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Camargo-Herrera V, Castellanos G, Rangel N, Jiménez-Tobón GA, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Patterns of Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Luminal B Breast Cancer: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4478. [PMID: 38674062 PMCID: PMC11049937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), defined by variations in the number or structure of chromosomes from cell to cell, is recognized as a distinctive characteristic of cancer associated with the ability of tumors to adapt to challenging environments. CIN has been recognized as a source of genetic variation that leads to clonal heterogeneity (CH). Recent findings suggest a potential association between CIN and CH with the prognosis of BC patients, particularly in tumors expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+). In fact, information on the role of CIN in other BC subtypes, including luminal B BC, is limited. Additionally, it remains unknown whether CIN in luminal B BC tumors, above a specific threshold, could have a detrimental effect on the growth of human tumors or whether low or intermediate CIN levels could be linked to a more favorable BC patient prognosis when contrasted with elevated levels. Clarifying these relationships could have a substantial impact on risk stratification and the development of future therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting CIN in BC. This study aimed to assess CIN and CH in tumor tissue samples from ten patients with luminal B BC and compare them with established clinicopathological parameters. The results of this study reveal that luminal B BC patients exhibit intermediate CIN and stable aneuploidy, both of which correlate with lymphovascular invasion. Our results also provide valuable preliminary data that could contribute to the understanding of the implications of CIN and CH in risk stratification and the development of future therapeutic strategies in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Camargo-Herrera
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
| | - Giovanny Castellanos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Guillermo Antonio Jiménez-Tobón
- Laboratorio de Patología, Hospital Universitario Mayor-Méderi, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
- Grupo BIOmedUR, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (V.C.-H.).; (G.C.)
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2
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Xu YJ, Huo YC, Zhao QT, Liu JY, Tian YJ, Yang LL, Zhang Y. NOX4 promotes tumor progression through the MAPK-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 axis in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:1421-1436. [PMID: 38660653 PMCID: PMC11037073 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i4.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming plays a key role in cancer progression and clinical outcomes; however, the patterns and primary regulators of metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer (CRC) are not well understood. AIM To explore the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) in promoting progression of CRC. METHODS We evaluated the expression and function of dysregulated and survival-related metabolic genes using Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Consensus clustering was used to cluster CRC based on dysregulated metabolic genes. A prediction model was constructed based on survival-related metabolic genes. Sphere formation, migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis and clone formation was used to evaluate the biological function of NOX4 in CRC. mRNA sequencing was utilized to explore the alterations of gene expression NOX4 over-expression tumor cells. In vivo subcutaneous and lung metastasis mouse tumor model was used to explore the effect of NOX4 on tumor growth. RESULTS We comprehensively analyzed 3341 metabolic genes in CRC and identified three clusters based on dysregulated metabolic genes. Among these genes, NOX4 was highly expressed in tumor tissues and correlated with worse survival. In vitro, NOX4 overexpression induced clone formation, migration, invasion, and stemness in CRC cells. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that NOX4 overexpression activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Trametinib, a MEK1/2 inhibitor, abolished the NOX4-mediated tumor progression. In vivo, NOX4 overexpression promoted subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis, whereas trametinib treatment can reversed the metastasis. CONCLUSION Our study comprehensively analyzed metabolic gene expression and highlighted the importance of NOX4 in promoting CRC metastasis, suggesting that trametinib could be a potential therapeutic drugs of CRC clinical therapy targeting NOX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Xu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People’s Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, Henan Province, China
| | - Ya-Chang Huo
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Qi-Tai Zhao
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yan Liu
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-Jun Tian
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei-Lei Yang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center and Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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3
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Aldana-Salazar F, Rangel N, Rodríguez MJ, Baracaldo C, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Damage, Chromosome Instability, and Polymorphisms in GSTP1 and XRCC1 as Biomarkers of Effect and Susceptibility in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4167. [PMID: 38673753 PMCID: PMC11050655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the department of Boyacá, Colombia, agriculture stands as one of the primary economic activities. However, the escalating utilization of pesticides within this sector has sparked concern regarding its potential correlation with elevated risks of genotoxicity, chromosomal alterations, and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, pesticides have been associated with a broad spectrum of genetic polymorphisms that impact pivotal genes involved in pesticide metabolism and DNA repair, among other processes. Nonetheless, our understanding of the genotoxic effects of pesticides on the chromosomes (as biomarkers of effect) in exposed farmers and the impact of genetic polymorphisms (as susceptibility biomarkers) on the increased risk of chromosomal damage is still limited. The aim of our study was to evaluate chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity, as well as the presence of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, in peripheral blood samples of farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in Aquitania, Colombia, and in an unexposed control group. Our results showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of numerical chromosomal alterations, chromosomal instability, and clonal heterogeneity levels between the exposed and unexposed groups. In addition, we also found a higher frequency of chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity in exposed individuals carrying the heterozygous GSTP1 AG and XRCC1 (exon 10) GA genotypes. The evaluation of chromosomal alterations and chromosomal instability resulting from pesticide exposure, combined with the identification of polymorphic variants in the GSTP1 and XRCC1 genes, and further research involving a larger group of individuals exposed to pesticides could enable the identification of effect and susceptibility biomarkers. Such markers could prove valuable for monitoring individuals occupationally exposed to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Aldana-Salazar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - María José Rodríguez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
| | - César Baracaldo
- Doctoral Program in Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia;
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia; (F.A.-S.); (M.J.R.)
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Rutherford KA, McManus KJ. PROTACs: Current and Future Potential as a Precision Medicine Strategy to Combat Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:454-463. [PMID: 38205881 PMCID: PMC10985480 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) are an emerging precision medicine strategy, which targets key proteins for proteolytic degradation to ultimately induce cancer cell killing. These hetero-bifunctional molecules hijack the ubiquitin proteasome system to selectively add polyubiquitin chains onto a specific protein target to induce proteolytic degradation. Importantly, PROTACs have the capacity to target virtually any intracellular and transmembrane protein for degradation, including oncoproteins previously considered undruggable, which strategically positions PROTACs at the crossroads of multiple cancer research areas. In this review, we present normal functions of the ubiquitin regulation proteins and describe the application of PROTACs to improve the efficacy of current broad-spectrum therapeutics. We subsequently present the potential for PROTACs to exploit specific cancer vulnerabilities through synthetic genetic approaches, which may expedite the development, translation, and utility of novel synthetic genetic therapies in cancer. Finally, we describe the challenges associated with PROTACs and the ongoing efforts to overcome these issues to streamline clinical translation. Ultimately, these efforts may lead to their routine clinical use, which is expected to revolutionize cancer treatment strategies, delay familial cancer onset, and ultimately improve the lives and outcomes of those living with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailee A. Rutherford
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciencs, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciencs, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Vogt M, Classen S, Krause AK, Peter NJ, Petersen C, Rothkamm K, Borgmann K, Meyer F. USP7 Deregulation Impairs S Phase Specific DNA Repair after Irradiation in Breast Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:762. [PMID: 38672118 PMCID: PMC11047985 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) is a deubiquitinating enzyme with numerous substrates. Aberrant expression of USP7 is associated with tumor progression. This study aims to investigate how a deregulated USP7 expression affects chromosomal instability and prognosis of breast cancer patients in silico and radiosensitivity and DNA repair in breast cancer cells in vitro. The investigations in silico were performed using overall survival and USP7 mRNA expression data of breast cancer patients. The results showed that a high USP7 expression was associated with increased chromosomal instability and decreased overall survival. The in vitro experiments were performed in a luminal and a triple-negative breast cancer cell line. Proliferation, DNA repair, DNA replication stress, and survival after USP7 overexpression or inhibition and irradiation were analyzed. Both, USP7 inhibition and overexpression resulted in decreased cellular survival, distinct radiosensitization and an increased number of residual DNA double-strand breaks in the S phase following irradiation. RAD51 recruitment and base incorporation were decreased after USP7 inhibition plus irradiation and more single-stranded DNA was detected. The results show that deregulation of USP7 activity disrupts DNA repair in the S phase by increasing DNA replication stress and presents USP7 as a promising target to overcome the radioresistance of breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Felix Meyer
- Department of Radiotherapy & Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumor Center—University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.V.); (S.C.); (A.K.K.); (N.-J.P.); (C.P.); (K.R.); (K.B.)
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6
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Hosea R, Hillary S, Naqvi S, Wu S, Kasim V. The two sides of chromosomal instability: drivers and brakes in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:75. [PMID: 38553459 PMCID: PMC10980778 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with tumor cell malignancy. CIN triggers a chain reaction in cells leading to chromosomal abnormalities, including deviations from the normal chromosome number or structural changes in chromosomes. CIN arises from errors in DNA replication and chromosome segregation during cell division, leading to the formation of cells with abnormal number and/or structure of chromosomes. Errors in DNA replication result from abnormal replication licensing as well as replication stress, such as double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks; meanwhile, errors in chromosome segregation stem from defects in chromosome segregation machinery, including centrosome amplification, erroneous microtubule-kinetochore attachments, spindle assembly checkpoint, or defective sister chromatids cohesion. In normal cells, CIN is deleterious and is associated with DNA damage, proteotoxic stress, metabolic alteration, cell cycle arrest, and senescence. Paradoxically, despite these negative consequences, CIN is one of the hallmarks of cancer found in over 90% of solid tumors and in blood cancers. Furthermore, CIN could endow tumors with enhanced adaptation capabilities due to increased intratumor heterogeneity, thereby facilitating adaptive resistance to therapies; however, excessive CIN could induce tumor cells death, leading to the "just-right" model for CIN in tumors. Elucidating the complex nature of CIN is crucial for understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and for developing effective anti-tumor treatments. This review provides an overview of causes and consequences of CIN, as well as the paradox of CIN, a phenomenon that continues to perplex researchers. Finally, this review explores the potential of CIN-based anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rendy Hosea
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sharon Hillary
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Sumera Naqvi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shourong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Vivi Kasim
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
- The 111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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7
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Rojas-Barón L, Hermosilla C, Taubert A, Velásquez ZD. Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced host cellular DNA damage is strain-dependent and leads to the activation of the ATM-dependent homologous recombination pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1374659. [PMID: 38524184 PMCID: PMC10957594 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1374659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally occurring apicomplexan parasite that infects humans and animals. Globally, different typical and atypical haplotypes of T. gondii induce varying pathologies in hosts. As an obligate intracellular protozoon, T. gondii was shown to interfere with host cell cycle progression, leading to mitotic spindle alteration, chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure which all may reflect chromosomal instability. Referring to strain-dependent virulence, we here studied the potential of different T. gondii strains (RH, Me49 and NED) to drive DNA damage in primary endothelial host cells. Utilizing microscopic analyses, comet assays and γ-H2AX quantification, we demonstrated a strain-dependent induction of binucleated host cells, DNA damage and DNA double strand breaks, respectively, in T. gondii-infected cells with the RH strain driving the most prominent effects. Interestingly, only the NED strain significantly triggered micronuclei formation in T. gondii-infected cells. Focusing on the RH strain, we furthermore demonstrated that T. gondii-infected primary host cells showed a DNA damage response by activating the ATM-dependent homologous recombination (HR) pathway. In contrast, key molecules of the nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway were either not affected or downregulated in RH-infected host cells, suggesting that this pathway is not activated by infection. In conclusion, current finding suggests that T. gondii infection affects the host cell genome integrity in a strain-dependent manner by causing DNA damage and chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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8
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Kucharski TJ, Vlasac IM, Higgs MR, Christensen BC, Bechstedt S, Compton DA. An Aurora kinase A-BOD1L1-PP2A B56 Axis promotes chromosome segregation fidelity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.06.552174. [PMID: 37609141 PMCID: PMC10441337 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.06.552174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are often aneuploid and frequently display elevated rates of chromosome missegregation in a phenomenon called chromosomal instability (CIN). CIN is commonly caused by hyperstable kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments that reduces the efficiency of correction of erroneous K-MT attachments. We recently showed that UMK57, a chemical agonist of MCAK (alias KIF2C) improves chromosome segregation fidelity in CIN cancer cells although cells rapidly develop adaptive resistance. To determine the mechanism of resistance we performed unbiased proteomic screens which revealed increased phosphorylation in cells adapted to UMK57 at two Aurora kinase A phosphoacceptor sites on BOD1L1 (alias FAM44A). BOD1L1 depletion or Aurora kinase A inhibition eliminated resistance to UMK57 in CIN cancer cells. BOD1L1 localizes to spindles/kinetochores during mitosis, interacts with the PP2A phosphatase, and regulates phosphorylation levels of kinetochore proteins, chromosome alignment, mitotic progression and fidelity. Moreover, the BOD1L1 gene is mutated in a subset of human cancers, and BOD1L1 depletion reduces cell growth in combination with clinically relevant doses of taxol or Aurora kinase A inhibitor. Thus, an Aurora kinase A -BOD1L1-PP2A axis promotes faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kucharski
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada, H3A 0C7
| | - Irma M. Vlasac
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
| | - Martin R. Higgs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Susanne Bechstedt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada, H3A 0C7
| | - Duane A. Compton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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9
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Lynch A, Bradford S, Burkard ME. The reckoning of chromosomal instability: past, present, future. Chromosome Res 2024; 32:2. [PMID: 38367036 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-024-09746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative measures of CIN are crucial to our understanding of its role in cancer. Technological advances have changed the way CIN is quantified, offering increased accuracy and insight. Here, we review measures of CIN through its rise as a field, discuss considerations for its measurement, and look forward to future quantification of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lynch
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shermineh Bradford
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Spoor JKH, den Braber M, Dirven CMF, Pennycuick A, Bartkova J, Bartek J, van Dis V, van den Bosch TPP, Leenstra S, Venkatesan S. Investigating chromosomal instability in long-term survivors with glioblastoma and grade 4 astrocytoma. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1218297. [PMID: 38260852 PMCID: PMC10800987 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1218297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Only a small group of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) survives more than 36 months, so-called long-term survivors. Recent studies have shown that chromosomal instability (CIN) plays a prognostic and predictive role among different cancer types. Here, we compared histological (chromosome missegregation) and bioinformatic metrics (CIN signatures) of CIN in tumors of GBM typical survivors (≤36 months overall survival), GBM long-term survivors and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant grade 4 astrocytomas. Methods Tumor sections of all gliomas were examined for anaphases and chromosome missegregation. Further CIN signature activity analysis in the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-GBM cohort was performed. Results Our data show that chromosome missegregation is pervasive in high grade gliomas and is not different between the 3 groups. We find only limited evidence of altered CIN levels in tumors of GBM long-term survivors relative to the other groups, since a significant depletion in CIN signature 11 relative to GBM typical survivors was the only alteration detected. In contrast, within IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytomas we detected a significant enrichment of CIN signature 5 and 10 activities and a depletion of CIN signature 1 activity relative to tumors of GBM typical survivors. Conclusions Our data suggest that CIN is pervasive in high grade gliomas, however this is unlikely to be a major contributor to the phenomenon of long-term survivorship in GBM. Nevertheless, further evaluation of specific types of CIN (signatures) could have prognostic value in patients suffering from grade 4 gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem K. H. Spoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - May den Braber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Clemens M. F. Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adam Pennycuick
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jirina Bartkova
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Group, Danish Cancer Institute, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vera van Dis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Subramanian Venkatesan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Oncology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Campos Gudiño R, Rutherford KA, McManus KJ. Evaluating Chromosome Instability and Genotoxicity Through Single Cell Quantitative Imaging Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2825:309-331. [PMID: 38913318 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3946-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Across eukaryotes, genome stability is essential for normal cell function, physiology, and species survival. Aberrant expression of key genes or exposure to genotoxic agents can have detrimental effects on genome stability and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, is a frequent form of genome instability observed in cancer and is a driver of genetic and cell-to-cell heterogeneity that can be rapidly detected and quantitatively assessed using surrogate markers of CIN. For example, single cell quantitative imaging microscopy (QuantIM) can be used to simultaneously identify changes in nuclear areas and micronucleus formation. While changes in nuclear areas are often associated with large-scale changes in chromosome complements (i.e., ploidy), micronuclei are small extra-nuclear bodies found outside the primary nucleus that have previously been employed as a measure of genotoxicity of test compounds. Here, we present a facile QuantIM approach that allows for the rapid assessment and quantification of CIN associated phenotypes and genotoxicity. First, we provide protocols to optimize and execute CIN and genotoxicity assays. Secondly, we present the critical imaging settings, optimization steps, downstream statistical analyses, and data visualization strategies employed to obtain high quality and robust data. These approaches can be easily applied to assess the prevalence of CIN associated phenotypes and genotoxic stress for a myriad of experimental and clinical contexts ranging from direct tests to large-scale screens of various genetic contexts (i.e., aberrant gene expression) or chemical compounds. In summary, this QuantIM approach facilitates the identification of novel CIN genes and/or genotoxic agents that will provide greater insight into the aberrant genes and pathways underlying CIN and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Campos Gudiño
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kailee A Rutherford
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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12
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Nemtsova MV, Kuznetsova EB, Bure IV. Chromosomal Instability in Gastric Cancer: Role in Tumor Development, Progression, and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16961. [PMID: 38069284 PMCID: PMC10707305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), gastric cancers are classified into four molecular subtypes: Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+), tumors with microsatellite instability (MSI), tumors with chromosomal instability (CIN), and genomically stable (GS) tumors. However, the gastric cancer (GC) with chromosomal instability remains insufficiently described and does not have effective markers for molecular and histological verification and diagnosis. The CIN subtype of GC is characterized by chromosomal instability, which is manifested by an increased frequency of aneuploidies and/or structural chromosomal rearrangements in tumor cells. Structural rearrangements in the CIN subtype of GC are not accidental and are commonly detected in chromosomal loci, being abnormal because of specific structural organization. The causes of CIN are still being discussed; however, according to recent data, aberrations in the TP53 gene may cause CIN development or worsen its phenotype. Clinically, patients with the CIN subtype of GC demonstrate poor survival, but receive the maximum benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. In the review, we consider the molecular mechanisms and possible causes of chromosomal instability in GC, the common rearrangements of chromosomal loci and their impact on the development and clinical course of the disease, as well as the driver genes, their functions, and perspectives on their targeting in the CIN subtype of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Nemtsova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.N.); (E.B.K.)
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina B. Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.N.); (E.B.K.)
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Bure
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.N.); (E.B.K.)
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, 125993 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Zheng S, Guerrero-Haughton E, Foijer F. Chromosomal Instability-Driven Cancer Progression: Interplay with the Tumour Microenvironment and Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2023; 12:2712. [PMID: 38067140 PMCID: PMC10706135 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a prevalent characteristic of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. CIN results in an increased frequency of chromosome mis-segregation events, thus yielding numerical and structural copy number alterations, a state also known as aneuploidy. CIN is associated with increased chances of tumour recurrence, metastasis, and acquisition of resistance to therapeutic interventions, and this is a dismal prognosis. In this review, we delve into the interplay between CIN and cancer, with a focus on its impact on the tumour microenvironment-a driving force behind metastasis. We discuss the potential therapeutic avenues that have resulted from these insights and underscore their crucial role in shaping innovative strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zheng
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Guerrero-Haughton
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Research in Sexual and Reproductive Health, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Pajic J, Milovanovic APS. Biological response to the continuous occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs and radionuclides. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1934-1947. [PMID: 37498230 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2241901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antineoplastic drugs and radioiodine are recognized occupational risk factors affecting the genetic material of exposed persons. To assess cytogenetic damage and evaluate the presence of chromosomal instability during occupational exposure, a biomonitoring study was performed using a chromosomal aberration assay and a cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples from 314 healthy donors divided into 3 groups (control, exposed to antineoplastic drugs and exposed to radioiodine) were collected and cytogenetically analyzed. RESULTS There was an increase in almost all analyzed parameters registered in the exposed persons. Chromatid breaks were higher in the subjects exposed to antineoplastic drugs, while dicentrics and premature centromere division (PCD) parameters were higher in nuclear medicine workers. The total number of micronuclei was higher in both groups of the exposed. The correlation analysis indicated the association of dicentrics, acentrics, chromosome and chromatid break with PCDs in both groups of the exposed, and micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges with PCDs in the subjects exposed to radioiodine. The discriminant analysis marked off PCD1-5 as the best predictor of exposure. Age, sex, sampling season and duration of exposure significantly influenced the analyzed parameters, while smoking habits did not show any influence. CONCLUSION Based on the observed results, premature centromere division can be considered a valuable parameter of genotoxic risk for individuals occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pajic
- Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar P S Milovanovic
- Occupational Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 8, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Institute of Occupational Health "Dr Dragomir Karajovic", Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Ferragut Cardoso AP, Nail AN, Banerjee M, Wise SS, States JC. miR-186 induces tetraploidy in arsenic exposed human keratinocytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114823. [PMID: 36989553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure in drinking water is a global issue affecting >225 million people. Skin is a major target organ for iAs. miRNA dysregulation and chromosomal instability (CIN) are proposed mechanisms of iAs-induced carcinogenesis. CIN is a cancer hallmark and tetraploid cells can better tolerate increase in chromosome number and aberration, contributing to the evolution of CIN. miR-186 is overexpressed in iAs-induced squamous cell carcinoma relative to iAs-induced hyperkeratosis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that miR-186 targets mRNAs of important cell cycle regulators including mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase B (BUB1) and cell division cycle 27 (CDC27). We hypothesized that miR-186 overexpression contributes to iAs-induced transformation of keratinocytes by targeting mitotic regulators leading to induction of CIN. Ker-CT cells, a near diploid human keratinocyte cell line, were transduced with miR-186 overexpressing or scrambled control lentivirus. Stable clones were isolated after puromycin selection. Clones transduced with lentivirus expressing either a scrambled control miRNA or miR-186 were maintained with 0 or 100 nM iAs for 4 weeks. Unexposed scrambled control clones were considered as passage matched controls. Chronic iAs exposure increased miR-186 expression in miR-186 clones. miR-186 overexpression significantly reduced CDC27 levels irrespective of iAs exposure. The percentage of tetraploid or aneuploid cells was increased in iAs exposed miR-186 clones. Aneuploidy can arise from a tetraploid intermediate. Suppression of CDC27 by miR-186 may lead to impairment of mitotic checkpoint complex formation and its ability to maintain cell cycle arrest leading to chromosome misalignment. As a result, cells overexpressing miR-186 and chronically exposed to iAs may have incorrect chromosome segregation and CIN. These data suggest that dysregulation of miRNA by iAs mediates tetraploidy, aneuploidy and chromosomal instability contributing to iAs-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Alexandra N Nail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mayukh Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sandra S Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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16
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Oza VH, Fisher JL, Darji R, Lasseigne BN. CINmetrics: an R package for analyzing copy number aberrations as a measure of chromosomal instability. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15244. [PMID: 37123011 PMCID: PMC10143595 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is an important hallmark of cancer and more recently has been identified in others like neurodegenrative diseases. Chromosomal instability, as a measure of genomic instability, has been used to characterize clinical and biological phenotypes associated with these diseases by measuring structural and numerical chromosomal alterations. There have been multiple chromosomal instability scores developed across many studies in the literature; however, these scores have not been compared because of the lack of a single tool available to calculate and facilitate these various metrics. Here, we provide an R package CINmetrics, that calculates six different chromosomal instability scores and allows direct comparison between them. We also demonstrate how these scores differ by applying CINmetrics to breast cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The package is available on CRAN at https://cran.rproject.org/package=CINmetrics and on GitHub at https://github.com/lasseignelab/CINmetrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal H. Oza
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Fisher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Roshan Darji
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Brittany N. Lasseigne
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
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17
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Dhital B, Rodriguez-Bravo V. Mechanisms of chromosomal instability (CIN) tolerance in aggressive tumors: surviving the genomic chaos. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:15. [PMID: 37058263 PMCID: PMC10104937 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a pervasive feature of human cancers involved in tumor initiation and progression and which is found elevated in metastatic stages. CIN can provide survival and adaptation advantages to human cancers. However, too much of a good thing may come at a high cost for tumor cells as excessive degree of CIN-induced chromosomal aberrations can be detrimental for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Thus, aggressive tumors adapt to cope with ongoing CIN and most likely develop unique susceptibilities that can be their Achilles' heel. Determining the differences between the tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing effects of CIN at the molecular level has become one of the most exciting and challenging aspects in cancer biology. In this review, we summarized the state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms reported to contribute to the adaptation and perpetuation of aggressive tumor cells carrying CIN. The use of genomics, molecular biology, and imaging techniques is significantly enhancing the understanding of the intricate mechanisms involved in the generation of and adaptation to CIN in experimental models and patients, which were not possible to observe decades ago. The current and future research opportunities provided by these advanced techniques will facilitate the repositioning of CIN exploitation as a feasible therapeutic opportunity and valuable biomarker for several types of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittiny Dhital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Thomas Jefferson University Graduate School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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18
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Aberrant HMGA2 Expression Sustains Genome Instability That Promotes Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061735. [PMID: 36980621 PMCID: PMC10046046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, accounting for nearly ~10% of all cancer diagnoses and deaths. Current therapeutic approaches have considerably increased survival for patients diagnosed at early stages; however, ~20% of CRC patients are diagnosed with late-stage, metastatic CRC, where 5-year survival rates drop to 6–13% and treatment options are limited. Genome instability is an enabling hallmark of cancer that confers increased acquisition of genetic alterations, mutations, copy number variations and chromosomal rearrangements. In that regard, research has shown a clear association between genome instability and CRC, as the accumulation of aberrations in cancer-related genes provides subpopulations of cells with several advantages, such as increased proliferation rates, metastatic potential and therapeutic resistance. Although numerous genes have been associated with CRC, few have been validated as predictive biomarkers of metastasis or therapeutic resistance. A growing body of evidence suggests a member of the High-Mobility Group A (HMGA) gene family, HMGA2, is a potential biomarker of metastatic spread and therapeutic resistance. HMGA2 is expressed in embryonic tissues and is frequently upregulated in aggressively growing cancers, including CRC. As an architectural, non-histone chromatin binding factor, it initiates chromatin decompaction to facilitate transcriptional regulation. HMGA2 maintains the capacity for stem cell renewal in embryonic and cancer tissues and is a known promoter of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tumor cells. This review will focus on the known molecular mechanisms by which HMGA2 exerts genome protective functions that contribute to cancer cell survival and chemoresistance in CRC.
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19
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Chakraborty A, Roy S, Hande MP, Banerjee B. Telomere attrition and genomic instability in unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss in humans: A preliminary study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 886:503580. [PMID: 36868694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome instability is defined as an elevated rate of DNA damage and mutations as a result of exposure to potential direct and indirect mutagens. This current investigation was designed to elucidate the genomic instability among couples experiencing unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (uRPL). A cohort of 1272 individuals with history of unexplained RPL with normal karyotype was retrospectively screened for levels of intracellular ROS production, baseline genomic instability and telomere functionality. The experimental outcome was compared with 728 fertile control individuals. In this study, it was perceived that individuals with uRPL exhibited higher intracellular oxidative stress, along with higher basal levels of genomic instability as compared with the fertile controls. This observation elucidates the role of genomic instability as well as involvement of telomeres in cases of uRPL. It was also observed that higher oxidative stress might be associated with DNA damage and telomere dysfunction resulting in genomic instability among subjects with unexplained RPL. This study highlighted the assessment of genomic instability status in individuals experiencing uRPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Chakraborty
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India; inDNA Center for Research and Innovations in Molecular Diagnostics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India; inDNA Center for Research and Innovations in Molecular Diagnostics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; VIT University, Vellore 632014, India; Department of Applied Zoology, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- inDNA Center for Research and Innovations in Molecular Diagnostics, inDNA Life Sciences Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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20
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Prime SS, Cirillo N, Parkinson EK. Escape from Cellular Senescence Is Associated with Chromosomal Instability in Oral Pre-Malignancy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010103. [PMID: 36671795 PMCID: PMC9855962 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An escape from cellular senescence through the development of unlimited growth potential is one of the hallmarks of cancer, which is thought to be an early event in carcinogenesis. In this review, we propose that the molecular effectors of senescence, particularly the inactivation of TP53 and CDKN2A, together with telomere attrition and telomerase activation, all lead to aneuploidy in the keratinocytes from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Premalignant keratinocytes, therefore, not only become immortal but also develop genotypic and phenotypic cellular diversity. As a result of these changes, certain clonal cell populations likely gain the capacity to invade the underlying connective tissue. We review the clinical implications of these changes and highlight a new PCR-based assay to identify aneuploid cell in fluids such as saliva, a technique that is extremely sensitive and could facilitate the regular monitoring of OPMD without the need for surgical biopsies and may avoid potential biopsy sampling errors. We also draw attention to recent studies designed to eliminate aneuploid tumour cell populations that, potentially, is a new therapeutic approach to prevent malignant transformations in OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S. Prime
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.S.P.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanson Street, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - E. Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Correspondence: (S.S.P.); (E.K.P.)
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21
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Liao YY, Cao WM. The progress in our understanding of CIN in breast cancer research. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1067735. [PMID: 36874134 PMCID: PMC9978327 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1067735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is an important marker of cancer, which is closely related to tumorigenesis, disease progression, treatment efficacy, and patient prognosis. However, due to the limitations of the currently available detection methods, its exact clinical significance remains unknown. Previous studies have demonstrated that 89% of invasive breast cancer cases possess CIN, suggesting that it has potential application in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we describe the two main types of CIN and discuss the associated detection methods. Subsequently, we highlight the impact of CIN in breast cancer development and progression and describe how it can influence treatment and prognosis. The goal of this review is to provide a reference on its mechanism for researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Liao
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Ming Cao
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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22
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Patra D, Bhavya K, Ramprasad P, Kalia M, Pal D. Anti-cancer drug molecules targeting cancer cell cycle and proliferation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:343-395. [PMID: 37061337 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer, a vicious clinical burden that potentiates maximum fatality for humankind, arises due to unregulated excessive cell division and proliferation through an eccentric expression of cell cycle regulator proteins. A set of evolutionarily conserved machinery controls the cell cycle in an extremely precise manner so that a cell that went through the cycle can produce a genetically identical copy. To achieve perfection, several checkpoints were placed in the cycle for surveillance; so, errors during the division were rectified by the repair strategies. However, irreparable damage leads to exit from the cell cycle and induces programmed cell death. In comparison to a normal cell, cancer cells facilitate the constitutive activation of many dormant proteins and impede negative regulators of the checkpoint. Extensive studies in the last few decades on cell division and proliferation of cancer cells elucidate the molecular mechanism of the cell-cycle regulators that are often targeted for the development of anti-cancer therapy. Each phase of the cell cycle has been regulated by a unique set of proteins including master regulators Cyclins, and CDKs, along with the accessory proteins such as CKI, Cdc25, error-responsive proteins, and various kinase proteins mainly WEE1 kinases, Polo-like kinases, and Aurora kinases that control cell division. Here in this chapter, we have analytically discussed the role of cell cycle regulators and proliferation factors in cancer progression and the rationale of using various cell cycle-targeting drug molecules as anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarun Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Bhavya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Palla Ramprasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Moyna Kalia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
| | - Durba Pal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India.
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23
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Neudorf NM, Thompson LL, Lichtensztejn Z, Razi T, McManus KJ. Reduced SKP2 Expression Adversely Impacts Genome Stability and Promotes Cellular Transformation in Colonic Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233731. [PMID: 36496990 PMCID: PMC9738323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying molecular mechanisms driving CRC development remain largely uncharacterized. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, occurs in ~85% of CRCs and is a proposed driver of cancer development, as the genomic changes imparted by CIN enable the acquisition of karyotypes that are favorable for cellular transformation and the classic hallmarks of cancer. Despite these associations, the aberrant genes and proteins driving CIN remain elusive. SKP2 encodes an F-box protein, a variable subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) complex that selectively targets proteins for polyubiquitylation and degradation. Recent data have identified the core SCF complex components (SKP1, CUL1, and RBX1) as CIN genes; however, the impact reduced SKP2 expression has on CIN, cellular transformation, and oncogenesis remains unknown. Using both short- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and long-term (CRISPR/Cas9) approaches, we demonstrate that diminished SKP2 expression induces CIN in both malignant and non-malignant colonic epithelial cell contexts. Moreover, temporal assays reveal that reduced SKP2 expression promotes cellular transformation, as demonstrated by enhanced anchorage-independent growth. Collectively, these data identify SKP2 as a novel CIN gene in clinically relevant models and highlight its potential pathogenic role in CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Laura L. Thompson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Tooba Razi
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2833
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24
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Zeng Y, Jin RU. Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:566-582. [PMID: 34933124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major source of global cancer mortality with limited treatment options and poor patient survival. As our molecular understanding of gastric cancer improves, we are now beginning to recognize that these cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with incredibly unique pathogeneses and active oncogenic pathways. It is this molecular diversity and oftentimes lack of common oncogenic driver mutations that bestow the poor treatment responses that oncologists often face when treating gastric cancer. In this review, we will examine the treatments for gastric cancer including up-to-date molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We will then review the molecular subtypes of gastric cancer to highlight the diversity seen in this disease. We will then shift our discussion to basic science and gastric cancer mouse models as tools to study gastric cancer molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, we will elaborate on a molecular process termed paligenosis and the cyclical hit model as key events during gastric cancer initiation that impart nondividing mature differentiated cells the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and accumulate disparate genomic mutations during years of chronic inflammation and injury. As our basic science understanding of gastric cancer advances, so too must our translational and clinical efforts. We will end with a discussion regarding single-cell molecular analyses and cancer organoid technologies as future translational avenues to advance our understanding of gastric cancer heterogeneity and to design precision-based gastric cancer treatments. Elucidation of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity is the only way to advance future cancer prevention, diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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25
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Characterizing and exploiting the many roles of aberrant H2B monoubiquitination in cancer pathogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:782-798. [PMID: 34953650 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of histone H2B on lysine 120 (H2Bub1) is implicated in the control of multiple essential processes, including transcription, DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation. Accordingly, aberrant regulation of H2Bub1 can induce transcriptional reprogramming and genome instability that may promote oncogenesis. Remarkably, alterations of the ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating H2Bub1 are emerging as ubiquitous features in cancer, further supporting the possibility that the misregulation of H2Bub1 is an underlying mechanism contributing to cancer pathogenesis. To date, aberrant H2Bub1 dynamics have been reported in multiple cancer types and are associated with transcriptional changes that promote oncogenesis in a cancer type-specific manner. Owing to the multi-functional nature of H2Bub1, misregulation of its writers and erasers may drive disease initiation and progression through additional synergistic processes. Accordingly, understanding the molecular determinants and pathogenic impacts associated with aberrant H2Bub1 regulation may reveal novel drug targets and therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be exploited to develop innovative precision medicine strategies that better combat cancer. In this review, we present the normal functions of H2Bub1 in the control of DNA-associated processes and describe the pathogenic implications associated with its misregulation in cancer. We further discuss the challenges coupled with the development of therapeutic strategies targeting H2Bub1 misregulation and expose the potential benefits of designing treatments that synergistically exploit the multiple functionalities of H2Bub1 to improve treatment selectivity and efficacy.
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26
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Zhou X, Zhou M, Zheng M, Tian S, Yang X, Ning Y, Li Y, Zhang S. Polyploid giant cancer cells and cancer progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1017588. [PMID: 36274852 PMCID: PMC9581214 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1017588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are an important feature of cellular atypia, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and function remain unclear. PGCCs were previously thought to be derived from repeated mitosis/cytokinesis failure, with no intrinsic ability to proliferate and divide. However, recently, PGCCs have been confirmed to have cancer stem cell (CSC)-like characteristics, and generate progeny cells through asymmetric division, which express epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers to promote invasion and migration. The formation of PGCCs can be attributed to multiple stimulating factors, including hypoxia, chemotherapeutic reagents, and radiation, can induce the formation of PGCCs, by regulating the cell cycle and cell fusion-related protein expression. The properties of CSCs suggest that PGCCs can be induced to differentiate into non-tumor cells, and produce erythrocytes composed of embryonic hemoglobin, which have a high affinity for oxygen, and thereby allow PGCCs survival from the severe hypoxia. The number of PGCCs is associated with metastasis, chemoradiotherapy resistance, and recurrence of malignant tumors. Targeting relevant proteins or signaling pathways related with the formation and transdifferentiation of adipose tissue and cartilage in PGCCs may provide new strategies for solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shifeng Tian
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yidi Ning
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwu Zhang,
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27
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Richardson TE, Walker JM, Abdullah KG, McBrayer SK, Viapiano MS, Mussa ZM, Tsankova NM, Snuderl M, Hatanpaa KJ. Chromosomal instability in adult-type diffuse gliomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:115. [PMID: 35978439 PMCID: PMC9386991 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a fundamental property of cancer and a key underlying mechanism of tumorigenesis and malignant progression, and has been documented in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma with mutations in genes such as APC. Recent reports have demonstrated that CIN, driven in part by mutations in genes maintaining overall genomic stability, is found in subsets of adult-type diffusely infiltrating gliomas of all histologic and molecular grades, with resulting elevated overall copy number burden, chromothripsis, and poor clinical outcome. Still, relatively few studies have examined the effect of this process, due in part to the difficulty of routinely measuring CIN clinically. Herein, we review the underlying mechanisms of CIN, the relationship between chromosomal instability and malignancy, the prognostic significance and treatment potential in various cancers, systemic disease, and more specifically, in diffusely infiltrating glioma subtypes. While still in the early stages of discovery compared to other solid tumor types in which CIN is a known driver of malignancy, the presence of CIN as an early factor in gliomas may in part explain the ability of these tumors to develop resistance to standard therapy, while also providing a potential molecular target for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Jamie M. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Kalil G. Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Hillman Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 5115 Centre Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 USA
| | - Samuel K. McBrayer
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
| | - Mariano S. Viapiano
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Zarmeen M. Mussa
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Nadejda M. Tsankova
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Annenberg Building, 15th Floor, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kimmo J. Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 USA
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28
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Parmar S, Easwaran H. Genetic and epigenetic dependencies in colorectal cancer development. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac035. [PMID: 35975243 PMCID: PMC9373935 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have mapped key genetic changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) that impact important pathways contributing to the multistep models for CRC initiation and development. In parallel with genetic changes, normal and cancer tissues harbor epigenetic alterations impacting regulation of critical genes that have been shown to play profound roles in the tumor initiation. Cumulatively, these molecular changes are only loosely associated with heterogenous transcriptional programs, reflecting the heterogeneity in the various CRC molecular subtypes and the paths to CRC development. Studies from mapping molecular alterations in early CRC lesions and use of experimental models suggest that the intricate dependencies of various genetic and epigenetic hits shape the early development of CRC via different pathways and its manifestation into various CRC subtypes. We highlight the dependency of epigenetic and genetic changes in driving CRC development and discuss factors affecting epigenetic alterations over time and, by extension, risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehej Parmar
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hariharan Easwaran
- Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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29
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Almacellas E, Mauvezin C. Emerging roles of mitotic autophagy. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275665. [PMID: 35686549 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes exert pleiotropic functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and degrade autophagy cargo. Despite the great advances that have boosted our understanding of autophagy and lysosomes in both physiology and pathology, their function in mitosis is still controversial. During mitosis, most organelles are reshaped or repurposed to allow the correct distribution of chromosomes. Mitotic entry is accompanied by a reduction in sites of autophagy initiation, supporting the idea of an inhibition of autophagy to protect the genetic material against harmful degradation. However, there is accumulating evidence revealing the requirement of selective autophagy and functional lysosomes for a faithful chromosome segregation. Degradation is the most-studied lysosomal activity, but recently described alternative functions that operate in mitosis highlight the lysosomes as guardians of mitotic progression. Because the involvement of autophagy in mitosis remains controversial, it is important to consider the specific contribution of signalling cascades, the functions of autophagic proteins and the multiple roles of lysosomes, as three entangled, but independent, factors controlling genomic stability. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in this area and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting autophagy for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Almacellas
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Caroline Mauvezin
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona c/ Casanova, 143 08036 Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), c/ Rosselló, 149-153 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Morales-Bárcenas R, Quintana-Belmares R, García-Cuellar CM. Particulate matter (PM 10) destabilizes mitotic spindle through downregulation of SETD2 in A549 lung cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133900. [PMID: 35134396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution represents an environmental problem, impacting negatively in human health. Particulate matter of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10) is related to pulmonary diseases, including lung cancer. Mitotic spindle is made up by chromosome-microtubule (MT) interactions, where SETD2 plays an important role in MT stability. SETD2 binds and activates α-TUBULIN sub-unit and promotes MT polymerization. Alongside this mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) senses the adequate mitotic progression through proteins such as BUBR1, AURORA B and SURVIVIN. Alterations in MT dynamics as well as in SAC cause aneuploidy and chromosomal instability, a common phenotype in cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the effect of PM10 in the expression and protein levels of SETD2, as well as the effect in the expression and protein levels of SAC and mitotic components involved in chromosomal segregation/mitosis, using the A549 lung cancer cell line. A549 cell cultures were exposed to PM10 (10 μg/cm2) for 24 h to evaluate the expression and protein levels of SETD2 (SETD2), TUBA1A (α-TUBULIN), CCNB1 (CYCLIN B1), BUB1B (BUBR1), AURKB (AURORA B) and BIRC5 (SURVIVIN). We observed that PM10 decreases the expression and protein levels of SETD2, α-TUBULIN and BUBR1 and increases the levels of AURORA B and SURVIVIN in A549 cells, compared with non-treated cells. PM10 also caused a decrease in mitotic index and in the percentage of cells in G2/M when compared with control group. Co-localization of SETD2/α -TUB was lower in PM10-treated cells in comparison with non-treated cells. Finally, micronuclei (MN) frequency was higher in PM10-treated cells in contrast with non-treated cells, being whole chromosomes more common in PM10-treated MN than in non-treated MN. Our results suggest that PM10 causes missegregation and aneuploidy through downregulation of SETD2 and SAC components, inducing aneuploidy and predisposing to the generation of chromosomal instability in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP, 54090, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia M García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan CP, 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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31
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Thompson LL, Rutherford KA, Lepage CC, McManus KJ. Aberrant SKP1 Expression: Diverse Mechanisms Impacting Genome and Chromosome Stability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:859582. [PMID: 35345853 PMCID: PMC8957228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.859582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The S-phase Kinase-Associated Protein 1 (SKP1) is a core component of the SKP1, Cullin 1, F-box protein (SCF) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that serves to poly-ubiquitinate a vast array of protein targets as a signal for their proteasomal degradation, thereby playing a critical role in the regulation of downstream biological processes. Many of the proteins regulated by SKP1 and the SCF complex normally function within pathways that are essential for maintaining genome stability, including DNA damage repair, apoptotic signaling, and centrosome dynamics. Accordingly, aberrant SKP1 and SCF complex expression and function is expected to disrupt these essential pathways, which may have pathological implications in diseases like cancer. In this review, we summarize the central role SKP1 plays in regulating essential cellular processes; we describe functional models in which SKP1 expression is altered and the corresponding impacts on genome stability; and we discuss the prevalence of SKP1 somatic copy number alterations, mutations, and altered protein expression across different cancer types, to identify a potential link between SKP1 and SCF complex dysfunction to chromosome/genome instability and cancer pathogenesis. Ultimately, understanding the role of SKP1 in driving chromosome instability will expand upon our rudimentary understanding of the key events required for genome/chromosome stability that may aid in our understanding of cancer pathogenesis, which will be critical for future studies to establish whether SKP1 may be useful as prognostic indicator or as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Thompson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kailee A Rutherford
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chloe C Lepage
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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32
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Guo S, Li T, Xu D, Xu J, Wang H, Li J, Bi X, Cao M, Xu Z, Xia Q, Cui Y, Li K. Prognostic Implications and Immune Infiltration Characteristics of Chromosomal Instability-Related Dysregulated CeRNA in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:843640. [PMID: 35419410 PMCID: PMC8995899 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.843640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An accumulating body of research indicates that long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate the target genes and act as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) playing an indispensable role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). LUAD is frequently accompanied by the feature of chromosomal instability (CIN); however, CIN-related ceRNAs have not been investigated yet. We systematically analyzed and integrated CIN-related dysregulated ceRNAs characteristics in LUAD samples for the first time. In TCGA LUAD cohort, CIN in tumor samples was significantly higher than that in those of adjacent, and patients with high CIN risk tended to have worse clinical outcomes. We constructed a double-weighted CIN-related dysregulated ceRNA network, in which edge weight and node weight represented the disorder extent of ceRNA and the correlation of RNA expression level and prognosis, respectively. After module mining and analysis, a potential prognostic biomarker composed of 12 RNAs (8 mRNAs and 4 lncRNAs) named CIN-related dysregulated ceRNAs (CRDC) was obtained. The CRDC risk score had a positive relation with clinical stage and CIN, and patients with high CRDC risk scores exhibited poor prognosis. Moreover, CRDC tended to be an independent risk factor with high robustness to overcome the effect of multicollinearity among other explanatory variables for disease-specific survival (DSS) in TCGA and two GEO cohorts. The result of functional analysis indicated that CRDC was involved in multiple cancer progresses, especially immune-related pathways. The patients with lower CRDC risk had higher B cell, T cell CD4+, T cell CD8+, neutrophil, macrophage, and myeloid dendritic cell infiltration than the patients with higher CRDC risk. Meanwhile, patients with lower CRDC risk could get more benefits from immunological therapy. The results suggested that the CRDC could be a potential prognostic biomarker and an immunotherapy predictor for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dahua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiankai Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhizhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Qianfeng Xia, ; Ying Cui, ; Kongning Li,
| | - Ying Cui
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Cancer Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Qianfeng Xia, ; Ying Cui, ; Kongning Li,
| | - Kongning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Institute of Nephrology Second Affiliated Hospital and Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Qianfeng Xia, ; Ying Cui, ; Kongning Li,
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Meléndez-Flórez MP, Valbuena DS, Cepeda S, Rangel N, Forero-Castro M, Martínez-Agüero M, Rondón-Lagos M. Profile of Chromosomal Alterations, Chromosomal Instability and Clonal Heterogeneity in Colombian Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. Front Genet 2022; 13:820209. [PMID: 35281828 PMCID: PMC8908452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.820209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are a group of environmental pollutants widely used in agriculture to protect crops, and their indiscriminate use has led to a growing public awareness about the health hazards associated with exposure to these substances. In fact, exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increased risk of developing diseases, including cancer. In a study previously published by us, we observed the induction of specific chromosomal alterations and, in general, the deleterious effect of pesticides on the chromosomes of five individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the importance of our previous findings and their implications in the identification of cytogenetic biomarkers for the monitoring of exposed populations, we decided to conduct a new study with a greater number of individuals exposed to pesticides. Considering the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the type and frequency of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, the level of chromosomal instability and the clonal heterogeneity in a group of thirty-four farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides in the town of Simijacá, Colombia, and in a control group of thirty-four unexposed individuals, by using Banding Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Fluorescence in situ hybridization). Our results showed that farmers exposed to pesticides had significantly increased frequencies of chromosomal alterations, chromosomal variants, chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity when compared with controls. Our results confirm the results previously reported by us, and indicate that occupational exposure to pesticides induces not only chromosomal instability but also clonal heterogeneity in the somatic cells of people exposed to pesticides. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first study that reports clonal heterogeneity associated with occupational exposure to pesticides. Chromosomal instability and clonal heterogeneity, in addition to reflecting the instability of the system, could predispose cells to acquire additional instability and, therefore, to an increased risk of developing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duvan Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Sebastián Cepeda
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Nelson Rangel
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maribel Forero-Castro
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - María Martínez-Agüero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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34
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Ding X, Fu Q, Chen W, Chen L, Zeng Q, Zhang S, He L. Targeting of MAD2L1 by miR-515-5p involves the regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:840-848. [PMID: 35143103 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although many previous studies have found that the mitotic arrest deficient 2-like 1 (MAD2L1) protein contributes to the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, but the upstream mechanism of MAD2L1 is still largely elusive. This study aimed to explore the miRNAs upstream of MAD2L1 to improve our understanding of the mechanism of the MAD2L1 gene in CRC. The upstream target miRNAs (miR-515-5p) of MAD2L1 were predicted by the online databases miRWalk, miRDIP and TargetScan. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression level of miR-515-5p in human CRC tissues. The targeting relationship between miR-515-5p and MAD2L1 was tested by dual luciferase reporter gene assays. The effects of miR-515-5p on the biological behaviors of CRC cells by regulating MAD2L1 expression were verified by qRT-PCR, western blot, CCK-8, and flow cytometry. The results showed that miR-515-5p was a highly reliable upstream miRNA of the MAD2L1 gene. As an upstream target miRNA of MAD2L1, miR-515-5p was lowly expression in CRC tissues. The overexpression of miR-515-5p could inhibit the proliferation of CRC cells and induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase leading to cell apoptosis. However, MAD2L1 gene overexpression could reverse the effects of miR-515-5p overexpression on the biological behaviors of CRC cells above. This study illustrated that miR-515-5p can inhibit proliferation and induce G1 phase arrest leading to apoptosis in CRC cells. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon may be related to the negative targeted regulation of MAD2L1. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Zeng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanjun Zhang
- Department of AnoRectal Surgery, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yueyang Central Hospital, Yueyang, 414100, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Rasool R, Ullah I, Mubeen B, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Ghoneim MM, Alzarea SI, Al-Abbasi FA, Murtaza BN, Kazmi I, Nadeem MS. Theranostic Interpolation of Genomic Instability in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031861. [PMID: 35163783 PMCID: PMC8836911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a diverse disease caused by mutations in multiple genes accompanying epigenetic aberrations of hazardous genes and protein pathways, which distress tumor-suppressor genes and the expression of oncogenes. Alteration in any of the several physiological mechanisms such as cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair machinery, mitotic checkpoints, and telomere maintenance results in genomic instability. Theranostic has the potential to foretell and estimate therapy response, contributing a valuable opportunity to modify the ongoing treatments and has developed new treatment strategies in a personalized manner. “Omics” technologies play a key role while studying genomic instability in breast cancer, and broadly include various aspects of proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, and tumor grading. Certain computational techniques have been designed to facilitate the early diagnosis of cancer and predict disease-specific therapies, which can produce many effective results. Several diverse tools are used to investigate genomic instability and underlying mechanisms. The current review aimed to explore the genomic landscape, tumor heterogeneity, and possible mechanisms of genomic instability involved in initiating breast cancer. We also discuss the implications of computational biology regarding mutational and pathway analyses, identification of prognostic markers, and the development of strategies for precision medicine. We also review different technologies required for the investigation of genomic instability in breast cancer cells, including recent therapeutic and preventive advances in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Inam Ullah
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (I.U.); (B.M.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (S.S.I.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bibi Nazia Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22310, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (M.S.N.)
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Campos Gudiño R, Farrell AC, Neudorf NM, McManus KJ. A Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Identifies Frequent Variations Impacting Six Prototypic SCF Complex Members. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010084. [PMID: 35008511 PMCID: PMC8744973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein (SCF) complex represents a family of 69 E3 ubiquitin ligases that poly-ubiquitinate protein substrates marking them for proteolytic degradation via the 26S proteasome. Established SCF complex targets include transcription factors, oncoproteins and tumor suppressors that modulate cell cycle activity and mitotic fidelity. Accordingly, genetic and epigenetic alterations involving SCF complex member genes are expected to adversely impact target regulation and contribute to disease etiology. To gain novel insight into cancer pathogenesis, we determined the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic alterations in six prototypic SCF complex member genes (SKP1, CUL1, RBX1, SKP2, FBXW7 and FBXO5) from patient datasets extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Collectively, ~45% of observed SCF complex member mutations are predicted to impact complex structure and/or function in 10 solid tumor types. In addition, the distribution of encoded alterations suggest SCF complex members may exhibit either tumor suppressor or oncogenic mutational profiles in a cancer type dependent manner. Further bioinformatic analyses reveal the potential functional implications of encoded alterations arising from missense mutations by examining predicted deleterious mutations with available crystal structures. The SCF complex also exhibits frequent copy number alterations in a variety of cancer types that generally correspond with mRNA expression levels. Finally, we note that SCF complex member genes are differentially methylated across cancer types, which may effectively phenocopy gene copy number alterations. Collectively, these data show that SCF complex member genes are frequently altered at the genetic and epigenetic levels in many cancer types, which will adversely impact the normal targeting and timely destruction of protein substrates, which may contribute to the development and progression of an extensive array of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Campos Gudiño
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ally C. Farrell
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nicole M. Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2833
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Kohlruss M, Krenauer M, Grosser B, Pfarr N, Jesinghaus M, Slotta-Huspenina J, Novotny A, Hapfelmeier A, Schmidt T, Steiger K, Gaida MM, Reiche M, Bauer L, Ott K, Weichert W, Keller G. Diverse 'just-right' levels of chromosomal instability and their clinical implications in neoadjuvant treated gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1621-1631. [PMID: 34671125 PMCID: PMC8651679 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) consortium described EBV positivity(+), high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), genomic stability (GS) and chromosomal instability (CIN) as molecular subtypes in gastric carcinomas (GC). We investigated the predictive and prognostic value of these subtypes with emphasis on CIN in the context of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CTx) in GC. METHODS TCGA subgroups were determined for 612 resected adenocarcinomas of the stomach and gastro-oesophageal junction (291 without, 321 with CTx) and 143 biopsies before CTx. EBV and MSI-H were analysed by standard assays. CIN was detected by multiplex PCRs analysing 22 microsatellite markers. Besides the TCGA classification, CIN was divided into four CIN-subgroups: low, moderate, substantial, high. Mutation profiling was performed for 52 tumours by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS EBV(+) (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23-1.02), MSI-H (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89) and GS (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.45-1.13) were associated with increased survival compared to CIN in the resected tumours. Considering the extended CIN-classification, CIN-substantial was a negative prognostic factor in uni- and multivariable analysis in resected tumours with CTx (each p < 0.05). In biopsies before CTx, CIN-high predicted tumour regression (p = 0.026), but was not prognostically relevant. CONCLUSION A refined CIN classification reveals tumours with different biological characteristics and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Kohlruss
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marie Krenauer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianca Grosser
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.419801.50000 0000 9312 0220Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.411067.50000 0000 8584 9230Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Novotny
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Hapfelmeier
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.411097.a0000 0000 8852 305XDepartment of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias M. Gaida
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Magdalena Reiche
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Bauer
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Ott
- grid.477776.20000 0004 0394 5800Department of Surgery, RoMed Klinikum Rosenheim, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany ,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Keller
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Institute of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Palmer MCL, Neudorf NM, Farrell AC, Razi T, Lichtensztejn Z, McManus KJ. The F-box protein, FBXO7 is required to maintain chromosome stability in humans. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:1471-1486. [PMID: 34791250 PMCID: PMC9071473 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), the aberrant genes and mechanisms driving CRC pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome numbers, is a predominant form of genome instability associated with ~85% of CRCs, suggesting it may be a key mechanism driving CRC oncogenesis. CIN enables the acquisition of copy number alterations conferring selective growth, proliferation and survival advantages that promote cellular transformation. Despite these associations, the aberrant genes underlying CIN remain largely unknown. Candidate CIN gene FBXO7 encodes an F-box protein, a subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-FBOX (SCF) complex that confers substrate specificity to the complex and targets proteins for subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome. Recently, the genes encoding the three core SCF complex members were identified as CIN genes; however, it is unknown whether F-box proteins exhibit similar integral roles in maintaining chromosome stability. Using short- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and long- (CRISPR/Cas9) term approaches, we show that reduced FBXO7 expression induces CIN in various colonic epithelial cell contexts, whereas FBXO7 knockout clones also exhibit hallmarks associated with cellular transformation, namely increased clonogenic and anchorage-independent growth. Collectively, these data demonstrate that FBXO7 is required to maintain genome stability identifying FBXO7 a novel CIN gene whose reduced expression may contribute to CRC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela C L Palmer
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Nicole M Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ally C Farrell
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Tooba Razi
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kirk J McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Rodak O, Peris-Díaz MD, Olbromski M, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P. Current Landscape of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Epidemiology, Histological Classification, Targeted Therapies, and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4705. [PMID: 34572931 PMCID: PMC8470525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a subtype of the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world. Its epidemiology depends not only on tobacco exposition but also air quality. While the global trends in NSCLC incidence have started to decline, we can observe region-dependent differences related to the education and the economic level of the patients. Due to an increasing understanding of NSCLC biology, new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been developed, such as the reorganization of histopathological classification or tumor genotyping. Precision medicine is focused on the recognition of a genetic mutation in lung cancer cells called "driver mutation" to provide a variety of specific inhibitors of improperly functioning proteins. A rapidly growing group of approved drugs for targeted therapy in NSCLC currently allows the following mutated proteins to be treated: EGFR family (ERBB-1, ERBB-2), ALK, ROS1, MET, RET, NTRK, and RAF. Nevertheless, one of the most frequent NSCLC molecular sub-types remains without successful treatment: the K-Ras protein. In this review, we discuss the current NSCLC landscape treatment focusing on targeted therapy and immunotherapy, including first- and second-line monotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy treatment, and approved predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Rodak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (P.D.)
| | - Manuel David Peris-Díaz
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Olbromski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (P.D.)
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.O.); (P.D.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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Tokutomi N, Nakai K, Sugano S. Extreme value theory as a framework for understanding mutation frequency distribution in cancer genomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243595. [PMID: 34424899 PMCID: PMC8382180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the population dynamics of preclonal cancer cells before clonal expansion of tumors has not been sufficiently addressed thus far. By focusing on preclonal cancer cell population as a Darwinian evolutionary system, we formulated and analyzed the observed mutation frequency among tumors (MFaT) as a proxy for the hypothesized sequence read frequency and beneficial fitness effect of a cancer driver mutation. Analogous to intestinal crypts, we assumed that sample donor patients are separate culture tanks where proliferating cells follow certain population dynamics described by extreme value theory (EVT). To validate this, we analyzed three large-scale cancer genome datasets, each harboring > 10000 tumor samples and in total involving > 177898 observed mutation sites. We clarified the necessary premises for the application of EVT in the strong selection and weak mutation (SSWM) regime in relation to cancer genome sequences at scale. We also confirmed that the stochastic distribution of MFaT is likely of the Fréchet type, which challenges the well-known Gumbel hypothesis of beneficial fitness effects. Based on statistical data analysis, we demonstrated the potential of EVT as a population genetics framework to understand and explain the stochastic behavior of driver-mutation frequency in cancer genomes as well as its applicability in real cancer genome sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Tokutomi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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41
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Nachtigal MW, Musaphir P, Dhiman S, Altman AD, Schweizer F, Arthur G. Cytotoxic capacity of a novel glycosylated antitumor ether lipid in chemotherapy-resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101203. [PMID: 34416424 PMCID: PMC8379490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Rham induces apoptosis-independent cell death in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells. L-Rham-induced cell death is dose and time dependent in HGSOC cells grown as 2D or 3D cultures. L-Rham is as effective as paclitaxel to reduce tumor burden and metastasis in a CAM model. L-Rham significantly reduces tumor formation in a low tumor burden model. L-Rham blocks ascites formation.
Chemotherapy resistant high grade serous ovarian cancer remains a clinically intractable disease with a high rate of mortality. We tested a novel glycosylated antitumor ether lipid called l-Rham to assess the in vitro and in vivo efficacy on high grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines and patient samples. l-Rham effectively kills high grade serous ovarian cancer cells grown as 2D or 3D cultures in a dose and time dependent manner. l-Rham efficacy was tested in vivo in a chicken allantoic membrane/COV362 xenograft model, where l-Rham activity was as effective as paclitaxel in reducing tumor weight and metastasis. The efficacy of l-Rham to reduce OVCAR3 tumor xenografts in NRG mice was assessed in low and high tumor burden models. l-Rham effectively reduced tumor formation in the low tumor burden group, and blocked ascites formation in low and high tumor burden animals. l-Rham demonstrates efficacy against OVCAR3 tumor and ascites formation in vivo in NRG mice, laying the foundation for further development of this drug class for the treatment of high grade serous ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Nachtigal
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 301 BMSB-745 Bannatyne Avenu, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada; CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada.
| | - Paris Musaphir
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 301 BMSB-745 Bannatyne Avenu, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Shiv Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alon D Altman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, 301 BMSB-745 Bannatyne Avenu, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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Thompson LL, Rutherford KA, Lepage CC, McManus KJ. The SCF Complex Is Essential to Maintain Genome and Chromosome Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8544. [PMID: 34445249 PMCID: PMC8395177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein (SCF) complex encompasses a group of 69 SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that primarily modify protein substrates with poly-ubiquitin chains to target them for proteasomal degradation. These SCF complexes are distinguishable by variable F-box proteins, which determine substrate specificity. Although the function(s) of each individual SCF complex remain largely unknown, those that have been characterized regulate a wide array of cellular processes, including gene transcription and the cell cycle. In this regard, the SCF complex regulates transcription factors that modulate cell signaling and ensures timely degradation of primary cell cycle regulators for accurate replication and segregation of genetic material. SCF complex members are aberrantly expressed in a myriad of cancer types, with altered expression or function of the invariable core SCF components expected to have a greater impact on cancer pathogenesis than that of the F-box proteins. Accordingly, this review describes the normal roles that various SCF complexes have in maintaining genome stability before discussing the impact that aberrant SCF complex expression and/or function have on cancer pathogenesis. Further characterization of the SCF complex functions is essential to identify and develop therapeutic approaches to exploit aberrant SCF complex expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Thompson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kailee A. Rutherford
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Chloe C. Lepage
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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43
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Munisha M, Schimenti JC. Genome maintenance during embryogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103195. [PMID: 34358805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome maintenance during embryogenesis is critical, because defects during this period can be perpetuated and thus have a long-term impact on individual's health and longevity. Nevertheless, genome instability is normal during certain aspects of embryonic development, indicating that there is a balance between the exigencies of timely cell proliferation and mutation prevention. In particular, early embryos possess unique cellular and molecular features that underscore the challenge of having an appropriate balance. Here, we discuss genome instability during embryonic development, the mechanisms used in various cell compartments to manage genomic stress and address outstanding questions regarding the balance between genome maintenance mechanisms in key cell types that are important for adulthood and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumingjiang Munisha
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - John C Schimenti
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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44
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Why Is Aneuploidy Associated with Favorable Outcome in Neuroblastoma? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081116. [PMID: 34439783 PMCID: PMC8391846 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a pediatric cancer, onset with localized as well as metastatic disease. Localized tumors usually show a high content of aneuploid cells. It is suggested that aneuploid cells with numerical copy number variation (CNV) are generated by chromosome instability (CIN). Patients with a localized tumor respond well to the therapy and show a good outcome. On the contrary, patients with a metastatic tumor have worse outcomes and the cells with structural CNV show high levels of CIN. It is proposed that a favorable outcome in patients with localized disease is associated to the grade of CIN.
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Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), a type of genomic instability, favors changes in chromosome number and structure and it is associated with the progression and initiation of multiple diseases, including cancer. Therefore, CIN identification and analysis represents a useful tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here, we report an optimized molecular cytogenetic protocol to detect CIN in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse and human tissues, using fluorescent in situ hybridization to visualize and quantify chromosomal alterations such as amplifications, deletions, and translocations. For complete information on the generation and use of this protocol, please refer to Brandt et al. (2018). A protocol for single-cell CIN analysis in paraffin-embedded tissues Design of FISH probes for CIN detection Identification, visualization, and quantification of CIN by FISH
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46
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de Oliveira Lisboa M, Brofman PRS, Schmid-Braz AT, Rangel-Pozzo A, Mai S. Chromosomal Instability in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112655. [PMID: 34071283 PMCID: PMC8198625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), the increasing rate in which cells acquire new chromosomal alterations, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Many studies highlighted CIN as an important mechanism in the origin, progression, and relapse of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The ambivalent feature of CIN as a cancer-promoting or cancer-suppressing mechanism might explain the prognostic variability. The latter, however, is described in very few studies. This review highlights the important CIN mechanisms in AML, showing that CIN signatures can occur largely in all the three major AML types (de novo AML, secondary-AML, and therapy-related-AML). CIN features in AML could also be age-related and reflect the heterogeneity of the disease. Although most of these abnormalities show an adverse prognostic value, they also offer a strong new perspective on personalized therapy approaches, which goes beyond assessing CIN in vitro in patient tumor samples to predict prognosis. Current and emerging AML therapies are exploring CIN to improve AML treatment, which includes blocking CIN or increasing CIN beyond the limit threshold to induce cell death. We argue that the characterization of CIN features, not included yet in the routine diagnostic of AML patients, might provide a better stratification of patients and be extended to a more personalized therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus de Oliveira Lisboa
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná—PUCPR, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (M.d.O.L.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Paulo Roberto Slud Brofman
- Core for Cell Technology, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná—PUCPR, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (M.d.O.L.); (P.R.S.B.)
| | - Ana Teresa Schmid-Braz
- Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 80060-240, Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Aline Rangel-Pozzo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-(204)787-4125 (S.M.)
| | - Sabine Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B7, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-(204)787-4125 (S.M.)
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47
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Torcivia JP, Mazumder R. Scanning window analysis of non-coding regions within normal-tumor whole-genome sequence samples. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbaa203. [PMID: 32940334 PMCID: PMC8138877 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics has benefited from an explosion in affordable high-throughput technology for whole-genome sequencing. The regulatory and functional aspects in non-coding regions may be an important contributor to oncogenesis. Whole-genome tumor-normal paired alignments were used to examine the non-coding regions in five cancer types and two races. Both a sliding window and a binning strategy were introduced to uncover areas of higher than expected variation for additional study. We show that the majority of cancer associated mutations in 154 whole-genome sequences covering breast invasive carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma cancers and two races are found outside of the coding region (4 432 885 in non-gene regions versus 1 412 731 in gene regions). A pan-cancer analysis found significantly mutated windows (292 to 3881 in count) demonstrating that there are significant numbers of large mutated regions in the non-coding genome. The 59 significantly mutated windows were found in all studied races and cancers. These offer 16 regions ripe for additional study within 12 different chromosomes-2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21 and X. Many of these regions were found in centromeric locations. The X chromosome had the largest set of universal windows that cluster almost exclusively in Xq11.1-an area linked to chromosomal instability and oncogenesis. Large consecutive clusters (super windows) were found (19 to 114 in count) providing further evidence that large mutated regions in the genome are influencing cancer development. We show remarkable similarity in highly mutated non-coding regions across both cancer and race.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Torcivia
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R Mazumder
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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48
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Lepage CC, Palmer MCL, Farrell AC, Neudorf NM, Lichtensztejn Z, Nachtigal MW, McManus KJ. Reduced SKP1 and CUL1 expression underlies increases in Cyclin E1 and chromosome instability in cellular precursors of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1699-1710. [PMID: 33731859 PMCID: PMC8110794 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01317-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common and lethal ovarian cancer histotype. Chromosome instability (CIN, an increased rate of chromosome gains and losses) is believed to play a fundamental role in the development and evolution of HGSOC. Importantly, overexpression of Cyclin E1 protein induces CIN, and genomic amplification of CCNE1 contributes to HGSOC pathogenesis in ~20% of patients. Cyclin E1 levels are normally regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner by the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-FBOX) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that includes the proteins SKP1 and CUL1. Conceptually, diminished SKP1 or CUL1 expression is predicted to underlie increases in Cyclin E1 levels and induce CIN. METHODS This study employs fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell models to evaluate the impact diminished SKP1 or CUL1 expression has on Cyclin E1 and CIN in both short-term (siRNA) and long-term (CRISPR/Cas9) studies. RESULTS Single-cell quantitative imaging microscopy approaches revealed changes in CIN-associated phenotypes and chromosome numbers and increased Cyclin E1 in response to diminished SKP1 or CUL1 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data identify SKP1 and CUL1 as novel CIN genes in HGSOC precursor cells that may drive early aetiological events contributing to HGSOC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Camille Lepage
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Michaela Cora Lynn Palmer
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Ally Catherina Farrell
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Nicole Marie Neudorf
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Mark William Nachtigal
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
| | - Kirk James McManus
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada ,grid.419404.c0000 0001 0701 0170Research Institute in Oncology & Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada
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49
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Baudoin NC, Bloomfield M. Karyotype Aberrations in Action: The Evolution of Cancer Genomes and the Tumor Microenvironment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:558. [PMID: 33921421 PMCID: PMC8068843 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease of cellular evolution. For this cellular evolution to take place, a population of cells must contain functional heterogeneity and an assessment of this heterogeneity in the form of natural selection. Cancer cells from advanced malignancies are genomically and functionally very different compared to the healthy cells from which they evolved. Genomic alterations include aneuploidy (numerical and structural changes in chromosome content) and polyploidy (e.g., whole genome doubling), which can have considerable effects on cell physiology and phenotype. Likewise, conditions in the tumor microenvironment are spatially heterogeneous and vastly different than in healthy tissues, resulting in a number of environmental niches that play important roles in driving the evolution of tumor cells. While a number of studies have documented abnormal conditions of the tumor microenvironment and the cellular consequences of aneuploidy and polyploidy, a thorough overview of the interplay between karyotypically abnormal cells and the tissue and tumor microenvironments is not available. Here, we examine the evidence for how this interaction may unfold during tumor evolution. We describe a bidirectional interplay in which aneuploid and polyploid cells alter and shape the microenvironment in which they and their progeny reside; in turn, this microenvironment modulates the rate of genesis for new karyotype aberrations and selects for cells that are most fit under a given condition. We conclude by discussing the importance of this interaction for tumor evolution and the possibility of leveraging our understanding of this interplay for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas C. Baudoin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mathew Bloomfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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50
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Schrank TP, Lenze N, Landess LP, Hoyle A, Parker J, Lal A, Sheth S, Chera BS, Patel SN, Hackman TG, Major MB, Issaeva N, Yarbrough WG. Genomic heterogeneity and copy number variant burden are associated with poor recurrence-free survival and 11q loss in human papillomavirus-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Cancer 2021; 127:2788-2800. [PMID: 33819343 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (OPSCC) is the most prevalent HPV-associated malignancy in the United States. Favorable treatment outcomes have led to increased interest in treatment de-escalation to reduce treatment morbidity as well as the development of prognostic markers to identify appropriately low-risk patients. Intratumoral genomic heterogeneity and copy number alteration burden have been demonstrated to be predictive of poor outcomes in many other cancers; therefore, we sought to determine whether intratumor heterogeneity and genomic instability are associated with poor outcomes in HPV+ OPSCC. METHODS Tumor heterogeneity estimates were made based on targeted exome sequencing of 45 patients with HPV+ OPSCC tumors. Analysis of an additional cohort of HPV+ OPSCC tumors lacking matched normal sequencing allowed copy number analysis of 99 patient tumors. RESULTS High intratumorally genomic heterogeneity and high numbers of copy number alterations were strongly associated with worse recurrence-free survival. Tumors with higher heterogeneity and frequent copy number alterations were associated with loss of distal 11q, which encodes key genes related to double-strand break repair, including ATM and MRE11A. CONCLUSIONS Both intratumor genomic heterogeneity and high-burden copy number alterations are strongly associated with poor recurrence-free survival in patients with HPV+ OPSCC. The drivers of genomic instability and heterogeneity in these tumors remains to be elucidated. However, 11q loss and defective DNA double-strand break repair have been associated with genomic instability in other solid tumors. Copy number alteration burden and intratumoral heterogeneity represent promising avenues for risk stratification of patients with HPV+OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Schrank
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nicholas Lenze
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lee P Landess
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alan Hoyle
- Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Joel Parker
- Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Asim Lal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Siddharth Sheth
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bhishamjit S Chera
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samip N Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Trevor G Hackman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Ben Major
- Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Institute for Informatics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Linberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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