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Park SY, Choi DH, Song J, Lakshmanan M, Richelle A, Yoon S, Kontoravdi C, Lewis NE, Lee DY. Driving towards digital biomanufacturing by CHO genome-scale models. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:1192-1203. [PMID: 38548556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are valuable for gaining mechanistic understanding of mammalian cell metabolism and cultures. We provide a comprehensive overview of past and present developments of CHO-GEMs and in silico methods within the flux balance analysis (FBA) framework, focusing on their practical utility in rational cell line development and bioprocess improvements. There are many opportunities for further augmenting the model coverage and establishing integrative models that account for different cellular processes and data for future applications. With supportive collaborative efforts by the research community, we envisage that CHO-GEMs will be crucial for the increasingly digitized and dynamically controlled bioprocessing pipelines, especially because they can be successfully deployed in conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI) and systems engineering algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyuk Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Meiyappan Lakshmanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, and Centre for Integrative Biology and Systems Medicine (IBSE), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anne Richelle
- Sartorius Corporate Research, Avenue Ariane 5, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01850, USA
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Departments of Pediatrics and Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Jang D, Altern SH, Cramer SM. In silico mediated workflow for rapid development of downstream processing: Orthogonal product-related impurity removal for a Fc-containing therapeutic. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1735:465281. [PMID: 39243589 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic formats derived from the monoclonal antibody structure have been gaining significant traction in the biopharmaceutical market. Being structurally similar to mAbs, most Fc-containing therapeutics exhibit product-related impurities in the form of aggregates, charge variants, fragments, and glycoforms, which are inherently challenging to remove. In this work, we developed a workflow that employed rapid resin screening in conjunction with an in silico tool to identify and rank orthogonally selective processes for the removal of product-related impurities from a Fc-containing therapeutic product. Linear salt gradient screens were performed at various pH conditions on a set of ion-exchange, multimodal ion-exchange, and hydrophobic interaction resins. Select fractions from the screening experiments were analyzed by three different analytical techniques to characterize aggregates, charge variants, fragments, and glycoforms. The retention database generated by the resin screens and subsequent impurity characterization were then processed by an in silico tool that generated and ranked all possible two-step resin sequences for the removal of product-related impurities. A highly-ranked process was then evaluated and refined at the bench-scale to develop a completely flowthrough two-step polishing process which resulted in complete removal of the Man5 glycoform and aggregate impurities with a 73% overall yield. The successful implementation of the in silico mediated workflow suggests the possibility of a platformable workflow that could facilitate polishing process development for a wide variety of mAb-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoun Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Scott H Altern
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, United States.
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3
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Li Y, Chen H, Gao J, Wu P, Hong S. Glycoengineering in antigen-specific immunotherapies. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102503. [PMID: 39053235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy have revolutionized modern medical care paradigms. However, many patients respond poorly to the current FDA-approved treatment regimens that primarily target protein-based antigens or checkpoints. Current progress in developing therapeutic strategies that target disease-associated glycans has pinpointed a new class of glycoimmune checkpoints that function orthogonally to the established protein-immune checkpoints. Glycoengineering using chemical, enzymatic, and genetic methods is also increasingly recognized for its massive potential to improve biopharmaceuticals, such as tailoring therapies with antigen-targeting agents. Here, we review the recent development and applications of glycoengineering of antibodies and cells to suit therapeutic applications. We highlight living-cell glycoengineering strategies on cancer and immune cells for better therapeutic efficacy against specific antigens by leveraging the pre-existing immune machinery or instructing de novo creation of targeting agents. We also discuss glycoengineering strategies for studying basic immuno-oncology. Collectively, glycoengineering has a significant contribution to the design of antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Hongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jiuxiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Senlian Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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4
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Aqeel SM, Abdulqader AA, Du G, Liu S. Integrated strategies for efficient production of Streptomyces mobaraensis transglutaminase in Komagataella phaffii. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133113. [PMID: 38885870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis commonly used to improve protein-based foods due to its unique enzymatic reactions, which imply considerable attention in its production. Recently, TGase exhibit broad market potential in non-food industries. However, achieving efficient synthesis of TGase remains a significant challenge. Herein, we achieved a substantial amount of a fully functional and kinetically stable TGase produced by Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) using multiple strategies including Geneticin (G418) screening, combinatorial mutations, promoter optimization, and co-expression. The active TGase expression reached a maximum of 10.1 U mL-1 in shake flask upon 96 h of induction, which was 3.8-fold of the wild type. Also, the engineered strain exhibited a 6.4-fold increase in half-life and a 2-fold increase in specific activity, reaching 172.67 min at 60 °C (t1/2(60 °C)) and 65.3 U mg-1, respectively. Moreover, the high-cell density cultivation in 5-L fermenter was also applied to test the productivity at large scale. Following optimization at a fermenter, the secretory yield of TGase reached 47.96 U mL-1 in the culture supernatant. Given the complexity inherent in protein expression and secretion, our research is of great significance and offers a comprehensive guide for improving the production of a wide range of heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahibzada Muhammad Aqeel
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Al-Adeeb Abdulqader
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Romann P, Vuillemin T, Pavone S, Jordan M, Perilleux A, Souquet J, Bielser JM, Herwig C, Villiger TK. Maduramycin, a novel glycosylation modulator for mammalian fed-batch and steady-state perfusion processes. J Biotechnol 2024; 383:73-85. [PMID: 38340899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Controlling high-mannose (HM) content of therapeutic proteins during process intensification, reformulation for subcutaneous delivery, antibody-drug conjugate or biosimilar manufacturing represents an ongoing challenge. Even though a range of glycosylation levers to increase HM content exist, modulators specially increasing M5 glycans are still scarce. Several compounds of the polyether ionophore family were screened for their ability to selectively increase M5 glycans of mAb products and compared to the well-known α-mannosidase I inhibitor kifunensine known to increase mainly M8-M9 glycans. Maduramycin, amongst other promising polyether ionophores, showed the desired effect on different cell lines. For fed-batch processes, a double bolus addition modulator feed strategy was developed maximizing the effect on glycosylation by minimizing impact on culture performance. Further, a continuous feeding strategy for steady-state perfusion processes was successfully developed, enabling consistent product quality at elevated HM glycan levels. With kifunensine and maduramycin showing inverse effects on the relative HM distribution, a combined usage of these modulators was further evaluated to fine-tune a desired HM glycan pattern. The discovered HM modulators expand the current HM modulating toolbox for biotherapeutics. Their application not only for fed-batch processes, but also steady-state perfusion processes, make them a universal tool with regards to fully continuous manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Romann
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland; Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Vuillemin
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Pavone
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Perilleux
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Souquet
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Bielser
- Global Drug Substance Development, Merck Serono SA (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Division Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Pharma Technology, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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6
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Agarwal G, Patel M. Review on Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) as a Therapeutic Approach for Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e310823220578. [PMID: 37653635 DOI: 10.2174/1573399820666230831153249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been successfully utilized in a variety of animal models to treat auto-immune illnesses for a long time. Immune system responses will either be less active or more active depending on how the immune system is operating abnormally. Immune system hypoactivity reduces the body's capacity to fight off various invading pathogens, whereas immune system hyperactivity causes the body to attack and kill its own tissues and cells. For maximal patient compliance, we will concentrate on a variety of antibody therapies in this study to treat Type 1 diabetes (an autoimmune condition). T-cells are responsible for the auto-immune condition known as T1D, which causes irregularities in the function of β-cells in the pancreas. As a result, for the treatment and prevention of T1D, immunotherapies that selectively restore continuous beta cellspecific self-tolerance are needed. Utilizing monoclonal antibodies is one way to specifically target immune cell populations responsible for the auto-immune-driven disease (mAb). Numerous mAbs have demonstrated clinical safety and varied degrees of success in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. A targeted cell population is exhausted by mAb treatments, regardless of antigenic specificity. One drawback of this treatment is the loss of obtained protective immunity. Immune effector cell function is regulated by nondepleting monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The antigenfocused new drug delivery system is made possible by the adaptability of mAbs. For the treatment of T1D and T-cell-mediated autoimmunity, different existing and potential mAb therapy methods are described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agarwal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Mayank Patel
- Neuropharmacology division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, (Pb.) 142001, India
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7
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Zhang K, Barbieri E, LeBarre J, Rameez S, Mostafa S, Menegatti S. Peptonics: A new family of cell-protecting surfactants for the recombinant expression of therapeutic proteins in mammalian cell cultures. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300261. [PMID: 37844203 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer surfactants are key components of cell culture media as they prevent mechanical damage during fermentation in stirred bioreactors. Among cell-protecting surfactants, Pluronics are widely utilized in biomanufacturing to ensure high cell viability and productivity. Monodispersity of monomer sequence and length is critical for the effectiveness of Pluronics-since minor deviations can damage the cells-but is challenging to achieve due to the stochastic nature of polymerization. Responding to this challenge, this study introduces Peptonics, a novel family of peptide and peptoid surfactants whose monomer composition and sequence are designed to achieve high cell viability and productivity at a fraction of chain length and cost of Pluronics. A designed ensemble of Peptonics was initially characterized via light scattering and tensiometry to select sequences whose phase behavior and tensioactivity align with those of Pluronics. Selected sequences were evaluated as cell-protecting surfactants using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Peptonics IH-T1010, ih-T1010, and ih-T1020 afforded high cell density (up to 3 × 107 cells mL-1 ) and viability (up to 95% within 10 days of culture), while reducing the accumulation of ammonia (a toxic metabolite) by ≈10% compared to Pluronic F-68. Improved cell viability afforded high mAb titer (up to 5.5 mg mL-1 ) and extended the production window beyond 14 days; notably, Peptonic IH-T1020 decreased mAb fragmentation and aggregation ≈5%, and lowered the titer of host cell proteins by 16% compared to Pluronic F-68. These features can improve significantly the purification of mAbs, thus increasing their availability at a lower cost to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- KBI Biopharma, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jacob LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- LigaTrap Technologies LLC, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning (NC-VVIRAL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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8
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Luo S, Zhang B. Benchmark Glycan Profile of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Produced by Mammalian Cell Expression Systems. Pharm Res 2024; 41:29-37. [PMID: 37914842 PMCID: PMC10811051 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to establish a benchmark glycan profile for commercial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHODS We conducted a rigorous comparison of glycosylation data from the regulatory submissions for FDA-approved therapeutic antibodies up to May 2023. This analysis includes over 150 mAbs produced by various mammalian cell expression systems. RESULTS The study identified nine prevalent glycan epitopes across all FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies produced by different expression systems. These epitopes include terminal N-acetylglucosamine, core fucose, terminal galactose, high mannose, α-galactose, terminal α2,3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid, terminal α2,6-linked N-glycolylneuraminic acid, triantennary structure, and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine, thus establishing a benchmark glycan profile. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study have significant implications for therapeutic antibody development, quality control, and regulatory compliance. The benchmark glycan profile enables the assessment of glycosylation consistency and comparability across a diverse range of antibody products, ensuring improved product quality within the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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Giron LB, Liu Q, Adeniji OS, Yin X, Kannan T, Ding J, Lu DY, Langan S, Zhang J, Azevedo JLLC, Li SH, Shalygin S, Azadi P, Hanna DB, Ofotokun I, Lazar J, Fischl MA, Haberlen S, Macatangay B, Adimora AA, Jamieson BD, Rinaldo C, Merenstein D, Roan NR, Kutsch O, Gange S, Wolinsky S, Witt M, Post WS, Kossenkov A, Landay A, Frank I, Tien PC, Gross R, Brown TT, Abdel-Mohsen M. Plasma Glycomic Markers of Accelerated Biological Aging During Chronic HIV Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.551369. [PMID: 37609144 PMCID: PMC10441429 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.551369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) experience an increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors that contribute to or are associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the glycomes of circulating IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG glycomes of cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1,216 women and men, both living with virally suppressed HIV and those without HIV. Our glycan-based machine learning models indicate that living with chronic HIV significantly accelerates the accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycomic alterations. Consistently, PWH exhibit heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to their controls. These glycomic alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammatory aging and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit reduced anti-HIV IgG-mediated innate immune functions. These findings hold significant potential for the development of glycomic-based biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in people living with chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Y. Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shuk Hang Li
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason Lazar
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | - Mallory Witt
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis C. Tien
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Polanco A, Liang G, Park S, Wang Y, Graham RJ, Yoon S. Trace metal optimization in CHO cell culture through statistical design of experiments. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3368. [PMID: 37497992 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the biotherapeutics industry today relies on the manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, yet challenges remain with maintaining consistent product quality from high-producing cell lines. Previous studies report the impact of individual trace metal supplemental on CHO cells, and thus, the combinatorial effects of these metals could be leveraged to improve bioprocesses further. A three-level factorial experimental design was performed in fed-batch shake flasks to evaluate the impact of time wise addition of individual or combined trace metals (zinc and copper) on CHO cell culture performance. Correlations among each factor (experimental parameters) and response variables (changes in cell culture performance) were examined based on their significance and goodness of fit to a partial least square's regression model. The model indicated that zinc concentration and time of addition counter-influence peak viable cell density and antibody production. Meanwhile, early copper supplementation influenced late-stage ROS activity in a dose-dependent manner likely by alleviating cellular oxidative stress. Regression coefficients indicated that combined metal addition had less significant impact on titer and specific productivity compared to zinc addition alone, although titer increased the most under combined metal addition. Glycan analysis showed that combined metal addition reduced galactosylation to a greater extent than single metals when supplemented during the early growth phase. A validation experiment was performed to confirm the validity of the regression model by testing an optimized setpoint of metal supplement time and concentration to improve protein productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - SoYoung Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yongdan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Lin S, Cao Y, Zhu K, Yang C, Zhu X, Zhang H, Zhang R. Identification of a Novel Prognostic Signature Based on N-Linked Glycosylation and Its Correlation with Immunotherapy Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1749-1765. [PMID: 37841372 PMCID: PMC10575065 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s417407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complex tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has led to a low response to immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) and a poor prognosis. PD-L1, as one of the indications for ICIs, is rich in glycosylation modifications, which result in untimely ICIs. Our study constructed a prognostic model based on N-linked glycosylation related genes for predicting the prognosis and the response to ICIs. Methods The list of N-linked glycosylation related genes is from the AmiGO2 database. The patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) cohorts were enrolled. The Cox regression was performed to develop a prognostic model and patients were divided into a low- and high-risk subgroups. The role of signature in HCC was well investigated by prognostic analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and immune infiltration analysis. 21 recurrent HCC patients who received postoperative adjuvant ICIs were recruited to evaluate the relationship between immunotherapy response and the signature. In vitro studies were conducted to investigate the oncogenic effects of DDOST, STT3A and TMEM165 in HCC. Results 59 N-linked glycosylation related differentially expressed genes were screened from HCC and normal tissues in the TCGA cohort. The prognostic model was developed with DDOST, STT3A and TMEM165. The risk score could be an independent prognostic factor. Patients in the high-risk subgroup showed a worse prognosis than patients in the low-risk one. ssGSEA showed that patients in the low-risk subgroup tended to be in the immune-activated state, with higher levels of B cell and macrophage cell infiltrations and lower levels of regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltrations in both TCGC and GEO cohorts. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that DDOST, STT3A and TMEM165 are highly expressed in tumor tissues and patients with a high-risk score correlated with poor progression free survival and worse immunotherapeutic response. Furthermore, the proliferation of HCC cells was reduced after the knockdown of DDOST, as well as upon the knockdown of STT3A and TMEM165. Conclusion In this study, we establish that the risk model based on N-linked glycosylation related genes could efficiently predict the prognosis and tumor microenvironment immune state of HCC patients, and the risk score could serve as a novel indicator of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Lin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cao
- Emergency Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong TCRCure Biopharma Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caini Yang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghua Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Reid DJ, Thibert S, Zhou M. Dissecting the structural heterogeneity of proteins by native mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4612. [PMID: 36851867 PMCID: PMC10031758 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A single gene yields many forms of proteins via combinations of posttranscriptional/posttranslational modifications. Proteins also fold into higher-order structures and interact with other molecules. The combined molecular diversity leads to the heterogeneity of proteins that manifests as distinct phenotypes. Structural biology has generated vast amounts of data, effectively enabling accurate structural prediction by computational methods. However, structures are often obtained heterologously under homogeneous states in vitro. The lack of native heterogeneity under cellular context creates challenges in precisely connecting the structural data to phenotypes. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics methods can profile proteome composition of complex biological samples. Most MS methods follow the "bottom-up" approach, which denatures and digests proteins into short peptide fragments for ease of detection. Coupled with chemical biology approaches, higher-order structures can be probed via incorporation of covalent labels on native proteins that are maintained at the peptide level. Alternatively, native MS follows the "top-down" approach and directly analyzes intact proteins under nondenaturing conditions. Various tandem MS activation methods can dissect the intact proteins for in-depth structural elucidation. Herein, we review recent native MS applications for characterizing heterogeneous samples, including proteins binding to mixtures of ligands, homo/hetero-complexes with varying stoichiometry, intrinsically disordered proteins with dynamic conformations, glycoprotein complexes with mixed modification states, and active membrane protein complexes in near-native membrane environments. We summarize the benefits, challenges, and ongoing developments in native MS, with the hope to demonstrate an emerging technology that complements other tools by filling the knowledge gaps in understanding the molecular heterogeneity of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deseree J. Reid
- Chemical and Biological Signature SciencesPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Stephanie Thibert
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
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13
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Guo R, Zhang T, Lambert TOT, Wang T, Voglmeir J, Rand KD, Liu L. PNGase H + variant from Rudaea cellulosilytica with improved deglycosylation efficiency for rapid analysis of eukaryotic N-glycans and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of glycoproteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9376. [PMID: 35945033 PMCID: PMC9541014 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of glycoproteins and the comparison of protein N-glycosylation from different eukaryotic origins require unbiased and robust analytical workflows. The structural and functional analysis of vertebrate protein N-glycosylation currently depends extensively on bacterial peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGases), which are indispensable enzymatic tools in releasing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) from glycoproteins. So far, only limited PNGase candidates are available for N-glycans analysis, and particularly the analysis of plant and invertebrate N-glycans is hampered by the lack of suitable PNGases. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflows, such as hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), require a highly efficient enzymatic release of N-glycans at low pH values to facilitate the comprehensive structural analysis of glycoproteins. Herein, we describe a previously unstudied superacidic bacterial N-glycanase (PNGase H+ ) originating from the soil bacterium Rudaea cellulosilytica (Rc), which has significantly improved enzymatic properties compared to previously described PNGase H+ variants. Active and soluble recombinant PNGase Rc was expressed at a higher protein level (3.8-fold) and with higher specific activity (~56% increase) compared to the currently used PNGase H+ variant from Dyella japonicum (Dj). Recombinant PNGase Rc was able to deglycosylate the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase and bovine lactoferrin significantly faster than PNGase Dj (10 min vs. 6 h). The versatility of PNGase Rc was demonstrated by releasing N-glycans from a diverse array of samples such as peach fruit, king trumpet mushroom, mouse serum, and the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The presence of only two disulfide bonds shown in the AlphaFold protein model (so far all other superacidic PNGases possess more disulfide bonds) could be corroborated by intact mass- and peptide mapping analysis and provides a possible explanation for the improved recombinant expression yield of PNGase Rc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Rui Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian‐Chan Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of PharmacyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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14
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Candreva J, Esterman AL, Ge D, Patel P, Flagg SC, Das TK, Li X. Dual‐detection approach for a charge variant analysis of monoclonal antibody combination products using imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1701-1709. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Candreva
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Abbie L. Esterman
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Derek Ge
- Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
| | - Pritesh Patel
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Shannon C. Flagg
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Xue Li
- Biologics Development Bristol Myers Squibb New Brunswick New Jersey USA
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15
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Xu J, Santos J, Anderson NS, Borys MC, Pendse G, Li ZJ. Antibody charge variant modulation by in vitro enzymatic treatment in different CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3268. [PMID: 35536540 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Charge variants represent a critical quality attribute that must be controlled during the development and manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Previously, we reported the development of a cost-effective enzymatic treatment capable of removing the C-terminal lysine from a mAb produced by a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) GS cell line. This treatment resulted in a significant decrease in basic charge variants and a corresponding improvement in the main peak, enabling a longer cell culture production duration for titer improvement. Here, we describe this enzymatic treatment protocol in detail and demonstrate its applicability to two additional mAbs produced by distinct industrial cell lines. The simple addition of carboxypeptidase B (CpB) at a ratio of 1:10,000 (w/w) to whole cell cultures significantly improved the main peaks for both mAbs without affecting other critical quality attributes, including size exclusion chromatography impurities and N-glycans. Our results demonstrate that this in vitro CpB treatment protocol can be used as a platform strategy to improve main peak for mAbs that exhibit high levels of basic variants attributable to C-terminal lysines. An in vitro enzymatic treatment in general may be another good addition to existing in vivo CHO cell culture strategies for titer improvement and control of critical quality attributes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
| | - Johanna Santos
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
| | - Nadine S Anderson
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
| | - Michael C Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
| | - Girish Pendse
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Devens, MA, United States
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16
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N-Glycosylation of monoclonal antibody therapeutics: A comprehensive review on significance and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Zhang JH, Shan LL, Liang F, Du CY, Li JJ. Strategies and Considerations for Improving Recombinant Antibody Production and Quality in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:856049. [PMID: 35316944 PMCID: PMC8934426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.856049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are rapidly developing therapeutic agents; approximately 40 novel antibody molecules enter clinical trials each year, most of which are produced from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, one of the major bottlenecks restricting the development of antibody drugs is how to perform high-level expression and production of recombinant antibodies. The high-efficiency expression and quality of recombinant antibodies in CHO cells is determined by multiple factors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of several state-of-the-art approaches, such as optimization of gene sequence of antibody, construction and optimization of high-efficiency expression vector, using antibody expression system, transformation of host cell lines, and glycosylation modification. Finally, the authors discuss the potential of large-scale production of recombinant antibodies and development of culture processes for biopharmaceutical manufacturing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-He Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun-He Zhang,
| | - Lin-Lin Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Du
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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18
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Mechanism of cooperative N-glycan processing by the multi-modular endoglycosidase EndoE. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1137. [PMID: 35241669 PMCID: PMC8894350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria produce a remarkably diverse range of glycoside hydrolases to metabolize glycans from the environment as a primary source of nutrients, and to promote the colonization and infection of a host. Here we focus on EndoE, a multi-modular glycoside hydrolase secreted by Enterococcus faecalis, one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections. We provide X-ray crystal structures of EndoE, which show an architecture composed of four domains, including GH18 and GH20 glycoside hydrolases connected by two consecutive three α-helical bundles. We determine that the GH20 domain is an exo-β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminidase, whereas the GH18 domain is an endo-β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase that exclusively processes the central core of complex-type or high-mannose-type N-glycans. Both glycoside hydrolase domains act in a concerted manner to process diverse N-glycans on glycoproteins, including therapeutic IgG antibodies. EndoE combines two enzyme domains with distinct functions and glycan specificities to play a dual role in glycan metabolism and immune evasion. EndoE is a multi-domain glycoside hydrolase of the human pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. Here, the authors present crystal structures of EndoE and provide biochemical insights into the molecular basis of EndoE’s substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism.
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19
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Wang T, Liu L, Voglmeir J. mAbs N-glycosylation: Implications for biotechnology and analytics. Carbohydr Res 2022; 514:108541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Esmail S, Manolson MF. Advances in understanding N-glycosylation structure, function, and regulation in health and disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151186. [PMID: 34839178 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification crucial for membrane protein folding, stability and other cellular functions. Alteration of membrane protein N-glycans is implicated in wide range of pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, chronic inflammatory diseases, and viral pathogenesis. Even though the roles of N-glycans have been studied extensively, our knowledge of their mechanisms remains unclear due to the lack of detailed structural analysis of the N-glycome. Mapping the N-glycome landscape will open new avenues to explore disease mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets. This review discusses the diverse structure of N-linked glycans, the function and regulation of N-glycosylation in health and disease, and ends with a focus on recent approaches to target N-glycans in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Esmail
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Morris F Manolson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
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21
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Glycoengineering of Therapeutic Antibodies with Small Molecule Inhibitors. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10040044. [PMID: 34842612 PMCID: PMC8628514 DOI: 10.3390/antib10040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the cornerstones of modern medicine, across an increasing range of therapeutic areas. All therapeutic mAbs are glycoproteins, i.e., their polypeptide chain is decorated with glycans, oligosaccharides of extraordinary structural diversity. The presence, absence, and composition of these glycans can have a profound effect on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of individual mAbs. Approaches for the glycoengineering of therapeutic mAbs—the manipulation and optimisation of mAb glycan structures—are therefore of great interest from a technological, therapeutic, and regulatory perspective. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the effects of glycosylation on the biological and pharmacological functions of the five classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgA, IgM and IgD) that form the backbone of all current clinical and experimental mAbs, including an overview of common mAb expression systems. We review selected examples for the use of small molecule inhibitors of glycan biosynthesis for mAb glycoengineering, we discuss the potential advantages and challenges of this approach, and we outline potential future applications. The main aim of the review is to showcase the expanding chemical toolbox that is becoming available for mAb glycoengineering to the biology and biotechnology community.
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22
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Jakes C, Füssl F, Zaborowska I, Bones J. Rapid Analysis of Biotherapeutics Using Protein A Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13505-13512. [PMID: 34585915 PMCID: PMC8515350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoclonal antibodies
(mAbs) and related products undergo a wide
range of modifications, many of which can often be directly associated
to culture conditions during upstream processing. Ideally, such conditions
should be monitored and fine-tuned based on real-time or close to
real-time information obtained by the assessment of the product quality
attribute (PQA) profile of the biopharmaceutical produced, which is
the fundamental idea of process analytical technology. Therefore,
methods that are simple, quick and robust, but sufficiently powerful,
to allow for the generation of a comprehensive picture of the PQA
profile of the protein of interest are required. A major obstacle
for the analysis of proteins directly from cultures is the presence
of impurities such as cell debris, host cell DNA, proteins and small-molecule
compounds, which usually requires a series of capture and polishing
steps using affinity and ion-exchange chromatography before characterization
can be attempted. In the current study, we demonstrate direct coupling
of protein A affinity chromatography with native mass spectrometry
(ProA-MS) for development of a robust method that can be used to generate
information on the PQA profile of mAbs and related products in as
little as 5 min. The developed method was applied to several samples
ranging in complexity and stability, such as simple and more complex
monoclonal antibodies, as well as cysteine-conjugated antibody–drug
conjugate mimics. Moreover, the method demonstrated suitability for
the analysis of protein amounts of <1 μg, which suggests
applicability during early-stage development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Jakes
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Izabela Zaborowska
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, County Dublin A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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23
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Čaval T, Buettner A, Haberger M, Reusch D, Heck AJ. Discrepancies between High-Resolution Native and Glycopeptide-Centric Mass Spectrometric Approaches: A Case Study into the Glycosylation of Erythropoietin Variants. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2099-2104. [PMID: 33856811 PMCID: PMC8343523 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation represents a critical quality attribute modulating a myriad of physiochemical properties and effector functions of biotherapeutics. Furthermore, a rising landscape of glycosylated biotherapeutics including biosimilars, biobetters, and fusion proteins harboring complicated and dynamic glycosylation profiles requires tailored analytical approaches capable of characterizing their heterogeneous nature. In this work, we perform in-depth evaluation of the glycosylation profiles of three glycoengineered variants of the widely used biotherapeutic erythropoietin. We analyzed these samples in parallel using a glycopeptide-centric liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach and high-resolution native mass spectrometry. Although for all of the studied variants the glycopeptide and native mass spectrometry data were in good qualitative agreement, we observed substantial quantitative differences arising from ionization deficiencies and unwanted neutral losses, in particular, for sialylated glycopeptides in the glycoproteomics approach. However, the latter provides direct information about glycosite localization. We conclude that the combined parallel use of native mass spectrometry and bottom-up glycoproteomics offers superior characterization of glycosylated biotherapeutics and thus provides a valuable attribute in the characterization of glycoengineered proteins and other complex biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Čaval
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Buettner
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Albert J.R. Heck
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Netherlands
Proteomics Center, Padualaan
8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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24
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Savizi ISP, Motamedian E, E Lewis N, Jimenez Del Val I, Shojaosadati SA. An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100019. [PMID: 34021707 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post-translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation. METHODS Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP-sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP-sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP-GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. RESULTS Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again. CONCLUSION The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Shahidi Pour Savizi
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Motamedian
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nathan E Lewis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,School of Medicine, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability at the University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Nguyen NTB, Lin J, Tay SJ, Mariati, Yeo J, Nguyen-Khuong T, Yang Y. Multiplexed engineering glycosyltransferase genes in CHO cells via targeted integration for producing antibodies with diverse complex-type N-glycans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12969. [PMID: 34155258 PMCID: PMC8217518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are decorated with complex-type N-glycans that significantly affect their biodistribution and bioactivity. The N-glycan structures on antibodies are incompletely processed in wild-type CHO cells due to their limited glycosylation capacity. To improve N-glycan processing, glycosyltransferase genes have been traditionally overexpressed in CHO cells to engineer the cellular N-glycosylation pathway by using random integration, which is often associated with large clonal variations in gene expression levels. In order to minimize the clonal variations, we used recombinase-mediated-cassette-exchange (RMCE) technology to overexpress a panel of 42 human glycosyltransferase genes to screen their impact on antibody N-linked glycosylation. The bottlenecks in the N-glycosylation pathway were identified and then released by overexpressing single or multiple critical genes. Overexpressing B4GalT1 gene alone in the CHO cells produced antibodies with more than 80% galactosylated bi-antennary N-glycans. Combinatorial overexpression of B4GalT1 and ST6Gal1 produced antibodies containing more than 70% sialylated bi-antennary N-glycans. In addition, antibodies with various tri-antennary N-glycans were obtained for the first time by overexpressing MGAT5 alone or in combination with B4GalT1 and ST6Gal1. The various N-glycan structures and the method for producing them in this work provide opportunities to study the glycan structure-and-function and develop novel recombinant antibodies for addressing different therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan T. B. Nguyen
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianer Lin
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Jie Tay
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mariati
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jessna Yeo
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- grid.452198.30000 0004 0485 9218Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Graham RJ, Mohammad A, Liang G, Fu Q, Kuang B, Polanco A, Lee YS, Marcus RK, Yoon S. Effect of iron addition on mAb productivity and oxidative stress in Chinese hamster ovary culture. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3181. [PMID: 34106525 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals play a critical role in the development of culture media used for the production of therapeutic proteins. Iron has been shown to enhance the productivity of monoclonal antibodies during Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. However, the redox activity and pro-oxidant behavior of iron may also contribute toward the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we aim to clarify the influence of trace iron by examining the relationship between iron supplementation to culture media, mAb productivity and glycosylation, and oxidative stress interplay within the cell. Specifically, we assessed the impacts of iron supplementation on (a) mAb production and glycosylation; (b) mitochondria-generated free hydroxyl radicals (ROS); (c) the cells ability to store energy during oxidative phosphorylation; and (d) mitochondrial iron concentration. Upon the increase of iron at inoculation, CHO cells maintained a capacity to rebound from iron-induced viability lapses during exponential growth phase and improved mAb productivity and increased mAb galactosylation. Fluorescent labeling of the mitochondrial hydroxyl radical showed enhanced environments of oxidative stress upon iron supplementation. Additional labeling of active mitochondria indicated that, despite the enhanced production of ROS in the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential was minimally impacted. By replicating iron treatments during seed train passaging, the CHO cells were observed to adapt to the shock of iron supplementation prior to inoculation. Results from these experiments demonstrate that CHO cells have the capacity to adapt to enhanced environments of oxidative stress and improve mAb productivity and mAb galactosylation with minimal perturbations to cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Graham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - George Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bingyu Kuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashli Polanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Štor J, Ruckerbauer DE, Széliová D, Zanghellini J, Borth N. Towards rational glyco-engineering in CHO: from data to predictive models. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:9-17. [PMID: 34048995 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic modelling strives to develop modelling approaches that are robust and highly predictive. To achieve this, various modelling designs, including hybrid models, and parameter estimation methods that define the type and number of parameters used in the model, are adapted. Accurate input data play an important role so that the selection of experimental methods that provide input data of the required precision with low measurement errors is crucial. For the biopharmaceutically relevant protein glycosylation, the most prominent available models are kinetic models which are able to capture the dynamic nature of protein N-glycosylation. In this review we focus on how to choose the most suitable model for a specific research question, as well as on parameters and considerations to take into account before planning relevant experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Štor
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David E Ruckerbauer
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Széliová
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Zanghellini
- acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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28
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Li QZ, Chen X, Mao PW, Jin MY, Wu Q, Zhou XW. N-Glycosylated Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulatory protein improved anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway. Food Funct 2021; 12:3393-3404. [PMID: 33900328 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The global health emergency generated by coronavirus disease-2019 has prompted the search for immunomodulatory agents. There are many potential natural products for drug discovery and development to tackle this disease. One of these candidates is the Ganoderma lucidum fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-glu). In the present study, we clarify the influences of N-linked glycans on the improvement of anti-inflammatory activity and the potential mechanisms of action. Four proteins, including FIP-glu (WT) and its mutants N31S, T36N and N31S/T36N, were successfully expressed in P. pastoris, of which T36N and N31S/T36N were glycoproteins. After treatment with peptide-N-glycosidase F, the results of SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the glycan moiety was removed completely, indicating that the glycan moiety was N-linked. This was also demonstrated by UPLC-qTOF-MS. The cytotoxicity assay showed that N-linked glycans decreased the cytotoxicity of WT; while, the RT-qPCR assay showed that N-glycosylated WT regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TGF-β1. The Western blot results showed that N-glycosylated WT reduced the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. In conclusion, our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which N-glycosylation of FIP-glu improved its anti-inflammatory activity through the regulation of the expression of inflammatory cytokines in RAW264.7 via inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation. It was proved that N-glycosylation significantly improved the functional properties of FIP-glu, providing theoretical and technical support for expanding the application of FIPs in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Zhang Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China. and National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Mao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Meng-Yuan Jin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Qin Wu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, and Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Abstract
The glycosylation process is extremely heterogeneous, dynamic, and complex compared with any other post-translational modification of protein. In the context of recombinant glycoproteins, glycosylation is a critical attribute as glycans could dramatically alter protein functions and properties including activity, half-life, in vivo localization, stability, and, last but not least, immunogenicity. Liquid chromatography combined to mass spectrometry constitutes the most powerful analytical approach to achieve the comprehensive glycan profile description or comparison of glycoproteins. This chapter details a versatile yet straightforward LC-MS approach for sample preparation, analysis, and data interpretation, enabling the evaluation of site-specific N-glycosylation of recombinant glycoproteins.
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30
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Cao C, Yu L, Zhang X, Dong X, Yuan J, Liang X. Calibration for quantitative Fc-glycosylation analysis of therapeutic IgG1-type monoclonal antibodies by using glycopeptide standards. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338306. [PMID: 33736796 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fc-glycosylation has crucial impact on the efficacy and safety of IgG-type therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In order to enhance the performance of MS-based bottom-up quantitation strategy, a library of glycopeptide standards containing 26 common IgG1-type Fc-glycoforms has been constructed via modified two-dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) purification. Taking advantage of the acquired glycopeptide standards, calibrated quantitation strategy for Fc-glycosylation analysis of mAbs was established and evaluated on the basis of three LC-MS-based methods, including HILIC-MRM (multiple reaction monitoring), HILIC-SIM (selected ion monitor) and RPLC-SIM. Molar concentrations of eleven individual Fc-glycoforms (0.03 ± 0.001-13.77 ± 0.64 nmol mg-1) as well as degree of fucosylation (75.44-97.04%), galactosylation (3.39-49.47%) and mannosylation (1.12-21.22%) in six IgG1-type mAbs were achieved. In addition, Fc-glycosylation site occupancy was also determined from 98.05% to 99.83%. Compared with traditional MS-based quantitation via peak area normalization, the quantitation accuracy and precision of the calibrated strategy had been remarkably improved, especially when combining with HILIC separation. In addition, the transferability of calibrated quantitation as assessed by using MRM-based method had also been significantly enhanced on different instruments from different laboratories. This calibrated quantitation strategy using glycopeptide standards as calibrators will be useful for Fc-glycosylation analysis of IgG1-type mAbs with multiple glycosylation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Long Yu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuefang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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31
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Li D, Lou Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li J, Tao J. Sialylated immunoglobulin G: a promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5430-5446. [PMID: 33859756 PMCID: PMC8039950 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG), especially autoantibodies, has major implications for the diagnosis and management of a wide range of autoimmune diseases. However, some healthy individuals also have autoantibodies, while a portion of patients with autoimmune diseases test negative for serologic autoantibodies. Recent advances in glycomics have shown that IgG Fc N-glycosylations are more reliable diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers than total IgG autoantibodies in a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, these N-glycosylations of IgG Fc, particularly sialylation, have been reported to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating inhibitory FcγRIIb on effector macrophages and reducing the affinity of IgG for either complement protein or activating Fc gamma receptors. Therefore, sialylated IgG is a potential therapeutic strategy for attenuating pathogenic autoimmunity. IgG sialylation-based therapies for autoimmune diseases generated through genetic, metabolic or chemoenzymatic modifications have made some advances in both preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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32
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Characterization of dynamic regulation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures in the late exponential phase. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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34
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Madabhushi SR, Podtelezhnikov AA, Murgolo N, Xu S, Lin H. Understanding the effect of increased cell specific productivity on galactosylation of monoclonal antibodies produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:92-103. [PMID: 33549674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Achieving optimal productivity and desired product quality of the therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) is one of the primary goals of process development. Across the various mAb programs at our company, we observed that increasing the specific productivity (qp) results in a decrease in the % galactosylation (%Gal) level on the protein. In order to gain further insight into this correlation, cells were cultured under different process conditions such as pH or media osmolality or in the presence of supplements such as sodium butyrate. A range of qp and N-glycan profiles were obtained with the greatest changes observed under high pH (lower qp, higher %Gal), higher osmolality (higher qp, lower %Gal) or sodium butyrate (moderately higher qp, moderately lower %Gal) conditions. Abundance of individual glycan species highlighted different bottlenecks in the N-glycosylation pathway depending on the treatment condition. Transcriptomics analysis was performed to identify changes in gene expression profiles that correlate with the inverse relationship between qp and %Gal. Results showed downregulation of Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 (B4GalT1), UDP-GlcNAc and Mn2+ transporter (slc35a3 and slc39a8 respectively) for the high osmolality conditions. Significant downregulation of slc39a8 (Mn2+ transporter) was observed for the sodium butyrate condition. No significant differences were observed for any of the genes in the N-glycosylation pathway under the high pH condition even though this condition showed highest %Gal. Together, data suggests that different treatments have distinct complex mechanisms by which the overall glycan levels of a mAb are influenced. Further studies based on these results will help build the knowledge necessary to design strategies to obtain the desired productivity and product quality of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri R Madabhushi
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA.
| | - Alexei A Podtelezhnikov
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Nicholas Murgolo
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Sen Xu
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Upstream Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
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35
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Li X, An Y, Liao J, Xiao L, Swanson M, Martinez-Fonts K, Pavon JA, Sherer EC, Jawa V, Wang F, Gao X, Letarte S, Richardson DD. Identification and characterization of a residual host cell protein hexosaminidase B associated with N-glycan degradation during the stability study of a therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibody product. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3128. [PMID: 33476097 PMCID: PMC8365702 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) are process‐related impurities derived from host organisms, which need to be controlled to ensure adequate product quality and safety. In this study, product quality attributes were tracked for several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) under the intended storage and accelerated stability conditions. One product quality attribute not expected to be stability indicating is the N‐glycan heterogeneity profile. However, significant N‐glycan degradation was observed for one mAb under accelerated and stressed stability conditions. The root cause for this instability was attributed to hexosaminidase B (HEXB), an enzyme known to remove terminal N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). HEXB was identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)‐based proteomics approach to be enriched in the impacted stability batches from mAb‐1. Subsequently, enzymatic and targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS assays were developed to support process and product characterization. A potential interaction between HEXB and mAb‐1 was initially observed from the analysis of process intermediates by proteomics among several mAbs and later supported by computational modeling. An improved bioprocess was developed to significantly reduce HEXB levels in the final drug substance. A risk assessment was conducted by evaluating the in silico immunogenicity risk and the impact on product quality. To the best of our knowledge, HEXB is the first residual HCP reported to have impact on the glycan profile of a formulated drug product. The combination of different analytical tools, mass spectrometry, and computational modeling provides a general strategy on how to study residual HCP for biotherapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yan An
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jing Liao
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael Swanson
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kirby Martinez-Fonts
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jorge Alexander Pavon
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Predictive and Clinical Immunogenicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xinliu Gao
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
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36
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Bezjak L, Erklavec Zajec V, Baebler Š, Stare T, Gruden K, Pohar A, Novak U, Likozar B. Incorporating RNA-Seq transcriptomics into glycosylation-integrating metabolic network modelling kinetics: Multiomic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:1476-1490. [PMID: 33399226 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the kinetic model based on the previously developed metabolic and glycan reaction networks of the ovarian cells of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line was improved by the inclusion of transcriptomic data that took into account the values of the RPKM gene (Reads per Kilobase of Exon per Million Reads Mapped). The transcriptomic (RNASeq) data were obtained together with metabolic and glycan data from the literature, and the concentrations with RPKM values were collected at several points in time from two fed-batch processes. First, the fluxes were determined by regression analysis of the metabolic data, then these fluxes were corrected by using the fold change in gene expression as a measure of enzyme concentrations. Next, the corrected fluxes in the kinetic model were used to calculate the concentration profiles of the metabolites, and literature data were used to evaluate the predicted results of the model. Compared to other studies where the concentration profiles of CHO cell metabolites were described using a kinetic model without consideration of RNA-Seq data to correct the fluxes, this model is unique. The additional integration of transcriptomic data led to better predictions of metabolic concentrations in the fed-batch process, which is a significant improvement of the modelling technique used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bezjak
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vivian Erklavec Zajec
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Pohar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Novak
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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37
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Kaur H. Characterization of glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies and its importance in therapeutic antibody development. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:300-315. [PMID: 33430641 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1869684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the structurally diverse and complex forms of post translational modifications observed in proteins which influence the effector functions of IgG-Fc. Although the glycosylation constitutes 2-3% of the total mass of the IgG antibody, a thorough assessment of glycoform distribution present on the antibody is a critical quality attribute (cQA) for the majority of novel and biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb) development. This review paper will highlight the impact of different glycoforms such as galactose, fucose, high mannose, NANA (N-acetylneuraminic acid), and NGNA (N-glycoylneuraminic acid) on the safety/immunogeneicity, efficacy/biological activity and clearance (pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetic property (PD/PK)) of biological molecules. In addition, this paper will summarize routinely employed reliable analytical techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for characterizing and monitoring glycosylation in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods are addressed. The scope of this review paper is limited to only N-linked and O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Analytical Sciences, Aurobindo Biologics, Hyderabad, India
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Ho YY, Lu HK, Lim ZFS, Lim HW, Ho YS, Ng SK. Applications and analysis of hydrolysates in animal cell culture. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:93. [PMID: 34603939 PMCID: PMC8476327 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells are used in the manufacturing of complex biotherapeutic products since the 1980s. From its initial uses in biological research to its current importance in the biopharmaceutical industry, many types of culture media were developed: from serum-based media to serum-free to protein-free chemically defined media. The cultivation of animal cells economically has become the ultimate goal in the field of biomanufacturing. Serum serves as a source of amino acids, lipids, proteins and most importantly growth factors and hormones, which are essential for many cell types. However, the use of serum is unfavorable due to its high price tag, increased lot-to-lot variations and potential risk of microbial contamination. Efforts are progressively being made to replace serum with recombinant proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones, as well as supplementation with lipids, vitamins, trace elements and hydrolysates. While hydrolysates are more complex, they provide a diverse source of nutrients to animal cells, with potential beneficial effects beyond the nutritional value. In this review, we discuss the use of hydrolysates in animal cell culture and briefly cover the composition of hydrolysates, mode of action and potential contaminants with some perspectives on its potential role in animal cell culture media formulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ying Ho
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Hao Kim Lu
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Zhi Feng Sherman Lim
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Hao Wei Lim
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore, 138668 Singapore
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Zhang X, Vimalraj V, Patel M. Routine Analysis of N-Glycans Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Routine Mass Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2271:205-219. [PMID: 33908010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1241-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of N-glycans are commonly conducted via enzymatic release, labeling, and liquid chromatography (LC) separation and fluorescent detection. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used as an orthogonal detection method to provide additional structural information and increase the confidence of N-glycan analysis. In this chapter, we describe a method to perform routine analysis of N-glycans including the sample preparation with a signal-enhancement label, LC-MS data generation, and data analysis. Using this method, up to 24 N-glycan samples can be prepared at one time and analyzed by LC-MS. With the addition of automation platform, up to 96 N-glycan samples can be prepared and analyzed in a high-throughput manner.
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Song Y, Qian Y, Huang Z, Khattak SF, Li ZJ. Computational insights into O-glycosylation in a CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein linker and its impact on protein quality attributes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3925-3935. [PMID: 33335689 PMCID: PMC7734232 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hinge region of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) is used as a common linker for Fc-fusion therapeutic proteins. With the advances of high-resolution mass spectrometry and sample treatment strategies, unexpected O-linked glycosylation has been observed in the linker. However, the molecular mechanism involved in this unusual posttranslational modification is unknown. In this study, we applied site-direct mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, analytical chromatography, and computational modeling to investigate O-glycosylation processes in a clinically used CTLA4 Fc-fusion protein and its impacts on protein quality attributes. Surprisingly, O-glycans could be formed at new sites when an initial O-glycosylation site was eliminated, and continued to occur until all potential O-glycosylation sites were nulled. Site-preference of O-glycosylation initiation was attributed to the complex formation between the linker peptide and glycan transferase whereas the O-glycosylating efficiency and the linker flexibility were correlated using molecular modeling and simulations. As predicted, O-glycan-free CTLA4 Fc-fusion proteins were more homogenous for sialylation, and interestingly less prone to protein aggregation. Attenuating protein aggregation was a desirable effect, and could be related to the reduced presence of linker O-glycans that hindered inter-chain disulfide bond reformation. Findings from this study shed light on new therapeutic protein design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Song
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Yueming Qian
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zhe Huang
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Sarwat F Khattak
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 38 Jackson Road, Devens, MA 01434, USA
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Zhang L, Schwarz H, Wang M, Castan A, Hjalmarsson H, Chotteau V. Control of IgG glycosylation in CHO cell perfusion cultures by GReBA mathematical model supported by a novel targeted feed, TAFE. Metab Eng 2020; 65:135-145. [PMID: 33161144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The N-linked glycosylation pattern is an important quality attribute of therapeutic glycoproteins. It has been reported by our group and by others that different carbon sources, such as glucose, mannose and galactose, can differently impact the glycosylation profile of glycoproteins in mammalian cell culture. Acting on the sugar feeding is thus an attractive strategy to tune the glycan pattern. However, in case of feeding of more than one carbon source simultaneously, the cells give priority to the one with the highest uptake rate, which limits the usage of this tuning, e.g. the cells favor consuming glucose in comparison to galactose. We present here a new feeding strategy (named 'TAFE' for targeted feeding) for perfusion culture to adjust the concentrations of fed sugars influencing the glycosylation. The strategy consists in setting the sugar feeding such that the cells are forced to consume these substrates at a target cell specific consumption rate decided by the operator and taking into account the cell specific perfusion rate (CSPR). This strategy is applied in perfusion cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, illustrated by ten different regimes of sugar feeding, including glucose, galactose and mannose. Applying the TAFE strategy, different glycan profiles were obtained using the different feeding regimes. Furthermore, we successfully forced the cells to consume higher proportions of non-glucose sugars, which have lower transport rates than glucose in presence of this latter, in a controlled way. In previous work, a mathematical model named Glycan Residues Balance Analysis (GReBA) was developed to model the glycosylation profile based on the fed carbon sources. The present data were applied to the GReBA to design a feeding regime targeting a given glycosylation profile. The ability of the model to achieve this objective was confirmed by a multi-round of leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), leading to the conclusion that the GReBA model can be used to design the feeding regime of a perfusion cell culture to obtain a desired glycosylation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH, Sweden
| | - Hubert Schwarz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH, Sweden
| | - Mingliang Wang
- AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH, Sweden; Division of Decision and Control System, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Hjalmarsson
- AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH, Sweden; Division of Decision and Control System, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; AdBIOPRO, VINNOVA Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, KTH, Sweden.
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Simultaneous Monitoring and Comparison of Multiple Product Quality Attributes for Cell Culture Processes at Different Scales Using a LC/MS/MS Based Multi-Attribute Method. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3319-3329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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O’Flaherty R, Bergin A, Flampouri E, Mota LM, Obaidi I, Quigley A, Xie Y, Butler M. Mammalian cell culture for production of recombinant proteins: A review of the critical steps in their biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Wang M, Wang Y, Liu K, Dou X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Ye XS. Engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase for di-sialylation of a therapeutic antibody. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2886-2892. [PMID: 32236230 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00276c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terminal α-2,6-sialylation of N-glycans is a humanized glycosylation that affects the properties and efficacy of therapeutic glycoproteins. Fc di-sialylation (a biantennary N-glycan with two α-2,6-linked sialic acids) of IgG antibodies imparts them with enhanced anti-inflammatory activity and other roles. However, the microheterogeneity of N-glycoforms presents a challenge for therapeutic development. Therefore, controlled sialylation has drawn considerable attention, but direct access to well-defined di-sialylated antibodies remains limited. Herein, a one-pot three-enzyme protocol was developed by engineering a bacterial sialyltransferase to facilitate the modification of therapeutic antibodies with N-acetylneuraminic acid or its derivatives towards optimized glycosylation. To overcome the low proficiency of bacterial sialyltransferase in antibody remodeling, the Photobacterium sp. JT-ISH-224 α-2,6-sialyltransferase (Psp2,6ST) was genetically engineered by terminal truncation and site-directed mutagenesis based on its protein crystal structure. With the optimized reaction conditions and using activity-based screening of various Psp2,6ST variants, a truncated mutant Psp2,6ST (111-511)-His6 A235M/A366G was shown to effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of antibody di-sialylation. Herceptin and the donor substrate promiscuity allow the introduction of bioorthogonal modifications of N-acetylneuraminic acid into antibodies for site-specific conjugation. 2-AB hydrophilic interaction chromatography analysis of the released N-glycans and intact mass characterization confirmed the high di-sialylation of Herceptin via the optimized one-pot three-enzyme reaction. This study established a versatile enzymatic approach for producing highly di-sialylated IgG antibodies. It provides new insights into engineering bacterial sialyltransferase for adaptation to the enzymatic glycoengineering of therapeutic antibodies and the glycosite-specific conjugation of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Kaimeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Rd No. 38, Beijing 100191, China.
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Akram MS, Pery N, Butler L, Shafiq MI, Batool N, Rehman MFU, Grahame-Dunn LG, Yetisen AK. Challenges for biosimilars: focus on rheumatoid arthritis. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:121-153. [PMID: 33040628 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1830746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare systems worldwide are struggling to find ways to fund the cost of innovative treatments such as gene therapies, regenerative medicine, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). As the world's best known mAbs are close to facing patent expirations, the biosimilars market is poised to grow with the hope of bringing prices down for cancer treatment and autoimmune disorders, however, this has yet to be realized. The development costs of biosimilars are significantly higher than their generic equivalents due to therapeutic equivalence trials and higher manufacturing costs. It is imperative that academics and relevant companies understand the costs and stages associated with biologics processing. This article brings these costs to the forefront with a focus on biosimilars being developed for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). mAbs have remarkably changed the treatment landscape, establishing their superior efficacy over traditional small chemicals. Five blockbuster TNFα mAbs, considered as first line biologics against RA, are either at the end of their patent life or have already expired and manufacturers are seeking to capture a significant portion of that market. Although in principle, market-share should be available, withstanding that the challenges regarding the compliance and regulations are being resolved, particularly with regards to variation in the glycosylation patterns and challenges associated with manufacturing. Glycan variants can significantly affect the quality attributes requiring characterization throughout production. Successful penetration of biologics can drive down prices and this will be a welcome change for patients and the healthcare providers. Herein we review the biologic TNFα inhibitors, which are on the market, in development, and the challenges being faced by biosimilar manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safwan Akram
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK
| | - Neelam Pery
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lucy Butler
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.,National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, UK
| | | | - Nayab Batool
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Erklavec Zajec V, Novak U, Kastelic M, Japelj B, Lah L, Pohar A, Likozar B. Dynamic multiscale metabolic network modeling of Chinese hamster ovary cell metabolism integrating N-linked glycosylation in industrial biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:397-411. [PMID: 32970321 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and modeling work, described in this article, is focused on the metabolic pathway of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are the preferred expression system for monoclonal antibody protein production. CHO cells are one of the primary hosts for monoclonal antibodies production, which have extensive applications in multiple fields like biochemistry, biology and medicine. Here, an approach to explain cellular metabolism with in silico modeling of a microkinetic reaction network is presented and validated with unique experimental results. Experimental data of 25 different fed-batch bioprocesses included the variation of multiple process parameters, such as pH, agitation speed, oxygen and CO2 content, and dissolved oxygen. A total of 151 metabolites were involved in our proposed metabolic network, which consisted of 132 chemical reactions that describe the reaction pathways, and include 25 reactions describing N-glycosylation and additional reactions for the accumulation of the produced glycoforms. Additional eight reactions are considered for accumulation of the N-glycosylation products in the extracellular environment and one reaction to correlate cell degradation. The following pathways were considered: glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, nucleotide synthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, biomass production, anaplerotic reactions, and membrane transport. With the applied modeling procedure, different operational scenarios and fed-batch techniques can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Erklavec Zajec
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Novak
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Kastelic
- Novartis, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Mengeš, Slovenia
| | | | - Ljerka Lah
- Novartis, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Mengeš, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Pohar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mastrangeli R, Audino MC, Palinsky W, Broly H, Bierau H. The Formidable Challenge of Controlling High Mannose-Type N-Glycans in Therapeutic mAbs. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1154-1168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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49
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Trabik YA, Moenes EM, Al-Ghobashy MA, Nebsen M, Ayad MF. Analytical comparability study of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies rituximab and obinutuzumab using a stability-indicating orthogonal testing protocol: Effect of structural optimization and glycoengineering. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122359. [PMID: 32920338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycoengineering and biosimilarity are the key factors for growing, promising and progressive approaches in monoclonal antibodies development. In this study, the physicochemical stability of anti-CD20 rituximab (RTX); originator and biosimilar was compared to its glycoengineered humanized version; obinutuzumab (OBZ). An orthogonal stability-indicating protocol using a set of validated bioanalytical techniques; size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), quantitative gel electrophoresis by TapeStation, receptor binding assay and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to investigate the effect of different stress factors on the pattern and kinetics of degradation. SE-HPLC results supported with spectral purity showed similar degradation extent with a different pattern of degradation between RTX and OBZ. A lower tendency to form degraded fragments and a relatively higher favorability for degradation through aggregate formation has been revealed in case of OBZ. Results were in agreement with those of DLS and receptor binding assay which showed specificity to the intact antibodies in the presence of their degradation products. Furthermore, results were additionally confirmed through denaturing quantitative gel electrophoresis which suggested reducible covalent bonds as the mechanism for aggregates formation. RP-HPLC results showed two oxidized forms via excessive oxidation of RTX and OBZ with nearly the same degradation percent. Comparability data of RTX and OBZ using the applied methodologies showed that although glycoengineering; carried out to enhance the therapeutic and biological activity of OBZ altered the pattern of degradation but did not significantly affect the overall stability. Results showed also consistent stability profile between the biosimilar and its originator RTX products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossra A Trabik
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Eman M Moenes
- National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals, Egypt
| | - Medhat A Al-Ghobashy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt; Bioanalysis Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Egypt.
| | - Marianne Nebsen
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Miriam F Ayad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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50
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Sha S, Handelman G, Liu N, Xie D, Yoon S. At-line N-linked glycan profiling for monoclonal antibodies with advanced sample preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:327-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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