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Jahandar-Lashaki S, Farajnia S, Faraji-Barhagh A, Hosseini Z, Bakhtiyari N, Rahbarnia L. Phage Display as a Medium for Target Therapy Based Drug Discovery, Review and Update. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01195-6. [PMID: 38822912 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Phage libraries are now amongst the most prominent approaches for the identification of high-affinity antibodies/peptides from billions of displayed phages in a specific library through the biopanning process. Due to its ability to discover potential therapeutic candidates that bind specifically to targets, phage display has gained considerable attention in targeted therapy. Using this approach, peptides with high-affinity and specificity can be identified for potential therapeutic or diagnostic use. Furthermore, phage libraries can be used to rapidly screen and identify novel antibodies to develop immunotherapeutics. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several phage display-derived peptides and antibodies for the treatment of different diseases. In the current review, we provided a comprehensive insight into the role of phage display-derived peptides and antibodies in the treatment of different diseases including cancers, infectious diseases and neurological disorders. We also explored the applications of phage display in targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and CAR T-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Jahandar-Lashaki
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Aref Faraji-Barhagh
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nasim Bakhtiyari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Rahbarnia
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Wang F, Huang Y, Li J, Zhou W, Wang W. Targeted gene delivery systems for T-cell engineering. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6. [PMID: 38753155 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are indispensable for the host systems of defense against pathogens, tumors, and environmental threats. The therapeutic potential of harnessing the cytotoxic properties of T lymphocytes for antigen-specific cell elimination is both evident and efficacious. Genetically engineered T-cells, such as those employed in CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits in treating cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, the current landscape of T-cell genetic engineering is dominated by strategies that necessitate in vitro T-cell isolation and modification, which introduce complexity and prolong the development timeline of T-cell based immunotherapies. This review explores the complexities of gene delivery systems designed for T cells, covering both viral and nonviral vectors. Viral vectors are known for their high transduction efficiency, yet they face significant limitations, such as potential immunogenicity and the complexities involved in large-scale production. Nonviral vectors, conversely, offer a safer profile and the potential for scalable manufacturing, yet they often struggle with lower transduction efficiency. The pursuit of gene delivery systems that can achieve targeted gene transfer to T cell without the need for isolation represents a significant advancement in the field. This review assesses the design principles and current research progress of such systems, highlighting the potential for in vivo gene modification therapies that could revolutionize T-cell based treatments. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these systems, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the future development of T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaQian Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhu N, Smallwood PM, Rattner A, Chang TH, Williams J, Wang Y, Nathans J. Utility of protein-protein binding surfaces composed of anti-parallel alpha-helices and beta-sheets selected by phage display. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107283. [PMID: 38608728 PMCID: PMC11107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades, a diverse collection of small protein domains have been used as scaffolds to generate general purpose protein-binding reagents using a variety of protein display and enrichment technologies. To expand the repertoire of scaffolds and protein surfaces that might serve this purpose, we have explored the utility of (i) a pair of anti-parallel alpha-helices in a small highly disulfide-bonded 4-helix bundle, the CC4 domain from reversion-inducing Cysteine-rich Protein with Kazal Motifs and (ii) a concave beta-sheet surface and two adjacent loops in the human FN3 domain, the scaffold for the widely used monobody platform. Using M13 phage display and next generation sequencing, we observe that, in both systems, libraries of ∼30 million variants contain binding proteins with affinities in the low μM range for baits corresponding to the extracellular domains of multiple mammalian proteins. CC4- and FN3-based binding proteins were fused to the N- and/or C-termini of Fc domains and used for immunostaining of transfected cells. Additionally, FN3-based binding proteins were inserted into VP1 of AAV to direct AAV infection to cells expressing a defined surface receptor. Finally, FN3-based binding proteins were inserted into the Pvc13 tail fiber protein of an extracellular contractile injection system particle to direct protein cargo delivery to cells expressing a defined surface receptor. These experiments support the utility of CC4 helices B and C and of FN3 beta-strands C, D, and F together with adjacent loops CD and FG as surfaces for engineering general purpose protein-binding reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Philip M Smallwood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Tao-Hsin Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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4
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Hamilton JR, Chen E, Perez BS, Sandoval Espinoza CR, Kang MH, Trinidad M, Ngo W, Doudna JA. In vivo human T cell engineering with enveloped delivery vehicles. Nat Biotechnol 2024:10.1038/s41587-023-02085-z. [PMID: 38212493 PMCID: PMC11236958 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-02085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Viruses and virally derived particles have the intrinsic capacity to deliver molecules to cells, but the difficulty of readily altering cell-type selectivity has hindered their use for therapeutic delivery. Here, we show that cell surface marker recognition by antibody fragments displayed on membrane-derived particles encapsulating CRISPR-Cas9 protein and guide RNA can deliver genome editing tools to specific cells. Compared to conventional vectors like adeno-associated virus that rely on evolved capsid tropisms to deliver virally encoded cargo, these Cas9-packaging enveloped delivery vehicles (Cas9-EDVs) leverage predictable antibody-antigen interactions to transiently deliver genome editing machinery selectively to cells of interest. Antibody-targeted Cas9-EDVs preferentially confer genome editing in cognate target cells over bystander cells in mixed populations, both ex vivo and in vivo. By using multiplexed targeting molecules to direct delivery to human T cells, Cas9-EDVs enable the generation of genome-edited chimeric antigen receptor T cells in humanized mice, establishing a programmable delivery modality with the potential for widespread therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hamilton
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Azalea Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Azalea Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Barbara S Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Cindy R Sandoval Espinoza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Min Hyung Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marena Trinidad
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wayne Ngo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA.
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Theuerkauf SA, Herrera-Carrillo E, John F, Zinser LJ, Molina MA, Riechert V, Thalheimer FB, Börner K, Grimm D, Chlanda P, Berkhout B, Buchholz CJ. AAV vectors displaying bispecific DARPins enable dual-control targeted gene delivery. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122399. [PMID: 37992599 PMCID: PMC10721713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Precise delivery of genes to therapy-relevant cells is crucial for in vivo gene therapy. Receptor-targeting as prime strategy for this purpose is limited to cell types defined by a single cell-surface marker. Many target cells are characterized by combinations of more than one marker, such as the HIV reservoir cells. Here, we explored the tropism of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV2) displaying designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) mono- and bispecific for CD4 and CD32a. Cryo-electron tomography revealed an unaltered capsid structure in the presence of DARPins. Surprisingly, bispecific AAVs transduced CD4/CD32a double-positive cells at much higher efficiencies than single-positive cells, even if present in low amounts in cell mixtures or human blood. This preference was confirmed when vector particles were systemically administered into mice. Cell trafficking studies revealed an increased cell entry rate for bispecific over monospecific AAVs. When equipped with an HIV genome-targeting CRISPR/Cas cassette, the vectors prevented HIV replication in T cell cultures. The data provide proof-of-concept for high-precision gene delivery through tandem-binding regions on AAV. Reminiscent of biological products following Boolean logic AND gating, the data suggest a new option for receptor-targeted vectors to improve the specificity and safety of in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Theuerkauf
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Fabian John
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luca J Zinser
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Riechert
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Section Viral Vector Technologies, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Schaller Research Groups, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian J Buchholz
- Gene Therapy and Molecular Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Günther DM, Kovacs R, Wildner F, Salivara A, Thalheimer FB, Fries P, Geiger JRP, Buchholz CJ. Substantially improved gene transfer to interneurons with second-generation glutamate receptor-targeted DART-AAV vectors. J Neurosci Methods 2023; 399:109981. [PMID: 37783350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2023.109981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) are a widely used gene transfer platform in neuroscience. Although naturally AAV serotypes can have preferences for certain tissues, selectivity for particular cell types in the CNS does not exist. Towards interneuron targeting, capsid engineering of AAV2 including display of the designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) 2K19 specific for the glutamate receptor subunit 4 (GluA4) at the N-terminus of the VP2 capsid protein has been established. The resulting AAV-VP2N is highly specific for interneurons, but exhibits rather moderate transduction efficiencies. METHODS Two alternative insertion sites for 2K19 in the GH2/GH3 loop of capsid proteins VP1 (AAV-VP1L) or VP2 (AAV-VP2L) were exploited to yield second generation GluA4-AAVs. Having packaged reporter genes under ubiquitous promoters, the vectors were characterized for biochemical properties as well as gene delivery into cell lines and rat hippocampal slice cultures. Electrophysiological recordings monitored the functional properties of transduced cells. RESULTS Compared to AAV-VP2N, the second-generation vectors, especially AAV-VP1L, achieved about 2-fold higher genomic titers as well as a substantially improved GluA4 binding. Improvements in gene transfer activities were 18-fold on GluA4-overexpressing A549 cells and five-fold on rat hippocampal organotypic slice cultures reaching approximately 60 % of all parvalbumin positive interneurons upon a single administration. The spiking behaviour of transduced cells was unaltered and characteristic for a heterogeneous group of interneurons. CONCLUSION The substantially improved gene transfer activity of the second generation GluA4-targeted AAV combined with low toxicity makes this vector an attractive tool for interneuron-directed gene transfer with unrestricted promotor and transgene choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Günther
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Kovacs
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Wildner
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Salivara
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - F B Thalheimer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - P Fries
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 EN Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J R P Geiger
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - C J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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Büning H, Morgan M, Schambach A. Skeletal muscle-directed gene therapy: hijacking the fusogenic properties of muscle cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:340. [PMID: 37699901 PMCID: PMC10497515 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Kapitza L, Ho N, Kerzel T, Frank AM, Thalheimer FB, Jamali A, Schaser T, Buchholz CJ, Hartmann J. CD62L as target receptor for specific gene delivery into less differentiated human T lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183698. [PMID: 37646032 PMCID: PMC10461316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells are a complex and heterogeneous gene therapy product with variable phenotype compositions. A higher proportion of less differentiated CAR T cells is usually associated with improved antitumoral function and persistence. We describe in this study a novel receptor-targeted lentiviral vector (LV) named 62L-LV that preferentially transduces less differentiated T cells marked by the L-selectin receptor CD62L, with transduction rates of up to 70% of CD4+ and 50% of CD8+ primary T cells. Remarkably, higher amounts of less differentiated T cells are transduced and preserved upon long-term cultivation using 62L-LV compared to VSV-LV. Interestingly, shed CD62L neither altered the binding of 62L-LV particles to T cells nor impacted their transduction. The incubation of 2 days of activated T lymphocytes with 62L-LV or VSV-LV for only 24 hours was sufficient to generate CAR T cells that controlled tumor growth in a leukemia tumor mouse model. The data proved that potent CAR T cells can be generated by short-term ex vivo exposure of primary cells to LVs. As a first vector type that preferentially transduces less differentiated T lymphocytes, 62L-LV has the potential to circumvent cumbersome selections of T cell subtypes and offers substantial shortening of the CAR T cell manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kapitza
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naphang Ho
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kerzel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Annika M. Frank
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Arezoo Jamali
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaser
- Research & Development, Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Riechert V, Hein S, Visser M, Zimmermann M, Wesche J, Adams PA, Theuerkauf SA, Jamali A, Wangorsch A, Reuter A, Pasternak AO, Hartmann J, Greinacher A, Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B, Cichutek K, Buchholz CJ. FcγRIIA-specific DARPins as novel tools in blood cell analysis and platelet aggregation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104743. [PMID: 37100283 PMCID: PMC10209026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc receptors are involved in a variety of physiologically and disease-relevant responses. Among them, FcγRIIA (CD32a) is known for its activating functions in pathogen recognition and platelet biology, and, as potential marker of T lymphocytes latently infected with HIV-1. The latter has not been without controversy due to technical challenges complicated by T-B cell conjugates and trogocytosis as well as a lack of antibodies distinguishing between the closely related isoforms of FcγRII. To generate high-affinity binders specific for FcγRIIA, libraries of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) were screened for binding to its extracellular domains by ribosomal display. Counterselection against FcγRIIB eliminated binders cross-reacting with both isoforms. The identified DARPins bound FcγRIIA with no detectable binding for FcγRIIB. Their affinities for FcγRIIA were in the low nanomolar range and could be enhanced by cleavage of the His-tag and dimerization. Interestingly, complex formation between DARPin and FcγRIIA followed a two-state reaction model, and discrimination from FcγRIIB was based on a single amino acid residue. In flow cytometry, DARPin F11 detected FcγRIIA+ cells even when they made up less than 1% of the cell population. Image stream analysis of primary human blood cells confirmed that F11 caused dim but reliable cell surface staining of a small subpopulation of T lymphocytes. When incubated with platelets, F11 inhibited their aggregation equally efficient as antibodies unable to discriminate between both FcγRII isoforms. The selected DARPins are unique novel tools for platelet aggregation studies as well as the role of FcγRIIA for the latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Riechert
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sascha Hein
- Division of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Mayken Visser
- Division of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Mathias Zimmermann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wesche
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp A Adams
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samuel A Theuerkauf
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Arezoo Jamali
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andrea Wangorsch
- Department of Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Reuter
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaus Cichutek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
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10
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Awad RM, Breckpot K. Novel technologies for applying immune checkpoint blockers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 382:1-101. [PMID: 38225100 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells develop several ways to subdue the immune system among others via upregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) proteins. These ICPs paralyze immune effector cells and thereby enable unfettered tumor growth. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that block ICPs can prevent immune exhaustion. Due to their outstanding effects, mAbs revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, current ICP therapy regimens suffer from issues related to systemic administration of mAbs, including the onset of immune related adverse events, poor pharmacokinetics, limited tumor accessibility and immunogenicity. These drawbacks and new insights on spatiality prompted the exploration of novel administration routes for mAbs for instance peritumoral delivery. Moreover, novel ICP drug classes that are adept to novel delivery technologies were developed to circumvent the drawbacks of mAbs. We therefore review the state-of-the-art and novel delivery strategies of ICP drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Peek JL, Wilson MH. Cell and gene therapy for kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023:10.1038/s41581-023-00702-3. [PMID: 36973494 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Kidney disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Current interventions for kidney disease include dialysis and renal transplantation, which have limited efficacy or availability and are often associated with complications such as cardiovascular disease and immunosuppression. There is therefore a pressing need for novel therapies for kidney disease. Notably, as many as 30% of kidney disease cases are caused by monogenic disease and are thus potentially amenable to genetic medicine, such as cell and gene therapy. Systemic disease that affects the kidney, such as diabetes and hypertension, might also be targetable by cell and gene therapy. However, although there are now several approved gene and cell therapies for inherited diseases that affect other organs, none targets the kidney. Promising recent advances in cell and gene therapy have been made, including in the kidney research field, suggesting that this form of therapy might represent a potential solution for kidney disease in the future. In this Review, we describe the potential for cell and gene therapy in treating kidney disease, focusing on recent genetic studies, key advances and emerging technologies, and we describe several crucial considerations for renal genetic and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Peek
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew H Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Services, Nashville, TN, USA.
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12
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Gene Therapy for Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030856. [PMID: 36986717 PMCID: PMC10057434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biological methods over the past decade has stimulated great interest in the possibility to regenerate human tissues. Advances in stem cell research, gene therapy, and tissue engineering have accelerated the technology in tissue and organ regeneration. However, despite significant progress in this area, there are still several technical issues that must be addressed, especially in the clinical use of gene therapy. The aims of gene therapy include utilising cells to produce a suitable protein, silencing over-producing proteins, and genetically modifying and repairing cell functions that may affect disease conditions. While most current gene therapy clinical trials are based on cell- and viral-mediated approaches, non-viral gene transfection agents are emerging as potentially safe and effective in the treatment of a wide variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene therapy based on viral vectors may induce pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Therefore, significant efforts are being invested in non-viral vectors to enhance their efficiency to a level comparable to the viral vector. Non-viral technologies consist of plasmid-based expression systems containing a gene encoding, a therapeutic protein, and synthetic gene delivery systems. One possible approach to enhance non-viral vector ability or to be an alternative to viral vectors would be to use tissue engineering technology for regenerative medicine therapy. This review provides a critical view of gene therapy with a major focus on the development of regenerative medicine technologies to control the in vivo location and function of administered genes.
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13
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Shaharyar MA, Bhowmik R, Al-Abbasi FA, AlGhamdi SA, Alghamdi AM, Sarkar A, Kazmi I, Karmakar S. Vaccine Formulation Strategies and Challenges Involved in RNA Delivery for Modulating Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Race from Laboratory to Market. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020241. [PMID: 36851119 PMCID: PMC9963957 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that noncoding RNAs have significant physiological and pathological roles. Modulation of noncoding RNAs may offer therapeutic approaches as per recent findings. Small RNAs, mostly long noncoding RNAs, siRNA, and microRNAs make up noncoding RNAs. Inhibiting or promoting protein breakdown by binding to 3' untranslated regions of target mRNA, microRNAs post-transcriptionally control the pattern of gene expression. Contrarily, long non-coding RNAs perform a wider range of tasks, including serving as molecular scaffolding, decoys, and epigenetic regulators. This article provides instances of long noncoding RNAs and microRNAs that may be a biomarker of CVD (cardiovascular disease). In this paper we highlight various RNA-based vaccine formulation strategies designed to target these biomarkers-that are either currently in the research pipeline or are in the global pharmaceutical market-along with the physiological hurdles that need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Adil Shaharyar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil Bhowmik
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shareefa A. AlGhamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +966-543970731 (I.K.); +91-8017136385 (S.K.)
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (S.K.); Tel.: +966-543970731 (I.K.); +91-8017136385 (S.K.)
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14
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Ghaedrahmati F, Esmaeil N, Abbaspour M. Targeting immune checkpoints: how to use natural killer cells for fighting against solid tumors. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 43:177-213. [PMID: 36585761 PMCID: PMC9926962 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are unique innate immune cells that mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor responses. Thus, they might hold great potential for cancer immunotherapy. NK cell adoptive immunotherapy in humans has shown modest efficacy. In particular, it has failed to demonstrate therapeutic efficiency in the treatment of solid tumors, possibly due in part to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), which reduces NK cell immunotherapy's efficiencies. It is known that immune checkpoints play a prominent role in creating an immunosuppressive TME, leading to NK cell exhaustion and tumor immune escape. Therefore, NK cells must be reversed from their dysfunctional status and increased in their effector roles in order to improve the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. Blockade of immune checkpoints can not only rescue NK cells from exhaustion but also augment their robust anti-tumor activity. In this review, we discussed immune checkpoint blockade strategies with a focus on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells to redirect NK cells to cancer cells in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran,Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‐Communicable DiseaseIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Maryam Abbaspour
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyFaculty of PharmacyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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15
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Yu B, Shi Q, Belk JA, Yost KE, Parker KR, Li R, Liu BB, Huang H, Lingwood D, Greenleaf WJ, Davis MM, Satpathy AT, Chang HY. Engineered cell entry links receptor biology with single-cell genomics. Cell 2022; 185:4904-4920.e22. [PMID: 36516854 PMCID: PMC9789208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells communicate with each other via receptor-ligand interactions. Here, we describe lentiviral-mediated cell entry by engineered receptor-ligand interaction (ENTER) to display ligand proteins, deliver payloads, and record receptor specificity. We optimize ENTER to decode interactions between T cell receptor (TCR)-MHC peptides, antibody-antigen, and other receptor-ligand pairs. A viral presentation strategy allows ENTER to capture interactions between B cell receptor and any antigen. We engineer ENTER to deliver genetic payloads to antigen-specific T or B cells to selectively modulate cellular behavior in mixed populations. Single-cell readout of ENTER by RNA sequencing (ENTER-seq) enables multiplexed enumeration of antigen specificities, TCR clonality, cell type, and states of individual T cells. ENTER-seq of CMV-seropositive patient blood samples reveals the viral epitopes that drive effector memory T cell differentiation and inter-clonal vs. intra-clonal phenotypic diversity targeting the same epitope. ENTER technology enables systematic discovery of receptor specificity, linkage to cell fates, and antigen-specific cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingfei Yu
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathryn E Yost
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin R Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Betty B Liu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Huang Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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16
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Suoranta T, Laham-Karam N, Ylä-Herttuala S. Strategies to improve safety profile of AAV vectors. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:1054069. [PMID: 39086961 PMCID: PMC11285686 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1054069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are currently used in four approved gene therapies for Leber congenital amaurosis (Luxturna), spinal muscular atrophy (Zolgensma), aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (Upstaza) and Haemophilia A (Roctavian), with several more therapies being investigated in clinical trials. AAV gene therapy has long been considered extremely safe both in the context of immunotoxicity and genotoxicity, but recent tragic deaths in the clinical trials for X-linked myotubular myopathy and Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, together with increasing reports of potential hepatic oncogenicity in animal models have prompted re-evaluation of how much trust we can place on the safety of AAV gene therapy, especially at high doses. In this review we cover genome and capsid engineering strategies that can be used to improve safety of the next generation AAV vectors both in the context of immunogenicity and genotoxicity and discuss the gaps that need filling in our current knowledge about AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuisku Suoranta
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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17
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Walser M, Mayor J, Rothenberger S. Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins: A New Class of Viral Entry Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:2242. [PMID: 36298797 PMCID: PMC9611651 DOI: 10.3390/v14102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are engineered proteins comprising consensus designed ankyrin repeats as scaffold. Tightly packed repeats form a continuous hydrophobic core and a large groove-like solvent-accessible surface that creates a binding surface. DARPin domains recognizing a target of interest with high specificity and affinity can be generated using a synthetic combinatorial library and in vitro selection methods. They can be linked together in a single molecule to build multispecific and multifunctional proteins without affecting expression or function. The modular architecture of DARPins offers unprecedented possibilities of design and opens avenues for innovative antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Walser
- Molecular Partners AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Mayor
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Rothenberger
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Chronopoulou L, Falasca F, Di Fonzo F, Turriziani O, Palocci C. siRNA Transfection Mediated by Chitosan Microparticles for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection of Human Cell Lines. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155340. [PMID: 35955275 PMCID: PMC9369812 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery is the basis for developing gene therapies that, in the future, may be able to cure virtually any disease, including viral infections. The use of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting viral replication is a novel strategy for treating HIV-1 infection. In this study, we prepared chitosan particles containing siRNA tat/rev via ionotropic gelation. Chitosan-based particles were efficiently internalized by cells, as evidenced by fluorescence microscopy. The antiviral effect of chitosan-based particles was studied on the C8166 cell line infected with HIV-1 and compared with the use of commercial liposomes (ESCORT). A significant reduction in HIV replication was also observed in cells treated with empty chitosan particles, suggesting that chitosan may interfere with the early steps of the HIV life cycle and have a synergic effect with siRNA to reduce viral replication significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Falasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (O.T.)
| | - Federica Di Fonzo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ombretta Turriziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.F.); (O.T.)
| | - Cleofe Palocci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- CIABC-Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze Applicate alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0649913317
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19
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Michels A, Ho N, Buchholz CJ. Precision Medicine: In Vivo CAR Therapy as a Showcase for Receptor-Targeted Vector Platforms. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2401-2415. [PMID: 35598048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are a cancer immunotherapy of extremes: Unprecedentedly effective, but complex and costly to manufacture, they are not yet a therapeutic option for all who would benefit. This disparity has motivated worldwide efforts to simplify treatment. Among the proposed solutions, the generation of CAR T cells directly in the patient, i.e. in vivo, is arguably simultaneously the most technically challenging and clinically useful approach to convert CAR therapy from a cell-based autologous medicinal product into a universally applicable off-the-shelf treatment. Here we review the current state-of-the-art of in vivo CAR therapy, focusing especially on the vector technologies used. These cover lentiviral vectors, adenovirus-associated vectors as well as synthetic polymer nanocarriers and lipid nanoparticles. Proof-of-concept, i.e. the generation of CAR cells directly in mouse models, has been demonstrated for all vector platforms. Receptor-targeting of vector particles is crucial, as it can prevent CAR gene delivery into off-target cells, thus reducing toxicities. We discuss the properties of the vector platforms, such as their immunogenicity, potency, and modes of CAR delivery (permanent versus transient). Finally, we outline the work required to advance in vivo CAR therapy from proof-of-concept to a robust, scalable technology for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Michels
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Naphang Ho
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany;; Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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20
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Feng Y, Li Y, Shen PP, Wang B. Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: a Promising Better Alternative Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2662-2682. [PMID: 35587330 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), which can reverse neurodegeneration and promote tissue regeneration via its pluripotency and ability to secrete neurotrophic factors. Although various stem cell-based approaches have shown certain therapeutic effects when applied to the treatment of SCI, their clinical efficacies have been disappointing. Thus, it is an urgent need to further enhance the neurological benefits of stem cells through bioengineering strategies including genetic engineering. In this review, we summarize the progress of stem cell therapy for SCI and the prospect of genetically modified stem cells, focusing on the genome editing tools and functional molecules involved in SCI repair, trying to provide a deeper understanding of genetically modified stem cell therapy and more applicable clinical strategies for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Feng
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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21
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Baron Y, Sens J, Lange L, Nassauer L, Klatt D, Hoffmann D, Kleppa MJ, Barbosa PV, Keisker M, Steinberg V, Suerth JD, Vondran FW, Meyer J, Morgan M, Schambach A, Galla M. Improved alpharetrovirus-based Gag.MS2 particles for efficient and transient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 into target cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 27:810-823. [PMID: 35141043 PMCID: PMC8801357 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA-modifying technologies, such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system, are promising tools in the field of gene and cell therapies. However, high and prolonged expression of DNA-modifying enzymes may cause cytotoxic and genotoxic side effects and is therefore unwanted in therapeutic approaches. Consequently, development of new and potent short-term delivery methods is of utmost importance. Recently, we developed non-integrating gammaretrovirus- and MS2 bacteriophage-based Gag.MS2 (g.Gag.MS2) particles for transient transfer of non-retroviral CRISPR-Cas9 RNA into target cells. In the present study, we further improved the technique by transferring the system to the alpharetroviral vector platform (a.Gag.MS2), which significantly increased CRISPR-Cas9 delivery into target cells and allowed efficient targeted knockout of endogenous TP53/Trp53 genes in primary murine fibroblasts as well as primary human fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and cord-blood-derived CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. Strikingly, co-packaging of Cas9 mRNA and multiple single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) into a.Gag.MS2 chimera displayed efficient targeted knockout of up to three genes. Co-transfection of single-stranded DNA donor oligonucleotides during CRISPR-Cas9 particle production generated all-in-one particles, which mediated up to 12.5% of homology-directed repair in primary cell cultures. In summary, optimized a.Gag.MS2 particles represent a versatile tool for short-term delivery of DNA-modifying enzymes into a variety of target cells, including primary murine and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baron
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Johanna Sens
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Lucas Lange
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Larissa Nassauer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Denise Klatt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Marc-Jens Kleppa
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Philippe Vollmer Barbosa
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Maximilian Keisker
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Viviane Steinberg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Julia D. Suerth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Florian W.R. Vondran
- ReMediES, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Johann Meyer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
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22
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Michels A, Frank AM, Günther DM, Mataei M, Börner K, Grimm D, Hartmann J, Buchholz CJ. Lentiviral and adeno-associated vectors efficiently transduce mouse T lymphocytes when targeted to murine CD8. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:334-347. [PMID: 34729380 PMCID: PMC8531454 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies on gene delivery into mouse lymphocytes are often hampered by insufficient activity of lentiviral (LV) and adeno-associated vectors (AAVs) as well as missing tools for cell type selectivity when considering in vivo gene therapy. Here, we selected designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) binding to murine CD8. The top-performing DARPin was displayed as targeting ligand on both vector systems. When used on engineered measles virus (MV) glycoproteins, the resulting mCD8-LV transduced CD8+ mouse lymphocytes with near-absolute (>99%) selectivity. Despite its lower functional titer, mCD8-LV achieved 4-fold higher gene delivery to CD8+ cells than conventional VSV-LV when added to whole mouse blood. Addition of mCD8-LV encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for mouse CD19 to splenocytes resulted in elimination of B lymphocytes and lymphoma cells. For display on AAV, the DARPin was inserted into the GH2-GH3 loop of the AAV2 capsid protein VP1, resulting in a DARPin-targeted AAV we termed DART-AAV. Stocks of mCD8-AAV contained similar genome copies as AAV2 but were >20-fold more active in gene delivery in mouse splenocytes, while exhibiting >99% specificity for CD8+ cells. These results suggest that receptor targeting can overcome blocks in transduction of mouse splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Michels
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Annika M Frank
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Dorothee M Günther
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Fries Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mehryad Mataei
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
| | - Jessica Hartmann
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.,Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
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23
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Tagging and Capturing of Lentiviral Vectors Using Short RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910263. [PMID: 34638603 PMCID: PMC8508951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral (LV) vectors have emerged as powerful tools for transgene delivery ex vivo but in vivo gene therapy applications involving LV vectors have faced a number of challenges, including the low efficiency of transgene delivery, a lack of tissue specificity, immunogenicity to both the product encoded by the transgene and the vector, and the inactivation of the vector by the human complement cascade. To mitigate these issues, several engineering approaches, involving the covalent modification of vector particles or the incorporation of specific protein domains into the vector’s envelope, have been tested. Short synthetic oligonucleotides, including aptamers bound to the surface of LV vectors, may provide a novel means with which to retarget LV vectors to specific cells and to shield these vectors from neutralization by sera. The purpose of this study was to develop strategies to tether nucleic acid sequences, including short RNA sequences, to LV vector particles in a specific and tight fashion. To bind short RNA sequences to LV vector particles, a bacteriophage lambda N protein-derived RNA binding domain (λN), fused to the measles virus hemagglutinin protein, was used. The λN protein bound RNA sequences bearing a boxB RNA hairpin. To test this approach, we used an RNA aptamer specific to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which was bound to LV vector particles via an RNA scaffold containing a boxB RNA motif. The results obtained confirmed that the EGFR-specific RNA aptamer bound to cells expressing EGFR and that the boxB containing the RNA scaffold was bound specifically to the λN RNA binding domain attached to the vector. These results show that LV vectors can be equipped with nucleic acid sequences to develop improved LV vectors for in vivo applications.
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24
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Huckaby JT, Landoni E, Jacobs TM, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Lai SK. Bispecific binder redirected lentiviral vector enables in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002737. [PMID: 34518288 PMCID: PMC8438880 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown considerable promise as a personalized cellular immunotherapy against B cell malignancies. However, the complex and lengthy manufacturing processes involved in generating CAR T cell products ex vivo result in substantial production time delays and high costs. Furthermore, ex vivo expansion of T cells promotes cell differentiation that reduces their in vivo replicative capacity and longevity. Methods Here, to overcome these limitations, CAR-T cells are engineered directly in vivo by administering a lentivirus expressing a mutant Sindbis envelope, coupled with a bispecific antibody binder that redirects the virus to CD3+ human T cells. Results This redirected lentiviral system offers exceptional specificity and efficiency; a single dose of the virus delivered to immunodeficient mice engrafted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells generates CD19-specific CAR-T cells that markedly control the growth of an aggressive pre-established xenograft B cell tumor. Conclusions These findings underscore in vivo engineering of CAR-T cells as a promising approach for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Huckaby
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elisa Landoni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA .,Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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26
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Morgan MA, Galla M, Grez M, Fehse B, Schambach A. Retroviral gene therapy in Germany with a view on previous experience and future perspectives. Gene Ther 2021; 28:494-512. [PMID: 33753908 PMCID: PMC8455336 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy can be used to restore cell function in monogenic disorders or to endow cells with new capabilities, such as improved killing of cancer cells, expression of suicide genes for controlled elimination of cell populations, or protection against chemotherapy or viral infection. While gene therapies were originally most often used to treat monogenic diseases and to improve hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcome, the advent of genetically modified immune cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells, has contributed to the increased numbers of patients treated with gene and cell therapies. The advancement of gene therapy with integrating retroviral vectors continues to depend upon world-wide efforts. As the topic of this special issue is "Spotlight on Germany," the goal of this review is to provide an overview of contributions to this field made by German clinical and research institutions. Research groups in Germany made, and continue to make, important contributions to the development of gene therapy, including design of vectors and transduction protocols for improved cell modification, methods to assess gene therapy vector efficacy and safety (e.g., clonal imbalance, insertion sites), as well as in the design and conduction of clinical gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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27
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Robbins GM, Wang M, Pomeroy EJ, Moriarity BS. Nonviral genome engineering of natural killer cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:350. [PMID: 34134774 PMCID: PMC8207670 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes of the innate immune system capable of immune surveillance. Given their ability to rapidly and effectively recognize and kill aberrant cells, especially transformed cells, NK cells represent a unique cell type to genetically engineer to improve its potential as a cell-based therapy. NK cells do not express a T cell receptor and thus do not contribute to graft-versus-host disease, nor do they induce T cell-driven cytokine storms, making them highly suited as an off-the-shelf cellular therapy. The clinical efficacy of NK cell-based therapies has been hindered by limited in vivo persistence and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment characteristic of many cancers. Enhancing NK cell resistance to tumor inhibitory signaling through genome engineering has the potential to improve NK cell persistence in the tumor microenvironment and restore cytotoxic functions. Alongside silencing NK cell inhibitory receptors, NK cell killing can be redirected by the integration of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). However, NK cells are associated with technical and biological challenges not observed in T cells, typically resulting in low genome editing efficiencies. Viral vectors have achieved the greatest gene transfer efficiencies but carry concerns of random, insertional mutagenesis given the high viral titers necessary. As such, this review focuses on nonviral methods of gene transfer within the context of improving cancer immunotherapy using engineered NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Robbins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Minjing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Emily J Pomeroy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. .,Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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28
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Combining T-cell-specific activation and in vivo gene delivery through CD3-targeted lentiviral vectors. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5702-5715. [PMID: 33216892 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of T lymphocytes is a key issue in research and therapy. Conventional lentiviral vectors (LVs) are neither selective for T cells nor do they modify resting or minimally stimulated cells, which is crucial for applications, such as efficient in vivo modification of T lymphocytes. Here, we introduce novel CD3-targeted LVs (CD3-LVs) capable of genetically modifying human T lymphocytes without prior activation. For CD3 attachment, agonistic CD3-specific single-chain variable fragments were chosen. Activation, proliferation, and expansion mediated by CD3-LVs were less rapid compared with conventional antibody-mediated activation owing to lack of T-cell receptor costimulation. CD3-LVs delivered genes not only selectively into T cells but also under nonactivating conditions, clearly outperforming the benchmark vector vesicular stomatitis-LV glycoproteins under these conditions. Remarkably, CD3-LVs were properly active in gene delivery even when added to whole human blood in absence of any further stimuli. Upon administration of CD3-LV into NSG mice transplanted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, efficient and exclusive transduction of CD3+ T cells in all analyzed organs was achieved. Finally, the most promising CD3-LV successfully delivered a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes in vivo in humanized NSG mice. Generation of CAR T cells was accompanied by elimination of human CD19+ cells from blood. Taken together, the data strongly support implementation of T-cell-activating properties within T-cell-targeted vector particles. These particles may be ideally suited for T-cell-specific in vivo gene delivery.
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29
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Zheng C, Zhang J, Chan HF, Hu H, Lv S, Na N, Tao Y, Li M. Engineering Nano-Therapeutics to Boost Adoptive Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001191. [PMID: 34928094 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of therapeutic cells to cancer patients is demonstrated with great success and fortunately approved for the treatment of leukemia and B-cell lymphoma, potential issues, including the unclear mechanism, complicated procedures, unfavorable therapeutic efficacy for solid tumors, and side effects, still hinder its extensive applications. The explosion of nanotechnology recently has led to advanced development of novel strategies to address these challenges, facilitating the design of nano-therapeutics to improve adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer treatment. In this review, the emerging nano-enabled approaches, that design multiscale artificial antigen-presenting cells for cell proliferation and stimulation in vitro, promote the transducing efficiency of tumor-targeting domains, engineer therapeutic cells for in vivo imaging, tumor infiltration, and in vivo functional sustainability, as well as generate tumoricidal T cells in vivo, are summarized. Meanwhile, the current challenges and future perspectives of the nanostrategy-based ACT for cancer treatment are also discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiong Zheng
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hanze Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ning Na
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Translational Medicine, Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Guangzhou, 510630, China
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30
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Argaw T, Marino MP, Timmons A, Eldridge L, Takeda K, Li P, Kwilas A, Ou W, Reiser J. In vivo targeting of lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the Tupaia paramyxovirus H glycoprotein bearing a cell-specific ligand. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:670-680. [PMID: 34141822 PMCID: PMC8166926 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their exceptional capacity for transgene delivery ex vivo, lentiviral (LV) vectors have been slow to demonstrate clinical utility in the context of in vivo applications. Unresolved safety concerns related to broad LV vector tropism have limited LV vectors to ex vivo applications. Here, we report on a novel LV vector-pseudotyping strategy involving envelope glycoproteins of Tupaia paramyxovirus (TPMV) engineered to specifically target human cell-surface receptors. LV vectors pseudotyped with the TPMV hemagglutinin (H) protein bearing the interleukin (IL)-13 ligand in concert with the TPMV fusion (F) protein allowed efficient transduction of cells expressing the human IL-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2). Immunodeficient mice bearing orthotopically implanted human IL-13Rα2 expressing NCI-H1299 non-small cell lung cancer cells were injected intravenously with a single dose of LV vector pseudotyped with the TPMV H-IL-13 glycoprotein. Vector biodistribution was monitored using bioluminescence imaging of firefly luciferase transgene expression, revealing specific transduction of tumor tissue. A quantitative droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analysis of lung tissue samples revealed a >15-fold increase in the tumor transduction in mice treated with LV vectors displaying IL-13 relative to those without IL-13. Our results show that TPMV envelope glycoproteins can be equipped with ligands to develop targeted LV vectors for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takele Argaw
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Michael P. Marino
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Timmons
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Lindsey Eldridge
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Pingjuan Li
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Vedere Bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna Kwilas
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Wu Ou
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jakob Reiser
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Corresponding author: Jakob Reiser, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 3106, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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31
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Parsza CN, Gómez DLM, Simonin JA, Belaich MN, Ghiringhelli PD. Evaluation of the Nucleopolyhedrovirus of Anticarsia gemmatalis as a Vector for Gene Therapy in Mammals. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 21:177-189. [PMID: 33334288 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999201217155945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baculoviruses are insect pathogens with important biotechnological applications that transcend their use as biological controllers of agricultural pests. One species, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolhyedrovirus (AcMNPV), has been extensively exploited as a molecular platform to produce recombinant proteins and as a delivery vector for genes in mammals because it can transduce a wide range of mammalian cells and tissues without replicating or producing progeny. METHOD To investigate if the budded virions of Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolhyedrovirus (AgMNPV) species has the same ability, the viral genome was modified by homologous recombination into susceptible insect cells to integrate reporter genes and then it was evaluated on mammalian cell lines in a comparative form with respect to equivalent viruses derived from AcMNPV. Besides, the replicative capacity of AgMNPV´s virions in mammals was determined. RESULTS The experiments carried out showed that the recombinant variant of AgMNPV transduces and support the expression of delivered genes but not replicates in mammalian cells. CONCLUSION Consequently, this insect pathogen is proposed as an alternative to non-infectious viruses in humans to explore new approaches in gene therapy and other applications based on the use of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia N Parsza
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Area Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiologia Basica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego L M Gómez
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Simonin
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Area Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiologia Basica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Area Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiologia Basica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo D Ghiringhelli
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Area Virosis de Insectos, Instituto de Microbiologia Basica y Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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32
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Genetic in vivo engineering of human T lymphocytes in mouse models. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3210-3240. [PMID: 33846629 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor targeting of vector particles is a key technology to enable cell type-specific in vivo gene delivery. For example, T cells in humanized mouse models can be modified by lentiviral vectors (LVs) targeted to human T-cell markers to enable them to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, we provide detailed protocols for the generation of CD4- and CD8-targeted LVs (which takes ~9 d in total). We also describe how to humanize immunodeficient mice with hematopoietic stem cells (which takes 12-16 weeks) and precondition (over 5 d) and administer the vector stocks. Conversion of the targeted cell type is monitored by PCR and flow cytometry of blood samples. A few weeks after administration, ~10% of the targeted T-cell subtype can be expected to have converted to CAR T cells. By closely following the protocol, sufficient vector stock for the genetic manipulation of 10-15 humanized mice is obtained. We also discuss how the protocol can be easily adapted to use LVs targeted to other types of receptors and/or for delivery of other genes of interest.
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33
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Guerrouahen B, Elnaggar M, Al-Mohannadi A, Kizhakayil D, Bonini C, Benjamin R, Brentjens R, Buchholz CJ, Casorati G, Ferrone S, Locke FL, Martin F, Schambach A, Turtle C, Veys P, van der Vliet HJ, Maccalli C. Proceedings From the First International Workshop at Sidra Medicine: "Engineered Immune Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy (EICCI): From Discovery to Off-the-Shelf Development", 15 th-16 th February 2019, Doha, Qatar. Front Immunol 2021; 11:589381. [PMID: 33584653 PMCID: PMC7874217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.589381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress in the isolation and characterization of tumor antigen (TA)-specific T lymphocytes and in the genetic modification of immune cells allowed the clinical development of adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Several clinical studies highlighted the striking clinical activity of T cells engineered to express either Chimeric Antigen (CAR) or T Cell (TCR) Receptors to target molecularly defined antigens expressed on tumor cells. The breakthrough of immunotherapy is represented by the approval of CAR-T cells specific for advanced or refractory CD19+ B cell malignancies by both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicinal Agency (EMA). Moreover, advances in the manufacturing and gene editing of engineered immune cells contributed to the selection of drug products with desired phenotype, refined specificity and decreased toxicity. An important step toward the optimization of CAR-T cell therapy is the development of "off-the shelf" T cell products that allow to reduce the complexity and the costs of the manufacturing and to render these drugs available for a broad number of cancer patients. The Engineered Immune Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy (EICCI) workshop hosted in Doha, Qatar, renowned experts, from both academia and industry, to present and discuss the progress on both pre-clinical and clinical development of genetically modified immune cells, including advances in the "off-the-shelf" manufacturing. These experts have addressed also organizational needs and hurdles for the clinical grade production and application of these biological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Hospital San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Reuben Benjamin
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Renier Brentjens
- Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Research Unit for Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele and Hospital San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Frederick L Locke
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Francisco Martin
- Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Genomic Medicine Department, Granada, Spain
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA, United States
| | - Cameron Turtle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul Veys
- Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Great Ormond Street (GOS) Hospital, and University College London GOS Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Hans van Der Vliet, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University and Cancer Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
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34
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Wang Y, Bruggeman KF, Franks S, Gautam V, Hodgetts SI, Harvey AR, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Is Viral Vector Gene Delivery More Effective Using Biomaterials? Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001238. [PMID: 33191667 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery has been extensively investigated for introducing foreign genetic material into cells to promote expression of therapeutic proteins or to silence relevant genes. This approach can regulate genetic or epigenetic disorders, offering an attractive alternative to pharmacological therapy or invasive protein delivery options. However, the exciting potential of viral gene therapy has yet to be fully realized, with a number of clinical trials failing to deliver optimal therapeutic outcomes. Reasons for this include difficulty in achieving localized delivery, and subsequently lower efficacy at the target site, as well as poor or inconsistent transduction efficiency. Thus, ongoing efforts are focused on improving local viral delivery and enhancing its efficiency. Recently, biomaterials have been exploited as an option for more controlled, targeted and programmable gene delivery. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of biomaterials and their potential advantages over other delivery strategies. This review explores current limitations of gene delivery and the progress of biomaterial-mediated gene delivery. The combination of biomaterials and gene vectors holds the potential to surmount major challenges, including the uncontrolled release of viral vectors with random delivery duration, poorly localized viral delivery with associated off-target effects, limited viral tropism, and immune safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kiara F. Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vini Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Richard J. Williams
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) School of Medicine Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
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35
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Zhang Z, Wan J, Liu X, Zhang W. Strategies and technologies for exploring long noncoding RNAs in heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110572. [PMID: 32836073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) was once considered to be the "noise" of genome transcription without biological function. However, increasing evidence shows that lncRNA is dynamically expressed in developmental stage or disease status, playing a regulatory role in the process of gene expression and translation. In recent years, lncRNA is considered to be a core node of functional regulatory networks that controls cardiac and also involves in multiple process of heart failure such as myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, angiogenesis, etc., which would be a therapeutic target for diseases. In fact, it is the development of technology that has improved our understanding of lncRNAs and broadened our perspective on heart failure. From transcriptional "noise" to star molecule, progress of lncRNAs can't be achieved without the combination of multidisciplinary technologies, especially the emergence of high-throughput approach. Thus, here, we review the strategies and technologies available for the exploration lncRNAs and try to yield insights into the prospect of lncRNAs in clinical diagnosis and treatment in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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36
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Gray A, Bradbury ARM, Knappik A, Plückthun A, Borrebaeck CAK, Dübel S. Animal-free alternatives and the antibody iceberg. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1234-1239. [DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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37
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Liu M, Apriceno A, Sipin M, Scarpa E, Rodriguez-Arco L, Poma A, Marchello G, Battaglia G, Angioletti-Uberti S. Combinatorial entropy behaviour leads to range selective binding in ligand-receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4836. [PMID: 32973157 PMCID: PMC7515919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From viruses to nanoparticles, constructs functionalized with multiple ligands display peculiar binding properties that only arise from multivalent effects. Using statistical mechanical modelling, we describe here how multivalency can be exploited to achieve what we dub range selectivity, that is, binding only to targets bearing a number of receptors within a specified range. We use our model to characterise the region in parameter space where one can expect range selective targeting to occur, and provide experimental support for this phenomenon. Overall, range selectivity represents a potential path to increase the targeting selectivity of multivalent constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Azzurra Apriceno
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Miguel Sipin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Arco
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriele Marchello
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Division, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
- The UCL EPSRC/JEOL Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
- The UCL EPSRC/JEOL Centre for Liquid Phase Electron Microscopy, London, UK.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Stefano Angioletti-Uberti
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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38
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Aulicino F, Capin J, Berger I. Synthetic Virus-Derived Nanosystems (SVNs) for Delivery and Precision Docking of Large Multifunctional DNA Circuitry in Mammalian Cells. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E759. [PMID: 32796680 PMCID: PMC7466058 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA delivery is at the forefront of current research efforts in gene therapy and synthetic biology. Viral vectors have traditionally dominated the field; however, nonviral delivery systems are increasingly gaining traction. Baculoviruses are arthropod-specific viruses that can be easily engineered and repurposed to accommodate and deliver large sequences of exogenous DNA into mammalian cells, tissues, or ultimately organisms. These synthetic virus-derived nanosystems (SVNs) are safe, readily customized, and can be manufactured at scale. By implementing clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) modalities into this system, we developed SVNs capable of inserting complex DNAs into genomes, at base pair precision. We anticipate a major role for SVNs as an attractive alternative to viral vectors in accelerating genome engineering and gene therapy applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Aulicino
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, School of Biochemistry, 1 Tankard’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Julien Capin
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, School of Biochemistry, 1 Tankard’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
| | - Imre Berger
- Bristol Synthetic Biology Centre BrisSynBio, School of Biochemistry, 1 Tankard’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK;
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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39
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Morgan MA, Büning H, Sauer M, Schambach A. Use of Cell and Genome Modification Technologies to Generate Improved "Off-the-Shelf" CAR T and CAR NK Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1965. [PMID: 32903482 PMCID: PMC7438733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad success of adoptive immunotherapy to treat human cancer has resulted in a paradigm shift in modern medicine. Modification of autologous and allogenic immune cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) designed to target specific antigens on tumor cells has led to production of CAR T and CAR NK cell therapies, which are ever more commonly introduced into cancer patient treatment protocols. While allogenic T cells may offer advantages such as improved anti-tumor activity, they also carry the risk of adverse reactions like graft-versus-host disease. This risk can be mitigated by use of autologous immune cells, however, the time needed for T and/or NK cell isolation, modification and expansion may be too long for some patients. Thus, there is an urgent need for strategies to robustly produce “off-the-shelf” CAR T and CAR NK cells, which could be used as a bridging therapy between cancer diagnosis or relapse and allogeneic transplantation. Advances in genome modification technologies have accelerated the generation of designer cell therapy products, including development of “off-the-shelf” CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy. The feasibility and safety of such approaches is currently tested in clinical trials. This review will describe cell sources for CAR-based therapies, provide background of current genome editing techniques and the applicability of these approaches for generation of universal “off-the-shelf” CAR T and NK cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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40
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Abstract
Mutations in approximately 80 genes have been implicated as the cause of various genetic kidney diseases. However, gene delivery to kidney cells from the blood is inefficient because of the natural filtering functions of the glomerulus, and research into and development of gene therapy directed toward kidney disease has lagged behind as compared with hepatic, neuromuscular, and ocular gene therapy. This lack of progress is in spite of numerous genetic mouse models of human disease available to the research community and many vectors in existence that can theoretically deliver genes to kidney cells with high efficiency. In the past decade, several groups have begun to develop novel injection techniques in mice, such as retrograde ureter, renal vein, and direct subcapsular injections to help resolve the issue of gene delivery to the kidney through the blood. In addition, the ability to retarget vectors specifically toward kidney cells has been underutilized but shows promise. This review discusses how recent advances in gene delivery to the kidney and the field of gene therapy can leverage the wealth of knowledge of kidney genetics to work toward developing gene therapy products for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rubin
- Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael A Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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41
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Chen P, Zhang J, He X, Liu YH, Yu XQ. Hydrophobically modified carbon dots as a multifunctional platform for serum-resistant gene delivery and cell imaging. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3730-3740. [PMID: 32501458 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00651c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel multifunctional gene delivery systems with high efficiency is significant. Herein, due to the unique physical and optical properties of carbon dots (CDs), CDs prepared from polyethyleneimine (PEI) were modified with various hydrophobic chains and different degrees of substitution via an epoxide ring-opening reaction. The modification and substitution degree were confirmed using several analytical methods including 1H NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, TEM, and XPS. These CDs were utilized as multifunctional, safe and efficient non-viral gene vectors. The results showed that these materials possessed capability for dual-channel imaging, which enabled the intracellular tracking of the delivered DNA. Both the type and substitution degree of the hydrophobic chain have a large influence on their transfection efficiency. Among the prepared CDs, Ole1.5-CD gave the highest transfection efficiency, which was up to 200 times higher than that of PEI 25 kDa in the presence of serum in A549 cells. Meanwhile, these CD materials showed much less cytotoxicity and better serum tolerance than the traditional cationic polymeric gene vector. The cellular uptake assay further confirmed the good serum tolerance and structure-activity relationship of the CD materials. Thus, these CDs with good biocompatibility, self-imaging and high gene transfection efficiency may serve as a promising platform for both gene delivery and bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China.
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42
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Jiang ZQ, Wu HY, Tian J, Li N, Hu XX. Targeting lentiviral vectors to primordial germ cells (PGCs): An efficient strategy for generating transgenic chickens. Zool Res 2020; 41:281-291. [PMID: 32274905 PMCID: PMC7231476 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in avian transgenic studies highlight the possibility of utilizing lentiviral vectors as tools to generate transgenic chickens. However, low rates of gonadal chimerism and germ line transmission efficiency still limit the broad usage of this method in creating transgenic chickens. In this study, we implemented a simple strategy using modified lentiviral vectors targeted to chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) to generate transgenic chickens. The lentiviral vectors were pseudotyped with a modified Sindbis virus envelope protein (termed M168) and conjugated with an antibody specific to PGC membrane proteins. We demonstrated that these optimized M168-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors conjugated with SSEA4 antibodies successfully targeted transduction of PGCs in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the control, 50.0%-66.7% of chicken embryos expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) in gonads transduced by the M168-pseudotyped lentivirus. This improved the targeted transduction efficiency by 30.0%-46.7%. Efficient chimerism of exogenous genes was also observed. This targeting technology could improve the efficiency of germ line transmission and provide greater opportunities for transgenic poultry studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qin Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Han-Yu Wu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Hu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. E-mail:
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43
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In Vivo Generation of CAR T Cells Selectively in Human CD4 + Lymphocytes. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1783-1794. [PMID: 32485137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells modified with CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) result in significant clinical benefit for leukemia patients but constitute a challenge for manufacturing. We have recently demonstrated the in vivo generation of CD19-CAR T cells using the CD8-targeted lentiviral vector (CD8-LV). In this study, we investigated the in vivo generation of CD4+ CAR T cells using CD4-targeted LV (CD4-LV). Administration of CD4-LV into NSG mice transplanted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) led to 40%-60% of human CD4+ lymphocytes being CAR positive while CD8+ cells remained CAR negative. CAR+ T cells displayed a T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 phenotype, which was accompanied by CD19+ B cell elimination. Intravenous administration of CD4-LV into NSG mice reconstituted with human CD34+ cells induced CAR expression and B cell elimination within 2-3 weeks post-injection. Preclinical analysis in a tumor mouse model revealed that mice administered CD4-LV exhibited faster and superior tumor cell killing compared to mice injected with CD8-LV alone or as a mixture with CD4-LV. Further analysis suggests that CD4+CAR+ cells may outperform CD8+CAR+ cells, especially at a high burden of target antigen, mainly since CD8 cells are more prone to exhaustion. This first description of in vivo-generated CD4+ CAR T cells supports their importance for cellular therapy.
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44
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Zhang L, Rossi A, Lange L, Meumann N, Koitzsch U, Christie K, Nesbit MA, Moore CBT, Hacker UT, Morgan M, Hoffmann D, Zengel J, Carette JE, Schambach A, Salvetti A, Odenthal M, Büning H. Capsid Engineering Overcomes Barriers Toward Adeno-Associated Virus Vector-Mediated Transduction of Endothelial Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 30:1284-1296. [PMID: 31407607 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) are targets in gene therapy and regenerative medicine, but they are inefficiently transduced with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors of various serotypes. To identify barriers hampering efficient transduction and to develop an optimized AAV variant for EC transduction, we screened an AAV serotype 2-based peptide display library on primary human macrovascular EC. Using a new high-throughput selection and monitoring protocol, we identified a capsid variant, AAV-VEC, which outperformed the parental serotype as well as first-generation targeting vectors in EC transduction. AAV vector uptake was improved, resulting in significantly higher transgene expression levels from single-stranded vector genomes detectable within a few hours post-transduction. Notably, AAV-VEC transduced not only proliferating EC but also quiescent EC, although higher particle-per-cell ratios had to be applied. Also, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial progenitor cells, a novel tool in regenerative medicine and gene therapy, were highly susceptible toward AAV-VEC transduction. Thus, overcoming barriers by capsid engineering significantly expands the AAV tool kit for a wide range of applications targeting EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Rossi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - L Lange
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Meumann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - U Koitzsch
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - K Christie
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Ulster, Northern Ireland
| | - M A Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Ulster, Northern Ireland
| | - C B T Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Ulster, Northern Ireland.,Avellino Labs USA, Menlo Park, California
| | - U T Hacker
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,1st Medical Department, University Cancer Center Leipzig, University Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Zengel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - J E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - A Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - A Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - M Odenthal
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Büning
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Bonn-Cologne and Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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45
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CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2085-2100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Büning H, Schambach A, Morgan M, Rossi A, Wichova H, Staecker H, Warnecke A, Lenarz T. Challenges and advances in translating gene therapy for hearing disorders. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1707077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Rossi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Wichova
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hearing4all Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Hearing4all Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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47
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Mittl PR, Ernst P, Plückthun A. Chaperone-assisted structure elucidation with DARPins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 60:93-100. [PMID: 31918361 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are artificial binding proteins that have found many uses in therapy, diagnostics and biochemical research. They substantially extend the scope of antibody-derived binders. Their high affinity and specificity, rigidity, extended paratope, and facile bacterial production make them attractive for structural biology. Complexes with simple DARPins have been crystallized for a long time, but particularly the rigid helix fusion strategy has opened new opportunities. Rigid DARPin fusions expand crystallization space, enable recruitment of targets in a host lattice and reduce the size limit for cryo-EM. Besides applications in structural biology, rigid DARPin fusions also serve as molecular probes in cells to investigate spatial restraints in targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer Re Mittl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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48
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Lab-Scale Production of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) for Expression of Optogenetic Elements. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2173:83-100. [PMID: 32651911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics, that is, the use of photoswitchable/-activatable moieties to precisely control or monitor the activity of cells and genes at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, holds tremendous promise for a wide array of applications in fundamental and clinical research. To fully realize and harness this potential, the availability of gene transfer vehicles ("vectors") that are easily produced and that allow to deliver the essential components to desired target cells in an efficient manner is key. For in vivo applications, it is, moreover, important that these vectors exhibit a high degree of cell specificity in order to reduce the risk of adverse side effects in off-targets and to minimize manufacturing costs. Here, we describe a set of basic protocols for the cloning, production, purification, and quality control of a particular vector that can fulfill all these requirements, that is, recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAV). The latter are very attractive owing to their apathogenicity, their compatibility with the lowest biosafety level 1 conditions, their occurrence in multiple natural variants with distinct properties, and their exceptional amenability to engineering of the viral capsid and genome. The specific procedures reported here complement alternative protocols for AAV production described by others and us before, and, together, should enable any laboratory to generate these vectors on a small-to-medium scale for ex vivo or in vivo expression of optogenetic elements.
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49
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Vos PD, Leedman PJ, Filipovska A, Rackham O. Modulation of miRNA function by natural and synthetic RNA-binding proteins in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3745-3752. [PMID: 31165201 PMCID: PMC11105495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most important regulators of mRNA stability and translation in eukaryotic cells; however, the complex interplay between these systems is only now coming to light. RBPs and miRNAs regulate a unique set of targets in either a positive or negative manner and their regulation is mainly opposed to each other on overlapping targets. In some cases, the levels of RBPs or miRNAs regulate the cellular levels of one another and decreased levels of either results in changes in translation of their targets. There is growing evidence that these regulatory circuits are crucial in the development and progression of cancer; however, the rules underlying synergism and antagonism between miRNAs and RNA-binding proteins remain unclear. Synthetic biology seeks to develop artificial systems to better understand their natural counterparts and to develop new, useful technologies for manipulation of gene expression at the RNA level. The recent development of artificial RNA-binding proteins promises to enable a much greater understanding of the importance of the functional interactions between RNA-binding proteins and miRNAs, as well as enabling their manipulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal D Vos
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Leedman
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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Khan N, Bammidi S, Jayandharan GR. A CD33 Antigen-Targeted AAV6 Vector Expressing an Inducible Caspase-9 Suicide Gene Is Therapeutic in a Xenotransplantation Model of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2404-2416. [PMID: 31436412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Current chemotherapeutic regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been modestly effective in patients and are associated with poor long-term survival (<30% at 5 years). Viral vector-based suicide gene therapy is an attractive option, if these vectors can target the AML cells with high specificity and efficiency. In this study, we have developed a receptor-specific adeno-associated virus (AAV) based vector to target the CD33 antigen which is overexpressed in leukemic cells. A targeting peptide was rationally designed from the antigen-binding regions of a CD33 monoclonal antibody. This peptide was further expressed on the capsid of the AAV6 vector, since this serotype was most efficient among AAV1-rh10 vectors to infect the pro-monocytic, human myeloid leukemia cells (U937). AAV6-CD33 vectors expressing a suicide gene, the inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9), and its prodrug AP20187 significantly reduced (∼59%) the viability of U937 cells. To further test its efficacy and specificity in vivo, AAV6-CD33 vectors were administered into a xenotransplantation model of AML in zebrafish through systemic delivery. We observed a significant antileukemic effect with AAV6-CD33 vectors, with a markedly higher survival (100% for AAV6-CD33 vectors vs 15% for mock-treated) and a higher number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells after systemic vector delivery. Taken together, our work demonstrates the efficacy and translational potential of CD33-targeted AAV6 vectors for cytotoxic gene therapy in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , 208016 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , 208016 , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , 208016 , Uttar Pradesh , India
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