1
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Woo H, Oh J, Cho YJ, Oh GT, Kim SY, Dan K, Han D, Lee JS, Kim T. N-terminal acetylation of Set1-COMPASS fine-tunes H3K4 methylation patterns. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6280. [PMID: 38996018 PMCID: PMC11244526 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
H3K4 methylation by Set1-COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1) is a conserved histone modification. Although it is critical for gene regulation, the posttranslational modifications of this complex that affect its function are largely unexplored. This study showed that N-terminal acetylation of Set1-COMPASS proteins by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) can modulate H3K4 methylation patterns. Specifically, deleting NatA substantially decreased global H3K4me3 levels and caused the H3K4me2 peak in the 5' transcribed regions to shift to the promoters. NatA was required for N-terminal acetylation of three subunits of Set1-COMPASS: Shg1, Spp1, and Swd2. Moreover, deleting Shg1 or blocking its N-terminal acetylation via proline mutation of the target residue drastically reduced H3K4 methylation. Thus, NatA-mediated N-terminal acetylation of Shg1 shapes H3K4 methylation patterns. NatB also regulates H3K4 methylation, likely via N-terminal acetylation of the Set1-COMPASS protein Swd1. Thus, N-terminal acetylation of Set1-COMPASS proteins can directly fine-tune the functions of this complex, thereby substantially shaping H3K4 methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonju Woo
- Department of Life Science and Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsoo Oh
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Joon Cho
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Science and Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Young Kim
- Korea Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kisoon Dan
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
- Department of Transdisciplinary Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - TaeSoo Kim
- Department of Life Science and Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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2
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Li X, Tang H, Xu T, Wang P, Ma F, Wei H, Fang Z, Wu X, Wang Y, Xue Y, Zhang B. N-terminal acetylation orchestrates glycolate-mediated ROS homeostasis to promote rice thermoresponsive growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 38934055 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate warming poses a significant threat to global crop production and food security. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing thermoresponsive development in crops remains limited. Here we report that the auxiliary subunit of N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) in rice OsNAA15 is a prerequisite for rice thermoresponsive growth. OsNAA15 produces two isoforms OsNAA15.1 and OsNAA15.2, via temperature-dependent alternative splicing. Among the two, OsNAA15.1 is more likely to form a stable and functional NatA complex with the potential catalytic subunit OsNAA10, leading to a thermoresponsive N-terminal acetylome. Intriguingly, while OsNAA15.1 promotes plant growth under elevated temperatures, OsNAA15.2 exhibits an inhibitory effect. We identified two glycolate oxidases (GLO1/5) as major substrates from the thermoresponsive acetylome. These enzymes are involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosynthesis via glycolate oxidation. N-terminally acetylated GLO1/5 undergo their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This leads to reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby promoting plant growth, particularly under high ambient temperatures. Conclusively, our findings highlight the pivotal role of N-terminal acetylation in orchestrating the glycolate-mediated ROS homeostasis to facilitate thermoresponsive growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huashan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haifang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongbiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Biyao Zhang
- National Genomics Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101, China
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3
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Lyon GJ, Longo J, Garcia A, Inusa F, Marchi E, Shi D, Dörfel M, Arnesen T, Aldabe R, Lyons S, Nashat MA, Bolton D. Evaluating possible maternal effect lethality and genetic background effects in Naa10 knockout mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301328. [PMID: 38713657 PMCID: PMC11075865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting approximately 80% of all human proteins. The human essential X-linked gene, NAA10, encodes for the enzyme NAA10, which is the catalytic subunit in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. There is extensive genetic variation in humans with missense, splice-site, and C-terminal frameshift variants in NAA10. In mice, Naa10 is not an essential gene, as there exists a paralogous gene, Naa12, that substantially rescues Naa10 knockout mice from embryonic lethality, whereas double knockouts (Naa10-/Y Naa12-/-) are embryonic lethal. However, the phenotypic variability in the mice is nonetheless quite extensive, including piebaldism, skeletal defects, small size, hydrocephaly, hydronephrosis, and neonatal lethality. Here we replicate these phenotypes with new genetic alleles in mice, but we demonstrate their modulation by genetic background and environmental effects. We cannot replicate a prior report of "maternal effect lethality" for heterozygous Naa10-/X female mice, but we do observe a small amount of embryonic lethality in the Naa10-/y male mice on the inbred genetic background in this different animal facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholson J. Lyon
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joseph Longo
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Fatima Inusa
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaine Marchi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Max Dörfel
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Scott Lyons
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Nashat
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - David Bolton
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
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Gaddelapati SC, George S, Moola A, Sengodan K, Palli SR. N(alpha)-acetyltransferase 40-mediated histone acetylation plays an important role in ecdysone regulation of metamorphosis in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Commun Biol 2024; 7:521. [PMID: 38702540 PMCID: PMC11068786 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation, a crucial epigenetic modification, is governed by histone acetyltransferases (HATs), that regulate many biological processes. Functions of HATs in insects are not well understood. We identified 27 HATs and determined their functions using RNA interference (RNAi) in the model insect, Tribolium castaneum. Among HATs studied, N-alpha-acetyltransferase 40 (NAA40) knockdown caused a severe phenotype of arrested larval development. The steroid hormone, ecdysone induced NAA40 expression through its receptor, EcR (ecdysone receptor). Interestingly, ecdysone-induced NAA40 regulates EcR expression. NAA40 acetylates histone H4 protein, associated with the promoters of ecdysone response genes: EcR, E74, E75, and HR3, and causes an increase in their expression. In the absence of ecdysone and NAA40, histone H4 methylation by arginine methyltransferase 1 (ART1) suppressed the above genes. However, elevated ecdysone levels at the end of the larval period induced NAA40, promoting histone H4 acetylation and increasing the expression of ecdysone response genes. NAA40 is also required for EcR, and steroid-receptor co-activator (SRC) mediated induction of E74, E75, and HR3. These findings highlight the key role of ecdysone-induced NAA40-mediated histone acetylation in the regulation of metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharath Chandra Gaddelapati
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Smitha George
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Anilkumar Moola
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Karthi Sengodan
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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5
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Xing M, Yao B, Xu J, Lu P, Li Q, Wu D, Chen B, Wei J, Su L, Zhao Q. NatD epigenetically activates FOXA2 expression to promote breast cancer progression by facilitating MMP14 expression. iScience 2024; 27:108840. [PMID: 38303717 PMCID: PMC10830889 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
N-α-acetyltransferase D (NatD) mediates N-α-terminal acetylation of histone H4 (Nt-Ac-H4), but its role in breast cancer metastasis remains unknown. Here, we show that depletion of NatD directly represses the expression of FOXA2, and is accompanied by a significant reduction in Nt-Ac-H4 enrichment at the FOXA2 promoter. We show that NatD is commonly upregulated in primary breast cancer tissues, where its expression level correlates with FOXA2 expression, enhanced invasiveness, and poor clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we show that FOXA2 promotes the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by activating MMP14 expression. MMP14 is also upregulated in breast cancer tissues, where its expression level correlates with FOXA2 expression and poor clinical prognosis. Our study shows that the NatD-FOXA2-MMP14 axis functions as a key signaling pathway to promote the migratory and invasive capabilities of breast cancer cells, suggesting that NatD is a critical epigenetic modulator of cell invasion during breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Bing Yao
- National Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Peifen Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qixiang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Dongliang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Bing Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Jiwu Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Hematology and General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, China-Australia Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
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6
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Daly RE, Myasnikov I, Gaglia MM. N-terminal acetylation separately promotes nuclear localization and host shutoff activity of the influenza A virus ribonuclease PA-X. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.01.569683. [PMID: 38076881 PMCID: PMC10705558 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To counteract host antiviral responses, influenza A virus triggers a global reduction of cellular gene expression, a process termed "host shutoff." A key effector of influenza A virus host shutoff is the viral endoribonuclease PA-X, which degrades host mRNAs. While many of the molecular determinants of PA-X activity remain unknown, a previous study found that N-terminal acetylation of PA-X is required for its host shutoff activity. However, it remains unclear how this co-translational modification promotes PA-X activity. Here, we report that PA-X N-terminal acetylation has two functions that can be separated based on the position of the acetylation, i.e. on the first amino acid, the initiator methionine, or the second amino acid following initiator methionine excision. Modification at either site is sufficient to ensure PA-X localization to the nucleus. However, modification of the second amino acid is not sufficient for host shutoff activity of ectopically expressed PA-X, which specifically requires N-terminal acetylation of the initiator methionine. Interestingly, during infection N-terminal acetylation of PA-X at any position results in host shutoff activity, which is in part due to a functional interaction with the influenza protein NS1. This result reveals an unexpected role for another viral protein in PA-X activity. Our studies uncover a multifaceted role for PA-X N-terminal acetylation in regulation of this important immunomodulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raecliffe E Daly
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, 02111, United States
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Idalia Myasnikov
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Marta Maria Gaglia
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
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7
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Liu Y, Wei H, Li J. A review on SIRT3 and its natural small molecule activators as a potential Preventive and therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 963:176155. [PMID: 37914065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) were originally characterized by yeast Sir2 as a lifespan regulator that is conserved in all three structural domains of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes and belong to histone deacetylases consisting of seven members (SIRT1-SIRT7). Surprisingly, SIRTs have been shown to play important regulatory roles in almost all cellular functions, including mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell growth, energy metabolism, neural function, and stress resistance. Among the SIRT members, sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is one of the most important deacetylases that regulates the mitochondrial acetylation and plays a role in pathological processes, such as metabolism, DNA repair, oxidative stress, apoptosis and ferroptosis. Therefore, SIRT3 is considered as a potential target for the treatment of a variety of pathological diseases, including metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, age-related diseases and others. Furthermore, the isolation, screening, and development of SIRT3 signaling agonists, especially from natural products, have become a widely investigated objective. This paper describes the structure of SIRT3 protein, discusses the pathological process of SIRT3-mediated acetylation modification, and reviews the role of SIRT3 in diseases, SIRT3 activators and its related disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030, China.
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8
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Lyon GJ, Longo J, Garcia A, Inusa F, Marchi E, Shi D, Dörfel M, Arnesen T, Aldabe R, Lyons S, Nashat MA, Bolton D. Evaluating possible maternal effect lethality and genetic background effects in Naa10 knockout mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.04.27.538618. [PMID: 37163119 PMCID: PMC10168333 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.27.538618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Amino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting approximately 80% of all human proteins. The human essential X-linked gene, NAA10, encodes for the enzyme NAA10, which is the catalytic subunit in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. There is extensive genetic variation in humans with missense, splice-site, and C-terminal frameshift variants in NAA10. In mice, Naa10 is not an essential gene, as there exists a paralogous gene, Naa12, that substantially rescues Naa10 knockout mice from embryonic lethality, whereas double knockouts (Naa10-/Y Naa12-/-) are embryonic lethal. However, the phenotypic variability in the mice is nonetheless quite extensive, including piebaldism, skeletal defects, small size, hydrocephaly, hydronephrosis, and neonatal lethality. Here we replicate these phenotypes with new genetic alleles in mice, but we demonstrate their modulation by genetic background and environmental effects. We cannot replicate a prior report of "maternal effect lethality" for heterozygous Naa10-/X female mice, but we do observe a small amount of embryonic lethality in the Naa10-/Y male mice on the inbred genetic background in this different animal facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholson J. Lyon
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Longo
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Fatima Inusa
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Elaine Marchi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Shi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - Max Dörfel
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Scott Lyons
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, USA
| | - Melissa A. Nashat
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
| | - David Bolton
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, USA
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9
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Raghul Kannan S, Tamizhselvi R. N-acetyltransferase and inflammation: Bridging an unexplored niche. Gene 2023; 887:147730. [PMID: 37625560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Protein N-terminal (Nt) acetylation is an essential post-translational process catalysed by N-acetyltransferases or N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). Over the past several decades, several types of NATs (NatA- NatH) have been identified along with their substrates, explaining their significance in eukaryotes. It affects protein stability, protein degradation, protein translocation, and protein-protein interaction. NATs have recently drawn attention as they are associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases. In particular, NAT-induced epigenetic modifications play an important role in the control of mitochondrial function, which may lead to inflammatory diseases. NatC knockdown causes a marked reduction in mitochondrial membrane proteins, impairing their functions, and NatA affects mitophagy via reduced phosphorylation and transcription of the autophagy receptor. However, the NAT-mediated mitochondrial epigenetic mechanisms involved in the inflammatory process remain unexplored. The current review will impart an overview of the biological functions and aberrations of various NAT, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Raghul Kannan
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Tamizhselvi
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Etherington RD, Bailey M, Boyer JB, Armbruster L, Cao X, Coates JC, Meinnel T, Wirtz M, Giglione C, Gibbs DJ. Nt-acetylation-independent turnover of SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 by Arabidopsis DOA10-like E3 ligases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2086-2104. [PMID: 37427787 PMCID: PMC10602611 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The acetylation-dependent (Ac/)N-degron pathway degrades proteins through recognition of their acetylated N-termini (Nt) by E3 ligases called Ac/N-recognins. To date, specific Ac/N-recognins have not been defined in plants. Here we used molecular, genetic, and multiomics approaches to characterize potential roles for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DEGRADATION OF ALPHA2 10 (DOA10)-like E3 ligases in the Nt-acetylation-(NTA)-dependent turnover of proteins at global- and protein-specific scales. Arabidopsis has two endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized DOA10-like proteins. AtDOA10A, but not the Brassicaceae-specific AtDOA10B, can compensate for loss of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ScDOA10 function. Transcriptome and Nt-acetylome profiling of an Atdoa10a/b RNAi mutant revealed no obvious differences in the global NTA profile compared to wild type, suggesting that AtDOA10s do not regulate the bulk turnover of NTA substrates. Using protein steady-state and cycloheximide-chase degradation assays in yeast and Arabidopsis, we showed that turnover of ER-localized SQUALENE EPOXIDASE 1 (AtSQE1), a critical sterol biosynthesis enzyme, is mediated by AtDOA10s. Degradation of AtSQE1 in planta did not depend on NTA, but Nt-acetyltransferases indirectly impacted its turnover in yeast, indicating kingdom-specific differences in NTA and cellular proteostasis. Our work suggests that, in contrast to yeast and mammals, targeting of Nt-acetylated proteins is not a major function of DOA10-like E3 ligases in Arabidopsis and provides further insight into plant ERAD and the conservation of regulatory mechanisms controlling sterol biosynthesis in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Etherington
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boyer
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Laura Armbruster
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Xulyu Cao
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Carmela Giglione
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Kikuchi M, Takase S, Konuma T, Noritsugu K, Sekine S, Ikegami T, Ito A, Umehara T. GAS41 promotes H2A.Z deposition through recognition of the N terminus of histone H3 by the YEATS domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304103120. [PMID: 37844223 PMCID: PMC10614846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma amplified sequence 41 (GAS41), which has the Yaf9, ENL, AF9, Taf14, and Sas5 (YEATS) domain that recognizes lysine acetylation (Kac), regulates gene expression as a subunit of the SRCAP (SNF2-related CREBBP activator protein) complex that deposits histone H2A.Z at promoters in eukaryotes. The YEATS domains of the proteins AF9 and ENL recognize Kac by hydrogen bonding the aromatic cage to arginine situated just before K9ac or K27ac in the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Curiously, the YEATS domain of GAS41 binds most preferentially to the sequence that contains K14ac of H3 (H3K14ac) but lacks the corresponding arginine. Here, we biochemically and structurally elucidated the molecular mechanism by which GAS41 recognizes H3K14ac. First, stable binding of the GAS41 YEATS domain to H3K14ac required the N terminus of H3 (H3NT). Second, we revealed a pocket in the GAS41 YEATS domain responsible for the H3NT binding by crystallographic and NMR analyses. This pocket is away from the aromatic cage that recognizes Kac and is unique to GAS41 among the YEATS family. Finally, we showed that E109 of GAS41, a residue essential for the formation of the H3NT-binding pocket, was crucial for chromatin occupancy of H2A.Z and GAS41 at H2A.Z-enriched promoter regions. These data suggest that binding of GAS41 to H3NT via its YEATS domain is essential for its intracellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kikuchi
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama230-0045, Japan
| | - Shohei Takase
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Konuma
- Structural Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama230-0045, Japan
| | - Kota Noritsugu
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0392, Japan
| | - Saaya Sekine
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0392, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikegami
- Structural Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama230-0045, Japan
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12
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Chang YH. Impact of Protein N α-Modifications on Cellular Functions and Human Health. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1613. [PMID: 37511988 PMCID: PMC10381334 DOI: 10.3390/life13071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Most human proteins are modified by enzymes that act on the α-amino group of a newly synthesized polypeptide. Methionine aminopeptidases can remove the initiator methionine and expose the second amino acid for further modification by enzymes responsible for myristoylation, acetylation, methylation, or other chemical reactions. Specific acetyltransferases can also modify the initiator methionine and sometimes the acetylated methionine can be removed, followed by further modifications. These modifications at the protein N-termini play critical roles in cellular protein localization, protein-protein interaction, protein-DNA interaction, and protein stability. Consequently, the dysregulation of these modifications could significantly change the development and progression status of certain human diseases. The focus of this review is to highlight recent progress in our understanding of the roles of these modifications in regulating protein functions and how these enzymes have been used as potential novel therapeutic targets for various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yie-Hwa Chang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University Medical School, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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13
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Lyon GJ, Vedaie M, Beisheim T, Park A, Marchi E, Gottlieb L, Hsieh TC, Klinkhammer H, Sandomirsky K, Cheng H, Starr LJ, Preddy I, Tseng M, Li Q, Hu Y, Wang K, Carvalho A, Martinez F, Caro-Llopis A, Gavin M, Amble K, Krawitz P, Marmorstein R, Herr-Israel E. Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of NAA10-related neurodevelopmental syndrome and NAA15-related neurodevelopmental syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:824-833. [PMID: 37130971 PMCID: PMC10325952 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting 80% of cytosolic proteins in humans. The human essential gene, NAA10, encodes for the enzyme NAA10, which is the catalytic subunit in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex, also including the accessory protein, NAA15. The full spectrum of human genetic variation in this pathway is currently unknown. Here we reveal the genetic landscape of variation in NAA10 and NAA15 in humans. Through a genotype-first approach, one clinician interviewed the parents of 56 individuals with NAA10 variants and 19 individuals with NAA15 variants, which were added to all known cases (N = 106 for NAA10 and N = 66 for NAA15). Although there is clinical overlap between the two syndromes, functional assessment demonstrates that the overall level of functioning for the probands with NAA10 variants is significantly lower than the probands with NAA15 variants. The phenotypic spectrum includes variable levels of intellectual disability, delayed milestones, autism spectrum disorder, craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac anomalies, seizures, and visual abnormalities (including cortical visual impairment and microphthalmia). One female with the p.Arg83Cys variant and one female with an NAA15 frameshift variant both have microphthalmia. The frameshift variants located toward the C-terminal end of NAA10 have much less impact on overall functioning, whereas the females with the p.Arg83Cys missense in NAA10 have substantial impairment. The overall data are consistent with a phenotypic spectrum for these alleles, involving multiple organ systems, thus revealing the widespread effect of alterations of the NTA pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholson J Lyon
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marall Vedaie
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Travis Beisheim
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Agnes Park
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Marchi
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Leah Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tzung-Chien Hsieh
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Klinkhammer
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katherine Sandomirsky
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | | | - Lois J Starr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Isabelle Preddy
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Marcellus Tseng
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G2C1, Canada
| | - Yu Hu
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ana Carvalho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Unidad de Genetica, Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Caro-Llopis
- Grupo de Investigacion Traslacional en Genetica, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maureen Gavin
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Karen Amble
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Peter Krawitz
- Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen Herr-Israel
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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14
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Gamerdinger M, Jia M, Schloemer R, Rabl L, Jaskolowski M, Khakzar KM, Ulusoy Z, Wallisch A, Jomaa A, Hunaeus G, Scaiola A, Diederichs K, Ban N, Deuerling E. NAC controls cotranslational N-terminal methionine excision in eukaryotes. Science 2023; 380:1238-1243. [PMID: 37347872 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal methionine excision from newly synthesized proteins, catalyzed cotranslationally by methionine aminopeptidases (METAPs), is an essential and universally conserved process that plays a key role in cell homeostasis and protein biogenesis. However, how METAPs interact with ribosomes and how their cleavage specificity is ensured is unknown. We discovered that in eukaryotes the nascent polypeptide-associated complex (NAC) controls ribosome binding of METAP1. NAC recruits METAP1 using a long, flexible tail and provides a platform for the formation of an active methionine excision complex at the ribosomal tunnel exit. This mode of interaction ensures the efficient excision of methionine from cytosolic proteins, whereas proteins targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum are spared. Our results suggest a broader mechanism for how access of protein biogenesis factors to translating ribosomes is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gamerdinger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Schloemer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Laurenz Rabl
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mateusz Jaskolowski
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin M Khakzar
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Zeynel Ulusoy
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annalena Wallisch
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ahmad Jomaa
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gundula Hunaeus
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alain Scaiola
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, Molecular Bioinformatics, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nenad Ban
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elke Deuerling
- Department of Biology, Molecular Microbiology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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15
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Lee K, Back K. Escherichia coli RimI Encodes Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Activity and Its Overexpression Leads to Enhanced Growth and Melatonin Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:908. [PMID: 37371488 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) functions as the penultimate or final enzyme in melatonin biosynthesis, depending on the substrate. The Escherichia coli orthologue of archaeal SNAT from Thermoplasma volcanium was identified as RimI (EcRimI), with 42% amino acid similarity to archaeal SNAT. EcRimI has been reported to be an N-acetyltransferase enzyme. Here, we investigated whether EcRimI also exhibits SNAT enzyme activity. To achieve this goal, we purified recombinant EcRimI and examined its SNAT enzyme kinetics. As expected, EcRimI showed SNAT activity toward various amine substrates including serotonin and 5-methoxytryptamine, with Km and Vmax values of 531 μM and 528 pmol/min/mg protein toward serotonin and 201 μM and 587 pmol/min/mg protein toward 5-methoxytryptamine, respectively. In contrast to the rimI mutant E. coli strain that showed no growth defect, the EcRimI overexpression strain exhibited a 2-fold higher growth rate than the control strain after 24 h incubation in nutrient-rich medium. The EcRimI overexpression strain produced more melatonin than the control strain in the presence of 5-methoxytryptamine. The enhanced growth effect of EcRimI overexpression was also observed under cadmium stress. The higher growth rate associated with EcRimI expression was attributed to increased protein N-acetyltransferase activity, increased synthesis of melatonin, or the combined effects of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjin Lee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungwhan Back
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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16
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Pal M, Yadav VK, Pal P, Agarwal N, Rao A. The physiological effect of rimI/rimJ silencing by CRISPR interference in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2155. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:211. [PMID: 37119317 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03561-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation of proteins is an important post-translational modification (PTM) found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In bacteria, N-terminal acetylation is suggested to play various regulatory roles related to protein stability, gene expression, stress response, and virulence; however, the mechanism of such response remains unclear. The proteins, namely RimI/RimJ, are involved in N-terminal acetylation in mycobacteria. In this study, we used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to silence rimI/rimJ in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155 to investigate the physiological effects of N-terminal acetylation in cell survival and stress response. Repeat analysis of growth curves in rich media and biofilm analysis in minimal media of various mutant strains and wild-type bacteria did not show significant differences that could be attributed to the rimI/rimJ silencing. However, total proteome and acetylome profiles varied significantly across mutants and wild-type strains, highlighting the role of RimI/RimJ in modulating levels of proprotein acetylation in the cellular milieu. Further, we observed a significant increase in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (from 64 to 1024 µg ml-1) for the drug isoniazid in rimI mutant strains. The increase in MIC value for the drug isoniazid in the mutant strains suggests the link between N-terminal acetylation and antibiotic resistance. The study highlights the utility of CRISPRi as a convenient tool to study the role of PTMs, such as acetylation in mycobacteria. It also identifies rimI/rimJ genes as necessary for managing cellular response against antibiotic stress. Further research would be required to decipher the potential of targeting acetylation to enhance the efficacy of existing antibiotics.
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Grants
- BT/PR25690/GET/119/142/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- BT/PR25690/GET/119/142/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- BT/PR25690/GET/119/142/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- BT/PR25690/GET/119/142/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- BT/PR25690/GET/119/142/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohinder Pal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar Yadav
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Pramila Pal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, UdyogVihar Phase-III, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122016, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, 496, UdyogVihar Phase-III, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122016, India
| | - Alka Rao
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Sector 19, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Li X, Sun R, Guo Y, Zhang H, Xie R, Fu X, Zhang L, Zhang L, Li Z, Huang J. N-Acetyltransferase 9 Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Proliferation by N-Terminal Acetylation of the Structural Protein GP5. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0244222. [PMID: 36695606 PMCID: PMC9927549 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02442-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a serious threat to the global swine industry. As a typical immunosuppressive virus, PRRSV has developed a variety of complex mechanisms to escape the host innate immunity. In this study, we uncovered a novel immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident N-acetyltransferase Nat9 is an important host restriction factor for PRRSV infection. Nat9 inhibited PRRSV proliferation in an acetyltransferase activity-dependent manner. Mechanistically, glycoprotein 5 (GP5) of PRRSV was identified as interacting with Nat9 and being N-terminally acetylated by it, which generates a GP5 degradation signal, promoting the K27-linked-ubiquitination degradation of GP5 to decrease virion assembly. Meanwhile, the expression of Nat9 was inhibited during PRRSV infection. In detail, two transcription factors, ETV5 and SP1, were screened out as the key transcription factors binding to the core promoter region of Nat9, and the PRRSV nonstructural protein 1β (Nsp1β), Nsp4, Nsp9, and nucleocapsid (N) proteins were found to interfere significantly with the expression of ETV5 and SP1, thereby regulating the transcription activity of Nat9 and inhibiting the expression of Nat9. The findings suggest that PRRSV decreases the N-terminal acetylation of GP5 to support virion assembly by inhibiting the expression of Nat9. Taken together, our findings showed that PRRSV has developed complex mechanisms to inhibit Nat9 expression and trigger virion assembly. IMPORTANCE To ensure efficient replication, a virus must hijack or regulate multiple host factors for its own benefit. Understanding virus-host interactions and the molecular mechanisms of host resistance to PRRSV infection is necessary to develop effective strategies to control PRRSV. The N-acetyltransferase Nat9 plays important roles during virus infection. Here, we demonstrate that Nat9 exhibits an antiviral effect on PRRSV proliferation. The GP5 protein of PRRSV is targeted specifically by Nat9, which mediates GP5 N-terminal acetylation and degradation via a ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal pathway. However, PRRSV manipulates the transcription factors ETV5 and SP1 to inhibit the expression of Nat9 and promote virion assembly. Thus, we report a novel function of Nat9 in PRRSV infection and elucidate a new mechanism by which PRRSV can escape the host innate immunity, which may provide novel insights for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Huixia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruyu Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Xubin Fu
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Zexing Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Universitygrid.33763.32, Tianjin, China
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18
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Van Damme P, Osberg C, Jonckheere V, Glomnes N, Gevaert K, Arnesen T, Aksnes H. Expanded in vivo substrate profile of the yeast N-terminal acetyltransferase NatC. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102824. [PMID: 36567016 PMCID: PMC9867985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation is a conserved protein modification among eukaryotes. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valuable model system for studying this modification. The bulk of protein N-terminal acetylation in S. cerevisiae is catalyzed by the N-terminal acetyltransferases NatA, NatB, and NatC. Thus far, proteome-wide identification of the in vivo protein substrates of yeast NatA and NatB has been performed by N-terminomics. Here, we used S. cerevisiae deleted for the NatC catalytic subunit Naa30 and identified 57 yeast NatC substrates by N-terminal combined fractional diagonal chromatography analysis. Interestingly, in addition to the canonical N-termini starting with ML, MI, MF, and MW, yeast NatC substrates also included MY, MK, MM, MA, MV, and MS. However, for some of these substrate types, such as MY, MK, MV, and MS, we also uncovered (residual) non-NatC NAT activity, most likely due to the previously established redundancy between yeast NatC and NatE/Naa50. Thus, we have revealed a complex interplay between different NATs in targeting methionine-starting N-termini in yeast. Furthermore, our results showed that ectopic expression of human NAA30 rescued known NatC phenotypes in naa30Δ yeast, as well as partially restored the yeast NatC Nt-acetylome. Thus, we demonstrate an evolutionary conservation of NatC from yeast to human thereby underpinning future disease models to study pathogenic NAA30 variants. Overall, this work offers increased biochemical and functional insights into NatC-mediated N-terminal acetylation and provides a basis for future work to pinpoint the specific molecular mechanisms that link the lack of NatC-mediated N-terminal acetylation to phenotypes of NatC deletion yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Camilla Osberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Veronique Jonckheere
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Glomnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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19
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Lee K, Back K. Human Naa50 Shows Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Activity, and Its Overexpression Enhances Melatonin Biosynthesis, Resulting in Osmotic Stress Tolerance in Rice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020319. [PMID: 36829878 PMCID: PMC9952165 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A new clade of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, has been reported in the archaeon Thermoplasma volcanium. The closest homolog of archaea SNAT in human was an N-alpha-acetyltransferase50 (Naa50). To determine whether human Naa50 (hNaa50) shows SNAT enzyme activity, we chemically synthesized and expressed the hNaa50 gene in Escherichia coli, followed by Ni2+ affinity purification. Purified recombinant hNaa50 showed SNAT activity (Km and Vmax values of 986 μM and 1800 pmol/min/mg protein, respectively). To assess its in vivo function, hNaa50 was overexpressed in rice (hNaa50-OE). The transgenic rice plants produced more melatonin than nontransgenic wild-type rice, indicating that hNaa50 is functionally coupled with melatonin biosynthesis. Due to its overproduction of melatonin, hNaa50-OE had a higher tolerance against osmotic stress than the wild type. Enhanced expression of the chaperone genes BIP1 and CNX in hNaa50-OE plants was responsible for the increased tolerance. It is concluded that hNaa50 harbors serotonin N-acetyltransferase enzyme activity in addition to its initial N-alpha-acetyltransferase, suggesting the bifunctionality of the hNaa50 enzyme toward serotonin and protein substrates. Consequently, ectopic overexpression of hNaa50 in rice enhanced melatonin synthesis, indicating that hNaa50 is in fact involved in melatonin biosynthesis.
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20
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A decoupled Virotrap approach to study the interactomes of N-terminal proteoforms. Methods Enzymol 2023; 684:253-287. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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21
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Meinnel T, Boyer JB, Giglione C. The Global Acetylation Profiling Pipeline for Quick Assessment of Protein N-Acetyltransferase Specificity In Cellulo. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2718:137-150. [PMID: 37665458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3457-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Global acetylation profiling (GAP) consists of heterologous expression of a given N-acetyltransferase (NAT) in Escherichia coli to assess its specificity. The remarkable sensitivity and robustness of the GAP pipeline relies on the very low frequency of known N-terminal acetylated proteins in E. coli, including their degree of N-terminal acetylation. Using the SILProNAQ mass spectrometry strategy on bacterial protein extracts, GAP permits easy acquisition of both qualitative and quantitative data to decipher the impact of any putative NAT of interest on the N-termini of newly acetylated proteins. This strategy allows rapid determination of the substrate specificity of any NAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Meinnel
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boyer
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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22
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Significance of NatB-mediated N-terminal acetylation of auxin biosynthetic enzymes in maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1410. [PMID: 36550195 PMCID: PMC9780221 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development, which depends on an intricate homeostasis that is determined by the balance between its biosynthesis, metabolism and transport. YUC flavin monooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting step of auxin biosynthesis via IPyA (indole pyruvic acid) and are critical targets in regulating auxin homeostasis. Despite of numerous reports on the transcriptional regulation of YUC genes, little is known about those at the post-translational protein level. Here, we show that loss of function of CKRC3/TCU2, the auxiliary subunit (Naa25) of Arabidopsis NatB, and/or of its catalytic subunit (Naa20), NBC, led to auxin-deficiency in plants. Experimental evidences show that CKRC3/TCU2 can interact with NBC to form a NatB complex, catalyzing the N-terminal acetylation (NTA) of YUC proteins for their intracellular stability to maintain normal auxin homeostasis in plants. Hence, our findings provide significantly new insight into the link between protein NTA and auxin biosynthesis in plants.
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23
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Wang J, Xi X, Zhao S, Wang X, Yao L, Feng J, Han R. Introns in the Naa50 gene act as strong enhancers of tissue-specific expression in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111422. [PMID: 35988583 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Naa50 is the catalytic subunit of N-terminal acetyltransferase complex E, which plays an important role in regulating plant development, endoplasmic reticulum stress and immune responses in Arabidopsis. In this study, the complete genomic sequence (but not the coding sequence) of Naa50 rescued the phenotype of Naa50 deletion mutants. Naa50 expression was noted in whole roots except for central root cap cells. The deletion of intron 1 resulted in a loss of Naa50 expression in the root meristem zone and in the epidermis, cortex and endodermis of the elongation zone and mature zone, while the deletion of intron 2 decreased Naa50 expression in the epidermis, cortex and endodermis of the root elongation zone and mature zone. The native Naa50 promoter together with introns 1 and 2 promotes the expression of Naa50 in sepal vascular bundles, filaments, pollen and stigmas; however, neither intron has positive effect on Naa50 expression in mature rosette leaves. The results of this study show that introns 1 and 2 in the Naa50 gene function as enhancers to promote the tissue-specific expression of Naa50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xi
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Shifeng Zhao
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Lixia Yao
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinlin Feng
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Rong Han
- Higher Education Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Environment Stress Response (Shanxi Normal University) in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China; College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030000, Shanxi, China.
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24
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Yao G, Huang Q. Theoretical and experimental study of the infrared and Raman spectra of L-lysine acetylation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121371. [PMID: 35594700 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is a common and extremely important protein modification in biology, referring to the covalent attachment of an acetyl group to the amino group. There are two forms of protein acetylation, which are lysine Nε-acetylation and N-terminal Nα-acetylation, respectively. Protein lysine Nε-acetylation is a globally important post-translational modification which plays a critical regulatory role in almost all aspects of cell metabolism. In addition, whether lysine on the N-terminal of protein can undergo Nα-acetylation is still a controversial viewpoint. Carrying out further molecular study of the role of acetylation is also the one of challenges. In order to investigate the protein acetylation more effectively, it is thus necessary to have a thorough and comprehensive understanding of lysine acetylation. In this work, both Raman and infrared (IR) spectra of L-lysine Nε-Ace-Lys, Nα-Ace-Lys, and NαNε-Ace-Lys were explored through both experimental experiment and theoretical computation based on density function theory (DFT). Vibration assignments and geometry structures of three acetylated lysines were therefore obtained for the first time in this work. The IR or Raman spectra of four molecules are very different from each other, which can be easily distinguished from the characteristic bands at 1500-1700 cm-1 and 3200-3400 cm-1 regions. Therefore, this work may provide the guide for probing the protein acetylation by Raman and IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institute of Intelligent Agriculture Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institute of Intelligent Agriculture Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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25
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Xue M, Feng T, Chen Z, Yan Y, Chen Z, Dai J. Protein Acetylation Going Viral: Implications in Antiviral Immunity and Viral Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911308. [PMID: 36232610 PMCID: PMC9570087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, both host and viral proteins undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, methylation, and acetylation, which play critical roles in viral replication, pathogenesis, and host antiviral responses. Protein acetylation is one of the most important PTMs and is catalyzed by a series of acetyltransferases that divert acetyl groups from acetylated molecules to specific amino acid residues of substrates, affecting chromatin structure, transcription, and signal transduction, thereby participating in the cell cycle as well as in metabolic and other cellular processes. Acetylation of host and viral proteins has emerging roles in the processes of virus adsorption, invasion, synthesis, assembly, and release as well as in host antiviral responses. Methods to study protein acetylation have been gradually optimized in recent decades, providing new opportunities to investigate acetylation during viral infection. This review summarizes the classification of protein acetylation and the standard methods used to map this modification, with an emphasis on viral and host protein acetylation during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfei Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (J.D.)
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26
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(De)Activation (Ir)Reversibly or Degradation: Dynamics of Post-Translational Protein Modifications in Plants. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020324. [PMID: 35207610 PMCID: PMC8874572 DOI: 10.3390/life12020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing dynamic functions of post-translational modifications (PTMs) within protein molecules present outstanding challenges for plant biology even at this present day. Protein PTMs are among the first and fastest plant responses to changes in the environment, indicating that the mechanisms and dynamics of PTMs are an essential area of plant biology. Besides being key players in signaling, PTMs play vital roles in gene expression, gene, and protein localization, protein stability and interactions, as well as enzyme kinetics. In this review, we take a broader but concise approach to capture the current state of events in the field of plant PTMs. We discuss protein modifications including citrullination, glycosylation, phosphorylation, oxidation and disulfide bridges, N-terminal, SUMOylation, and ubiquitination. Further, we outline the complexity of studying PTMs in relation to compartmentalization and function. We conclude by challenging the proteomics community to engage in holistic approaches towards identification and characterizing multiple PTMs on the same protein, their interaction, and mechanism of regulation to bring a deeper understanding of protein function and regulation in plants.
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27
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Baker K, Geeves MA, Mulvihill DP. Acetylation stabilises calmodulin-regulated calcium signalling. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:762-771. [PMID: 35100446 PMCID: PMC9303947 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin is a conserved calcium signalling protein that regulates a wide range of cellular functions. Amino‐terminal acetylation is a ubiquitous post‐translational modification that affects the majority of human proteins, to stabilise structure, as well as regulate function and proteolytic degradation. Here, we present data on the impact of amino‐terminal acetylation upon structure and calcium signalling function of fission yeast calmodulin. We show that NatA‐dependent acetylation stabilises the helical structure of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe calmodulin, impacting its ability to associate with myosin at endocytic foci. We go on to show that this conserved modification impacts both the calcium‐binding capacity of yeast and human calmodulins. These findings have significant implications for research undertaken into this highly conserved essential protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Baker
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Daniel P Mulvihill
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NJ, UK
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28
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Xu Y, Shi Z, Bao L. An expanding repertoire of protein acylations. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100193. [PMID: 34999219 PMCID: PMC8933697 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications play key roles in multiple cellular processes by allowing rapid reprogramming of individual protein functions. Acylation, one of the most important post-translational modifications, is involved in different physiological activities including cell differentiation and energy metabolism. In recent years, the progression in technologies, especially the antibodies against acylation and the highly sensitive and effective mass spectrometry–based proteomics, as well as optimized functional studies, greatly deepen our understanding of protein acylation. In this review, we give a general overview of the 12 main protein acylations (formylation, acetylation, propionylation, butyrylation, malonylation, succinylation, glutarylation, palmitoylation, myristoylation, benzoylation, crotonylation, and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation), including their substrates (histones and nonhistone proteins), regulatory enzymes (writers, readers, and erasers), biological functions (transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation, subcellular targeting, protein–membrane interactions, protein stability, and folding), and related diseases (cancer, diabetes, heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, and viral infection), to present a complete picture of protein acylations and highlight their functional significance in future research. Provide a general overview of the 12 main protein acylations. Acylation of viral proteins promotes viral integration and infection. Hyperacylation of histone has antitumous and neuroprotective effects. MS is widely used in the identification of acylation but has its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xu
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyu Shi
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Bao
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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29
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Yang J, Song C, Zhan X. The role of protein acetylation in carcinogenesis and targeted drug discovery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:972312. [PMID: 36171897 PMCID: PMC9510633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.972312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein acetylation is a reversible post-translational modification, and is involved in many biological processes in cells, such as transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, and energy metabolism, which is an important molecular event and is associated with a wide range of diseases such as cancers. Protein acetylation is dynamically regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in homeostasis. The abnormal acetylation level might lead to the occurrence and deterioration of a cancer, and is closely related to various pathophysiological characteristics of a cancer, such as malignant phenotypes, and promotes cancer cells to adapt to tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic modalities targeting protein acetylation are a potential therapeutic strategy. This article discussed the roles of protein acetylation in tumor pathology and therapeutic drugs targeting protein acetylation, which offers the contributions of protein acetylation in clarification of carcinogenesis, and discovery of therapeutic drugs for cancers, and lays the foundation for precision medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Cong Song
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xianquan Zhan,
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30
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Fındık V, Ruiz-López MF, Erdem SS. Mechanistic insights into lysine-targeting covalent inhibition through a theoretical study of ester aminolysis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9996-10004. [PMID: 34755747 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01963e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of targeted covalent inhibitors in drug design has a broad and important interest and many efforts are currently being made in this direction. Targeted covalent inhibitors have special relevance in oncology due to the possibilities they offer to overcome the problems of acquired resistance. In recent experiments, lysine-targeting has been envisaged for the irreversible inhibition of the heterodimeric lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ). Activated esters have been evaluated and shown to be promising inhibitors of this enzyme, but the reaction mechanisms display specificities that are not yet fully understood. In the present work, we have carried out a theoretical study of the aminolysis reaction of model esters in aqueous solution to gain insights into the corresponding biological processes. We have found that phenolic esters bearing electron-withdrawing groups are particularly reactive. The predicted mechanism involves the formation of a tetrahedral zwitterionic intermediate, which dissociates into an alkoxide and a protonated amide, this charge separation being the driving force for the subsequent proton transfer and final product formation. Structure-reactivity relationships are reported and shown to be a useful tool for evaluating potential inhibitor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Fındık
- LPCT, UMR 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- LPCT, UMR 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Safiye Sag Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
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31
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Kats I, Reinbold C, Kschonsak M, Khmelinskii A, Armbruster L, Ruppert T, Knop M. Up-regulation of ubiquitin-proteasome activity upon loss of NatA-dependent N-terminal acetylation. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/2/e202000730. [PMID: 34764209 PMCID: PMC8605321 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of N-terminal acetyltransferase A is found to alter Rpn4 as well as E3 ligase abundance, causing up-regulation of Ubiquitin–proteasome activity. In this context, Tom1 is also identified as a novel chain-elongating enzyme of the UFD-pathway. N-terminal acetylation is a prominent protein modification, and inactivation of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) cause protein homeostasis stress. Using multiplexed protein stability profiling with linear ubiquitin fusions as reporters for the activity of the ubiquitin proteasome system, we observed increased ubiquitin proteasome system activity in NatA, but not NatB or NatC mutants. We find several mechanisms contributing to this behavior. First, NatA-mediated acetylation of the N-terminal ubiquitin–independent degron regulates the abundance of Rpn4, the master regulator of the expression of proteasomal genes. Second, the abundance of several E3 ligases involved in degradation of UFD substrates is increased in cells lacking NatA. Finally, we identify the E3 ligase Tom1 as a novel chain-elongating enzyme (E4) involved in the degradation of linear ubiquitin fusions via the formation of branched K11, K29, and K48 ubiquitin chains, independently of the known E4 ligases involved in UFD, leading to enhanced ubiquitination of the UFD substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Kats
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Reinbold
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Kschonsak
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Laura Armbruster
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruppert
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Schlott AC, Knuepfer E, Green JL, Hobson P, Borg AJ, Morales-Sanfrutos J, Perrin AJ, Maclachlan C, Collinson LM, Snijders AP, Tate EW, Holder AA. Inhibition of protein N-myristoylation blocks Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic development, egress and invasion. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001408. [PMID: 34695132 PMCID: PMC8544853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have combined chemical biology and genetic modification approaches to investigate the importance of protein myristoylation in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Parasite treatment during schizogony in the last 10 to 15 hours of the erythrocytic cycle with IMP-1002, an inhibitor of N-myristoyl transferase (NMT), led to a significant blockade in parasite egress from the infected erythrocyte. Two rhoptry proteins were mislocalized in the cell, suggesting that rhoptry function is disrupted. We identified 16 NMT substrates for which myristoylation was significantly reduced by NMT inhibitor (NMTi) treatment, and, of these, 6 proteins were substantially reduced in abundance. In a viability screen, we showed that for 4 of these proteins replacement of the N-terminal glycine with alanine to prevent myristoylation had a substantial effect on parasite fitness. In detailed studies of one NMT substrate, glideosome-associated protein 45 (GAP45), loss of myristoylation had no impact on protein location or glideosome assembly, in contrast to the disruption caused by GAP45 gene deletion, but GAP45 myristoylation was essential for erythrocyte invasion. Therefore, there are at least 3 mechanisms by which inhibition of NMT can disrupt parasite development and growth: early in parasite development, leading to the inhibition of schizogony and formation of “pseudoschizonts,” which has been described previously; at the end of schizogony, with disruption of rhoptry formation, merozoite development and egress from the infected erythrocyte; and at invasion, when impairment of motor complex function prevents invasion of new erythrocytes. These results underline the importance of P. falciparum NMT as a drug target because of the pleiotropic effect of its inhibition. Understanding the essential factors needed for malaria parasite development could help us find new therapeutic targets. This study reveals that N-myristoylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins essential for the parasites’ growth and their invasion of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Schlott
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Knuepfer
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Judith L. Green
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Hobson
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J. Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abigail J. Perrin
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Maclachlan
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EWT); (AAH)
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EWT); (AAH)
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33
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Tang Y, Zhou K, Guo Q, Chen C, Jia J, Guo Q, Lu K, Li H, Fu Z, Liu J, Lin J, Yu X, Hong Y. Characterisation and preliminary functional analysis of N-acetyltransferase 13 from Schistosoma japonicum. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:335. [PMID: 34686208 PMCID: PMC8540080 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-acetyltransferase 13 (NAT13) is a probable catalytic component of the ARD1A-NARG1 complex possessing alpha (N-terminal) acetyltransferase activity. Results In this study, a full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding Schistosoma japonicum NAT13 (SjNAT13) was isolated from schistosome cDNAs. The 621 bp open reading frame of SjNAT13 encodes a polypeptide of 206 amino acids. Real-time PCR analysis revealed SjNAT13 expression in all tested developmental stages. Transcript levels were highest in cercariae and 21-day-old worms, and higher in male adult worms than female adult worms. The rSjNAT13 protein induced high levels of anti-rSjNAT13 IgG antibodies. In two independent immunoprotection trials, rSjNAT13 induced 24.23% and 24.47% reductions in the numbers of eggs in liver. RNA interference (RNAi) results showed that small interfering RNA (siRNA) Sj-514 significantly reduced SjNAT13 transcript levels in worms and decreased egg production in vitro. Conclusions Thus, rSjNAT13 might play an important role in the development and reproduction of schistosomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03045-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Tang
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerou Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Guo
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Jia
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Guo
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Liu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Yu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Hong
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.518 Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Gadhavi J, Patel M, Bhatia D, Gupta S. Neurotoxic or neuroprotective: Post-translational modifications of α-synuclein at the cross-roads of functions. Biochimie 2021; 192:38-50. [PMID: 34582997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is one of the pathological hallmarks of PD. PD also belongs to the class of neurodegenerative disease known as 'Synucleinopathies' as α-synuclein is responsible for disease development. The presence of aggregated α-synuclein associated with other proteins found in the Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra and other regions of the brain including locus ceruleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, nucleus basalis of Meynert and cerebral cortex is one of the central events for PD development. The complete biological function of α-synuclein is still debated. Besides its ability to propagate, it undergoes various post-translational modifications which play a paramount role in PD development and progression. Also, the aggregation of α-synuclein is modulated by various post-translational modifications. Here, we present a summary of multiple PTMs involved in the modulation of α-synuclein directly or indirectly and to identify their neuroprotective or neurotoxic roles, which might act as potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshna Gadhavi
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohini Patel
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhiraj Bhatia
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India; Center for Biomedical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Biological Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India; Center for Biomedical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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35
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Ishikawa K. Multilayered regulation of proteome stoichiometry. Curr Genet 2021; 67:883-890. [PMID: 34382105 PMCID: PMC8592966 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellular systems depend on multiprotein complexes whose functionalities require defined stoichiometries of subunit proteins. Proper stoichiometry is achieved by controlling the amount of protein synthesis and degradation even in the presence of genetic perturbations caused by changes in gene dosage. As a consequence of increased gene copy number, excess subunits unassembled into the complex are synthesized and rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. This mechanism, called protein-level dosage compensation, is widely observed not only under such perturbed conditions but also in unperturbed physiological cells. Recent studies have shown that recognition of unassembled subunits and their selective degradation are intricately regulated. This review summarizes the nature, strategies, and increasing complexity of protein-level dosage compensation and discusses possible mechanisms for controlling proteome stoichiometry in multiple layers of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishikawa
- Center for Molecular Biology, ZMBH-DKFZ Alliance, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Kweon HY, Lee MN, Dorfel M, Seo S, Gottlieb L, PaPazyan T, McTiernan N, Ree R, Bolton D, Garcia A, Flory M, Crain J, Sebold A, Lyons S, Ismail A, Marchi E, Sonn SK, Jeong SJ, Jeon S, Ju S, Conway SJ, Kim T, Kim HS, Lee C, Roh TY, Arnesen T, Marmorstein R, Oh GT, Lyon GJ. Naa12 compensates for Naa10 in mice in the amino-terminal acetylation pathway. eLife 2021; 10:e65952. [PMID: 34355692 PMCID: PMC8376253 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-terminal acetylation is catalyzed by a set of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The NatA complex (including X-linked Naa10 and Naa15) is the major acetyltransferase, with 40-50% of all mammalian proteins being potential substrates. However, the overall role of amino-terminal acetylation on a whole-organism level is poorly understood, particularly in mammals. Male mice lacking Naa10 show no globally apparent in vivo amino-terminal acetylation impairment and do not exhibit complete embryonic lethality. Rather Naa10 nulls display increased neonatal lethality, and the majority of surviving undersized mutants exhibit a combination of hydrocephaly, cardiac defects, homeotic anterior transformation, piebaldism, and urogenital anomalies. Naa12 is a previously unannotated Naa10-like paralog with NAT activity that genetically compensates for Naa10. Mice deficient for Naa12 have no apparent phenotype, whereas mice deficient for Naa10 and Naa12 display embryonic lethality. The discovery of Naa12 adds to the currently known machinery involved in amino-terminal acetylation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyae Yon Kweon
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ni Lee
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center Korea ResearchInstitute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyChungbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Max Dorfel
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Seungwoon Seo
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Leah Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Thomas PaPazyan
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Nina McTiernan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Rasmus Ree
- Department of Biomedicine, University of BergenBergenNorway
| | - David Bolton
- Department of Molecular Biology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
| | - Michael Flory
- Research Design and Analysis Service, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
| | - Jonathan Crain
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Alison Sebold
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Scott Lyons
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
| | - Elaine Marchi
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
| | - Seong-keun Sonn
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of MedicineSaint LouisUnited States
| | - Sejin Jeon
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Shinyeong Ju
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Simon J Conway
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, KHU-KIST, Kyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Science and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryWoodburyUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New YorkNew YorkUnited States
- George A. Jervis Clinic, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental DisabilitiesStaten IslandUnited States
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37
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Bell R, Vendruscolo M. Modulation of the Interactions Between α-Synuclein and Lipid Membranes by Post-translational Modifications. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661117. [PMID: 34335440 PMCID: PMC8319954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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38
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Liu HQ, Zou YJ, Li XF, Wu L, Guo GQ. Stablization of ACOs by NatB mediated N-terminal acetylation is required for ethylene homeostasis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:320. [PMID: 34217224 PMCID: PMC8254318 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation (NTA) is a highly abundant protein modification catalyzed by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) in eukaryotes. However, the plant NATs and their biological functions have been poorly explored. Here we reveal that loss of function of CKRC3 and NBC-1, the auxiliary subunit (Naa25) and catalytic subunit (Naa20) of Arabidopsis NatB, respectively, led to defects in skotomorphogenesis and triple responses of ethylene. Proteome profiling and WB test revealed that the 1-amincyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO, catalyzing the last step of ethylene biosynthesis pathway) activity was significantly down-regulated in natb mutants, leading to reduced endogenous ethylene content. The defective phenotypes could be fully rescued by application of exogenous ethylene, but less by its precursor ACC. The present results reveal a previously unknown regulation mechanism at the co-translational protein level for ethylene homeostasis, in which the NatB-mediated NTA of ACOs render them an intracellular stability to maintain ethylene homeostasis for normal growth and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Qing Liu
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ya-Jie Zou
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guang-Qin Guo
- Institute of Cell Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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39
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Kubota M, Okamoto K. The protein N-terminal acetyltransferase A complex contributes to yeast mitophagy via promoting expression and phosphorylation of Atg32. J Biochem 2021; 170:175-182. [PMID: 34115119 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that selectively degrades damaged or superfluous mitochondria via autophagy. Although mitophagy is considered to be critical to maintain cellular homeostasis, detailed mechanisms of mitophagy remain largely unknown. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex is important for transcriptional induction of the pro-mitophagic factor Atg32 and efficient degradation of mitochondria under prolonged respiratory conditions. Overexpression of Atg32 only partially recovers mitophagy in cells lacking NatA, raising the possibility that NatA may contribute to mitophagy via additional mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that Atg32 phosphorylation, which is required for facilitating mitophagy, is altered in respiring NatA-deficient cells. Hyperphosphorylation of Atg32 partially rescues mitophagy in cells lacking NatA. Notably, mitophagy is mostly restored in NatA-null cells overexpressing hyperphosphorylated Atg32. Loss of NatA does not impair the interaction of phosphorylated Atg32 with Atg11, a scaffold protein critical for selective autophagy, suggesting that NatA-dependent Atg32 phosphorylation promotes mitophagy independently of Atg32-Atg11 interactions. We propose that NatA-mediated protein N-terminal acetylation acts in Atg32 expression and phosphorylation to drive mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Kubota
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Maini I, Caraffi SG, Peluso F, Valeri L, Nicoli D, Laurie S, Baldo C, Zuffardi O, Garavelli L. Clinical Manifestations in a Girl with NAA10-Related Syndrome and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in Females. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060900. [PMID: 34200686 PMCID: PMC8230408 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2011, eight males with an X-linked recessive disorder (Ogden syndrome, MIM #300855) associated with the same missense variant p.(Ser37Pro) in the NAA10 gene have been described. After the advent of whole exome sequencing, many NAA10 variants have been reported as causative of syndromic or non-syndromic intellectual disability in both males and females. The NAA10 gene lies in the Xq28 region and encodes the catalytic subunit of the major N-terminal acetyltransferase complex NatA, which acetylates almost half the human proteome. Here, we present a young female carrying a de novo NAA10 [NM_003491:c.247C > T, p.(Arg83Cys)] variant. The 18-year-old girl has severely delayed motor and language development, autistic traits, postnatal growth failure, facial dysmorphisms, interventricular septal defect, neuroimaging anomalies and epilepsy. Our attempt is to expand and compare genotype–phenotype correlation in females with NAA10-related syndrome. A detailed clinical description could have relevant consequences for the clinical management of known and newly identified individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Maini
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda USL di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.G.C.); (F.P.); (L.V.)
| | - Stefano G. Caraffi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.G.C.); (F.P.); (L.V.)
| | - Francesca Peluso
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.G.C.); (F.P.); (L.V.)
| | - Lara Valeri
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.G.C.); (F.P.); (L.V.)
- Post Graduate School of Paediatrics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Nicoli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Steven Laurie
- Clinical Genomics, Centre Nacional d’Anàlisi Genòmica, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, 08016 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Chiara Baldo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Galliera Hospital, 16128 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.G.C.); (F.P.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-052-229-6244
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Gogoll L, Steindl K, Joset P, Zweier M, Baumer A, Gerth-Kahlert C, Tutschek B, Rauch A. Confirmation of Ogden syndrome as an X-linked recessive fatal disorder due to a recurrent NAA10 variant and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2546-2560. [PMID: 34075687 PMCID: PMC8361982 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ogden syndrome is a rare lethal X‐linked recessive disorder caused by a recurrent missense variant (Ser37Pro) in the NAA10 gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of the N‐terminal acetyltransferase A complex (NatA). So far eight boys of two different families have been described in the literature, all presenting the distinctive and recognizable phenotype, which includes mostly postnatal growth retardation, global severe developmental delay, characteristic craniofacial features, and structural cardiac anomalies and/or arrhythmias. Here, we report the ninth case of Ogden syndrome with an independent recurrence of the Ser37Pro variant. We were able to follow the clinical course of the affected boy and delineate the evolving phenotype from his birth until his unfortunate death at 7 months. We could confirm the associated phenotype as well as the natural history of this severe disease. By describing new presenting features, we are further expanding the clinical spectrum associated with Ogden syndrome and review other phenotypes associated with NAA10 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gogoll
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zweier
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Baumer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Boris Tutschek
- Prenatal Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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42
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Huang YJ, Klionsky DJ. Yeast mitophagy: Unanswered questions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129932. [PMID: 34022298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Superfluous and damaged mitochondria need to be efficiently repaired or removed. Mitophagy is a selective type of autophagy that can engulf a portion of mitochondria within a double-membrane structure, called a mitophagosome, and deliver it to the vacuole for degradation. Mitophagy has significant physiological functions from yeast to human, and recent advances in yeast mitophagy shed light on the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy, especially the regulation of mitophagy induction. This review summarizes our current knowledge about yeast mitophagy and considers several unsolved questions, with a particular focus on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang J Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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43
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Deng S, Gottlieb L, Pan B, Supplee J, Wei X, Petersson EJ, Marmorstein R. Molecular mechanism of N-terminal acetylation by the ternary NatC complex. Structure 2021; 29:1094-1104.e4. [PMID: 34019809 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein N-terminal acetylation is predominantly a ribosome-associated modification, with NatA-E serving as the major enzymes. NatC is the most unusual of these enzymes, containing one Naa30 catalytic subunit and two auxiliary subunits, Naa35 and Naa38; and substrate selectivity profile that overlaps with NatE. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy structure of S. pombe NatC with a NatE/C-type bisubstrate analog and inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), and associated biochemistry studies. We find that the presence of three subunits is a prerequisite for normal NatC acetylation activity in yeast and that IP6 binds tightly to NatC to stabilize the complex. We also describe the molecular basis for IP6-mediated NatC complex stabilization and the overlapping yet distinct substrate profiles of NatC and NatE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34(th) Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leah Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34(th) Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Buyan Pan
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34(th) Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julianna Supplee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xuepeng Wei
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E James Petersson
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34(th) Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34(th) Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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He S, Wang F, Yung KKL, Zhang S, Qu S. Effects of α-Synuclein-Associated Post-Translational Modifications in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1061-1071. [PMID: 33769791 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn), a small highly conserved presynaptic protein containing 140 amino acids, is thought to be the main pathological hallmark in related neurodegenerative disorders. Although the normal function of α-syn is closely involved in the regulation of vesicular neurotransmission in these diseases, the underlying mechanisms of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α-syn in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) have not been fully characterized. The pathological accumulation of misfolded α-syn has a critical role in PD pathogenesis. Recent studies of factors contributing to α-syn-associated aggregation and misfolding have expanded our understanding of the PD disease process. In this Review, we summarize the structure and physiological function of α-syn, and we further highlight the major PTMs (namely phosphorylation, ubiquitination, nitration, acetylation, truncation, SUMOylation, and O-GlcNAcylation) of α-syn and the effects of these modifications on α-syn aggregation, which may elucidate mechanisms for PD pathogenesis and lay a theoretical foundation for clinical treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzhe He
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, 14643, United States
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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Khaleghi R, Asad S. Heterologous expression of recombinant urate oxidase using the intein-mediated protein purification in Pichia pastoris. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:120. [PMID: 33628707 PMCID: PMC7870736 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of urate oxidase (uricase) for clinical use has been highlighted because of its role in lowering the blood uric acid levels for the treatment of tumor lysis syndrome. In the present study, the codon-optimized synthetic gene of Aspergillus flavus uricase was fused to the Mxe GyrA intein and chitin-binding domain. The construct was inserted into pPICZA and pPICZαA vectors and electroporated into Pichia pastoris GS115 for the cytosolic and secretory expression. Transformants were screened on gradients of Zeocin up to 2000 μg/ml to find multi-copy integrants. For both constructs, colonies with more resistance were screened for the highest uricase producers by enzyme assay. PCR analysis confirmed successful cassettes insertion into the genome and Mut + phenotype. The gene copy index was determined to be two and five for cytosolic and secretory strains, respectively. Productivity of the cytosolic and secretory strains was found to be 0.74 and 0.001 U/ml culture media in order while the cytosolic recombinant enzyme accounted for about 6% of total proteins. One-step purification of the expressed uricase was done with the aid of the chitin affinity column, followed by DTT induction for intein on-column cleavage. The yield of 40.8 mg/L and K m of 0.22 mM was obtained for intracellular expression. It seems that the intracellular production of uricase can indeed serve as an effective alternative to secretory expression. Moreover, this is the first report considering cytosolic production of uricase using the intein-mediated protein purification in the methylotrophic yeast, P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Khaleghi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asad
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Son SM, Park SJ, Fernandez-Estevez M, Rubinsztein DC. Autophagy regulation by acetylation-implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:30-41. [PMID: 33483607 PMCID: PMC8080689 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of proteins, such as acetylation, are essential for the regulation of diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, development and aging. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves the highly regulated sequestration of intracytoplasmic contents in double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which are subsequently degraded after fusing with lysosomes. The roles and mechanisms of acetylation in autophagy control have emerged only in the last few years. In this review, we describe key molecular mechanisms by which previously identified acetyltransferases and deacetylases regulate autophagy. We highlight how p300 acetyltransferase controls mTORC1 activity to regulate autophagy under starvation and refeeding conditions in many cell types. Finally, we discuss how altered acetylation may impact various neurodegenerative diseases in which many of the causative proteins are autophagy substrates. These studies highlight some of the complexities that may need to be considered by anyone aiming to perturb acetylation under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Son
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - So Jung Park
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marian Fernandez-Estevez
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C. Rubinsztein
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934UK Dementia Research Institute, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Structural basis of Naa20 activity towards a canonical NatB substrate. Commun Biol 2021; 4:2. [PMID: 33398031 PMCID: PMC7782713 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal acetylation is one of the most common protein modifications in eukaryotes and is carried out by N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). It plays important roles in protein homeostasis, localization, and interactions and is linked to various human diseases. NatB, one of the major co-translationally active NATs, is composed of the catalytic subunit Naa20 and the auxiliary subunit Naa25, and acetylates about 20% of the proteome. Here we show that NatB substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism are conserved among eukaryotes, and that Naa20 alone is able to acetylate NatB substrates in vitro. We show that Naa25 increases the Naa20 substrate affinity, and identify residues important for peptide binding and acetylation activity. We present the first Naa20 crystal structure in complex with the competitive inhibitor CoA-Ac-MDEL. Our findings demonstrate how Naa20 binds its substrates in the absence of Naa25 and support prospective endeavors to derive specific NAT inhibitors for drug development.
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48
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Krtenic B, Drazic A, Arnesen T, Reuter N. Classification and phylogeny for the annotation of novel eukaryotic GNAT acetyltransferases. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007988. [PMID: 33362253 PMCID: PMC7790372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymes of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily count more than 870 000 members through all kingdoms of life and share the same structural fold. GNAT enzymes transfer an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A to a wide range of substrates including aminoglycosides, serotonin, glucosamine-6-phosphate, protein N-termini and lysine residues of histones and other proteins. The GNAT subtype of protein N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) alone targets a majority of all eukaryotic proteins stressing the omnipresence of the GNAT enzymes. Despite the highly conserved GNAT fold, sequence similarity is quite low between members of this superfamily even when substrates are similar. Furthermore, this superfamily is phylogenetically not well characterized. Thus functional annotation based on sequence similarity is unreliable and strongly hampered for thousands of GNAT members that remain biochemically uncharacterized. Here we used sequence similarity networks to map the sequence space and propose a new classification for eukaryotic GNAT acetyltransferases. Using the new classification, we built a phylogenetic tree, representing the entire GNAT acetyltransferase superfamily. Our results show that protein NATs have evolved more than once on the GNAT acetylation scaffold. We use our classification to predict the function of uncharacterized sequences and verify by in vitro protein assays that two fungal genes encode NAT enzymes targeting specific protein N-terminal sequences, showing that even slight changes on the GNAT fold can lead to change in substrate specificity. In addition to providing a new map of the relationship between eukaryotic acetyltransferases the classification proposed constitutes a tool to improve functional annotation of GNAT acetyltransferases. Enzymes of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase (GNAT) superfamily transfer an acetyl group from one molecule to another. This reaction is called acetylation and is one of the most common reactions inside the cell. The GNAT superfamily counts more than 870 000 members through all kingdoms of life. Despite sharing the same fold the GNAT superfamily is very diverse in terms of amino acid sequence and substrates. The eight N-terminal acetyltransferases (NatA, NatB, etc.. to NatH) are a GNAT subtype which acetylates the free amine group of polypeptide chains. This modification is called N-terminal acetylation and is one of the most abundant protein modifications in eukaryotic cells. This subtype is also characterized by a high sequence diversity even though they share the same substrate. In addition, the phylogeny of the superfamily is not characterized. This hampers functional annotation based on sequence similarity, and discovery of novel NATs. In this work we set out to solve the problem of the classification of eukaryotic GCN5-related acetyltransferases and report the first classification framework of the superfamily. This framework can be used as a tool for annotation of all GCN5-related acetyltransferases. As an example of what can be achieved we report in this paper the computational prediction and in vitro verification of the function of two previously uncharacterized N-terminal acetyltransferases. We also report the first acetyltransferase phylogenetic tree of the GCN5 superfamily. It indicates that N-terminal acetyltransferases do not constitute one homogeneous protein family, but that the ability to bind and acetylate protein N-termini had evolved more than once on the same acetylation scaffold. We also show that even small changes in key positions can lead to altered enzyme specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Krtenic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (BK); (NR)
| | - Adrian Drazic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway
| | - Nathalie Reuter
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (BK); (NR)
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Chang CH, Chang HY, Rappsilber J, Ishihama Y. Isolation of Acetylated and Unmodified Protein N-Terminal Peptides by Strong Cation Exchange Chromatographic Separation of TrypN-Digested Peptides. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100003. [PMID: 33517145 PMCID: PMC7857546 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir120.002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple and rapid method to enrich protein N-terminal peptides, in which the protease TrypN is first employed to generate protein N-terminal peptides without Lys or Arg and internal peptides with two positive charges at their N termini, and then, the N-terminal peptides with or without N-acetylation are separated from the internal peptides by strong cation exchange chromatography according to a retention model based on the charge/orientation of peptides. This approach was applied to 20 μg of human HEK293T cell lysate proteins to profile the N-terminal proteome. On average, 1550 acetylated and 200 unmodified protein N-terminal peptides were successfully identified in a single LC/MS/MS run with less than 3% contamination with internal peptides, even when we accepted only canonical protein N termini registered in the Swiss-Prot database. Because this method involves only two steps, protein digestion and chromatographic separation, without the need for tedious chemical reactions, it should be useful for comprehensive profiling of protein N termini, including proteoforms with neo-N termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan.
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50
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Teixeira CSS, Cerqueira NMFSA, Gomes P, Sousa SF. A Molecular Perspective on Sirtuin Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228609. [PMID: 33203121 PMCID: PMC7696986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein acetylation of either the α-amino groups of amino-terminal residues or of internal lysine or cysteine residues is one of the major posttranslational protein modifications that occur in the cell with repercussions at the protein as well as at the metabolome level. The lysine acetylation status is determined by the opposing activities of lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine deacetylases (KDACs), which add and remove acetyl groups from proteins, respectively. A special group of KDACs, named sirtuins, that require NAD+ as a substrate have received particular attention in recent years. They play critical roles in metabolism, and their abnormal activity has been implicated in several diseases. Conversely, the modulation of their activity has been associated with protection from age-related cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and with increased longevity. The benefits of either activating or inhibiting these enzymes have turned sirtuins into attractive therapeutic targets, and considerable effort has been directed toward developing specific sirtuin modulators. This review summarizes the protein acylation/deacylation processes with a special focus on the current developments in the sirtuin research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. S. Teixeira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.S.T.); (N.M.F.S.A.C.)
| | - Nuno M. F. S. A. Cerqueira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.S.T.); (N.M.F.S.A.C.)
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM - Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (C.S.S.T.); (N.M.F.S.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-551-3600
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