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Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Temporelli P, Bilato C. Trends in mortality related to venous thromboembolism in the European Union, 2012-2020. Intern Emerg Med 2024; 19:941-949. [PMID: 38448688 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We sought to assess the sex- and age-specific trends in venous thromboembolism (VTE) mortality in the 27 European Union Member States (EU-27) between years 2012 and 2020. Data on cause-specific deaths and population numbers by sex for each country of the EU-27 were retrieved through the publicly available European Statistical Office (EUROSTAT) dataset for the years 2012-2020. VTE-related deaths were ascertained when ICD-10 codes I26, I80, and I82.9 were listed as the primary cause of death in the medical death certificate. To calculate annual trends, we assessed the average annual percent change (AAPC) with relative 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Joinpoint regression. During the study period, 96,037 (55,278 males and 40,759 females) died for VTE. The age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) linearly declined from 2.86 (95% CI 2.84-2.90) deaths per 100,000 individuals in 2012 to 2.53 (95% CI 2.50-2.56) deaths per 100,000 population in 2020 [AAPC: - 2.1% (95% CI - 3.6 to - 0.6), p = 0.001] without differences between sexes (p = 0.60). The higher AAMR was observed in some eastern European countries such as Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Lithuania. On the contrary, the lower AAMR was mainly clustered in the Mediterranean area (Italy, Spain, and Cyprus). Over the last decade, the age-adjusted VTE-related mortality has been continuously declining in most of the in EU-27 Member States. However, some disparities still exist between western and eastern European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zuin
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Rigatelli
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedali Riuniti Padova Sud, Schiavonia, Padua, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Temporelli
- Division of Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Gattico-Veruno, Italy
| | - Claudio Bilato
- Department of Cardiology, West Vicenza Hospital, Arzignano, Italy
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2
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Farmakis IT, Kaier K, Hobohm L, Mohr K, Valerio L, Barco S, Konstantinides SV, Binder H. Healthcare resource utilisation and associated costs after low-risk pulmonary embolism: pre-specified analysis of the Home Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism (HoT-PE) study. Clin Res Cardiol 2024:10.1007/s00392-023-02355-5. [PMID: 38170252 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-023-02355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) and its sequelae impact healthcare systems globally. Low-risk PE patients can be managed with early discharge strategies leading to cost savings, but post-discharge costs are undetermined. PURPOSE To define healthcare resource utilisation and overall costs during follow-up of low-risk PE. METHODS We used an incidence-based, bottom-up approach and calculated direct and indirect costs over 3-month follow-up after low-risk PE, with data from the Home Treatment of Patients with Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism (HoT-PE) cohort study. RESULTS Average 3-month costs per patient having suffered low-risk PE were 7029.62 €; of this amount, 4872.93 € were associated with PE, accounting to 69.3% of total costs. Specifically, direct costs totalled 3019.33 €, and of those, 862.64 € (28.6%) were associated with PE. Anticoagulation (279.00 €), rehospitalisations (296.83 €), and ambulatory visits (194.95 €) comprised the majority of the 3-month direct costs. The remaining costs amounting to 4010.29 € were indirect costs due to loss of productivity. CONCLUSION In a patient cohort with acute low-risk PE followed over 3 months, the majority of costs were indirect costs related to productivity loss, whereas direct, PE-specific post-discharge costs were low. Effective interventions are needed to reduce the burden of PE and associated costs, especially those related to productivity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis T Farmakis
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaier
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lukas Hobohm
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Mohr
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luca Valerio
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefano Barco
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Angiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stavros V Konstantinides
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Cardiology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Ingemann-Molden S, Caspersen CK, Rolving N, Højen AA, Klok FA, Grove EL, Brocki BC, Andreasen J. Comparison of important factors to patients recovering from pulmonary embolism and items covered in patient-reported outcome measures: A mixed-methods systematic review. Thromb Res 2024; 233:69-81. [PMID: 38029548 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to 50 % of patients recovering from pulmonary embolism (PE) experience negative long-term outcomes. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are important in identifying what matters to patients. We aimed to identify PROMs used in clinical studies and recommended by the International Consortium of Health Outcomes (ICHOM) and compare individual items with factors considered important by patients recovering from PE. METHODS This was a convergent mixed-methods systematic review, including quantitative studies, using PROMs and qualitative studies with non-cancer-related PE patients. Items from each PROM and qualitative findings were categorised using an International Classification of Function linking process to allow for integrated synthesis. RESULTS A total of 68 studies using 34 different PROMs with 657 items and 13 qualitative studies with 408 findings were included. A total of 104 individual ICF codes were used, and subsequently sorted into 20 distinct categories representing patient concerns. Identified PROMs were found to adequately cover 17/20 categories, including anxiety, fear of bleeding, stress, depression, dizziness/nausea, sleep disturbance, pain, dyspnea, fatigue, activity levels, family and friends, socializing, outlook on life, and medical treatment. PROMs from the ICHOM core set covered the same categories, except for dizziness/nausea. CONCLUSIONS No single PROM covered all aspects assessed as important by the PE population. PROMs recommended in the ICHOM core set cover 16/20 aspects. However, worrisome thoughts, hypervigilance around symptoms, and uncertainty of illness were experienced by patients with PE but were not covered by PROMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Ingemann-Molden
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | - Nanna Rolving
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anette Arbjerg Højen
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital and Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik L Grove
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Barbara Cristina Brocki
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jane Andreasen
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Aalborg Health and Rehabilitation Centre, Aalborg Municipality, Aalborg, Denmark
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4
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Luijten D, de Jong CMM, Ninaber MK, Spruit MA, Huisman MV, Klok FA. Post-Pulmonary Embolism Syndrome and Functional Outcomes after Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:848-860. [PMID: 35820428 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1749659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Survivors of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) are at risk of developing persistent, sometimes disabling symptoms of dyspnea and/or functional limitations despite adequate anticoagulant treatment, fulfilling the criteria of the post-PE syndrome (PPES). PPES includes chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease, post-PE cardiac impairment (characterized as persistent right ventricle impairment after PE), and post-PE functional impairment. To improve the overall health outcomes of patients with acute PE, adequate measures to diagnose PPES and strategies to prevent and treat PPES are essential. Patient-reported outcome measures are very helpful to identify patients with persistent symptoms and functional impairment. The primary concern is to identify and adequately treat patients with CTEPH as early as possible. After CTEPH is ruled out, additional diagnostic tests including cardiopulmonary exercise tests, echocardiography, and imaging of the pulmonary vasculature may be helpful to rule out non-PE-related comorbidities and confirm the ultimate diagnosis. Most PPES patients will show signs of physical deconditioning as main explanation for their clinical presentation. Therefore, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation provides a good potential treatment option for this patient category, which warrants testing in adequately designed and executed randomized trials. In this review, we describe the definition and characteristics of PPES and its diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwke Luijten
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M M de Jong
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Spruit
- Department of Research & Development, Ciro, Horn, The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno V Huisman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Mohseni H, Canoy D, Pinho-Gomes AC, Hassaine A, Dehghan A, Tregouet DA, Smith NL, Rahimi K. Blood pressure and risk of venous thromboembolism: a cohort analysis of 5.5 million UK adults and Mendelian randomization studies. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:835-842. [PMID: 36031541 PMCID: PMC10153414 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Evidence for the effect of elevated blood pressure (BP) on the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been conflicting. We sought to assess the association between systolic BP and the risk of VTE. METHODS AND RESULTS Three complementary studies comprising an observational cohort analysis, a one-sample and two-sample Mendelian randomization were conducted using data from 5 588 280 patients registered in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) dataset and 432 173 UK Biobank participants with valid genetic data. Summary statistics of International Network on Venous Thrombosis genome-wide association meta-analysis was used for two-sample Mendelian randomization. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of VTE event, identified from hospital discharge reports, death registers, and/or primary care records. In the CPRD cohort, 104 017(1.9%) patients had a first diagnosis of VTE during the 9.6-year follow-up. Each 20 mmHg increase in systolic BP was associated with a 7% lower risk of VTE [hazard ratio: 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.92-0.94)]. Statistically significant interactions were found for sex and body mass index, but not for age and subtype of VTE (pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis). Mendelian randomization studies provided strong evidence for the association between systolic BP and VTE, both in the one-sample [odds ratio (OR): 0.69, (95% CI: 0.57-0.83)] and two-sample analyses [OR: 0.80, 95% CI: (0.70-0.92)]. CONCLUSION We found an increased risk of VTE with lower BP, and this association was independently confirmed in two Mendelian randomization analyses. The benefits of BP reduction are likely to outweigh the harms in most patient groups, but in people with predisposing factors for VTE, further BP reduction should be made cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Nazarzadeh
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Zeinab Bidel
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hamid Mohseni
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
| | - Dexter Canoy
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana-Catarina Pinho-Gomes
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Abdelaali Hassaine
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - David-Alexandre Tregouet
- INSERM UMR_S 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kazem Rahimi
- Deep Medicine, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 1st Floor, Hayes House, 75 George Street, Oxford OX1 2BQ, UK
- Medical Science Division, Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Medson K, Westerlund E, Paris RV, Fyrdahl A, Vidovic N, Nyren S, Lindholm P. Feasibility of monitoring the resolution of acute pulmonary embolism with non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at one day, one week, one, three, and six months. Acta Radiol 2023; 64:1371-1380. [PMID: 36461762 PMCID: PMC10084520 DOI: 10.1177/02841851221122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common cause of death with an incidence of approximately 1-2 cases per 1000 inhabitants in Europe and the United States. Treatment for PE is the administration of anticoagulants for at least three months. PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of following the resolution rate of PE over time using repeated imaging with a non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients (n = 18) diagnosed with acute PE via computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) underwent non-contrast-enhanced MRI at two tertiary hospitals. The first MRI was performed within 36 h of CTPA, with follow-up at one week, one, three, and six months. The MRI sequence used was a non-contrast-enhanced standard two-dimensional steady-state free precession under free-breathing and without respiratory or cardiac gating. All MRI scans were then compared to the initial CTPA. The emboli were assessed visually for location and size, and clot burden was calculated using the Qanadli score. RESULTS MRI revealed complete resolution in seven cases at one week, in five cases at one month, and in three cases at three months. The most significant resolution of emboli occurred within the first few weeks, with only 10% of the diagnosed emboli persisting at the one-month examination. CONCLUSION The use of MRI imparts the ability to visualize PE without radiation and thus allows multiple examinations to be made, for example in studies investigating the resolution of PE or the evaluation of drug effect in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiar Medson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Imaging and Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eli Westerlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Internal medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Vargas Paris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Imaging and Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Fyrdahl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Vidovic
- Department of Radiology, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Sven Nyren
- Department of Imaging and Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindholm
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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7
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de Jong CMM, Rosovsky RP, Klok FA. Outcomes of venous thromboembolism care: future directions. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1082-1089. [PMID: 36863565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete picture of the outcomes of venous thromboembolism (VTE) care consists of conventional binary clinical outcomes (death, recurrent VTE, and bleeding), patient-centered outcomes, and society-level outcomes. Combined, these allow for the introduction of outcome-driven patient-centered health care. The emerging concept of valuing health care from such a holistic point of view, ie, value-based health care, holds a huge potential to revolutionize-and improve-the organization and evaluation of care. The ultimate goal of this approach was to achieve a high value for patients, ie, the best possible clinical outcomes at the right cost, providing a framework for evaluation and comparisons of different management strategies, patient pathways, or even complete health care delivery systems. To facilitate this, outcomes of care from a patient perspective, such as symptom burden, functional limitations, and quality of life, need to be routinely captured in clinical practice and trials, complementary to the conventional clinical outcomes, to fully capture the patients' values and needs. The aim of this review was to discuss the relevant outcomes of VTE care, explore value in VTE care from different perspectives, and propose future directions to inspire change. This is a call to action to shift the focus to outcomes that matter and make a larger difference in the lives of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M M de Jong
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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8
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Heerink JS, Nies J, Koffijberg H, Oudega R, Kip MMA, Kusters R. Two point-of-care test-based approaches for the exclusion of deep vein thrombosis in general practice: a cost-effectiveness analysis. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:42. [PMID: 36750797 PMCID: PMC9903487 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-01992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the diagnostic work-up of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the use of point-of-care-test (POCT) D-dimer assays is emerging as a promising patient-friendly alternative to regular D-dimer assays, but their cost-effectiveness is unknown. We compared the cost-effectiveness of two POCT-based approaches to the most common, laboratory-based, situation. METHODS A patient-level simulation model was developed to simulate the diagnostic trajectory of patients presenting with symptoms of DVT at the general practitioner (GP). Three strategies were defined for further diagnostic work-up: one based on current guidelines ('regular strategy') and two alternative approaches where a POCT for D-dimer is implemented at the 1) phlebotomy service ('DVT care pathway') and 2) GP practice ('fast-POCT strategy'). Probabilities, costs and health outcomes were obtained from the literature. Costs and effects were determined from a societal perspective over a time horizon of 6 months. Uncertainty in model outcomes was assessed with a one-way sensitivity analysis. RESULTS The Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) scores for the three DVT diagnostic work-up strategies were all around 0.43 across a 6 month-time horizon. Cost-savings of the two POCT-based strategies compared to the regular strategy were €103/patient for the DVT care pathway (95% CI: -€117-89), and €87/patient for the fast-POCT strategy (95% CI: -€113-67). CONCLUSIONS Point-of-care-based approaches result in similar health outcomes compared with regular strategy. Given their expected cost-savings and patient-friendly nature, we recommend implementing a D-dimer POCT device in the diagnostic DVT work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Heerink
- grid.6214.10000 0004 0399 8953Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands ,grid.413508.b0000 0004 0501 9798Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 1, 5223 GZ ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - J. Nies
- GGD Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - H. Koffijberg
- grid.6214.10000 0004 0399 8953Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - R. Oudega
- grid.413508.b0000 0004 0501 9798Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 1, 5223 GZ ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - M. M. A. Kip
- grid.6214.10000 0004 0399 8953Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - R. Kusters
- grid.6214.10000 0004 0399 8953Department of Health Technology and Services Research, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands ,grid.413508.b0000 0004 0501 9798Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 1, 5223 GZ ‘s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
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9
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Lüthi-Corridori G, Giezendanner S, Kueng C, Boesing M, Leuppi-Taegtmeyer AB, Mbata MK, Schuetz P, Leuppi JD. Risk factors for hospital outcomes in pulmonary embolism: A retrospective cohort study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1120977. [PMID: 37113610 PMCID: PMC10126285 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1120977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary embolism (PE) is not only a life-threatening disease but also a public health issue with significant economic burden. The aim of the study was to identify factors-including the role of primary care-that predict length of hospital stay (LOHS), mortality and re-hospitalization within 6 months of patients admitted for PE. Method A retrospective cohort study was conducted with patients presenting to a Swiss public hospital with PE diagnosed at the hospital between November 2018 and October 2020. Multivariable logistic and zero-truncated negative binomial regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for mortality, re-hospitalization and LOHS. Primary care variables encompassed whether patients were sent by their general practitioner (GP) to the emergency department and whether a GP follow-up assessment after discharge was recommended. Further analyzed variables were pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) score, laboratory values, comorbidities, and medical history. Results A total of 248 patients were analyzed (median 73 years and 51.6% females). On average patients were hospitalized for 5 days (IQR 3-8). Altogether, 5.6% of these patients died in hospital, and 1.6% died within 30 days (all-cause mortality), 21.8% were re-hospitalized within 6 months. In addition to high PESI scores, we detected that, patients with an elevated serum troponin, as well as with diabetes had a significantly longer hospital stay. Significant risk factors for mortality were elevated NT-proBNP and PESI scores. Further, high PESI score and LOHS were associated with re-hospitalization within 6 months. PE patients who were sent to the emergency department by their GPs did not show improved outcomes. Follow-up with GPs did not have a significant effect on re-hospitalization. Conclusion Defining the factors that are associated with LOHS in patients with PE has clinical implications and may help clinicians to allocate adequate resources in the management of these patients. Serum troponin and diabetes in addition to PESI score might be of prognostic use for LOHS. In this single-center cohort study, PESI score was not only a valid predictive tool for mortality but also for long-term outcomes such as re-hospitalization within 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Lüthi-Corridori
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Giorgia Lüthi-Corridori,
| | - Stéphanie Giezendanner
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Primary Health Care, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedrine Kueng
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Boesing
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne B. Leuppi-Taegtmeyer
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Patient Safety, Medical Directorate, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Schuetz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cantonal Hospital Aarau, University Department of Medicine, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Joerg D. Leuppi
- Cantonal Hospital Baselland, University Center of Internal Medicine, Liestal, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Medson K, Yu J, Liwenborg L, Lindholm P, Westerlund E. Comparing ‘clinical hunch’ against clinical decision support systems (PERC rule, wells score, revised Geneva score and YEARS criteria) in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. BMC Pulm Med 2022; 22:432. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common and potentially life-threatening condition. Since it is considered a ‘do not miss’ diagnosis, PE tends to be over-investigated beyond the evidence-based clinical decision support systems (CDSS), which in turn subjects patients to unnecessary radiation and contrast agent exposure with no apparent benefits in terms of outcome.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the yield of ‘clinical hunch’ (gestalt) and four CDSS: the PERC Rule, Wells score, revised Geneva score, and Years criteria.
Methods
A review was conducted on the Electronic Medical Records (EMR) of 1566 patients from the Emergency Department at a tertiary teaching hospital who underwent CTPA from the 1st of January 2018 to the 31st of December 2019. The scores for the four CDSS were calculated retrospectively from the EMR data. We considered that a CTPA had been ordered on a clinical hunch when there was no mention of CDSS in the EMR, and no D-dimer test. A bypass of CDSS was confirmed when any step of the diagnostic algorithms was not followed.
Results
Of the total 1566 patients who underwent CTPA, 265 (17%) were positive for PE. The diagnosis yield from the five decision groups (clinical hunch and four CDSS) was as follows—clinical hunch, 15%; PERC rule, 18% (6% when bypassed); Wells score, 19% (11% when bypassed); revised Geneva score, 26% (13% when bypassed); and YEARS criteria, 18% (6% when bypassed).
Conclusion
Clinicians should trust the evidence-based clinical decision support systems in line with the international guidelines to diagnose PE.
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11
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Farmakis IT, Barco S, Mavromanoli AC, Agnelli G, Cohen AT, Giannakoulas G, Mahan CE, Konstantinides SV, Valerio L. Cost-of-Illness Analysis of Long-Term Health Care Resource Use and Disease Burden in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism: Insights From the PREFER in VTE Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e027514. [PMID: 36250664 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.027514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background As mortality from pulmonary embolism (PE) decreases, the personal and societal costs among survivors are receiving increasing attention. Detailing this burden would support an efficient public health resource allocation. We aimed to provide estimates for the economic and disease burden of PE also accounting for long-term health care use and both direct and indirect costs beyond the acute phase. Methods and Results This is a cost-of-illness analysis with a bottom-up approach based on data from the PREFER in VTE registry (Prevention of Thromboembolic Events-European Registry in Venous Thromboembolism). We calculated direct (clinical events and anticoagulation) and indirect costs (loss of productivity) of an acute PE event and its 12-month follow-up in 2020 Euros. We estimated a disability weight for the 12-month post-PE status and corresponding disability adjusted life years presumably owing to PE. Disease-specific costs in the first year of follow-up after an incident PE case ranged between 9135 Euros and 10 620 Euros. The proportion of indirect costs was 42% to 49% of total costs. Costs were lowest in patients with ongoing cancer, mainly because productivity loss was less evident in this already burdened population. The calculated disability weight for survivors who were cancer free 12 months post-PE was 0.017, and the estimated disability adjusted life years per incident case were 1.17. Conclusions The economic burden imposed by PE to society and affected patients is considerable, and productivity loss is its main driver. The disease burden from PE is remarkable and translates to the loss of roughly 1.2 years of healthy life per incident PE case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis T Farmakis
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Stefano Barco
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany.,Department of Angiology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anna C Mavromanoli
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Giancarlo Agnelli
- Internal Vascular and Emergency Medicine-Stroke Unit University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Alexander T Cohen
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust King's College London London UK
| | - George Giannakoulas
- Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece
| | | | - Stavros V Konstantinides
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany.,Department of Cardiology Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Luca Valerio
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany.,Department of Cardiology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
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12
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Kara K, Sökücü SN, Tural Önür S, Özdemir C, Tokgöz Akyil F, Kahya Ö. The Role of Hemogram Parameters in Predicting the Severity of Pulmonary Embolism. ISTANBUL MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4274/imj.galenos.2022.03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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13
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Jiménez D, Rodríguez C, Pintado B, Pérez A, Jara-Palomares L, López-Reyes R, Ruiz-Artacho P, García-Ortega A, Bikdeli B, Lobo JL. Effect of Prognostic Guided Management of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism According to the European Society of Cardiology Risk Stratification Model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:872115. [PMID: 35497990 PMCID: PMC9039515 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.872115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent trial showed that management driven by prognostic assessment was effective in reducing the length of stay (LOS) for acute stable pulmonary embolism (PE). The efficacy and safety of this strategy in each subgroup of risk stratification remains unknown. Methods We conducted a post-hoc analysis of the randomized IPEP study to evaluate the effect of a management strategy guided by early use of a prognostic pathway in the low- and intermediate-high risk subgroups defined by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) model. These subgroups were retrospectively identified in the control arm. The primary outcome was LOS. The secondary outcomes were 30-day clinical outcomes. Results Of 249 patients assigned to the intervention group, 60 (24%) were classified as low-, and 30 (12%) as intermediate-high risk. Among 249 patients assigned to the control group, 66 (27%) were low-, and 13 (5%) intermediate-high risk. In the low-risk group, the mean LOS was 2.1 (±0.9) days in the intervention group and 5.3 (±2.9) days in the control group (P < 0.001). In this group, no significant differences were observed in 30-day readmissions (0% vs. 3.0%, respectively), all-cause (0% vs. 0%) and PE-related mortality rates (0% vs. 0%), or severe adverse events (0% vs. 1.5%). In the intermediate-high risk group, the mean LOS was 5.3 (±1.8) days in the intervention group and 6.5 (±2.5) days in the control group (P = 0.08). In this group, no significant differences were observed in 30-day readmissions (3.3% vs. 3.0%, respectively), all-cause (6.7% vs. 7.7%) and PE-related mortality rates (6.7% vs. 7.7%), or severe adverse events (16.7% vs. 15.4%). Conclusion The use of a prognostic assessment and management pathway was effective in reducing the LOS for acute PE without comprising safety across subgroups of risk stratification. Clinical Trial Registration [ClinicalTrials.gov], Identifier [NCT02733198].
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: David Jiménez,
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pintado
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Pérez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jara-Palomares
- Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital, Instituto de Biomedicina, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Ruiz-Artacho
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinar Teragnosis and Radiosomics Research Group (INTRA-Madrid), Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Behnood Bikdeli
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - José Luis Lobo
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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14
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Bhardwaj Shah A, Naidu SB. Pulmonary embolus associated with a rare provoking factor: recreational nitrous oxide use. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e247315. [PMID: 35288427 PMCID: PMC8921844 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common acute presentation which may be provoked by multiple factors. We present the unique case of a young man with no underlying health conditions who was diagnosed with bilateral PE which we believe was provoked by chronic use of nitrous oxide (NO), a potentially under-recognised risk factor for PE. NO is a substance that is commonly used recreationally, particularly among young adults in the UK. It has been shown to increase serum homocysteine levels which may create a prothrombotic state.Our patient had raised serum homocysteine levels on admission. He was anticoagulated and discharged with advice to stop nitrous oxide use. We recommend asking patients about recreational drug use when screening for provoking factors for PE so as to offer appropriate treatment and counselling.
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15
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Geersing GJ, Takada T, Klok FA, Büller HR, Courtney DM, Freund Y, Galipienzo J, Le Gal G, Ghanima W, Kline JA, Huisman MV, Moons KGM, Perrier A, Parpia S, Robert-Ebadi H, Righini M, Roy PM, van Smeden M, Stals MAM, Wells PS, de Wit K, Kraaijpoel N, van Es N. Ruling out pulmonary embolism across different healthcare settings: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003905. [PMID: 35077453 PMCID: PMC8824365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenging clinical dilemma of detecting pulmonary embolism (PE) in suspected patients is encountered in a variety of healthcare settings. We hypothesized that the optimal diagnostic approach to detect these patients in terms of safety and efficiency depends on underlying PE prevalence, case mix, and physician experience, overall reflected by the type of setting where patients are initially assessed. The objective of this study was to assess the capability of ruling out PE by available diagnostic strategies across all possible settings. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed a literature search (MEDLINE) followed by an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis (MA; 23 studies), including patients from self-referral emergency care (n = 12,612), primary healthcare clinics (n = 3,174), referred secondary care (n = 17,052), and hospitalized or nursing home patients (n = 2,410). Multilevel logistic regression was performed to evaluate diagnostic performance of the Wells and revised Geneva rules, both using fixed and adapted D-dimer thresholds to age or pretest probability (PTP), for the YEARS algorithm and for the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC). All strategies were tested separately in each healthcare setting. Following studies done in this field, the primary diagnostic metrices estimated from the models were the "failure rate" of each strategy-i.e., the proportion of missed PE among patients categorized as "PE excluded" and "efficiency"-defined as the proportion of patients categorized as "PE excluded" among all patients. In self-referral emergency care, the PERC algorithm excludes PE in 21% of suspected patients at a failure rate of 1.12% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 to 1.70), whereas this increases to 6.01% (4.09 to 8.75) in referred patients to secondary care at an efficiency of 10%. In patients from primary healthcare and those referred to secondary care, strategies adjusting D-dimer to PTP are the most efficient (range: 43% to 62%) at a failure rate ranging between 0.25% and 3.06%, with higher failure rates observed in patients referred to secondary care. For this latter setting, strategies adjusting D-dimer to age are associated with a lower failure rate ranging between 0.65% and 0.81%, yet are also less efficient (range: 33% and 35%). For all strategies, failure rates are highest in hospitalized or nursing home patients, ranging between 1.68% and 5.13%, at an efficiency ranging between 15% and 30%. The main limitation of the primary analyses was that the diagnostic performance of each strategy was compared in different sets of studies since the availability of items used in each diagnostic strategy differed across included studies; however, sensitivity analyses suggested that the findings were robust. CONCLUSIONS The capability of safely and efficiently ruling out PE of available diagnostic strategies differs for different healthcare settings. The findings of this IPD MA help in determining the optimum diagnostic strategies for ruling out PE per healthcare setting, balancing the trade-off between failure rate and efficiency of each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Geersing
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshihiko Takada
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of General Medicine, Shirakawa Satellite for Teaching And Research (STAR), Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Frederikus A. Klok
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Harry R. Büller
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D. Mark Courtney
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yonathan Freund
- Sorbonne University, Emergency Department, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Javier Galipienzo
- Service of Anesthesiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregoire Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Department of Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jeffrey A. Kline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Menno V. Huisman
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karel G. M. Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Perrier
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sameer Parpia
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Helia Robert-Ebadi
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- UNIV Angers, UMR (CNRS 6015—INSERM 1083) and CHU Angers, Department of Emergency Medicine, F-CRIN InnoVTE, Angers, France
| | - Maarten van Smeden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Milou A. M. Stals
- Department of Medicine, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Dutch Thrombosis Network, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Philip S. Wells
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Noémie Kraaijpoel
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nick van Es
- Department of Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Jiménez D, Rodríguez C, León F, Jara-Palomares L, López-Reyes R, Ruiz-Artacho P, Elías T, Otero R, García-Ortega A, Rivas-Guerrero A, Abelaira J, Jiménez S, Muriel A, Morillo R, Barrios D, Le Mao R, Yusen RD, Bikdeli B, Monreal M, Lobo JL. Randomised controlled trial of a prognostic assessment and management pathway to reduce the length of hospital stay in normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J 2021; 59:13993003.00412-2021. [PMID: 34385269 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00412-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The length of hospital stay (LOS) for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) varies considerably. Whether the upfront use of a PE prognostic assessment and management pathway is effective in reducing the LOS remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a randomised, controlled trial of adults hospitalised for acute PE: patients were assigned to a prognostic assessment and management pathway involving risk stratification, followed by predefined criteria for mobilisation and discharge (intervention group), or usual care (control group). The primary end point was LOS. The secondary end points were the cost of prognostic tests and of hospitalisation, and 30-day clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of 500 patients who underwent randomisation, 498 were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The median LOS was 4.0 days (interquartile range [IQR], 3.7 to 4.2 days) in the intervention group and 6.1 days (IQR, 5.7 to 6.5 days) in the control group (p<0.001). The mean total cost of prognostic tests was €174.76 in the intervention group, as compared with €233.12 in the control group (mean difference, €-58.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], €-84.34 to €-32.40). The mean total hospitalisation cost per patient was €2085.66 in the intervention group, compared with €3232.97 in the control group (mean difference, €-1147.31; 95% CI, €-1414.97 to €-879.65). No significant differences were observed in 30-day readmissions (4.0% versus 4.8%, respectively), or all-cause (2.4% versus 2.0%) and PE-related mortality rates (0.8% versus 1.2%). CONCLUSIONS The use of a prognostic assessment and management pathway was effective in reducing the LOS for acute PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain .,Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco León
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Jara-Palomares
- Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital and Instituto de Biomedicina, Sevilla
| | | | - Pedro Ruiz-Artacho
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Interdisciplinar Teragnosis and Radiosomics Research Group (INTRA-Madrid), Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Elías
- Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital and Instituto de Biomedicina, Sevilla
| | - Remedios Otero
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital and Instituto de Biomedicina, Sevilla
| | | | | | - Jaime Abelaira
- Emergency Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Jiménez
- Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, Grupo UPP, Área 1 IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muriel
- Biostatistics Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Morillo
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deisy Barrios
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raphael Le Mao
- EA3878, Groupe d'Etude de la Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale (GETBO), Université Européenne de Bretagne, Brest, France
| | - Roger D Yusen
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Behnood Bikdeli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, USA
| | - Manuel Monreal
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Lobo
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Jørgensen H, Horváth-Puhó E, Laugesen K, Brækkan S, Hansen JB, Sørensen HT. Risk of a permanent work-related disability pension after incident venous thromboembolism in Denmark: A population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003770. [PMID: 34464405 PMCID: PMC8443033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term complications of venous thromboembolism (VTE) hamper physical function and impair quality of life; still, it remains unclear whether VTE is associated with risk of permanent work-related disability. We aimed to assess the association between VTE and the risk of receiving a permanent work-related disability pension and to assess whether this association was explained by comorbidities such as cancer and arterial cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND FINDINGS A Danish nationwide population-based cohort study consisting of 43,769 individuals aged 25 to 66 years with incident VTE during 1995 to 2016 and 218,845 birth year-, sex-, and calendar year-matched individuals from the general population, among whom 45.9% (N = 120,540) were women, was established using Danish national registries. The cohorts were followed throughout 2016, with permanent work-related disability pension as the outcome. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for disability pension were computed and stratified by sex and age groups (25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 to 66 years of age) and adjusted for comorbidities and socioeconomic variables. Permanent work-related disability pensions were granted to 4,415 individuals with VTE and 9,237 comparison cohort members (incidence rates = 17.8 and 6.2 per 1,000 person-years, respectively). VTE was associated with a 3-fold (HR 3.0, 95% CI: 2.8 to 3.1) higher risk of receiving a disability pension. Adjustments for socioeconomic status and comorbidities such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases reduced the estimate (HR 2.3, 95% CI: 2.2 to 2.4). The risk of disability pension receipt was slightly higher in men than in women (HR 2.5, 95% CI: 2.3 to 2.6 versus HR 2.1, 95% CI: 2.0 to 2.3). As this study is based on medical and administrative registers, information on post-VTE care, individual health behavior, and workplace factors linked to disability pension in the general population are lacking. Furthermore, as disability pension schemes vary, our results might not be directly generalizable to other countries or time periods. CONCLUSIONS In this study, incident VTE was associated with increased risk of subsequent permanent work-related disability, and this association was still observed after accounting for comorbidities such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Our results emphasize the social consequences of VTE and may help occupational and healthcare professionals to identify vulnerable individuals at risk of permanent exclusion from the labor market after a VTE event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Jørgensen
- Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Kristina Laugesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid Brækkan
- Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - John-Bjarne Hansen
- Thrombosis Research Center (TREC), Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Montes Santiago J, Argibay Filgueira AB. Home treatment of venous thromboembolism disease. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 220:S0014-2565(20)30130-2. [PMID: 32560918 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential benefits of outpatient care, most patients with pulmonary embolisms are treated in hospitals for fear of possible adverse events. However, there is a wealth of scientific evidence from studies covering more than 4000 outpatients, which has led the current clinical practice guidelines to recommend early discharge or outpatient treatment when a low risk of death or complications has been confirmed, when there are no comorbidities or aggravating processes present to warrant hospitalisation and when appropriate monitoring and treatment are observed. This approach minimises the complications that can arise in hospitals and represents considerable cost savings. When selecting these patients, the use of prognostic tools such as the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), its simplified version (sPESI) and the Hestia Criteria are of paramount importance. Using these tools, the short-term outcomes (30-90days) show low mortality (in general <3%) and a low incidence of other complications (rate of recurrence and major bleeding <2%). Based on the available evidence, outpatient treatment can be considered the most appropriate strategy at this time for most hemodynamically stable patients with pulmonary embolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Montes Santiago
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospital Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, España.
| | - A B Argibay Filgueira
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Complejo Hospital Universitario, Vigo, Pontevedra, España
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19
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Geersing GJ, Hendriksen JMT, Zuithoff NPA, Roes KC, Oudega R, Takada T, Schutgens REG, Moons KGM. Effect of tailoring anticoagulant treatment duration by applying a recurrence risk prediction model in patients with venous thromboembolism compared to usual care: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003142. [PMID: 32589630 PMCID: PMC7319277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with unprovoked (i.e., without the presence of apparent transient risk factors such as recent surgery) venous thromboembolism (VTE) are at risk of recurrence if anticoagulants are stopped after 3-6 months, yet their risk remains heterogeneous. Thus, prolonging anticoagulant treatment should be considered in high-risk patients, whereas stopping is likely preferred in those with a low predicted risk. The Vienna Prediction Model (VPM) could aid clinicians in estimating this risk, yet its clinical effects and external validity are currently unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical impact of this model on reducing recurrence risk in patients with unprovoked VTE, compared to usual care. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a randomized controlled trial, the decision to prolong or stop anticoagulant treatment was guided by predicted recurrence risk using the VPM (n = 441), which was compared with usual care (n = 442). Patients with unprovoked VTE were recruited from local thrombosis services in the Netherlands (in Utrecht, Harderwijk, Ede, Amersfoort, Zwolle, Hilversum, Rotterdam, Deventer, and Enschede) between 22 July 2011 and 30 November 2015, with 24-month follow-up complete for all patients by early 2018. The primary outcome was recurrent VTE during 24 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes included major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding. In the total study population of 883 patients, mean age was 55 years, and 507 (57.4%) were men. A total of 96 recurrent VTE events (10.9%) were observed, 46 in the intervention arm and 50 in the control arm (risk ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.63-1.35, p = 0.67). Major bleeding occurred in 4 patients, 2 in each treatment arm, whereas CRNM bleeding occurred in 20 patients (12 in intervention arm versus 8 in control arm). The VPM showed good discriminative power (c-statistic 0.76, 95% CI 0.69-0.83) and moderate to good calibration, notably at the lower spectrum of predicted risk. For instance, in 284 patients with a predicted risk of >2% to 4%, the observed rate of recurrence was 2.5% (95% CI 0.7% to 4.3%). The main limitation of this study is that it did not enroll the preplanned number of 750 patients in each study arm due to declining recruitment rate. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that application of the VPM in all patients with unprovoked VTE is unlikely to reduce overall recurrence risk. Yet, in those with a low predicted risk of recurrence, the observed rate was also low, suggesting that it might be safe to stop anticoagulant treatment in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Netherlands Trial Register NTR2680.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Geersing
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Janneke M. T. Hendriksen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P. A. Zuithoff
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kit C. Roes
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Oudega
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toshihiko Takada
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roger E. G. Schutgens
- Van Creveld Clinic, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karel G. M. Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Nielsen A, Poulsen PB, Dybro L, Kloster B, Lorentzen A, Olsen J, Kümler T. Total costs of treating venous thromboembolism: implication of different cost perspectives in a Danish setting. J Med Econ 2019; 22:1321-1327. [PMID: 31516054 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2019.1668193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Optimal use of scarce resources is a focus in the healthcare sector, as resources devoted to health care are limited. Costs and health economic analyses can help guide decision-making concerning treatments. One important factor is the choice of cost perspective that can range from a focus on narrow drug budget costs to broader economic perspectives. In the case of treatment with oral anticoagulants in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, the aim of this cost analysis was to illustrate the differences in costs when applying different cost perspectives.Methods: In a cost analysis, pairwise comparisons of average costs of 6 months standard treatment with either a low molecular weight heparin parenteral anticoagulant (LMWH) and a Vitamin K Antagonist (VKA) versus one of the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants [NOACs; dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) used in daily clinical practice in Denmark for VTE patients were carried out. Each analysis included the results from five different cost analyses with increasingly broader cost perspectives going from the narrowest "drug cost only" perspective to the broadest "societal" perspective.Results: Focusing on "drug costs only", LMWH/VKA was associated with the lowest costs compared to all NOACs. However, including the economic impact of preventing recurrent VTE and limit bleedings, apixaban and rivaroxaban resulted in slightly lower health care costs than LMWH/VKA. When applying the "societal perspective", the total costs saved with apixaban and rivaroxaban compared to LMWH/VKA further increased, with apixaban having the lowest total costs.Conclusions: The present study's case of oral anticoagulants in VTE treatment illustrated the importance of the cost perspective in the choice of therapy. If decision-making were based on drug costs only, instead of applying a health care sector or societal cost perspective, suboptimal decisions may be likely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Kümler
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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21
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Kridin K, Kridin M, Amber KT, Shalom G, Comaneshter D, Batat E, Cohen AD. The Risk of Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Pemphigus: A Population-Based Large-Scale Longitudinal Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1559. [PMID: 31396203 PMCID: PMC6668600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that inflammation may pose an atypical risk factor for pulmonary embolism (PE), as it drives venous thrombosis via several pathways. The increased risk of PE in several autoimmune diseases has lent weight to this concept. However, the relative risk of PE among patients with pemphigus has not yet been established. We aimed to examine the risk of PE in patients with pemphigus. A large-scale population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted to evaluate the relative risk (RR) of PE among 1,985 patients with pemphigus relative to 9,874 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control subjects. A multivariate Cox regression model was utilized. The incidence of PE was 3.0 (95% CI, 2.2–4.0) and 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0–1.5) per 1,000 person-years among patients with pemphigus and controls, respectively. The period prevalence of PE corresponding to the study period was 2.2% (95% CI, 1.6–2.9%) among cases and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.7–1.1%) among controls. Patients with pemphigus were twice as likely to develop PE as compared to control subjects (adjusted RR, 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29–3.04). The highest PE risk was observed during the 1st year following the diagnosis of pemphigus (adjusted RR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.78–7.09) and decreased over time. The increased risk was robust to a sensitivity analysis that included only cases managed by pemphigus-related systemic medications (adjusted RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.11–2.98). In conclusion, pemphigus is associated with an increased risk of PE, particularly during the 1st year of the disease. An awareness of this risk should be increased, additional precipitating factors for PE should be avoided, and thromboprophylaxis may be evaluated in high-risk patients. Further research is required to establish this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalaf Kridin
- Department of Dermatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Mouhammad Kridin
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kyle T Amber
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guy Shalom
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Doron Comaneshter
- Department of Quality Measurements and Research, Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erez Batat
- Department of Quality Measurements and Research, Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arnon D Cohen
- Siaal Research Center for Family Medicine and Primary Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Quality Measurements and Research, Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Gustafsson N, Poulsen PB, Stallknecht SE, Dybro L, Paaske Johnsen S. Societal costs of venous thromboembolism and subsequent major bleeding events: a national register-based study. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. QUALITY OF CARE & CLINICAL OUTCOMES 2019; 6:130-137. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcz035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Detailed evidence on the societal costs of venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and of subsequent major bleeding events, e.g. intracranial and gastrointestinal bleedings, is limited. The objective was to estimate the average 3-year societal event costs attributable to VTE and subsequent major bleedings in Denmark.
Methods and results
Based on nationwide Danish registers, each incident patient diagnosed with VTE in the period from 2004 to 2016 was identified and matched with four non-VTE patients by nearest-neighbour propensity score matching. For bleeding patients, the reference cohort was VTE patients without bleedings. Event costs in terms of VTE, DVT, PE, and major bleedings in VTE patients were measured by the ‘difference-in-actual-cost’ method within 3 years after the incidence. Societal costs included healthcare costs (primary care, hospital, and prescription medicine), municipality home care services, and production loss. The study population included 74 137 VTE incident patients (DVT: 43 099; PE: 31 038), and 4887 VTE patients with a major bleeding within 3 years from VTE diagnosis. The 3-year attributable societal VTE event costs were 40 024 EUR (DVT: 34 509 EUR; PE: 50 083 EUR) with 53% of these costs appearing in the first incident year. Similar results for major bleedings were 51 168 EUR with 46% of these costs appearing in the first incident year.
Conclusion
The societal costs of VTE and subsequent major bleedings are substantial and ought to be considered. Estimated costs of events may be informative in evaluating the impact of preventive interventions targeting VTE and subsequent major bleedings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lars Dybro
- Pfizer Denmark, Lautrupvang 8, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Søren Paaske Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Danish Centre for Clinical Health Services Research, Aalborg University, Mølleparken 10, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
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Peacock WF, Singer AJ. Reducing the hospital burden associated with the treatment of pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:720-736. [PMID: 30851227 PMCID: PMC6849869 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most feared clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Patients with PE have traditionally been treated in hospital; however, many are at low risk of adverse outcomes and current guidelines suggest outpatient treatment as an option. Outpatient treatment of PE offers several advantages, including reduced risk of hospital-acquired conditions and potential cost savings. Despite this, patients with low-risk PE are still frequently hospitalized for treatment. This narrative review summarizes current guideline recommendations for the identification of patients with low-risk PE who are potentially suitable for outpatient treatment, using prognostic assessment tools (e.g. the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index [PESI] and simplified PESI) and clinical exclusion criteria (e.g. Hestia criteria) alone or in combination with additional cardiac assessments. Treatment options are discussed along with recommendations for the follow-up of patients managed in the non-hospital environment. The available data on outpatient treatment of PE are summarized, including details on patient selection, anticoagulant choice, and short-term outcomes in each study. Accumulating evidence suggests that outcomes in patients with low-risk PE treated as outpatients are at least as good as, if not better than, those of patients treated in the hospital. With mounting pressures on health care systems worldwide, increasing the proportion of patients with PE treated as outpatients has the potential to reduce health care burdens associated with VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Frank Peacock
- Department of Emergency MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Adam J. Singer
- Department of Emergency MedicineStony Brook School of MedicineStony BrookNYUSA
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Health-related quality of life and mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism: a prospective cohort study in seven European countries. Qual Life Res 2019; 28:2111-2124. [PMID: 30949836 PMCID: PMC6620245 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Little is known about the quality of life following pulmonary embolism (PE). The aim of the study was to assess the 12-month illness burden in terms of health-related quality of life (HrQoL) and mortality, in relation to differences in patient characteristics. Methods The PREFER in VTE registry, a prospective, observational study conducted in seven European countries, was used. Within 2 weeks following an acute symptomatic PE, patients were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Associations between patient characteristics and HrQoL (EQ-5D-5L) and mortality were examined using a regression approach. Results Among 1399 PE patients, the EQ-5D-5L index score at baseline was 0.712 (SD 0.265), which among survivors gradually improved to 0.835 (0.212) at 12 months. For those patients with and without active cancer, the average index score at baseline was 0.658 (0.275) and 0.717 (0.264), respectively. Age and previous stroke were significant factors for predicting index scores in those with/without active cancer. Bleeding events but not recurrences had a noticeable impact on the HrQoL of patients without active cancer. The 12-month mortality rate post-acute period was 8.1%, ranging from 1.4% in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria to 16.8% in Italy. Mortality differed between patients with active cancer and those without (42.7% vs. 4.7%). Conclusion PE is associated with a substantial decrease in HrQoL at baseline which normalizes following treatment. PE is associated with a high mortality rate especially in patients with cancer, with significant country variation. Bleeding events, in particular, impact the burden of PE.
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