platelets stimulated with PAR4 activating peptide (PAR4AP). However, the role of PCTP following thrombin stimulation, the mechanisms by which PCTP contributes to platelet activation, and the role of PCTP with other receptors remained unknown. As mouse platelets do not express PCTP, we treated human platelets with various agonists in the presence of the specific PCTP inhibitor A1. We observed that PCTP inhibition significantly reduced dense granule secretion in response to thrombin, PAR1AP, PAR4AP, convulxin (GPVI agonist) and FcγRIIA crosslinking. In contrast, among these agonists, PCTP inhibition reduced aggregation only to low dose thrombin and PAR4AP. Unlike its effects on dense granule secretion, PCTP inhibition did not reduce alpha granule secretion in response to thrombin or PAR4AP. PCTP inhibition reduced both the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ as well as PKC activity downstream of thrombin. These data are consistent with PCTP contributing to secretion of dense granules, and to being particularly important to human PAR4 early signaling events. Future studies will address further these molecular mechanisms and consequences for hemostasis and thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Abraham
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xianguo Kong
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Shayan Askari
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Leonard C Edelstein
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematological Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Inhibitory Effects of P2Y12 Receptor Antagonist on PAR1- and PAR4-AP-Induced Platelet Aggregation in Patients with Stroke or TIA. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 30:105547. [PMID: 33360254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inhibitory effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonist on PAR1- and PAR4-activating peptide (AP)-induced platelet aggregation have not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonist on PAR1- and PAR4-AP-induced platelet aggregation using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from individuals including patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). MATERIALS AND METHODS PRP was given to 10 healthy individuals pretreated in vitro with cangrelor, then stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), PAR4-AP, or PAR1-AP. Moreover, 20 patients were enrolled from 148 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or TIA admitted to our institute between December 2017 and April 2019. PRP obtained from each patient before and >7 days after initiation of clopidogrel was similarly stimulated with these agonists. Platelet aggregation was measured using an automatic coagulation analyzer in all participants. RESULTS In healthy individuals, ADP- and PAR4-AP-induced platelet aggregations were significantly inhibited depending on the cangrelor concentration in vitro, while PAR1-AP-induced platelet aggregation was slightly inhibited. In patients with stroke or TIA, clopidogrel inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation at all concentrations, and significantly inhibited PAR4-AP-induced platelet aggregation at 50 µmol/L of PAR4-AP (p<0.05), especially in 5 patients who showed high reactivity to PAR4-AP. PAR1-AP-induced platelet aggregation was also slightly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS We showed significant inhibitory effects on PAR4-AP-induced platelet aggregation by clopidogrel in patients with stroke or TIA who had high reactivity to PAR4-AP.
Collapse
|
9
|
Han X, Hofmann L, de la Fuente M, Alexander N, Palczewski K, Nieman MT. PAR4 activation involves extracellular loop 3 and transmembrane residue Thr153. Blood 2020; 136:2217-2228. [PMID: 32575122 PMCID: PMC7645988 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) mediates sustained thrombin signaling in platelets and is required for a stable thrombus. PAR4 is activated by proteolysis of the N terminus to expose a tethered ligand. The structural basis for PAR4 activation and the location of its ligand binding site (LBS) are unknown. Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/D exchange), computational modeling, and signaling studies, we determined the molecular mechanism for tethered ligand-mediated PAR4 activation. H/D exchange identified that the LBS is composed of transmembrane 3 (TM3) domain and TM7. Unbiased computational modeling further predicted an interaction between Gly48 from the tethered ligand and Thr153 from the LBS. Mutating Thr153 significantly decreased PAR4 signaling. H/D exchange and modeling also showed that extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) serves as a gatekeeper for the interaction between the tethered ligand and LBS. A naturally occurring sequence variant (P310L, rs2227376) and 2 experimental mutations (S311A and P312L) determined that the rigidity conferred by prolines in ECL3 are essential for PAR4 activation. Finally, we examined the role of the polymorphism at position 310 in venous thromboembolism (VTE) using the International Network Against Venous Thrombosis (INVENT) consortium multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis. Individuals with the PAR4 Leu310 allele had a 15% reduction in relative risk for VTE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94) compared with the Pro310 allele. These data are consistent with our H/D exchange, molecular modeling, and signaling studies. In conclusion, we have uncovered the structural basis for PAR4 activation and identified a previously unrecognized role for PAR4 in VTE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | - Lukas Hofmann
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Nathan Alexander
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| | | | - Marvin T Nieman
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH; and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Han X, Nieman MT. The domino effect triggered by the tethered ligand of the protease activated receptors. Thromb Res 2020; 196:87-98. [PMID: 32853981 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have a unique activation mechanism. Unlike other GPCRs that can be activated by free ligands, under physiological conditions, PARs are activated by the tethered ligand, which is a part of their N-terminus that is unmasked by proteolysis. It has been 30 years since the first member of the family, PAR1, was identified. In this review, we will discuss this unique tethered ligand mediate receptor activation of PARs in detail: how they interact with the proteases, the complex structural rearrangement of the receptors upon activation, and the termination of the signaling. We also summarize the structural studies of the PARs and how single nucleotide polymorphisms impact the receptor reactivity. Finally, we review the current strategies for inhibiting PAR function with therapeutic targets for anti-thrombosis. The focus of this review is PAR1 and PAR4 as they are the thrombin signal mediators on human platelets and therapeutics targets. We also include the structural studies of PAR2 as it informs the mechanism of action for PARs in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marvin T Nieman
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a global cause of mortality and morbidity that affect millions of lives worldwide. Following atherosclerotic plaque rupture, platelet activation and aggregation are the two major elements that initiate thrombus formation inside a coronary artery, which can obstruct blood flow and cause myocardial ischemia; ergo, antiplatelet therapy forms a major part of the treatment strategy for ACS. Patients with ACS routinely receive dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), which consists of aspirin and a platelet P2Y12 inhibitor to both treat and prevent atherothrombosis. Use of platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors is now limited due to the risk of severe bleeding and thrombocytopenia. Thus, administration of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors is generally restricted to bail out thrombotic events associated with PCI. Furthermore, current antiplatelet medications mainly rely on thromboxane A2 and P2Y12 inhibition, which have broad-acting effects on platelets and are known to cause bleeding, which especially limits the long-term use of these agents. In addition, not all ACS patients treated with current antiplatelet treatments are protected from recurrence of arterial thrombosis, since many platelet mechanisms and activation pathways remain uninhibited by current antiplatelet therapy. Pharmacological antagonism of novel targets involved in platelet function could shape future antiplatelet therapies that could ultimately lead to more effective or safer therapeutic approaches. In this article, we focus on inhibitors of promising targets that have not yet been introduced into clinical practice, including inhibitors of GPVI, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4, GPIb, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A), protein disulfide isomerase, P-selectin and phosphoinositide 3-kinase β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz O Alenazy
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark R Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.,UHB and SWBH NHS Trusts , Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mata X, Renaud G, Mollereau C. The repertoire of family A-peptide GPCRs in archaic hominins. Peptides 2019; 122:170154. [PMID: 31560950 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of G-protein coupled receptors in the regulation of many physiological functions, deciphering the relationships between genotype and phenotype in past and present hominin GPCRs is of main interest to understand the evolutionary process that contributed to the present-day variability in human traits and health. Here, we carefully examined the publicly available genomic and protein sequence databases of the archaic hominins (Neanderthal and Denisova) to draw up the catalog of coding variations in GPCRs for peptide ligands, in comparison with living humans. We then searched in the literature the functional changes, phenotypes and risk of disease possibly associated with the detected variants. Our survey suggests that Neanderthal and Denisovan hominins were likely prone to lower risk of obesity, to enhanced platelet aggregation in response to thrombin, to better response to infection, to less anxiety and aggressiveness and to favorable sociability. While some archaic variants were likely advantageous in the past, they might be responsible for maladaptive disorders today in the context of modern life and/or specific regional distribution. For example, an archaic haplotype in the neuromedin receptor 2 is susceptible to confer risk of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes in present-day Europeans. Paying attention to the pharmacological properties of some of the archaic variants described in this study may be helpful to understand the variability of therapeutic efficacy between individuals or ethnic groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Mata
- Laboratoire Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Catherine Mollereau
- Laboratoire Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li S, Tarlac V, Hamilton JR. Using PAR4 Inhibition as an Anti-Thrombotic Approach: Why, How, and When? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225629. [PMID: 31717963 PMCID: PMC6888008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of four GPCRs with a variety of cellular functions, yet the only advanced clinical endeavours to target these receptors for therapeutic gain to date relates to the impairment of platelet function for anti-thrombotic therapy. The only approved PAR antagonist is the PAR1 inhibitor, vorapaxar—the sole anti-platelet drug against a new target approved in the past 20 years. However, there are two PARs on human platelets, PAR1 and PAR4, and more recent efforts have focused on the development of the first PAR4 antagonists, with first-in-class agents recently beginning clinical trial. Here, we review the rationale for this approach, outline the various modes of PAR4 inhibition, and speculate on the specific therapeutic potential of targeting PAR4 for the prevention of thrombotic conditions.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu N, Meng F, Yuan J, Liu L, Wang Y, Li L, Zhao T, Xu W, Tang L, Xu Y. Characterizing the interaction modes of PAR4 receptor with agonist and antagonist by molecular simulation approach. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633619500081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a promising target for antiplatelet therapy. In this study, homology modeling and molecular docking methods were used to investigate the binding modes of PAR4 agonists and antagonists. The outcomes show that agonists have good docking scores, and they also form more hydrogen bonds with PAR4 than antagonists. To reveal the different conformational changes caused by agonist and antagonist, molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on three selected PAR4 systems. Simulation results show that PAR4 activation involves breaking interactions of 3–7 lock switch (Try157 and Tyr322) and ionic lock switch (Arg188 and Asp173), and formation of transmission switch among Tyr161, Asn300 and Phe296. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the major change for agonist bound system takes place in the intracellular region while that for antagonist bound system is in the extracellular region. The binding free energy of BMS-986120 is much lower than AYPGKF, suggesting high affinity of antagonist. Moreover, the electronegative aspartic residues Asp230 and Asp235 at ECL2 are important for PAR4 binding to agonist. Clarifying the PAR4 structural characteristics may be helpful to understand the activation mechanism, giving insights into the molecular design and discovery of novel potential PAR4 antagonists in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Fancui Meng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Yanshi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Weiren Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Lida Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular, Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, P. R. China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug, Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A function-blocking PAR4 antibody is markedly antithrombotic in the face of a hyperreactive PAR4 variant. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1283-1293. [PMID: 29884748 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombin activates human platelets via 2 protease-activated receptors (PARs), PAR1 and PAR4, both of which are antithrombotic drug targets: a PAR1 inhibitor is approved for clinical use, and a PAR4 inhibitor is in trial. However, a common sequence variant in human PAR4 (rs773902, encoding Thr120 in place of Ala120) renders the receptor more sensitive to agonists and less sensitive to antagonists. Here, we develop the first human monoclonal function-blocking antibody to human PAR4 and show it provides equivalent efficacy against the Ala120 and Thr120 PAR4 variants. This candidate was generated from a panel of anti-PAR4 antibodies, was found to bind PAR4 with affinity (KD ≈ 0.4 nM) and selectivity (no detectable binding to any of PAR1, PAR2, or PAR3), and is capable of near-complete inhibition of thrombin cleavage of either the Ala120 or Thr120 PAR4 variant. Platelets from individuals expressing the Thr120 PAR4 variant exhibit increased thrombin-induced aggregation and phosphatidylserine exposure vs those with the Ala120 PAR4 variant, yet the PAR4 antibody inhibited these responses equivalently (50% inhibitory concentration, 4.3 vs 3.2 µg/mL against Ala120 and Thr120, respectively). Further, the antibody significantly impairs platelet procoagulant activity in an ex vivo thrombosis assay, with equivalent inhibition of fibrin formation and overall thrombus size in blood from individuals expressing the Ala120 or Thr120 PAR4 variant. These findings reveal antibody-mediated inhibition of PAR4 cleavage and activation provides robust antithrombotic activity independent of the rs773902 PAR4 sequence variant and provides rationale for such an approach for antithrombotic therapy targeting this receptor.
Collapse
|