1
|
Broski J, Eckels K, Blomquist M, King N, Lineberry M. Mapping the complexity of task demands during constant observation of patients with complex health behaviors. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2024:10.1007/s10459-024-10366-8. [PMID: 39276257 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-024-10366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
Unlicensed patient care assistants (PCAs) are often tasked with providing constant observation (CO) of patients with complex health behaviors. The unique demands of CO are poorly understood, making it challenging to design effective training. Four-component instructional design theory suggests the tasks associated with CO feature non-recurrent challenges, such that effective, simulation-based deliberate practice must reflect real-life variability. This study aimed to elucidate the variety of challenges PCAs encounter during CO of patients with complex health behaviors. We used a qualitative descriptive design and developed a preliminary framework to code interviews. The data collection framework was designed to support creating numerous realistic scenarios to support generalized and transferable learning. From our interviews with 16 participants, we identified 1,066 statements associated with variations in CO tasks. We grouped our findings by two domains, "patient factors" and "environmental contexts." Our results revealed many recurring and non-recurring challenges inherent in CO, requiring a range of skills to maintain patient and staff safety. Instructional design elements may include scenarios incorporating environment and resource assessment, cognitive feedback for non-recurrent tasks, novel methods of self-harm initiated by the patient, and incorporating interdisciplinary staff in which the learner must navigate a complex conversation. This study clarifies the task demands of CO and is useful as a task analysis to guide scenario development for simulation-based experiences. A less systematic approach would risk underrepresenting the difficulties inherent in the task, reinforcing a limited set of behaviors that may not generalize well to the non-recurrent challenges in CO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Broski
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Krista Eckels
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Michael Blomquist
- Department of Nursing, Concorde Career College, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Naomi King
- University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Matthew Lineberry
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hemingway CT, DeVore JE, Muth F. Economic foraging in a floral marketplace: asymmetrically dominated decoy effects in bumblebees. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20240843. [PMID: 39288801 PMCID: PMC11407871 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.0843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
While most models of decision-making assume that individuals assign options absolute values, animals often assess options comparatively, violating principles of economic rationality. Such 'irrational' preferences are especially common when two rewards vary along multiple dimensions of quality and a third, 'decoy' option is available. Bumblebees are models of decision-making, yet whether they are subject to decoy effects is unknown. We addressed this question using bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) choosing between flowers that varied in their nectar concentration and reward rate. We first gave bees a choice between two flower types, one higher in concentration and the other higher in reward rate. Bees were then given a choice between these flowers and either a 'concentration' or 'rate' decoy, designed to be asymmetrically dominated on each axis. The rate decoy increased bees' preference in the expected direction, while the concentration decoy did not. In a second experiment, we manipulated choices along two single reward dimensions to test whether this discrepancy was explained by differences in how concentration versus reward rate were evaluated. We found that low-concentration decoys increased bees' preference for the medium option as predicted, whereas low-rate decoys had no effect. Our results suggest that both low- and high-value flowers can influence pollinator preferences in ways previously unconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire T. Hemingway
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Dabney Hall, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Austin Peay, 1404 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN37996, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX78712, USA
| | - Jennie E. DeVore
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX78712, USA
| | - Felicity Muth
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX78712, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California,196 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lalla A, Chaykin R, Sheldon S. Option similarity modulates the link between choice and memory. Mem Cognit 2024; 52:7-22. [PMID: 37488345 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Choices made in everyday life are highly variable. Sometimes, you may find yourself choosing between two similar options (e.g., breakfast foods to eat) and other times between two dissimilar options (e.g., what to buy with a gift certificate). The goal of the present study was to understand how the similarity of choice options affects our ability to remember what we choose and what we did not choose. We hypothesized that choosing between similar as compared to dissimilar options would evoke a comparison-based strategy (evaluating options with respect to one another), fostering a relational form of encoding and leading to better memory for both the chosen and unchosen options. In Experiment 1, participants reported their strategy when choosing between pairs of similar or dissimilar options, revealing that participants were more likely to use a comparison-based strategy when faced with similar options. In Experiment 2, we tested memory after participants made choices between similar or dissimilar options, finding improved memory for both chosen and unchosen options from the similar compared to dissimilar choice trials. In Experiment 3, we examined strategy use when choosing between pairs of similar or dissimilar options and memory for these options. Replicating and extending the results of the first two experiments, we found that participants were more likely to use a comparison-based strategy when choosing between similar than dissimilar options, and that the positive effect of similarity on memory was stronger for unchosen than chosen options when controlling for strategy use. We interpret our results as evidence that option similarity impacts the mnemonic processes used during choice, altering what we encode and ultimately remember about our choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azara Lalla
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Rose Chaykin
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orlando CG, Banks PB, Latty T, McArthur C. To eat, or not to eat: a phantom decoy affects information-gathering behavior by a free-ranging mammalian herbivore. Behav Ecol 2023; 34:759-768. [PMID: 37744169 PMCID: PMC10516680 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
When foraging, making appropriate food choices is crucial to an animal's fitness. Classic foraging ecology theories assume animals choose food of greatest benefit based on their absolute value across multiple dimensions. Consequently, poorer options are considered irrelevant alternatives that should not influence decision-making among better options. But heuristic studies demonstrate that irrelevant alternatives (termed decoys) can influence the decisions of some animals, indicating they use a relative rather than absolute evaluation system. Our aim was to test whether a decoy influenced the decision-making process-that is, information-gathering and food choice-of a free-ranging mammalian herbivore. We tested swamp wallabies, Wallabia bicolor, comparing their behavior toward, and choice of, two available food options over time in the absence or presence of the decoy. We used a phantom decoy-unavailable option-and ran two trials in different locations and seasons. Binary preferences (decoy absent) for the two available food options differed between trials. Irrespective of this difference, across both trials the presence of the decoy resulted in animals more likely to overtly investigate available food options. But, the decoy only shifted food choice, weakly, in one trial. Our results indicate that the decoy influenced the information-gathering behavior during decision-making, providing the first evidence that decoys can affect decision-making process of free-ranging mammalian herbivores in an ecologically realistic context. It is premature to say these findings confirm the use of relative evaluation systems. Whether the foraging outcome is more strongly affected by other decoys, food dimensions, or ecological contexts, is yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gabriel Orlando
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Peter B Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Clare McArthur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Building A08, Science Rd., Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Trueblood JS. The effect of preference learning on context effects in multi-alternative, multi-attribute choice. Cognition 2023; 233:105365. [PMID: 36587529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Within the domain of preferential choice, it has long been thought that context effects, such as the attraction and compromise effects, arise due to the constructive nature of preferences and thus should not emerge when preferences are stable. We examined this hypothesis with a series of experiments where participants had the opportunity to experience selected alternatives and develop more enduring preferences. In our tasks, the options are presented in a description-based format so that participants need only learn their preferences for various options rather than the objective values of those options. Our results suggest that context effects can still emerge when stable preferences form through experience. This suggests that multi-alternative, multi-attribute decisions are likely influenced by relative evaluations, even when participants have the opportunity to experience options and learn their preferences. We hypothesize what was learned from experience in our tasks is the weights for various attributes. Through model simulations, we show that the observed choice patterns are well captured by a model with unequal attribute weights. A secondary finding is that the direction of observed context effects is opposite to standard effects and appears to be quite robust. Model simulations show that reserved effects can arise through various processes including representational noise and sensitivity to advantages and disadvantages when comparing options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer S Trueblood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brendl CM, Atasoy Ö, Samson C. Preferential Attraction Effects With Visual Stimuli: The Role of Quantitative Versus Qualitative Visual Attributes. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:265-278. [PMID: 36469790 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221134476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Offering an inferior and rarely chosen third (decoy) option to decision makers choosing between two options has a paradoxical effect: It increases the choice share of the option most similar to the decoy. This attraction effect is robust when options are numeric but rarely occurs in humans when options are visual, even though it occurs in animals. Building on psychophysics, we examined two types of visual attributes: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative visual attributes (e.g., different bottle volumes) can be perceived as magnitudes. Qualitative visual attributes (e.g., different colors), however, do not fall onto a magnitude scale. One can perceive that a bottle's volume is twice that of another bottle but not that a green bottle's color is twice that of a red bottle. We observed robust attraction effects for quantitative visual attributes (4,602 adults, 237 college-age participants), which reversed to repulsion effects when the visual attributes were qualitative (6,005 adults).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Özgün Atasoy
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel
| | - Coralie Samson
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marini M, Boschetti C, Gastaldi S, Addessi E, Paglieri F. Context-effect bias in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.): exploring decoy influences in a value-based food choice task. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:503-514. [PMID: 36125642 PMCID: PMC9950244 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Decision making is known to be liable to several context effects. In particular, adding a seemingly irrelevant alternative (decoy) to a set of options can modify preferences: typically, by increasing choices towards whatever option clearly dominates the decoy (attraction effect), but occasionally also decreasing its appeal and generating a shift in the opposite direction (repulsion effect). Both types of decoy effects violate rational choice theory axioms and suggest dynamic processes of preference-formation, in which the value of each alternative is not determined a priori, but it is instead constructed by comparing options during the decision process. These effects are well documented, both in humans and in other species: e.g., amoebas, ants, honeybees, frogs, birds, cats, dogs. However, evidence of decoy effects in non-human primates remains surprisingly mixed. This study investigates decoy effects in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.), manipulating time pressure across different conditions, to test whether such effects require time-consuming comparative processes among available alternatives. Whereas the time-dependent nature of decoy effects is a robust finding in the human literature, this is its first investigation in non-human animals. Our results show that capuchins exhibit an attraction effect with decoys targeting their preferred food, and that this effect disappears under time pressure; moreover, we observe preliminary evidence of a repulsion effect when decoys target instead the less-preferred food, possibly due to the larger distance between decoy and target in the attribute space. Taken together, these results provide valuable insight on the evolutionary roots of comparative decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy ,Goal-Oriented Agents Lab, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Boschetti
- Department of Philosophy, Communication, and Performing Arts, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Gastaldi
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Elsa Addessi
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Paglieri
- Goal-Oriented Agents Lab, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otto AR, Devine S, Schulz E, Bornstein AM, Louie K. Context-dependent choice and evaluation in real-world consumer behavior. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17744. [PMID: 36273073 PMCID: PMC9588046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A body of work spanning neuroscience, economics, and psychology indicates that decision-making is context-dependent, which means that the value of an option depends not only on the option in question, but also on the other options in the choice set-or the 'context'. While context effects have been observed primarily in small-scale laboratory studies with tightly constrained, artificially constructed choice sets, it remains to be determined whether these context effects take hold in real-world choice problems, where choice sets are large and decisions driven by rich histories of direct experience. Here, we investigate whether valuations are context-dependent in real-world choice by analyzing a massive restaurant rating dataset as well as two independent replication datasets which provide complementary operationalizations of restaurant choice. We find that users make fewer ratings-maximizing choices in choice sets with higher-rated options-a hallmark of context-dependent choice-and that post-choice restaurant ratings also varied systematically with the ratings of unchosen restaurants. Furthermore, in a follow-up laboratory experiment using hypothetical choice sets matched to the real-world data, we find further support for the idea that subjective valuations of restaurants are scaled in accordance with the choice context, providing corroborating evidence for a general mechanistic-level account of these effects. Taken together, our results provide a potent demonstration of context-dependent choice in real-world choice settings, manifesting both in decisions and subjective valuation of options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ross Otto
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sean Devine
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric Schulz
- grid.419501.80000 0001 2183 0052Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aaron M. Bornstein
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Cognitive Sciences and Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Kenway Louie
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, USA ,grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Solvi C, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Lu Y, Roper M, Sun L, Reid RJ, Chittka L, Barron AB, Peng F. Bumblebees retrieve only the ordinal ranking of foraging options when comparing memories obtained in distinct settings. eLife 2022; 11:e78525. [PMID: 36164830 PMCID: PMC9514845 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Are animals' preferences determined by absolute memories for options (e.g. reward sizes) or by their remembered ranking (better/worse)? The only studies examining this question suggest humans and starlings utilise memories for both absolute and relative information. We show that bumblebees' learned preferences are based only on memories of ordinal comparisons. A series of experiments showed that after learning to discriminate pairs of different flowers by sucrose concentration, bumblebees preferred flowers (in novel pairings) with (1) higher ranking over equal absolute reward, (2) higher ranking over higher absolute reward, and (3) identical qualitative ranking but different quantitative ranking equally. Bumblebees used absolute information in order to rank different flowers. However, additional experiments revealed that, even when ranking information was absent (i.e. bees learned one flower at a time), memories for absolute information were lost or could no longer be retrieved after at most 1 hr. Our results illuminate a divergent mechanism for bees (compared to starlings and humans) of learned preferences that may have arisen from different adaptations to their natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cwyn Solvi
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Yonghe Zhou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Yunxiao Feng
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yuyi Lu
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mark Roper
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rebecca J Reid
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lars Chittka
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Barron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Psychiatry, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trueblood JS. Theories of Context Effects in Multialternative, Multiattribute Choice. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214221109587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, researchers in psychology, neuroscience, marketing, and economics have been keen to understand context effects in multialternative, multiattribute decision making. These effects occur when choices among existing alternatives are altered by the addition of a new alternative to the choice set. The effects violate classic decision theories and have led to the development of computational and mathematical models that explain how underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms give rise to the effects. This article reviews dynamic models of these effects, comparing mechanisms across models. Most models of context effects incorporate an attention mechanism, which suggests that attention plays an important role in multialternative, multiattribute decision making. I conclude by discussing recent empirical studies of attention and context effects and hypothesize that changes in attention could be responsible for recently observed reversals in context effects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Marini M, Sapienza A, Paglieri F. There is more to attraction than meets the eye: Studying decoy‐induced attention allocation without eye tracking. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marini
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council Rome Italy
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Sapienza
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council Rome Italy
| | - Fabio Paglieri
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies National Research Council Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Levari DE. Range-frequency effects can explain and eliminate prevalence-induced concept change. Cognition 2022; 226:105196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Molter F, Thomas AW, Huettel SA, Heekeren HR, Mohr PNC. Gaze-dependent evidence accumulation predicts multi-alternative risky choice behaviour. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010283. [PMID: 35793388 PMCID: PMC9292127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices are influenced by gaze allocation during deliberation, so that fixating an alternative longer leads to increased probability of choosing it. Gaze-dependent evidence accumulation provides a parsimonious account of choices, response times and gaze-behaviour in many simple decision scenarios. Here, we test whether this framework can also predict more complex context-dependent patterns of choice in a three-alternative risky choice task, where choices and eye movements were subject to attraction and compromise effects. Choices were best described by a gaze-dependent evidence accumulation model, where subjective values of alternatives are discounted while not fixated. Finally, we performed a systematic search over a large model space, allowing us to evaluate the relative contribution of different forms of gaze-dependence and additional mechanisms previously not considered by gaze-dependent accumulation models. Gaze-dependence remained the most important mechanism, but participants with strong attraction effects employed an additional similarity-dependent inhibition mechanism found in other models of multi-alternative multi-attribute choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Molter
- School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin W. Thomas
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Huettel
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department for Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hauke R. Heekeren
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter N. C. Mohr
- School of Business & Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The repulsion effect in preferential choice and its relation to perceptual choice. Cognition 2022; 225:105164. [PMID: 35596968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
People rely on the choice context to guide their decisions, violating fundamental principles of rational choice theory and exhibiting phenomena called context effects. Recent research has uncovered that dominance relationships can both increase or decrease the choice share of the dominating option, marking the two ends of an attraction-repulsion continuum. However, empirical links between the two opposing effects are scarce and theoretical accounts are missing altogether. The present study (N = 55) used eye tracking alongside a within-subject design that contrasts a perceptual task and a preferential-choice analog in order to bridge this gap and uncover the underlying information-search processes. Although individuals differed in their perceptual and preferential choices, they generally engaged in alternative-wise comparisons and a repulsion effect was present in both conditions that became weaker the more predominant the attribute-wise comparisons were. Altogether, our study corroborates the notion that repulsion effects are a robust and general phenomenon that theoretical accounts need to take seriously.
Collapse
|
15
|
Padoa-Schioppa C. Logistic analysis of choice data: A primer. Neuron 2022; 110:1615-1630. [PMID: 35334232 PMCID: PMC9119943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Logistic regressions were developed in economics to model individual choice behavior. In recent years, they have become an important tool in decision neuroscience. Here, I describe and discuss different logistic models, emphasizing the underlying assumptions and possible interpretations. Logistic models may be used to quantify a variety of behavioral traits, including the relative subjective value of different goods, the choice accuracy, risk attitudes, and choice biases. More complex logistic models can be used for choices between good bundles, in cases of nonlinear value functions, and for choices between multiple options. Finally, logistic models can quantify the explanatory power of neuronal activity on choices, thus providing a valid alternative to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of Economics, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Violations of economic rationality due to irrelevant information during
learning in decision from experience. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
According to normative decision-making theories, the composition of a
choice set should not affect people’s preferences regarding the different
options. This assumption contrasts with decades of research that have
identified multiple situations in which this principle is violated, leading
to context effects. Recently, research on context effects has been extended
to the domain of experience-based choices, where it has been shown that
forgone outcomes from irrelevant alternatives affect preferences — an
accentuation effect. More specifically, it has been shown that an option
presented in a situation in which its outcomes are salient across several
trials is evaluated more positively than in a context in which its outcomes
are less salient. In the present study, we investigated whether irrelevant
information affects preferences as much as relevant information. In two
experiments, individuals completed a learning task with partial feedback. We
found that past outcomes from non-chosen options, which contain no relevant
information at all, led to the same accentuation effect as did
counterfactual outcomes that provided new and relevant information. However,
if the information is entirely irrelevant (from options that could not have
been chosen), individuals ignored it, thus ruling out a purely perceptual
account of the accentuation effect. These results provide further support
for the influence of salience on learning and highlight the necessity of
mechanistic accounts in decision-making research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kraemer PM, Weilbächer RA, Mechera-Ostrovsky T, Gluth S. Cognitive and neural principles of a memory bias on preferential choices. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100029. [PMID: 36685759 PMCID: PMC9846459 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Value-based decisions depend on different forms of memory. However, the respective roles of memory and valuation processes that give rise to these decisions are often vaguely described and have rarely been investigated jointly. In this review article, we address the problem of memory-based decision making from a neuroeconomic perspective. We first describe the neural and cognitive processes involved in decisions requiring memory processes, with a focus on episodic memory. Based on the results of a systematic research program, we then spotlight the phenomenon of the memory bias, a general preference for choice options that can be retrieved from episodic memory more successfully. Our findings indicate that failed memory recall biases neural valuation processes as indicated by altered effective connectivity between the hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This bias can be attributed to meta-cognitive beliefs about the relationship between subjective value and memory as well as to uncertainty aversion. After summarizing the findings, we outline potential future research endeavors to integrate the two research traditions of memory and decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sebastian Gluth
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
- Corresponding author. Von-Melle-Park 11, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|